The formation of the Russian Empire happened on October 22, 1721, according to the old style, or on November 2. It was on this day that the last Russian tsar, Peter the Great, declared himself emperor of Russia. This happened as one of the consequences of the northern war, after which the Senate asked Peter 1 to accept the title of Emperor of the country. The state received the name "Russian Empire". Its capital was the city of St. Petersburg. For all the time, the capital was transferred to Moscow only for 2 years (from 1728 to 1730).

Territory of the Russian Empire

Considering the history of Russia of that era, it must be remembered that at the time of the formation of the empire, large territories were annexed to the country. This was made possible thanks to the successful foreign policy country, which was led by Peter 1. He created new story, a story that returned Russia to the ranks of world leaders and powers whose opinion should be reckoned with.

The territory of the Russian Empire was 21.8 million km2. It was the second largest country in the world. In the first place was the British Empire with its numerous colonies. Most of them have retained their status to this day. The first laws of the country divided its territory into 8 provinces, each of which was controlled by a governor. He had full local authority, including the judiciary. Later, Catherine 2 increased the number of provinces to 50. Of course, this was done not by annexing new lands, but by crushing them. This greatly increased the state apparatus and rather significantly reduced the effectiveness of local government in the country. We will talk about this in more detail in the corresponding article. It should be noted that at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire, its territory consisted of 78 provinces. Largest cities countries were:

1. Saint Petersburg.
2. Moscow.
3. Warsaw.
4. Odessa.
5. Lodz.
6. Riga.
7. Kyiv.
8. Kharkiv.
9. Tiflis.
10. Tashkent.

The history of the Russian Empire is full of both bright and negative moments. In this time period, which lasted less than two centuries, a huge number of fateful moments were invested in the fate of our country. It was during the period of the Russian Empire that the Patriotic War, campaigns in the Caucasus, campaigns in India, European campaigns took place. The country developed dynamically. The reforms affected absolutely all aspects of life. It was the history of the Russian Empire that gave our country great commanders, whose names are on the lips to this day not only in Russia, but throughout Europe - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. These illustrious generals forever inscribed their names in the history of our country and covered eternal glory Russian weapons.

Map

We present a map of the Russian Empire, a brief history of which we are considering, which shows the European part of the country with all the changes that have occurred in terms of territories over the years of the existence of the state.

Population

By the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire was largest country world by area. Its scale was such that the messenger, who was sent to all corners of the country to report the death of Catherine 2, arrived in Kamchatka after 3 months! And this despite the fact that the messenger rode almost 200 km daily.

Russia was also the most populous country. In 1800, about 40 million people lived in the Russian Empire, most of them in the European part of the country. A little less than 3 million lived beyond the Urals. The national composition of the country was motley:

• East Slavs. Russians (Great Russians), Ukrainians (Little Russians), Belarusians. For a long time, almost until the very end of the Empire, it was considered a single people.
• Estonians, Latvians, Latvians and Germans lived in the Baltics.
• Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Karelians, Udmurts, etc.), Altai (Kalmyks) and Turkic (Bashkirs, Tatars, etc.) peoples.
• The peoples of Siberia and the Far East (Yakuts, Evens, Buryats, Chukchi, etc.).

In the course of the formation of the country, part of the Kazakhs and Jews who lived on the territory of Poland, who, after its collapse, went to Russia, turned out to be its citizenship.

The main class in the country were peasants (about 90%). Other classes: philistinism (4%), merchants (1%), and the remaining 5% of the population were distributed among the Cossacks, the clergy and the nobility. This is the classic structure of an agrarian society. Indeed, the main occupation of the Russian Empire was agriculture. It is no coincidence that all the indicators that lovers are so proud of today tsarist regime, are connected with agriculture (we are talking about the import of grain and butter).

By the end of the 19th century, 128.9 million people lived in Russia, of which 16 million lived in cities, and the rest in villages.

Political system

The Russian Empire was autocratic in the form of its government, where all power was concentrated in the hands of one person - the emperor, who was often called, in the old manner, the king. Peter 1 laid down in the laws of Russia precisely the unlimited power of the monarch, which ensured the autocracy. Simultaneously with the state, the autocrat actually controlled the church.

