Complex syntactic constructions are polynomial complex sentences with different types of syntactic connection, for example, coordinating and subordinating, coordinating and non-union, etc. Such sentences are sometimes called mixed-type sentences.
Sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable parts or several, among which there may be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main parts have the same type of connection (coordinative or non-union).
For example, in the sentence, the Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster (Fad .) four parts:
a) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase;
b) but he knew that they were chasing him;
c) and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him;
d) and he started even faster.
All these parts are connected by compositional relations, but within the parts there is subordination (see parts b and c).
The syntactic unit of the text is the period. A classic example is Lermontov's "When the yellowing field is agitated."
When the yellowing field worries,
And the fresh forest rustles at the sound of the breeze,
And the crimson plum hides in the garden
Under the shade of a sweet green leaf;
When sprayed with fragrant dew,
Ruddy evening or morning at a golden hour,
From under the bush I silver lily of the valley
He nods his head amiably;
When the cold key plays in the ravine
And, plunging the thought into some kind of vague dream,
Babbling me a mysterious saga
About the peaceful land, from where he rushes, -
Then the anxiety of my soul humbles itself,
Then the wrinkles on the forehead diverge, -
And I can comprehend happiness on earth,
And in the sky I see God.
The period is a complex syntactic and rhythmic-intonational formation. The main feature of its structure is the presence of two parts, usually unequal in volume (the first significantly exceeds the second), with different melody and rhythm. The first part is pronounced in a higher tone (with a strong increase to a pause), an accelerated tempo; as a rule, it is divided into rhythmic segments. The second part, after a pause, is pronounced with a sharp decrease in tone, the rhythm slows down. Rhythm is maintained by the parallel structure of the components of the first part, the repetition of prepositions, and lexical repetitions.
According to the syntactic structure, the period is diverse; it can take the form of a joint venture (one of the types or a complex structure) or a common, complicated simple one, or a text consisting of a number of sentences. In other words, a period is not so much a syntactic structure as a rhythmic stylistic figure.
The main syntactic constructions are:
1) text - a graphically fixed detailed statement, acting as a coherent sequence of sentences;
2) sentence - the central unit of syntax, the central unit of the language, the generation of which in speech is served by all other components of the language system as a whole;
3) phrase - a combination of two or more significant words, characterized by the presence between them of a formally expressed semantic connection; this is a naming unit denoting an object, phenomenon, process, quality, called the core word and concretized dependent.
Each of the listed syntactic constructions can be characterized in three aspects:
a) formal-structural;
b) semantic;
c) pragmatic.
All of the listed syntactic constructions have a speech status. Only sentences and phrases have linguistic status. The text and the sentence are communicative.
Give a description of the types of syntactic connection of words and ways of formal expression of syntactic functions.
Usually they talk about the two most important types of syntactic connection: composition and subordination. The coordinative connection is characterized by the equality of the elements, which is outwardly expressed in the possibility of rearrangement without changing the meaning: wife and me / me and wife. When composing, the related elements are homogeneous, functionally close. Examples: table and chair / me or you / strict but fair.
Subordinating relationship: Table leg / down pillow / down pillow / reading a book. Here the relationship is unequal: one element is dominant ( leg, pillow, read), the other - to subordinates: ( ... table. …. from down, down …., …. book).
Ways of formal expression of syntactic links: agreement; control; adjoining; allied and non-union composition; allied and non-union subjugation. The first and second methods use morphological forms, the third - non-morphological forms (word order, intonation). Allied composition and subordination use service words (unions). Unionless composition and submission - word order, intonation.
Give a description of the morphological way of expressing syntactic links.
The morphological way of expressing syntactic links includes:
Agreement, which consists in the repetition of one, several or all grammes of one word in another word related to it, for example, agreement of the predicate with the subject in Russian: I read / she sings / we work (grammes of the person, number).
Agreement is used as a means of expressing subordinating relationships between the definition and the defined, while the grammes of the defined are repeated in the defining: new book (gender, number, case) new book new books.
