Since childhood, we have all been taught that we must take care of the environment. Parents taught them to be in order, insisting that it was impossible to litter on the street; at school, at labor lessons, they taught how to make birdhouses and set aside special days for subbotniks. In many educational institutions even studied a special subject, which includes the section "Protection environment".
Unfortunately, the most negative impact on natural processes in the biosphere. In an effort to create the most comfortable conditions for their lives, people thereby have a significant impact on Mines and factories emit an incredible amount of harmful toxic substances into the atmosphere, which lead to the uncontrolled fishing or hunting of animals leads to the extinction of one species or another. Therefore, the issue of carrying out a set of measures is very acute, the main purpose of which is to limit the negative impact of human activity. All these concepts include environmental protection.
What can a person do to improve the situation? First of all, enterprises should monitor the amount of emissions into the atmosphere. It is also necessary to limit unauthorized waste disposal. There is enough modern methods, developed by ecological logistics, which allow total cleaning with minimal negative influence on the environment.
Of no less importance is the creation of national parks, reserves, which make it possible to preserve the natural chain of the ecosystem, allowing many representatives of the animal world to continue their existence. Environmental protection also requires limiting fishing and hunting. Some species are protected, and for some, a period is introduced when hunting and trapping is prohibited. This is a period of time that includes the moment of bearing and raising offspring.
It should be noted that the soil requires conservation and restoration, which mainly affects the development of the agro-industrial complex. It is curious that there are some subspecies of earthworms that are able to neutralize dangerous compounds found in contaminated soil. So, for example, worms of the subspecies Lumbricus rubellus absorb soil polluted toxic waste, such as arsenic, copper, zinc, lead and return it in a form suitable for absorption by plants. Moreover, these worms cannot live in clean soils, so they may well serve to determine the toxicity and contamination of soils.
It includes standards and requirements that simply need to be met during the construction of an object. It is the observance of all these standards that will make it possible to successfully complete the construction, because otherwise, not only a fine may be imposed, but the entire construction process may be stopped altogether.
Carrying out any construction work must take place within a clearly defined regulation, which specifies all the details and requirements for the technical process. Environmental protection includes all possible nuances, from the observance of living conditions, which must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, to the agreed dimensions of the lifting and other equipment used in the construction. All materials, equipment, structures must also have documents confirming their fire safety. GOST requirements must be observed during warehousing and storage building materials. The final moment, which is kept under control by environmental protection during construction, is the collection and removal of construction waste to a special place.
It is important to remember that in many respects it depends on us in what conditions our children will live.
Protection of Nature- this is a rational, reasonable use of natural resources, which helps to preserve the pristine diversity of nature and improve the living conditions of the population. For nature protection Earth the world community is taking concrete action.
Effective measures to protect endangered species and natural biocenoses are to increase the number of reserves, expand their territories, create nurseries for the artificial cultivation of endangered species and reintroduce (that is, return) them into nature.
A powerful human impact on ecological systems can lead to sad results that can provoke a whole chain of environmental changes.
The influence of anthropogenic factors on organisms
Most of organic matter does not decompose immediately, but is preserved in the form of wood, soil and water sedimentary deposits. After being preserved for many millennia, these organic substances turn into fossil fuels (coal, peat and oil).
Every year on Earth, photosynthetic organisms synthesize about 100 billion tons of organic substances. For geological period(1 billion years), the predominance of the process of synthesis of organic substances over the process of their decomposition led to a decrease in the content of CO 2 and an increase in O 2 in the atmosphere.
Meanwhile, since the second half of the XX century. enhanced industrial development and Agriculture began to cause a steady increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This phenomenon can cause climate change on the planet.
Conservation of natural resources
In the field of nature conservation great importance has a transition to the use of industrial and agricultural technologies that allow economical use of natural resources. For this you need:
- the most complete use of minerals natural resources;
- recycling of production wastes, use of non-waste technologies;
- obtaining energy from environmentally friendly sources by using the energy of the Sun, wind, ocean kinetic energy, underground energy.
Especially effective is the introduction of waste-free technologies operating in closed cycles, when waste is not emitted into the atmosphere or into water basins, but is reused.
