Vowel sounds
There are only 33 letters in the Russian alphabet.
Two of them - b, b - do not refer to either vowels or consonants, sounds do not represent.
Vowels: are stressed or unstressed, form syllables. How many vowels in a word, so many syllables.
Vowels 10: a, o, u, e, s, i, e, u, e, i.
Vowels 6: [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s].
A, O, U, E, S - denote the hardness of consonants.
I, Yo, Yu, E, I - denote the softness of consonant sounds.
Iotated vowels (letters denoting two sounds).

represent two sounds , if worth:
I - [ya] Yu- [yu] E - [ye] Yo - [yo]
* at the beginning of a word (hedgehog, apple, spinning top)
* after b and b (eat, family, get up)
* after vowels (sing, union, military)
Letters e, i, u, e represent one sound [e], [a], [y], [o] after a consonant only under stress.
century - [v "ek], ball - [m "ah"], blues - [bl "us], honey - [m" from]
In an unstressed position, these letters after a consonant
represent the sound [and]
rows [r 'and d y] woods [l 'and s o k]
Consonants
Consonants do not form a syllable.
Consonants are not stressed or unstressed.
Consonants 21: n, m, l, r, d, b, c, d, e, f h, p, f, k, t, w, s, x, c, h, sch.
Consonant sounds in Russian - 36.
Paired consonants

solid voiced	hard deaf	soft voiced	soft deaf
[b]	[P]	[b ']	[P']
[V]	[f]	[V']	[f']
[G]	[To]	[G']	[To']
[e]	[T]	[d']	[T']
[and]	[w]
[h]	[With]	[h ']	[With']

Unpaired deaf sounds - 5: [x], [x’] [c], [h’], [u’].
Unpaired voiced sounds - 9: [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th '].
Always solid consonants: [g], [w], [c].
Always soft consonants: [h '], [u '], [y '].
Unpaired ringing sounds[l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [p], [p’] are called sonorants, which means “sonorous” in Latin.

SOUND-LETTER WORD ANALYSIS.

Parsing order:

1. Write a word.
2. Divide the word into syllables and determine the number of syllables.
3. Determine which syllable is stressed , put an accent mark.
4. Determine the number of vowels and consonants.
5. Write the letters in a column, next to each letter in write down their sounds.
6. Give a description of each sound: What sound do consonants represent: voiced or voiceless, hard or soft . What sound do vowels represent? percussive or unpercussed.

Pay attention to the letters e, yo, yu, i(denoting 2 sounds, if: they are at the beginning of the word, after the vowel, after b or b signs).

Don't Forget Features b And b signs.

Remember that consonants[g], [w] are solid unpaired, and sounds [h"], [u"] - soft unpaired. T the hardness and softness of these sounds are not aboutappears on the letter and does not depend on thenext vowel.

1. Draw a line.
2. Count and write down how many letters and sounds are in a word.

Oral analysis:

Pigeon

Dove has 2 syllables

The stress falls on the first syllable: golub

In the word 2 vowels, 3 acc.

letter G(ge) the sound [g] is indicated - consonant, voiced, solid;

letter O marked percussive sound [Ó];

letter l(el) the consonant sound [l] is indicated - consonant, voiced, solid;

letter at marked unstressed vowel - [y];

letter b(be) the consonant sound [n '] is indicated - deaf, soft; the softness of the sound is indicated by the letter b(soft sign);

The letter "soft sign" does not designate a sound.

In a word pigeon- 5 sounds, 6 letters.

Written review:

Go - Lub - 2 syllables, 2 vowels, 3 acc.

G - [g] - acc., sound (p.), tv. (P.)

o - [o] - ch., blow.

l - [l] - acc., sound. (Nep.), TV. (P.)

y - [y] - ch., bezud.

b - [n '] - acc., deaf. (p.), softly. (P.)

b - [-]

________________________

6 letters, 5 sounds

Trees - 3 syllables, 3 vowels, 3 acc.

d - [d '] - acc., sound. (p.), soft. (P.)

e - [and] - vowel, bezud.

R - [p '] - acc., sound. (nep.), soft. (P.)

e - [e] - vowel, percussion.

V - [in '] - acc., sound. (p.), soft. (P.)

b - [-]

I - [y ’] - acc., sound. (nep.), soft. (Nep.)

[a] - vowel, bezud.

_______________________________

7 letters, 7 sounds

Phonetics- This is a branch of the science of language, in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, syllable division.

Graphic arts- This is a branch of the science of language, in which the outlines of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to represent vowels and are accordingly called vowels. 21 consonants are used to designate consonants. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not represent: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

Vowels and consonants

The sounds of speech in writing are square brackets. This is a transcription. In transcription, it is not customary to write capital letters and put punctuation marks. See in detail: Rules of Russian transcription at school.