An important point - after the reign of Paul 1, autocracy in Russia could no longer be called absolute. This happened due to the fact that Paul 1 issued a decree that canceled the system for the transfer of the throne, established by Peter 1. Peter Alekseevich Romanov, let me remind you, decided that the ruler himself determines his successor. Some historians today speak of the negative of this document, but this is precisely the essence of autocracy - the ruler makes all decisions, including about his successor. After Paul 1, the system returned, in which the son inherits the throne after his father.

Rulers of the country

Below is a list of all the rulers of the Russian Empire during the period of its existence (1721-1917).

Rulers of the Russian Empire

Emperor	Years of government
Peter 1	1721-1725
Catherine 1	1725-1727
Peter 2	1727-1730
Anna Ioannovna	1730-1740
Ivan 6	1740-1741
Elizabeth 1	1741-1762
Peter 3	1762
Catherine 2	1762-1796
Pavel 1	1796-1801
Alexander 1	1801-1825
Nicholas 1	1825-1855
Alexander 2	1855-1881
Alexander 3	1881-1894
Nicholas 2	1894-1917

All the rulers were from the Romanov dynasty, and after the overthrow of Nicholas 2 and the murder of himself and his family by the Bolsheviks, the dynasty was interrupted, and the Russian Empire ceased to exist, changing the form of statehood to the USSR.

Main dates

During its existence, and this is almost 200 years, the Russian Empire has experienced many important points and events that have had an impact on the state and people.

• 1722 - Table of ranks
• 1799 - Suvorov's foreign campaigns in Italy and Switzerland
• 1809 - Accession of Finland
• 1812 – Patriotic War
• 1817-1864 - Caucasian War
• 1825 (December 14) - Decembrist uprising
• 1867 Sale of Alaska
• 1881 (March 1) the murder of Alexander 2
• 1905 (January 9) - Bloody Sunday
• 1914-1918 - First World War
• 1917 - February and October revolutions

End of the Empire

The history of the Russian Empire ended on September 1, 1917, according to the old style. It was on this day that the Republic was proclaimed. This was proclaimed by Kerensky, who by law did not have the right to do so, so declaring Russia a Republic can safely be called illegal. Only the Constituent Assembly had the authority to make such a declaration. The fall of the Russian Empire is closely connected with the history of its last emperor, Nicholas 2. This emperor had all the qualities worthy person, but had an indecisive character. It was because of this that the riots occurred in the country that cost Nicholas himself 2 lives, and the Russian Empire - existence. Nicholas 2 failed to severely suppress the revolutionary and terrorist activities of the Bolsheviks in the country. True, there were objective reasons for this. The main of which, the first world war, in which the Russian Empire was involved and exhausted in it. The Russian Empire was replaced by a new type of state structure of the country - the USSR.

The country of the never setting sun [National policy of the Russian Empire and the self-name of the Russian people] Bazhanov Evgeny Aleksandrovich

Chapter 6. FLOWING OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the amazing Russian empire reached its peak and peak of power. Could the empire expand further territorially? Could. There were states ready to join Russia in the Balkans. The Bulgarians asked to join the USSR and Soviet time. There were weak territories where Mongolia is now ... But there was no longer a threat to Russia from there. There was no threat and no advance there. There was a peaceful construction, the arrangement of the empire.

Russia helped the Balkan Slavs in their just liberation struggle against Turkey. Among the Russian nobility and other sections of the people, the ideas of the “fourth Rome”, the Slavic brotherhood, and help to Orthodox fellow believers are strong.

The Turks called Belgrade "the gates of the holy war." The destruction of the Orthodox Slavs by the then Turkish politicians was the goal of life. At their instigation, militants from the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Poland rode to fight for the Turks with the Balkan Slavs ... which is figuratively reflected in the poems of the Bulgarian poet Boev.

From Russia, which was ruled by the "German" tsars, sympathy and support were expressed. The Samara banner is quite well known, and is now stored on the Shipka Pass in Bulgaria. It is also known about the banner sent from Moscow to the Serbian army in the seventies of the XIX century with inscriptions on the ribbons: "From the Russian people to the Slavic army", "God is our refuge and strength."