Biodiversity conservation
Security existing species living organisms is also of great importance in biological, ecological and cultural terms. Every living species is a product of centuries of evolution and has its own gene pool. None of the existing species can be considered absolutely beneficial or harmful. Those species that were considered harmful may eventually turn out to be useful. That is why the protection of the gene pool of existing species is of particular importance. Our task is to preserve all living organisms that have come down to us after a long evolutionary process.
Plant and animal species, the number of which has already declined or is endangered, are listed in the Red Book and are protected by law. In order to protect nature, reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations are created medicinal plants, reservations, National parks and other conservation activities. material from the site
"Man and the Biosphere"
In order to protect nature in 1971, the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (in English "Man and Biosfera" - abbreviated as MAB) was adopted. According to this program, the state of the environment and human impact on the biosphere are studied. The main objectives of the program "Man and the Biosphere" are to predict the consequences of modern human economic activity, to develop ways for the reasonable use of the riches of the biosphere and measures for its protection.
In countries participating in the MAB program, large biosphere reserves are being created, where changes that occur in ecosystems without human influence are studied (Fig. 80).
1.2 State environmental protection policy
1.3 Environmental legislation
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Glossary
Introduction
The problem of environmental protection arose before humanity relatively recently. In our time, there is a huge amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and ocean, the destruction of forests. All this brings the world closer to self-destruction. Ozone holes, climate warming, the extinction of many animal species clearly indicates that our habitat has been depleted to the limit. The life of the planet and its inhabitants will depend on the further activity of people.
Relevance. One of the main problems of the socio-economic development of our country is to ensure the environmental safety of citizens, environmental protection natural environment and rational nature management. Behind last years adopted a number of documents aimed at improving the environmental situation in Kazakhstan.
The object of the study is the legal regime of the environment.
The subject of the study is natural resource and environmental legal relations.
The purpose of this work is to study the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which regulates the legal regime of the natural environment.
In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the work:
1. Consider categories and types of environmental pollution.
2. Describe the legislative framework of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life.
3. To reveal the legal regime of specially protected natural objects and their rational use.
- environmental protection
In the 20th century, pressure on nature from human society increased dramatically. So, over the past 30 years, as many natural resources have been used in the world as in the entire previous history of mankind. In this regard, there was a threat of depletion and even exhaustion of some types of resources. This primarily applies to mineral raw materials, water and other types of resources.
At the same time, the scale of the return of waste to nature increased, which caused the threat of environmental pollution. According to scientists, today there are (conditionally) 200 kg for every inhabitant of the planet. waste. Nowadays, anthropogenic landscapes already occupy 60% of the earth's land.
Society does not just use natural resources, but transforms the natural environment. The interaction of man and nature becomes a special area of activity, which is called "nature management".
Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
It can be:
- rational, in which the interaction between society and nature develops harmoniously, a system of measures has been created aimed at reducing and preventing the negative consequences of human intervention in nature.
irrational - the attitude of man to nature is consumer, the balance in the relationship between society and nature is disturbed, the requirements for environmental protection are not taken into account, which leads to its degradation.
Unfortunately, there are many more examples of irrational nature management - deforestation, waste disposal into rivers and lakes, air and hydrosphere pollution, extermination of animals, and much more.
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties that leads or may lead to a harmful effect on the natural complexes of the planet and a threat to human health.
And although environmental pollution can occur as a result of natural disasters, most of them occur as a result of human activities.
The main types of pollution are:
- Chemical (environmental chemical substances and connections);
Radioactive (contamination of the environment with radioactive elements);
Thermal (heat release);
Noise ( elevated level noise);
Biological (the entry of pathogens into the environment).
Pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge of wastewater into rivers and seas. Their total volume reaches 1 thousand km. in cube in year. The most polluted rivers are: Rhine, Seine, Danube, Tiber, Mississippi, Volga, Dnieper, Nile, Ganges.
Pollution of the World Ocean is growing, into which up to 100 million tons of waste enters, the ocean is especially affected by oil pollution. According to some estimates, from 4 to 16 million tons of oil enter the ocean every year.
The most polluted are the Mediterranean, North, Baltic, Black, Japanese and Caribbean seas.
