In form it was a special NKVD prison, but in fact it was an aviation design department.IN different years imprisoned engineers and designers worked in TsKB-39: Nikolai Polikarpov, Dmitry Grigorovich, B. N. Tarasovich, A. V. Nadashkevich, I. M. Kostkin, V. L. Korvin, V. S. Denisov and others.
In 1931-1933. administrative head of the Design Bureau, functionary of the Economic Directorate (ECU) of the OGPU of the USSR A. G. Goryanov-Gorny (Penknovich). Before this position and after it, he led the Technical Department of the ECU OGPU, which was in charge of the use of arrested specialists. At the beginning of 1930, the Design Bureau was relocated to the territory of Aviation Plant No. 39 near the Central Airfield. Initially, it was called the Special Design Bureau VT-11 (from the inner prison) and was located in a hangar guarded by the OGPU. The hangar was divided by a partition into two parts: in one there was a residential area, in the other - a design bureau. Later it was renamed TsKB-39 and was part of the Technical Department of the ECU OGPU. The chief designer of TsKB-39 D.P. Grigorovich, his deputy N.N. Polikarpov, A.V. Nadashkevich, I.M. Kostkin and others. Subsequently, the number of employees of the Central Design Bureau was increased due to civilian specialists, among whom were such known to historians persons like A. S. Yakovlev, V. B. Shavrov, A. N. Rafaeliants. In total, there were 300 people on the staff of TsKB-39.
The staff of the prison Central Clinical Hospital was very different highly qualified. Its backbone was made up of employees of the Marine Experimental Aircraft Building Department (OMOS). Although Grigorovich was the Chief Designer, in fact, all the main design issues were decided collectively. The connection of the prisoners with the production units of the plant was provided by a free engineer S.M. Dansker, and B. L. Bucholz was a civilian test pilot.
The Central Design Bureau lasted only two years and at the end of 1932 it was merged with the Design Bureau of Aviation, Hydroaviation and Experimental Construction (AGOS) of TsAGI. During this time, flying boats MDR-3, MBR-2 and MDR-2 were created in it, the I-Z cannon fighter and the TSh-1 attack aircraft were designed and built, but these last two machines did not have much success.
In 1930 the designers were given a difficult task - to urgently design a single-seat fighter of a mixed design with an air-cooled engine, which later received the name I-5 and was mass-produced. In less than two months, a small team of "pests" of the Central Design Bureau designed a new fighter. It should be taken into account that the prison administration forbade purge models and other types of tests in the laboratories of TsAGI, MVTU and the Air Force Academy. The designers could only rely on their experience and the reliability of the materials that they were allowed to receive from some organizations. On March 28, 1930, a full-size layout was approved, and already on April 29, the first prototype of the aircraft with the designation VT-11 (“VT” meant “inner prison”) took off, eventually even ahead of schedule. Flight tests of the I-5 were carried out by pilot B. L. Buholz, who spoke enthusiastically about this light, maneuverable fighter, which developed a speed of 286 kilometers per hour. The results of the first tests showed that the fighter has not only excellent speed characteristics, but is also very easy to fly. These qualities immediately pushed the car to one of the first places among the fighters of the early 30s, and the successful testing of the aircraft bore fruit for the employees of the Central Design Bureau. A special dining room was made for them, food improved dramatically, in the evenings the engineers had time to relax, they were allowed to walk in a fenced-off garden and meet with their wives and children once a week. Significantly increased wage, awards began to be issued with scarce products, and the designer D.P. Grigorovich was allowed to go on vacation to
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov ;
Andrei Nikolaevich Sedelnikov ;
Vasily Alexandrovich Tisov;
Viktor Lvovich Korvin-Kerber ;
Alexander Vasilyevich Nadashkevich ;
Nikolai Gustavovich Mikhelson;
Ivan Mikhailovich Kostkin;
Evgeny Ivanovich Majoranov;
Alexander Dmitrievich Melnitsky
TsBB-39 OGPU them. Menzhinsky- the first of the "Experimental Design Bureau", created at the end of 1929 for the needs of the Soviet aircraft industry, using the labor of imprisoned aircraft designers and engineers. It was a special division of the OGPU. Later, similar design bureaus began to appear in various industries national economy, having the slang name "sharaga" or "sharashka". There were two of them in the aviation industry. After TsKB-39 of the OGPU in 1938, TsKB-29 NKVD was created.