They say that history does not repeat itself twice. How to look. If earlier they fought on horses and donkeys, now donkeys have moved into Boeings and are bombing Serbia with super-powerful bombs. Previously, the British and Turks attacked Russia and Serbia, and now the same thing. Previously, German, Italian, Hungarian and other fascists destroyed millions of Serbs and Russians, and now NATO bandits are bombing villages, churches and cemeteries of Serbs.

Allegedly, NATO is protecting democracy in Serbia from the Serbs. But do the descendants of traders in money, slaves and opium know what freedom and democracy are? For example, this book is unlikely to be published in the US and England in large numbers. The Yankees, even with the Serbs, could not properly discuss, they bombed television centers and radio stations.

My article "Six centuries of genocide in the Balkans" in the newspaper "Volzhskaya Zarya" (November 30, 1999) reflects on the historical fate of the Balkan Slavs, which was not accepted in any other publication. Whoever maintains the press determines what it writes. Dosed publicity does not solve many issues, but reflects the diversity of opinions.

At that time, the Russian Empire was also attacked. Most of the embassies in Beijing were destroyed (the Boxer uprising), including the Russian one, where 5 people were killed and 20 wounded. In 1900, the Chinese stormed Blagoveshchensk. The Allies took Beijing. But there was no desire in Russia to control China; have a lot of work.

Despite bursts of tension, the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were a time of stability and rapid progress of the Russian Empire.

The national question in the empire was resolved, on the one hand, by the natural friendliness and accommodating nature of the Russian people, and on the other hand, it was the subject of close attention of the government. Having enough high culture agriculture, housing construction, handicraft, handicraft and factory production, the Russian settler did not separate himself from the steppe and taiga peoples, but existed quite peacefully, side by side with them, if he was not disturbed by raids.

The Russian tsars in many documents ordered their military commanders and subjects to treat the native population kindly. This contributed to the strengthening of the empire. There were no autonomous republics and reservations; any inhabitant of the empire was its full-fledged citizen. At the same time, any citizen had the right to preserve his national identity and faith.

Back in the 18th century, V.N. Tatishchev noted in the book "Selected Works on the Geography of Russia": "Brahmin Indians more in Astrakhan have a special house for prayer, but rarely come to Moscow."

However, it also reflects another historical fact: "Jews have long been forbidden to enter Russia and have dwellings anywhere, unless they are allowed by a special imperial decree." The Jewish question in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century had undergone great changes. We will touch on that in a separate chapter.

Any nationalist in the Russian Empire could feel confident, unfettered and even proud.

Industry developed at a gigantic pace in Russia, which contributed to the attractiveness of the empire for various tribes and peoples. Even from Western Europe workers, engineers, governesses, artists went to work ... Noblewomen of all Europe considered it worthwhile to intermarry with the Russian nobility ...

Researchers cite the following indicators of economic growth, comparing 1908 and 1911: “Gold production during this period increased by 43%, oil - by 65% ​​... iron and steel smelting - by 225%, cast iron - by 250%. Merchant fleet tonnage increased by 59%. The production of agricultural machinery and equipment has increased seven times.” A significant role was played by His Majesty technical progress. But in any case, we can say that the country was on the rise.

Together with Oblomov, Soviet and Russian schoolchildren are forced to study "dead souls" and other satire. Gogol's Dead Souls”will survive many books, a talented work. But if only "Dead Souls" are allowed to be studied, then the impression will be created that in Russia all swindlers. Let us remind the gentlemen from the Ministry of Education that in the Russian village the peasants did not lock the huts, theft was considered the last thing and was the rarest occurrence. If the old woman left, she propped up the door with a stick, and everyone knew that it was impossible to enter. This is what many of us remember. The empire was built by the Suvorovs, Demidovs and millions of hardworking peasants and workers. Whether the current system accustoms to work and a sober life, judge for yourself.

If you clear the snowdrifts swept by the regiments of political talkers about the "prison of peoples", then it will be denied that the Russian Empire has achieved considerable success in the development of science, industry, Agriculture. Suffice it to recall the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the world's largest network of canals connecting the Volga with the northern seas, the grain and lard industries (half of the world's exports of bread and lard were provided by the “oblomnye”). The author has a book "Free City ...", and there you can find a lot of materials on this topic. But back to the main topic - the national question and freedom in the empire. Many asked for the hand of the white king, but not everyone was lucky. It is indicative that in a bad state, not individuals, but entire nations will not ask. And where did you see that they asked for another empire ... and so many more.