The atmosphere is polluted primarily as a result of the combustion of mineral fuels. The main pollutants of the atmosphere are oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere are associated with the formation of acid rain, which causes great harm to flora and fauna, destroys structures, and adversely affects human health.
Currently, environmental pollution has reached such a level that it is necessary to take urgent measures.
It is necessary to build treatment facilities, use low-sulphur fuel, waste processing, land reclamation, use of “clean” technologies and circulating water supply systems.
1.2 State environmental protection policy
The need for a careful attitude to nature, its protection was understood in ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus back in the 4th century. BC. came to the conclusion: “One should not force nature, one should obey it ...” - which has not lost its relevance at the present time.
There was another concept of approach to nature - giving the right to unlimited domination over it. Some modern researchers call the founder of this approach Friedrich Engels, who believed that, unlike an animal that only uses external nature, "... man ... makes her serve his own goals, dominate over her." At the same time, Engels explains the idea of domination over nature as follows: "... all our domination over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other beings, are able to cognize its laws and apply them correctly." This is the great scientific value of the theory and the humanism of F. Engels as a thinker.
Currently, to protect the habitat in each country, environmental legislation is being developed, in which there is a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life. The United Nations Organization (UN) in the Declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) legally enshrined two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation.
States should introduce effective environmental legislation. The norms related to environmental protection, the tasks and priorities put forward should reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development, in which they will be implemented.
The state should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those who suffer from this.
In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were solved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations.
Such natural objects as water and air were under the jurisdiction of several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no common coordinating body that would unite environmental activities.
The solution of environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special state bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.
The legal protection of the natural environment consists in the creation, justification and application of normative acts that define both the objects of protection and measures to ensure it. These are questions of environmental law that regulates the relationship between nature and society.
Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution is associated with the regulation of the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them certain system laws, regulations and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.
The legal protection of nature is a set of legal norms established by the state and legal relations arising as a result of their implementation, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, and improve the human environment for the benefit of present and future generations. This is a system of state measures enshrined in law and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving the conditions necessary for people's lives and the development of material production.
The system of legal protection of nature in Kazakhstan includes four groups of legal measures.
Legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources.
Organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support for environmental protection activities.
State and public control to comply with the requirements of nature protection.
Legal responsibility of offenders.
In accordance with environmental legislation, the object of legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside of a person and regardless of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, condition and means of his existence.
There are a large number of legal provisions that determine the legal regulation of environmental relations. The totality of environmental norms and legal acts, united by a common object, objects, principles and goals of legal protection, in Kazakhstan forms environmental (environmental) legislation.
Sources of environmental law are legal acts that contain legal norms that regulate legal relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations.
Conclusion
The main goal of environmental protection is ultimately to establish harmony between the development of mankind and a favorable state of the environment.
Achieving this goal in a theoretical aspect requires answering a number of difficult questions, such as:
- to what extent changes in the quality of the environment, occurring under the influence of the development of mankind, threaten the physical existence of mankind itself;
whether people are able to prevent the onset of an ecological crisis;
what should be done to solve the problem of environmental protection, to guarantee the human right to a favorable environment? Nature does not recognize state and administrative boundaries, and the efforts of one or several states cannot prevent an ecological crisis and give tangible results in this area. Understanding these processes dictates the trends and principles of environmental protection.
Environmental protection is a new form in the interaction between man and nature, born in modern conditions, it is a system of state and social measures (technological, economic, administrative-legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, preservation and reproduction of existing, ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations.
At the present, modern stage of development of the problem of protecting the natural environment, a new concept is born - environmental safety, which is understood as the state of protection of the natural environment and the vital environmental interests of man, primarily his rights to a favorable environment.
Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.
The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technical progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which not the last place is occupied by a consumerist, and often predatory attitude towards nature, neglect of fundamental environmental laws.
Bibliography
- Alisov N. V., Khoreev V. S. Economic and social geography ( general course): Textbook.-M., 2000.-704s.
Gilyarov A.M. population ecology. M., 2005.