First arrests and investigation
The beginning of history TsBB-39 OGPU them. Menzhinsky can be considered September 3, 1928, when the founder of the naval aircraft industry was arrested in Moscow, on whose seaplanes Russia fought throughout the First World War and the Civil War - Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich (usually the date of arrest of D. P. Grigorovich is indicated on August 31, which contradicts the investigative case No. 63641 ). The failures of Dmitry Pavlovich served as the basis for taking into custody recent years. Starting from 1924, the team headed by him - the Department of Marine Experimental Aircraft Building (OMOS), located at the Krasny Pilot plant in Leningrad, did not create a single worthy machine. By the time of the arrest, OMOS had not existed for almost a year, and Dmitry Pavlovich himself headed another design unit in Moscow - Experimental Department-3 (OPO-3). Most of his former employees from OMOS remained in Leningrad and dispersed to other teams.
The catalyst for the arrest was only the summer that died down the first in history Soviet Russia trial of pest engineers. He received the name "Shakhtinskoye case". Then the authorities first tested the infamous, which entered into force on February 25, 1927. Such concepts as “pest” and “enemy of the people” were introduced into the practice of legal proceedings. With the approval of broad sections of the working people, large business executives were called "malicious pests." Some of them were sentenced to death, and the rest were sent to the construction of socialism. Starting with the Shakhty case, the most qualified convicts began to be used according to their specialty, but in closed institutions and under the protection of the OGPU. There was no experience in the use of slave mental labor in the country, so the expediency of organizing such institutions had to be assessed.
“... If Grigorovich was a pest, then he could not have done worse. He so decomposed the matter, having lost four years, having deceived the hopes placed on the department, that he deserves and deserved to be stopped earlier ... In this [he] was helped by the enormous reputation and authority enjoyed by Grigorovich, and even in tsarist times several successful aircraft. The result is a complete crisis… the achievements of the Department are equal to zero.”
It should be noted that one of the important reasons for the failure of OMOS was indeed the conflict between the team and the chief designer. They were based on a constant leapfrog with the requirements that the customer presented. For example, the customer could easily afford to change the basic characteristics of the aircraft (engine power, flight range, payload) at a time when the prototype aircraft was already in production.
New arrests and the creation of the OKB OGPU
On that day, all the imprisoned designers and engineers were gathered together for the first time right in Butyrki, in the premises of the former prison church. Basically, they knew each other, but they did not even know that they were sitting in neighboring cells. Further, as V. L. Korvin-Kerber recalled, the following happened:
“In the afternoon, the deputy head of the Air Force, comrade. Ya. I. Alksnis. He announced the task: to design and then build a fighter under the Jupiter engine, but one that would surpass any of the capitalist countries in service, both in speed and in rate of climb and armament. We need two machine guns firing through the propeller, and it is desirable to provide two more, as well as a photographic installation and bomb racks for four 25 kg bombs. The project must be completed in record time short term, and the drawings are ready for production by the end of March. Then the layout should be presented. The project will not be submitted to the NTC for consideration. Grigorovich was appointed chief designer, Polikarpov was his deputy.
The beginning of the activities of the OKB OGPU and renaming into "TsKB-39 OGPU named after. Menzhinsky"
The assistant head of the technical department of the Economic Department of the OGPU A. G. Goryanov-Gorny (Benkovich) was directly in charge of the OKB OGPU, and S. M. Zmuda was his plenipotentiary, who was inseparably with the prisoners. The imprisoned aircraft engineers were transferred to enhanced nutrition, they were allowed walks and visits with loved ones. Work on the fighter project began right in the prison church.
According to the memoirs of V. L. Korvin-Kerber:
“In January 1930, events occurred that no one expected. Suddenly, after dinner, everyone was asked to collect their things and get ready in the cell for the exit. We were loaded into a small bus and taken around the city. Where, why, no one knew. Finally, the doors of the bus opened and everyone saw the wooden hangar-workshop of Factory No. 39. We went inside the hangar and at the very end, going through the door, we found ourselves in a spacious room. There were beds along the walls, and in the middle there was a large table with stacks of newspapers and magazines. Zmuda, who accompanied everyone, offered to be placed on beds at his discretion. To the right of the entrance are: B. F. Goncharov, N. N. Polikarpov, V. A. Tisov, I. M. Kostkin, A. N. Sedelnikov, I and E. I. Mayoranov. On the left - D. P. Grigorovich, P. M. Kreyson, N. G. Mikhelson and others.}
The transfer to the plant was required due to the fact that work on the fighter approached the stage of prototyping and creating a prototype. It was impossible to organize production in prison conditions. A small aircraft factory (rather workshops), adjoining the Central Airfield, was surrounded by barbed wire, guards were placed. This is where the prisoners were brought. From that moment on, the OKB OGPU, according to the number of the plant, became known as the TsKB-39 OGPU im. Menzhinsky.