In the XIV century in Tibet (an interesting region from all points of view) an influential Gelugna sect was formed with the Dalai Lama at the head. China has long struggled to establish its power over Tibet. In 1904, British troops arrived there (the greed of these globalists knows no bounds).

Here is a letter from the Dalai Lama to the Mongolian delegation of Prince Uday: "All Tibetans and Mongols must stick to only one people, namely the Russians, and in no case the Chinese, the British and the Japanese."

Only Russia ensured freedom of religion within the empire and did not encroach on further expansion at the expense of other countries. There was enough territory. Inside the country of freedom, the sea, the ocean. Ride wherever you want. Thinking of emigrating to South America, Please.

Even with the Tatars, an integral part of the Mongol horde, the empire built friendly relations, despite the memory of the bloody raids of the horde. After the capture of Kazan, a small part of the Tatars, about 40,000 people, were baptized. There were consequences. Back in Soviet atheistic times, a representative of the Tatar community complained to me that Christian Tatars shunned Muslim Tatars.

Under Catherine II in 1764, the newly baptized office was closed. “At the same time, under the influence of the then fashionable idea of ​​​​religious tolerance, the collection of taxes from unbaptized foreigners for the baptized was abolished, the Tatars were given the widest permission to build mosques, and the (Orthodox) clergy were forbidden to interfere in any matters about non-Christians and their prayer affairs. ".

However, if the imperial spirit is not instilled in the Gentiles, then under certain conditions, gravity could give the result that they did not want. During the Russian-Turkish war in the 19th century, observers and intelligence noted:

“Muslim sympathies are pulling the Tatars not to St. Petersburg or Moscow, but to Bukhara, Mecca and Istanbul - these holy cities of Islam.”

Among part of the Tatars, moods were noted: “Soon the Sultan will come, he will start eating Russians.” People they liked were reassured: “You good man, we will cut you quietly.

During the war with Turkey in the Tatar houses "everywhere one could meet portraits of the Sultan and his generals." During the war, money was also collected in favor of the enemy of the empire. Turkish subjects collected more than 40,000 rubles among the Turkmen for the Turkish fleet (GASO F. 472, op. 1, d. 390, p. 490). We indicate the source here, but the essence of events, testimonies and many others is more important.

And there is discord between brothers, what can we say about people who have not yet become related to the empire. Let us recall that, according to data published in the empire in a non-atheistic publication, that in the famous Athos monastery, Greek monks massacred a large community of Russian monks. In the future, they lived peacefully, including in those years when Russians prevailed in the Athos monasteries. History testifies that even among monks, whose way of life is humble service to God, outbursts of strife are possible. There were riots among the Bursaks, inter-Russian contradictions.

By maintaining national identity and national pride, the rulers of the empire risked the possibility of their freedom being taken advantage of by enemies. And the enemies of the peoples of Russia were sophisticated.

So, in the newspaper Pravda, 76 for 1913, we read touchingly caring and reproachful about the government on the eve of the First World War and the debate about supporting the Balkan Slavs: “Inciting Russia, which has already brought so many victims to the altar of the freedom of the Slavs ... this is a kind of provocateurism” . In form, it may be fair, but in fact, knowing how some democratic organizations expected war and wished for the defeat of Russia, it is very false. It suffices to cite Marx's statement: “We most resolutely stand for the Turks and, moreover, for two reasons. Firstly, because we have studied the Turkish peasant, i.e., the Turkish masses, and have become convinced that he is one of the most efficient and most moral representatives of the peasantry in Europe. Secondly, because the defeat of the Russians will greatly accelerate the social upheaval, the elements of which are in huge numbers, and thanks to this, a turning point will come in Europe.

We will not comment on the maxims of the “scientist” regarding the “popular masses”, but we note that here Marx does not care about the Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, Greek peasants who are being destroyed by the fire of the Turkish military. It is more important for "internationalist" Marx to set people off and he dreams of defeating Russian weapons. Dreams of an internationalist about the defeat of Russian weapons, bringing freedom to the Balkan peoples, in Russian-Turkish war did not come true. But his developments on the collapse of "despotic Russia" (the expression of the Herzens and Radzinskys) were adopted.