2. management, which consists in the fact that one word causes the appearance of certain grammes in another word associated with it, which, however, do not repeat the grammes of the first word. Management is widely used as a means of expressing a subordinating connection, for example: in Russian, a transitive verb requires an addition in the accusative case: reading a book.
Statements of words dependent on them in certain cases also require: 1) nouns: ballet lover(genus case) ; hunger for knowledge(genus case); 2) adjectives: full of energy(genus case); happy with purchase(tv. case); 3) adverbs: on par with me(tv. case).
List non-morphological ways of expressing syntactic functions.
Non-morphological ways of expressing syntactic functions include:
1) Word order: a) positional adjacency, that is, the designation of the connection of words by simply juxtaposing them, placing them side by side, for example: an English book - English book(adjunction of an adjective-definition to a noun).
Preposition and postposition: in Russian, the postposition of a numeral in opposition to its preposition serves to express a shade of approximation: two kilograms / two kilograms.
3) The tendency to fix certain places in the sentence for certain members of the sentence: in case of coincidence (homonymy) of the nominative and accusative cases for nouns used as subject and object in a sentence, for example: Mother loves daughter (Daughter loves mother?). In this example, only the order of the words makes us understand the first noun as the subject, and the second as a direct object. In languages without a case system, a fixed word order is characteristic: 1) Eng. language: The father loves the son /Father loves son; 2) French language: Le pere aimime le fils / Father loves son. Inversion while preserving the meaning of the entire sentence is impossible.
4) Word order can distinguish between types of sentences, for example: declarative sentence / general interrogative sentence: Russian. language: you wanted it / you wanted it? English language: The house has a garden / Has the house a garden? In this case, the inversion is accompanied by an interrogative intonation.
Lecture #14
COMPLEX SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS
Plan
Link types in complex syntactic constructions
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions
Literature
1. Valgina N.S. The syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on special "Journalism"] / N.S. Valgin. – M.: graduate School, 1991. - 431 p.
2. Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.A. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunov. – M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. – 295 p.
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts heterogeneous syntactic link. These are combined types of sentences, they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible.
1. Compound sentences, which include complex sentences (complex sentences with composition and subordination, complex sentences of mixed composition). The room we entered was divided by a barrier, and I could not see to whom my mother was speaking and bowing humbly.(Kaverin). Incessantly, involuntarily, my gaze met this terribly straight line of the embankment and mentally wanted to push it away, to destroy it, as black spot, which sits on the nose under the eye; but the embankment with the walking Englishmen remained in place, and I involuntarily tried to find a point of view from which I would not be able to see it(L. Tolstoy).
The sun has setAndnight followed day without interval,Howit usually happens in the south(Lermontov).
That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maikov and Apukhtin were known better than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin(Paust.).
Nearby may be writing and subordinating conjunctions: The weather was beautiful all dayBut,Whenwe sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
2. Compound sentences with non-union and allied connection of parts, including complex sentences. I appreciate it and do not deny its importance; this world rests on people like him, and if the world were left only to us, then we, with all our kindness and good intentions, would make of it the same thing that the flies from this picture(Ch.). In everything that fills the room, something long obsolete is felt, some kind of dry smoldering, all things exude that strange smell that flowers give, dried up by time to the point that when you touch them, they crumble into gray dust.(Bitter).
If ever your heart shrinks from fear for the little ones, cast aside all fears, extinguish anxiety, be firmly convinced: they are with me and, therefore, everything is in order(Pavlenko).
(If…), , , [ sure in what? ]: And .
3. In complex syntactic constructions, all types of communication are possible.
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with heterogeneous syntactic links. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are equally often used in works of different functional styles. These are combined types of sentences, they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts in them, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready.(Sim.);
2) with an essay and an allied connection: My direction is to another unit, but I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant(Cossack.);
3) with subordination and unionless communication: On a walk in the woods, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.(Shv.);
4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they swim along with the water, as ice floes recently floated(Prishv.).
Sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable components or several, among which, in turn, there may be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main components have the same type of connection - coordinative or non-union. For example, in a sentence The swordsman did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster(Fad.) four components: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2) but he knew they were after him; 3) and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4) and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by compositional relations, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).
More often, in such combined sentences, there is a division into two components, and one of them or both can be complex sentences. The connection between the components can be of only two types - coordinating or non-union. Subordination is always internal.
1) The greatest pictorial power lies in sunlight, and all the grayness of Russian nature is good only because it is the same sunlight, but muffled, passing through layers of moist air and a thin veil of clouds.(Paust.);
2) There was one strange circumstance in the Stavraka case: no one could understand why he lived until his arrest under his real name, why he did not change it immediately after the revolution.(Paust.);
3) One circumstance always surprises me: we walk through life and do not know at all and cannot even imagine how many greatest tragedies, wonderful human deeds, how much grief, heroism, meanness and despair have happened and are happening on any piece of land where we live(Paust.).
Such syntactic constructions are subject to two levels of articulation: the first articulation - logical-syntactic, second - structural-syntactic. At the first level of division, larger logical parts of the structure, or components, are distinguished, at the second - parts equal to individual predicative units, i.e. the simplest "building elements" of a complex sentence. If we convey these two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions graphically, then the schemes of the given sentences can be represented as follows:
Thus, for more high level articulation - logical-syntactic - complex syntactic constructions can only have coordinating and non-union connections, as the most free connections, as for the subordinating connection (closer connection), it is possible only as an internal connection between parts of the components, i.e. is found only at the second level of articulation of a complex syntactic construction.
This is especially clearly revealed when two complex sentences are combined into a complex syntactic construction. For example: Tatyana Afanasyevna signaled to her brother that the patient wanted to sleep, and everyone quietly left the room, except for the maid, who again sat down at the spinning wheel.(P.); That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maikov and Apukhtin were known better than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin(Paust.).
Complex syntactic constructions can have extremely common components: Cincinnatus did not ask anything, but when Rodion left and time dragged on with its usual jogging, he realized that he had been deceived again, that he had strained his soul so much in vain and that everything remained as indefinite, viscous and meaningless as it was(Nab.).
POLYMERIC COMPLEX SENTENCES
Theme V
1. Text level: STS, text.
2. Offer level: PP, SP, SSK.
3. The word level is a syntaxeme (SPS is a word in a sentence), a phrase.
Polynomial complex sentences - SME / MchSP.
Complex syntactic constructions - CCK.
The predicative unit is PE.
A simple sentence can be made up of syntaxes or phrases, or formations of both. Complex sentences are made up of simple sentences. From complex sentences , simple sentences and complex syntactic constructions(SSK)add up STS .
Compound sentences are of two types. :
1) Binary complex sentences - consist of two predicative units with one type of connection (coordinating, subordinating or non-union).
2) Polynomial complex sentences - consist of three or more predicative units (PU).
SSK is made up of binary complex sentences. There can be several of these binary sentences, and there are several types of syntactic connection in the SSC. The grass is green, the sun is shining, because spring has come(SSK, since in this construction there is both an allied and a subordinating relationship).
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SME AND SSC
In modern grammar polynomial complex sentence- this is a type of complex sentence consisting of three or more predicative units connected by one type of syntactic connection.
Complex syntactic construction- it's special syntactic unit, consisting of binary complex sentences of various types.
SMEs and SSCs have a lot in common. For this reason, not all scientists share them.
Similarities between SMEs and SSCs :
1. Number of predicative units (always many PUs).
2. The complex nature of the thought expressed in them. Opportunity highlighting semantic parts in their composition.
For example: 1 It was nice to ride: 2 warm dim day, 3 around many colors And larks, 4 blowing nice light breeze ... (A.P. Chekhov). Before us is a construction consisting of 4 predicative units. This is MchBSP. See the diagram in the notebook! If there were no first part, then with enumerative relations of simultaneity, the selection of semantic parts would be inappropriate (because these are sentences of the same order).