"Company". The use of environmental information in the strategy of nature management and the interaction of producers in the market, pp. 33-37. Aliev K.N., Dokhodyan Z.R. June 1999
Economical geography and regionalism: Tutorial- M., 2002.-160s.
Economic geography: Uch.-reference manual - 5th ed.-M., 2001.-672s.
"Economy". Environmental problems as an element of industrial policy, pp. 20-22. Fadeev A.A. September 1999
"Expert". Usage environmental issues to achieve economic goals in international cooperation, pp. 17-24. Areeva A.N., Nosov L.S. May 1999.
http://les5125.narod2.ru/printsipi_ohrani_okruzhayuschei_sredi/
http://www.twirpx.com/files/ecology/refs/
http://www.bankreferatov.kz/ru/ecologiya/54-oskemen.html
Russian Federation
Environmental legislation in
Lecture 7
Additional
1. "Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Saratov region".
2. Journals: "Ecological Bulletin of Russia", "Ecology", "Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia".
4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1995 No. 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” (as amended by the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 65-FZ).
5. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements GOST 12.1.007-76 SSBT.
6. Atmosphere. General requirements to methods for the determination of pollutants. GOST 17.2.4.02-81.
7. Soils. Classification of chemicals for pollution control. GOST 17.4.1.02-83.
8. Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution. SanPiN 4630-88.
9. Environmental passport GOST 17.0.0.4-90.
10. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.111.1200-03.
environmental protection is a system of scientific knowledge and a set of state, international and public events aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, the conservation of biological diversity, the protection of the environment from pollution and destruction to create optimal living conditions human society to meet the material and cultural needs of present and future generations.
The main tasks of environmental protection:
1. rational use of natural resources;
2. protection of nature from pollution;
3. conservation of biological diversity.
The main purpose of environmental protection is to improve public health, maintain and improve natural conditions in the process of nature management, consistent reduction of pollution sources, as well as continuous monitoring of the state of the environment and the factors influencing it during various types human activity.
Environment- a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects.
Components of the natural environment- land, bowels, soils, surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, vegetation, animal world and other organisms, and ozone layer atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.
Favorable environment- the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.
natural object– natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.
Natural-anthropogenic object- a natural object modified as a result of economic and other activities and an object created by a person with properties natural object and has recreational and protective value.
anthropogenic object- an object created by a person to provide him social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.
environmental protection- a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. environmental protection provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.
In the context of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problems environmental protection have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed countries have environmental protection one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.
Advanced industrial countries developed a number of key organizational and scientific and technical measures for environmental protection. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. In addition, of particular importance in environmental protection acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.
When dealing with issues related to environmental protection, it should be borne in mind that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors(contact with chemicals in everyday life, at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.
Among environmental pollutants (biological, physical, chemical and radioactive), one of the first places is occupied by chemical compounds. More than 5 million chemical compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are in constant use. Worldwide production chemical compounds increases by 2 1/2 times every 10 years. The most dangerous is the entry into the environment of organochlorine compounds of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos.
The most effective measure environmental protection from these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as the neutralization of waste or their processing for recycling. Another important direction environmental protection is a change in the approach to the principles of location of various industries, the replacement of the most harmful and stable substances with less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. objects is becoming more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the resource base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use mathematical modeling methods. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.
In many countries since the late 70s. centers for environmental protection, integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.
The most important role in the implementation of the planned state policy in the field of environmental protection belongs to hygienic science (see. Hygiene). In our country, research in this area is conducted by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene medical institutes, institutes for the improvement of doctors). Head on the problem " Scientific Foundations environmental hygiene" is the Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. A.N. Sysina.
Scientific basis for regulation developed and implemented adverse factors environment, standards have been established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, water in reservoirs, atmospheric air in populated areas, soil, food products; Permissible levels of exposure to a number of physical factors have been established - noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see. Hygienic standards), methods and criteria for monitoring the quality of the environment for some microbiological indicators are substantiated. Research continues to study the combined and complex effects of harmful substances, the development of calculation and express methods for their normalization.
Bibliography: Environmental Hygiene, ed. g.I. Sidorenko, M., 1985; Sidorenko g.I. and Mozhaev E.A. Sanitary state of the environment and public health, M., 1987.