And how similar are the statements, the criticism of the Serbs during the NATO aggression at the end of the 20th century among the democrats of the Gaidar-Yavlin television environment with the statements-aspirations of the communist democrat Marx. Simply amazing! Everything turned 180 degrees.

Who is who in modern politics is not easy to figure out. There were many confused people in the 19th century. But the policy of the Russian Empire of this period in the national question is simple and clear. You can cite various documents, dry paragraphs. But if you open the journal "Russian Shipping" 5 for 1911, then its materials will convince you better than boring laws.

At the beginning of the century, steam engines on military ships were replaced with diesel engines. Let's pay attention to the names of tankers and military river tugs: "Emmanuel Nobel", "Robert Nobel", "Velikoross", "Maloross", "Kyrgyz", "Kalmyk", "Ostyak", "Lezgin", "Ossetian", " Yakut”, “Samoyed”, “Ingush”, “Sarmat”, etc. Note, not “Kyrgyzstan”, but “Kyrgyzstan”. And it does not matter that in the navy, perhaps, there are still no representatives of the steppe and forest nomadic Kirghiz or Ostyaks. But on the warships of the Russian fleet, the names of the peoples of the empire are proudly displayed.

As for freedom, democracy and tolerance in the empire, then the Samara old-timer B.S. Sergeev, who left us his memoirs. About apprenticeship in a commercial school, we find the following from him: “We had sectarians and Jews in our class, they could not teach the “Law of God” and not be present at the lessons.” Need a comment?

Legions of boltologists led by the writer Chernyshevsky, who spoke with contempt about our "country of slaves", and the historian E. Radzinsky, who for weeks on television broadcasts about "three hundred years of despotism in Russia", or ignoramuses, or cunning liars.

In Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, not only complete economic freedom, not only great freedom of religion, but also political freedom, rare even for our days. Greater political freedom was one of the reasons that led to the breakdown of the political structure of the empire.

Let's look at facts and examples. Let's take this one: there lived a citizen S.E. Permyakov is one of the Voldum theorists… The gendarme department brought three cases against him, including political unreliability. Nevertheless, S.E. Permyakov calmly participated in the election campaign, and after the election of the mayor of the city of Samara, he was approved for this high position.

This is a private example. And here is an example of a nationwide scale. If you study the biographies of revolutionaries, members of various parties who aim to overthrow the existing system, according to Soviet data (the best guarantee of reliability in this case), you will see that most of those exiled to other cities (from their former place of residence) are under open and covert supervision the police were employed ... Quite right, in state bodies of local self-government, such as city government. So it was in Samara, where Lenin's sister worked in the state apparatus, like many "unreliable." Information about the revolutionaries in the Zemstvos can be found, for example, in the Samara Zemstvo Collection.

Sophisticated NKVDeshniks would never have allowed a “revolutionary-minded element” into the state apparatus. The revolutionaries had information about city, zemstvo affairs, financial transactions, had access to the issuance of various kinds of certificates, etc.

Who knows hardware games, he imagines that sometimes a small fry by itself (or on someone's advice in another case) can influence the solution of any issue no worse than a big boss. It is not in vain that they say: "The king favors, but the kennel does not favor." In addition, a simple Russian artisan, in his illiteracy and inexperience, looked at any clerk as if he were a big ace.

Such a situation on the part of the gendarmerie is either a conspiracy to overthrow the monarchy, or great humanism. On the part of the monarchy, a desire was manifested by the employment of educated opponents to engage in business.

It is known that Prime Minister Stolypin, the Minister of the Interior, the Grand Dukes, governors, and other prominent officials were killed like flies by Okhrana double agents and revolutionaries, among whom an incredible amount of agents were introduced ... As a joke, every second revolutionary was an Okhrana agent . To be precise, only in the Samara Social Democratic organization there were exactly twenty secret employees, they were in all other parties - among the Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists ..., where 6, where 8 agents. Conclusions suggest themselves. Let's leave this unpleasant digging to others and go further on the topic.

Sometimes publicists stick out that the tsar has dissolved the State Duma. However, the real power in the localities was with the zemstvos and the governors (they had a completely revolutionary element in their apparatus). Now the power is half in the hands of the governors, half in the mafia. So the Yavlinskys and Radzinskys will not be able to deny a great degree of freedom in the Russian Empire.