3. Special Uses of Syntactic Links (only in SME and SSK):
A) Confluence of unions. An example from The Blind Musician: 1 Blind knew, 2 what out the window watching the sun and 3 what 4 ifhe will stretch hand at the window 3 then from the bushes dew will fall . What if is a confluence of unions. Communication is coordinative what... and what- but it's not SSP. 1-2 SPP, 1-3 SPP, 3-4 SPP.
b) Skip alliances. Example: 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 3need to to him get ready . 1-2 SPP,1-3 SPP.
V) Structurally redundant components. 1 days were such blessed,2 Italy such fertile, 3 mood such joyful, 4 what the past seemed like smoke . There are index words in three parts. 4 - adverbial adverbial degree (good to what extent?). 1-4, 2-4, 3-4 are SPPs, but 1, 2, 3 also interact with each other (1-2, 2-3 are BSPs). This is a complex syntactic construction. In this SSC, there are more binary SPs than predicative units (PP - 4, and SP - 5).
d) SMEs and SSCs have alliances with different scope (high-low-mid / high-low). 1 To him seemed, 2 what they were all busy only those(explain) , 3 what thoroughly concealed their ignorance and dissatisfaction with life(explanatory / local-relative), and 4 myself He, 5 to not extradite them their anxiety(infinitive sentence, adverbial purpose), 4 Nice smiled And said about trifles. It is possible to single out two semantic parts: CSO between the parts is connecting, CSO is causal (=connective-resultant, because part 2 is the result of what is done in the first). Unions usually have a high range of action, usually connecting (composing), which connect semantic parts. Unions that attach blocks or chains of subordinate clauses have an average range of action.(ex. union What joins the second and third parts to the first). Alliances that attach one PU to another have a low range of action(union to attaches the subordinate 5 to the main 4). In each construction, these can be different unions.
e) SMEs and SSCs often use double alliances (if…then, when…then, because…what). In binary sentences, they are also used, but much less frequently. In polynomial constructions, they are used more often in order to clearly show the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. See the example from The Blind Musician above.
4. Only in polynomial constructions and SSC there is such a phenomenon as complication of subordination . This is the feature that makes them similar to each other. Types of complicated subordination: parallel, serial, homogeneous.
A) Sequential or chain submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, this subordinate clause becomes the main one for the next one. Example: 1 What say normal People, 2 ifthey will hear, 3 what Mr Einstein six years thought about emptiness 4 which (both the conjunction word and the subject) nobody not interesting . This can be called a chain of adjectives. It is possible to distinguish degrees of dependence of subordinate clauses.
b) Homogeneous submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main, which are attached to the main one by one type of subordination(all with determinant or conditional or double subordination) and belong to the same semantic type(all explanatory, adverbial). Usually they are also joined by the same means of communication (conjunction as), but this is not necessary! Example: 1 I want to tell, 2 as beautiful flowering meadow early morning, 3 as in rough grass leaves accumulates crystal a drop dew, 4 what (joint word) bright should in the meadow from your feet, 5 as good ordinary in the rays of the sun horsetail . All subordinate clauses are joined by a verbal connection, all are explanatory. 2, 3, 4, 5 form a block of adnexal, they are homogeneous. Homogeneous into a block, the latter - into a chain with degrees of dependence.
V) Heterogeneous / parallel subordination - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main clause, which differently attached to the main part(for example: one by a conditional connection, the other by a determinant one), and subordinate clauses belong to different semantic types. An example of such a design: 1 When I And Belokurov walked near the house, 2 suddenly moved in spring into the yard stroller, 3 in which (associative word) sat our old friend . If the subordinate clauses are both circumstantial (one place, the other time), both are joined by a determinant connection, then they are considered as homogeneous, and not as heterogeneous. Sometimes it can be considered as heterogeneous. For Gogolina T.V. these are homogeneous clauses (because the connection is the same).