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowels are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

2. Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

A) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: [b] - [b ""], [c] - [c ""], [g] - [g ""], [d] - [d ""], [h] - [h ""] , [k] - [k""], [l] - [l""], [m] - [m""], [n] - [n""], [n] - [n""] , [r] - [r""], [s] - [s""], [t] - [t""], [f] - [f""], [x] - [x""] (the apostrophe at the top right denotes softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l "" uk].

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs but hardness-softness, that is, in the language there are unpaired hard consonants[g], [w], [c] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[w ""], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).

Notes:

for sounds [th], [h], it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;

the sound [w ""] is indicated on the letter by the letter sch;

overline means double (long) sound. For example, cheek - [sh ""ika], thicket - [cups" "a], bath - [vana], cash desk - [kasa]. In some textbooks, long consonants so: [van: a] - bath.

V) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d ""], [h], [h ""], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t ""], [s], [s ""], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs: [b] - [p], [b ""] - [p ""], [c] - [f], [c ""] - [f ""], [g] - [k], [ g""] - [k""], [d] - [t], [d""] - [t""], [h] - [s], [h ""] - [s""] , [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

G) The sounds [th], [l], [l""], [m], |m""], [n], [n""], [r], [r""] do not form a correlative pair with the deaf consonants, so they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x ""].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n""], also softens, and we get the sound [z""]. So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz""n""]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position in front of the deaf and at the end of the word sound closer to paired deaf ones. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, a boat - lo [t] ka, a fairy tale - ska [s] ka, cart - in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when voiceless consonants in a position before voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko[z""]ba, request - pro[z""]ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using the letter b(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [sex""for", elk - [los""], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t "" ya], linen - be [l "" yo];

b) to distinguish between grammatical categories: rye (3 cl., f.r.) - knife (2 cl., m.r.);

c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing): read (2 l., singular), cut (form imperative mood), help ( indefinite form verb), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

2. Through the letters and, e , yo, yu, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant sound and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l "" es], honey - [m "" from], lil - [l "" silt], hatch - [l "" uk], crumpled - [m "" al].

3. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [v""in""t""ik], drain - [s""l""willow].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. Letters e, e, u, i can represent two sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] w, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;

after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;

after dividing b, b: eat - eat [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the previous consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m""eh], carried - [n""os], hatch - [l""uk], crumpled - [m""al].

Reminder:

Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [p] - voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)

Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w ""] - deaf (do not have a pair of hardness-softness)

Sounds [g], [w], [c] are always solid.

The sounds [th], [h], [w ""] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis of the word (sound letter analysis words)- this is the analysis of the word, which consists in characterizing syllabic structure And sound composition of the word; phonetic parsing of a word involves elements of graphical analysis. The word for phonetic analysis in school textbooks is indicated by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .

When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, it is imperative to pronounce the word aloud. It is impossible to automatically translate a letter entry into an audio one, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Sometimes you need to do phonetic record of a whole sentence or text.

The order of phonetic (sound-letter) parsing of a word (according to school tradition): 1. Write down this word, divide it into syllables, orally indicate the number of syllables. 2. Put the stress on the word. 3. Write down the phonetic transcription of the word (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets). 4. Describe the sounds (put a dash in front of each sound and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

characteristics of a vowel sound: indicate that the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;

characteristics of the consonant sound: indicate that the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf. You can also specify paired or unpaired in terms of hardness-softness, sonority-deafness.

5. Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Samples of phonetic (sound-letter) parsing of a word(a basic level of)

Phonetic analysis of the word love: love love - lu (stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables) love-lu [l "ubl" u]

L - [l "] consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;

Yu - [y] - vowel and unstressed;

B - [b] - consonant, solid, voiced and double

L - [l "] - consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;

Yu - [y] - vowel and stress

The word has 5 letters and 5 sounds.

Phonetic analysis of the word carrot: carrot-carrot (stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables). Transfer: carrot [markoff "]

M - [m] - consonant, solid, voiced and unpaired.

O - [a] - vowel and unstressed.

Р - [р] - consonant, solid, voiced and unpaired.

K - [k] - consonant, solid, deaf and double.

Oh - [o] - vowel and stress.

V - [f "] - consonant, soft, deaf and double.

b ---------–

There are 7 letters and 6 sounds in a word.

o - a, c - a dull sound f, b softens in

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of a language and the sounds of speech in general. Phonetics is the science of combining sounds in speech.

Phonetic parsing, or sound-letter, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and the sound system of a word. Such an analysis is proposed to be performed as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

• counting the number of letters;
• determining the number of sounds in a word;
• stress setting;
• distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
• classification of each sound;
• compilation of a transcription (graphic form of a word).