Back in Russia, censorship existed and seemed to prevent the appearance of particularly defiant articles. We leaf through pre-revolutionary newspapers. Here is the "Voice of Samara", 72 for 1912 for the anniversary of A.I. Herzen publishes a long article glorifying the "reformer". Without censorship. The newspaper "Volga Day" dated May 20, 1914 publishes a sympathetic article on the centenary of another ardent anarchist revolutionary M.A. Bakunin, who harmed the empire a lot with his activities.

We meet the same in the capital's press, from where reprints by regional publications are frequent, and in all regions there are own materials.

The editors of Samara Courier took offense at censorship on their pages in 1906 (during the first Russian revolution, which began during the Russo-Japanese War and some tightening of censorship), but in the same newspaper how much in vain they defame Minister Stolypin, and they write about colleagues from the press, “close to the ministers”, in the following expressions: “The predatory anger of these jackals of the press has reached some convulsive hoarseness." These not the strongest expressions regarding opponents were not censored.

Enthusiastic articles about the Decembrists appeared in Russian press in the middle of the 19th century. K. Marx and F. Engels were widely and quite officially published and promoted in Russia. Their publications can be found in the press even in 1914 on the eve of the First World War. K. Marx has been widely promoted since the eighties. In 1883, the reputable magazine World Illustration published a photo with the caption "Karl Marx, famous economic writer." What is it? Marx deserves a separate chapter.

Do you think that the Okhrana did not read the works of Marx and did not know about the plans to destroy Russia? The layman can guess whether humanists or enemies of the empire were sitting in the secret police and at the court, but it is impossible to say that they were uninformed people.

Thus, we have come to the conclusion that freedom, including freedom of speech, had reached great heights by the beginning of the First World War in Russia.

As far as other freedoms are concerned, not a single country in the world has matured before the Russian Empire and now. None, including the US and Switzerland. It is enough to look at volumes with letters from V.I. Lenin for the period of exile in Shushenskoye. For activities to destabilize the monarchy, Lenin was exiled to the Siberian village of Shushenskoye. Here Lenin lived with his wife and mother-in-law on a stipend paid to him by the government. He rested, wrote revolutionary works, did not serve anywhere. He had a gun to amuse himself with hunting. Officially procured a gun for self-defense. Resort and only, not a link. Under such conditions, millions of workers, engineers, teachers of Yeltsin's Russia would have been written into exile in the queue. But since the Burbulis and Chubais have ruined the country, then the citizens will never see such a life.

In such a free empire, the people were open and active. I did not like the working conditions - a strike, a mass demonstration. In perestroika and post-perestroika Russia, factories are idle, agricultural enterprises have been liquidated, the peasant is increasingly switching from a tractor and a milking machine to a shovel and pail, a teacher and a doctor receive a salary that is only enough to travel to work and pay for housing, but intimidated by the Beria Inquisition to rise to fight the people cannot, despite the calls of various parties.

A misfortune happened in the 19th century in Serbia, a massacre by the Turks began, and the Russian public set in motion: the All-Russian Zemstvo Union alone collected voluntary donations in the amount of 1,983,423 rubles and, moreover, food for 215,000 residents of Serbia and Montenegro. Nowadays, in Russia itself, in other places, like in Chechnya, Russians are being slaughtered, NATO and the leaders of the Albanian drug mafia are destroying Serbs in Kosovo, and the Russian public is frowning, but silent ...

But everything is not so simple. During the NATO aggression in Moscow, thousands of angry people rallied around the clock outside the American embassy. This amazing action for contemporaries, like a bright scandal, was broadcast on television from morning to evening and began to shake the national consciousness in a way that thousands of artists and journalists could not do. And ... the Kremlin and regional clerks were afraid of their own people. This fear was almost animal and was seen even in the statements of officials from distant regions, the Russian hinterland ... "Patriot" Luzhkov, by forceful cop decision-action, banned a rally of popular protest against the destruction of the Slavs. Russia again plunged into a gloomy silence; and not to kill the same Russian Russian cops. But something happened that never happened before. And everyone saw it.