*d) Exists transitional type between homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination . Not all scientists agree with the concept of "transitional type". That's what Babaitseva calls him. Some scholars consider heterogeneous and parallel subordination as two independent types of subordination. For the transitional type, they use the term "parallel subordination". 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam And 1 constantly thought,3 What it's time (state category word) begin to him get ready . Refer to different words. Structurally, this is not homogeneous subordination, and in terms of semantics (because the subordinate clauses are the same), this is a homogeneous subordination. The second type is parallel subordination.
*e) Contaminated type of complicated subordination , involving the combination of previous types of subordination in different versions. "Anna Karenina": 1 Now She understood,2 what Annane could have been in purple and 3 what (confluence of unions) her charm is exactly in (SIS), 4 what it's brighter your outfit, 5 what outfit never cannot be seen on it. There are two blocks of homogeneous subordinate clauses. Types of complicated subordination: 2 and 3 belong to 1 - this is a homogeneous subordination, 4 and 5 belong to the 3rd - this is also a homogeneous subordination. 1->3->4; 1->3->5 is sequential subordination. Thus, there is a contaminated / combined type of complicated subordinating relationship, because there is both homogeneous and consistent subordination.
The difference between SMEs and SSCs is one :in a polynomial complex sentence, only one type of syntactic connection is always used, and in SSK there are always several of them .
The division of complex sentences into polynomial, SSK and others began in the 50s of the XX century. This was discussed in detail. They distinguished complex sentences of binary type and sentences with big amount components (this group was called differently). Tutorial released Alexander Nikolaevich Gvozdev . He singled out complex sentences with composition and submission. The textbook came out a little later. Vera Arsentievna Beloshapkova . V.A. Beloshapkova called such proposals "complex sentences of a complicated type". The textbook came out later. A.G. Rudneva . He called them "complex sentences of mixed construction". In the 70s of the XX century, many textbooks and various terminological designations appeared at once:
a) Leonard Yurievich Maksimov (classmate of Demidova KI). He used the term "polynomial complex sentence".
b) In the traditional school textbook (Maksimova, Kryuchkov), the term "SP with different types of communication" appeared, in parallel there was the term "SP with several subordinate clauses".
c) At the same time, a textbook by Nina Sergeevna Valgina was published, which proposed the term "complex syntactic constructions". This term has become entrenched in science.
Anna Nikolaevna Chesnokova and Galina Ivanova Tretnikova - textbook, collection "Synthesizing tasks in grammar" (70s - early 80s). A.N. Chesnokova and G.I. Tretnikova wrote an article that describes the SSC according to 4 criteria (structure, semantics, function and style). Both N.S. Valgina, and G.I. Tretnikova, and Chesnokova under the SSC understood any sentences in which there are more than three predicative units.
In the latest textbooks (90s - early 2000s) it is customary to divide into SMEs and SSCs (but Dibrova does not assume such a division), in P.A. Lekant’s textbook SMEs and SSCs are separated (but not described in great detail). In the last textbook by N.S. Valgina there is a division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions.
IN school grammar there is no rigid, formal division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions, there are not even such terms, but in fact such a division exists in school grammar. The terms proposed by Kryuchkov and Maksimov exist to this day. A complex syntactic construction in a school textbook is called a complex sentence with different types of connection, and among polynomial complex sentences, NGNs with different types of clauses are distinguished. JV school classification:
2. NGN (MsNPP - NGN with several clauses)
4. SPS with different types of communication (= SSK)
*About the school. In NGN with several subordinate clauses, complex types of subordination are used. Types of complicated connection:
1) Consistent submission.
2) Parallel subordination: homogeneous / heterogeneous subordination. Parallel is opposed to sequential, and for this it stands out. In many manuals that come out in addition to the textbook, they try to abandon the term parallel subordination. And soon it will be like this: consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous submission.