When parsing, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of "letter" and "sound". After all, the former correspond to spelling rules, and the latter to speech rules (that is, sounds are analyzed from the point of view of pronunciation).

Before proceeding with the sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowels in Russian:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, while the second is soft.

And twenty-one consonants:

voiced unpaired sounds	[Y']	[L]	[M]	[N]	[R]
deaf unpaired	[X]	[C]	[h']	[SCH']
voiced paired	[B]	[IN]	[G]	[D]	[AND]	[B]
deaf pairs	[P]	[F]	[TO]	[T]	[W]	[WITH]

Voiced consonants are called, which are formed with the participation of sound, and deaf - with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those that form a deaf / voiced pair. For example, [B] / [P], [V] / [F], [G] / [K]. Unpaired - those that do not form a pair: [L], [M], [P].

When analyzing a word phonetically, it is worth remembering that the consonants [H '], [U'], [Y '] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. Consonants [Ж], [Ш] and [Ц] are always solid.

[Y ’], [L], [L ’], [M], [M ’], [N], [N ’], [P], [P ’] - sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by voice, but not by noise. All sonorants are sonorous sounds.

In the Russian alphabet there are also letters b, b. They don't make sound. b (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. Ъ (hard sign) has a separating function.

Sound Parsing Rules

1. Transcription is written in square brackets: .
2. The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol "'".
3. Before the deaf, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [noct'i].
4. The sounds [s], [h] in word prefixes are softened: disconnect - [raz’y’ed’in’it’].
5. Some consonants in words are not readable: bone - [inert '].
6. The combination of the letters "sch", "zch" are read as "u": happiness - [sh'ast'y'e].
7. The doubled consonant is indicated by ":": gradual - [past'ip'en: y'].

An example of sound-letter parsing of a word

1. Write the word according to the spelling rules.
2. Divide the word into syllables.
3. Mark the stressed syllable.
4. Say the word aloud and, based on this, perform transcription.
5. Describe the vowel sounds in order, indicate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe consonants. Describe them: paired / unpaired, voiced / deaf, hard / soft.
6. Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• You write necessary word and say it out loud a few times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why is it different total number sounds and letters in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing belong to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

In the process of school teaching the Russian language, students get acquainted with different types parsing. This is both a lexical analysis of a word, and an analysis of the composition and methods of formation. Children learn to parse a sentence by members, to identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also to perform many other language operations.

Rationale for the topic

After repeating the material covered in elementary school, 5th grade students proceed to the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of its study is the analysis of the word by sounds. Why does a serious and deep acquaintance with mother tongue? The answer is simple. Text is made up of sentences, sentences are made up of words, and words are made up of sounds, which are the building blocks building material, the fundamental principle of the language, and not only Russian, but any. That is why the analysis of a word by sounds is the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of schoolchildren in linguistic work.

The concept of phonetic parsing

What exactly does it include, and what do students need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? First, it is good to navigate in syllabic articulation. Secondly, the analysis of a word by sounds cannot be carried out without a clear distinction between phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (a word) includes iotized, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student must also be able to navigate which letter is used to denote a particular sound in a letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (similarity) and dissimilation (dissimilarity) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in textbooks, nevertheless, children get acquainted with these concepts). Naturally, the analysis of a word by sounds cannot be carried out if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know the elementary rules of transcription. Therefore, the teacher must seriously and responsibly approach the teaching of the Phonetics section.

What is a word parsing scheme for sounds? What steps does it include? Let's look into this in detail. To begin with, the lexeme is written out from the text, a dash is put, after which it is written again, only already divided into syllables. Emphasis is placed. Then square brackets are opened, and the student must transcribe the word - write it down as it is heard, i.e., reveal its sound shell, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next, you need to skip the line under the transcription option, swipe down vertical line. Before it, all the letters of the word are written in a column, after - in sounds and their full description is given. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.

Example one

How does all this look in practice, that is, in a school notebook? First, let's do a trial parsing of the word by sounds. Examples of analysis will provide an opportunity to understand many of the nuances. We write down: a coverlet. We divide into syllables: in-kry-va´-lo. We transcribe: [covering la]. We analyze:

• p - [p] - this is a consonant sound, it is deaf, paired, pair - [b], solid;

• o - [a] - this is a vowel sound, unstressed;

• k - [k] - sound acc., it is deaf, guy, [pair - g], solid;

• p - [p] - the sound is therefore unpaired in sonority, solid;

• s - [s] - this is a vowel, unstressed in this position;

• in - [c] - this sound acc., is voiced, its pair is [f], solid;

• a - [a´] - a vowel sound, in a stressed position;

• l - [l] - this is a sound acc., refers to sonorants, therefore unpaired, solid;

• o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.