Such Russia was and such has become. The heyday of the Russian Empire coincided with the heyday of freedom, free thinking, freedom of action. Only the Russians failed to fully enjoy the fruits of freedom, they did not have time. But for research it is important to establish that such a period took place.

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Chapter IV. Germans in the Russian Empire

From the book History of Europe. Volume 1 Ancient Europe author Chubaryan Alexander Oganovich

CHAPTER XIV THE FLOWING OF SLAVE RELATIONS IN THE EPOCH OF THE EMPIRE The history of the Roman Empire usually begins with the Battle of Actium, when Octavian was left as the sole ruler of the newly united Roman power. It was a multiform state, which included peoples and tribes,

Alternatives for the development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. Domestic politics Alexandra I.

Patriotic War of 1812

Nikolaev Russia: from the Decembrist uprising to the Crimean catastrophe.

List of main literature

1. Arkhangelsky, A. Alexander I / A. Arkhangelsky. - M., 2006.

2. Whittaker, C.H. Count Sergei Semenovich Uvarov and his time / Ts.Kh. Whittaker. - M., 1999.

3. Vyskochkov, L. Nikolai I / L. Vyskochkov. - M., 2003.

4. Grosul, V.Ya. Decembrists and emigration / V.Ya. Grosul // National history. – 2006. – № 6.

5. De Custine, A. Nikolaev Russia / A. De Custine. - M., 1990.

6. Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. - M., 2004.

7. Sakharov, A.N. Alexander I / A.N. Sakharov. - M., 1998.

8. Sirotkin, V.G. Patriotic War of 1812 / V.G. Sirotkin. - M., 1988.

9. Tartakovsky, A.G. Unsolved Barclay: legends and true story of 1812 / A.G. Tartakovsky. - M., 1996.

10. Tomsinov, V. Speransky / V. Tomsinov. - M., 2006.

11. Fedorov, V.A. MM. Speransky and A.A. Arakcheev / V.A. Fedorov. - M., 1997.

12. Fedorov, V.A. Decembrists and their time / V.A. Fedorov. - M., 1992.

13. Chaadaev, P.Ya.: Proetcontra: personality and society of Peter Chaadaev in the assessment of Russian thinkers and researchers. - St. Petersburg, 1998.

14. Eidelman, N.Ya. Pushkin and the Decembrists / N.Ya. Eidelman. - M., 2005.

15. Yakovlev, A.I. Patriotic War of 1812 / A.I. Yakovlev. - M., 2004.

List of additional literature

1. Balyazin, V.N. Emperor Alexander I / V.N. Balyazin. - M., 1999.

2. Glinka, F.N. Letters from a Russian officer / F.N. Glinka. - M., 1990.

3. Gordin, Ya.A. The rebellion of the reformers / Ya.A. Gordin. - M., 1998.

7. Nechkina M.V. Decembrists / M.V. Nechkin. - M., 1990.

8. Russian society of the 30s. XIX century. Memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1989.

9. Russian society in the 40-50s of the XIX century. - M., 1991.

10. Tarle, E.V. Patriotic War of 1812 / E.V. Tarle. - M., 1994.

11. Tomsinov, V.A. The luminary of the Russian bureaucracy: historical portrait MM. Speransky / V.A. Tomsinov. - M., 1991.

12. Troitsky, N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon / N.A. Trinity. - M., 1994.

13. Troitsky, N.A. 1812 The Great Year of Russia / N.A. Trinity. - M., 1988.

14. Troitsky, N.A. Russia in the 19th century: a course of lectures / N.A. Trinity. - M., 1997.

15. Tsymbaev, N.I. Slavophilism. From the history of Russian socio-political thought of the XIX century / N.I. Tsymbaev. - M., 1986.

16. Chibiryaev S.A. The great Russian reformer: life, activity, political views of M.M. Speransky / S.A. Chibiryaev. - M., 1991.

17. Eidelman, N.Ya. Edge of Ages: Political Struggle in Russia. The end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century / N.Ya. Eidelman. - M., 1982.

Seminar 7 Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century.

"The Great Reforms of the 1860s-1870s: Background, Essence, Consequences

Economic and social development post-reform Russia: the formation of bourgeois relations.

The revolutionary movement in Russia in the second half of the XIX century.