After evaluating the project and realizing that "pests" and "enemies of the people" are being successfully reeducated, the curators of the OGPU decided to complicate the task. Korvin-Kerber wrote:
“One evening, a big boss arrived: A. G. Goryanov-Gorny and M. I. Gai(Shtoklyand - head of the 8th and 9th departments of the Economic Department of the OGPU). Zmuda and a security guard brought baskets and boxes into the room. Immediately on the tables appeared wine and a large number of snacks. All members of the Central Design Bureau were invited to the table. Everyone was on their guard, we could not understand what purpose such a banquet had. Guy took the floor. He praised those present for the successful work and added that by the decision of the command, the construction period for the fighter aircraft was postponed from June 1st to May 1st, and a mock-up should be presented already on March 26th. It was impossible to challenge the new deadlines. I had to assure the authorities that the team would cope with the task. But besides the plane, by the first of May it will be necessary to build everything for the stat. tests".
Despite such a tight deadline, a dozen and a half variants of the fighter project were developed, of which only three were selected for the construction of prototypes. The options differed in details (projects for different engines, different weapons, the presence or absence of engine fairings, etc.). By the appointed date, the first prototype aircraft was ready, initially called the BT-11 (“inner prison” - the 11th version). It was tested here at the Central Airfield. On April 28, 1930, the pilot B. L. Buchholz highly appreciated the quality of the aircraft in the first flight, and the OGPU concluded that forced mental labor was effective. Thus, the creation of scientific and technical “sharags” was launched in almost all sectors of the national economy and, above all, in the military industry.
New assignments and the disbandment of the TsKB-39 OGPU im. Menzhinsky"
History of TsKB-39 OGPU them. Menzhinsky did not end. After the successful completion of work on the VT-11 fighter, its understudy "Klim Voroshilov" (built according to the 13th version of the project, but from superstition did not receive the name VT-13) and the third prototype - "Gift to the XVI Party Congress", under the name I-5, the fighter was launched into series. The OGPU decided that it was still too early to part with the imprisoned designers and gave the "pests" new tasks. Now it was necessary to build not one aircraft, but several at once. The prisoners were ordered to create the first domestic I-Z cannon fighter, the TB-5 bomber, a four-engine naval bomber, the TSh-1 and TSh-2 attack aircraft, and a two-seat fighter.
It is clear that such a volume of work could not be carried out by the limited forces of the prisoners, and in the fall of 1930 it was decided to expand the team at the expense of civilian specialists. Of course, all of them could be immediately arrested, but the OGPU chose a different model - a mixed team of prisoners and free engineers, so that the latter constantly felt where they might be tomorrow. TsKB-39 was expanded to more than 300 people. For example, G. E. Chupilko, S. V. Ilyushin, A. S. Yakovlev, V. B. Shavrov, S. N. Shishkin and others came. testified against them. History is silent about how, for example, relations developed between D. P. Grigorovich and V. B. Shavrov.
Not all of the new projects were successful, but on the whole the OGPU was satisfied. From the summer of 1931, imprisoned designers began to be released one by one. On July 10, 1931, the decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR was published in the newspaper Pravda, which stated:
“To amnesty the following designers - former pests sentenced by the OGPU board to various measures social protection, with their simultaneous awarding:
As for the TsKB-39 of the OGPU itself, by Order of the All-Union Aviation Association (VAO) No. 265 of August 27, 1931, TsKB 39 and TsAGI were united into a single organization, the head of which was appointed Chekist N. E. Paufler. A little later, on January 13, 1933, by order of the Deputy People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR and the head of the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry, P.I. Menzhinsky, a new Central Design Bureau (TsKB) was formed to organize a closed cycle of design and production of light aircraft under the leadership of S. V. Ilyushin.
The final point in the case of Grigorovich and employees was put only on June 25, 1993:
“... on the basis of the Law of the RSFSR of 10/18/91 “On the rehabilitation of victims political repression“» Prosecutor of the Department for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions of the General Prosecutor's Office Russian Federation decided: "Grigorovich Dmitry Pavlovich, Sedelnikov Andrey Nikolaevich, Korvin-Kerber Viktor Lvovich, Melnitsky Alexander Dmitrievich, Dneprov Vladimir Mikhailovich are subject to rehabilitation".