Total: 9 letters in a word and 9 sounds; their number is exactly the same.

Example two

Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sounds. We are working according to the already planned scheme. We divide it into syllables, set the stress: friends. Now we write it down in transcribed form: [druz "th" a´]. And we analyze:

• d - [d] - consonant, it is voiced and is paired, pair - [t], solid;

• p - [p] - acc., voiced, sonorous, unpaired, solid;

• y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;

• s - [s "] - acc., is voiced, has a deaf pair - [s], soft and also paired: [s];

• b - does not mean a sound;

• i - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced always, therefore unpaired, always soft;

• [а´] - vowel, stressed.

IN given word 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number is the same, since b does not mean a sound, and the letter I after a soft sign means two sounds.

Example three

We show how to parse the word "language" by sounds. The algorithm is familiar to you. Write it out and divide it into syllables: I-language. Transcribe: [y "izy´k]. Parse phonetically:

• i - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced, unpaired always, only soft;

• [a] - this and unstressed;

• s - [s] - acc., voiced, paired, pair - [s], solid;

• s - [y´] - vowel, shock;

• k - [k] - consonant, deaf, double, [g], solid.

The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not match because the letter I stands at the absolute beginning and denotes 2 sounds.

Example Four

Let's see how the parsing of the word "squirrel" looks like by sounds. After extracting it, perform syllable division: protein. Now transcribe: [b "e'lka]. And produce:

• b - [b "] - acc., voiced, paired, [n], soft;

• e - [e´] - vowel, shock;

• l - [l] - acc., sonorous, unpaired, in this case solid;

• to - [k] - acc., deaf., double, [g], solid;

• a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.

This word has the same number of letters and sounds - 5 each. As you can see, it is quite simple to make a phonetic analysis of this word. It is only important to pay attention to the nuances of its pronunciation.

Example five

Now let's parse the word "spruce" by sounds. Fifth graders should be interested in this. It will help to repeat and consolidate the phonetic features of iotized vowels. The word consists of one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed like this: [ye´l "]. Now let's analyze:

• e - [th "] - semi-vowel, voiced, unpaired, soft;

• [e´] - vowel, shock;

• l - [l´] - consonant, sonorous, therefore unpaired, soft in this word;

• b - does not indicate a sound.

Thus, in the word "spruce" there are 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E stands for 2 sounds, because it stands at the beginning of a word, and the soft sign does not designate sounds.

Drawing conclusions

We have given examples of phonetic parsing of words consisting of different quantity syllables and sounds. The teacher, explaining the topic, teaching his students, should try to fill them lexicon relevant terminology. Speaking about the sounds "H", "R", "L", "M", one should call them sonorous, indicating along the way that they are always voiced and therefore do not have a pair of deafness. [Y] is not sonorous, but also only voiced, and in this parameter it adjoins the 4 previous ones. Moreover, it was previously believed that this sound refers to consonants, but it is fair to call it a semivowel, since it is very close to the sound [and]. What is the best way to remember them? Write down a sentence with the children: "We did not see a friend." It includes all sonorants.

Special cases of parsing

In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of a word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the word form “horses” will look like this in transcription: [lashyd "e´y"], “rain" - [do´sh"]. It is rather difficult for fifth-graders to deal with such and similar cases on their own. Therefore, the teacher should try to analyze interesting examples and draw students' attention to some linguistic subtleties. This also applies to words such as "holiday", "yeast", i.e., containing doubled or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: holiday, [ pra´z "n" ik]; yeast, [drozhy]. A line should be drawn over the “g”, indicating the duration of the sound. The role of the letter I is also non-standard here. Here it denotes the sound Y.

About the role of transcription

Why does the word need to be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the lexeme. That is, to clearly show how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the purpose of such an analysis? It consists not only in comparison (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in which positions the same letter denotes different sounds. Thus, it is traditionally believed that in Russian the vowel “ё” always stands in a strong stressed position. However, in words of foreign origin, this rule does not work. The same applies to complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective three-core. Its transcription is as follows: [tr "ioh" a´d "irny"]. As you can see, the percussive sound here is [a].

To the question of syllable division

Syllabic division is also a rather difficult question for fifth graders. Usually the teacher orients the children on such a rule: how many vowels are in the word, so many syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; douche-ka: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases, when vowels are surrounded by consonants. The situation is somewhat more difficult for children. For example, in the word "blue" there is a confluence of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult how to divide such options into syllables. It should be explained to them that here the rule remains unchanged: b-nya-ya (3 syllables).

These are the features observed in phonetic analysis.