List of "pests" who created the I-5 fighter. Aircraft designer, closest associate of N. N. Polikarpov. Director of Aircraft Plant No. 1 "Dux" In TsKB-39 he was engaged in the design of wings .
The leadership of TsKB-39 from the OGPU
According to the dictionary definition, sharashki is a slang name for a closed-type design bureau at factories, research institutes, laboratories where imprisoned scientists and specialists worked to create and improve technology.
86 years ago, Scientific and Technical Prisons, "sharashki", were created in the Land of Soviets.
The extensive anti-sabotage campaign that began in 1930 under the leadership of the Economic Department of the OGPU led to the emergence of a mass of highly qualified specialists, whose use in logging was irrational.
Therefore, on May 15, 1930, the “Circular of the Supreme Council National economy and the United State Political Administration” on “the use in production of specialists convicted of wrecking”, signed by V. V. Kuibyshev and G. G. Yagoda. In particular, this document stated: "The use of pests should be organized in such a way that their work takes place on the premises of the OGPU"
This is how the first system of scientific and technical prisons appeared - "sharashkas" for the use of "saboteurs" in the interests of military production.
In 1930, for this purpose, the Technical Department of the ECU OGPU was organized, which supervised the work of special design bureaus that used the labor of imprisoned specialists. Head of the ECU OGPU (1930-1936) - L. G. Mironov (Kagan) - Commissar of State Security of the 2nd rank. In 1931-1936, for the purpose of secrecy, the Technical Department was sequentially assigned the numbers of the 5th, 8th, 11th and 7th departments of the ECU of the OGPU of the USSR (Head Goryanov-Gorny A. G. (Penknovich) 1930 −1934. ).
In September 1938, by order of Beria, the Department of Special Design Bureaus of the NKVD of the USSR was organized (order of the NKVD No 00641 of September 29, 1938). On October 21, 1938, in accordance with the order of the NKVD No. 00698, this unit received the name - "4th Special Department". On January 10, 1939, by order of the NKVD No. 0021, it was transformed into the Special Technical Bureau (OTB) under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the use of prisoners with special technical knowledge
The 4th special department of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR was organized in July 1941 on the basis of the Special Technical Bureau (OTB) of the NKVD of the USSR and the 4th department of the former NKGB of the USSR. Head of the department - V. A. Kravchenko.
The main tasks of the 4th Special Department are: the use of imprisoned specialists to carry out research and design work on the creation of new types of military aircraft, aircraft engines and engines of naval vessels, models of artillery weapons and ammunition, chemical attack and defense means ... providing radio communications and operational equipment ...
Since 1945, the special department also used German specialist prisoners of war.
The institute of sharashkas received the greatest development after 1949, when the 4th special department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the organization of “Special technical, design and design bureaus for conducting research, experimental, experimental and design work on the subject of the Main Directorates of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR ”(Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No 001020 of November 9, 1949) At a number of enterprises, under the auspices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special bureaus were organized where prisoners worked. After the death of Stalin (1953), the liquidation of sharashkas began. On March 30, 1953, the 4th special department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was disbanded, but some sharashki continued to function for several more years.
Sharashki existed in 1929-36 and in 1938-53 under various titles:
— TsKB (Central Design Bureau);
— OKTB (experimental design technological bureau);
- OKB (special design bureau);
— OTB (special technical bureau);
- SKB (special design bureau).
In the documents, they appeared mainly as "special prisons".
If we talk about the name of individual design bureaus, then we can find several "algorithms" for the name. For example, some OTBs in the first years of their appearance had a serial number (in accordance with the chronological appearance: OTB-8, OTB-11, OTB-12, etc.). In addition, design bureaus appeared, the numbering of which corresponds to the number of the pilot plant, where the developments of imprisoned specialists were put into production (OTB-82, TsKB-39, OKB-156, etc.). Later, the folk names of design bureaus become tied to the location (Bolshevskaya, Kuchinskaya, Marfinskaya).
The list of sharashkas that worked in those years (the list is not complete, is constantly updated and supplemented):
AVIATION PLANT No. 39 / TsKB-39- the first prison design bureau in the history of aviation was organized in December 1929. Initially, it was located in the Butyrka prison.
AUTOTRACTOR BUREAU OKB Izhora plant, Podolsky branch In 1931-1934. was under the jurisdiction of the Technical Department of the ECU OGPU, located at the Podolsk plant named after. Ordzhonikidze. Prisoners - experts convicted in the case of the "Industrial Party" developed light amphibious tanks T-27 and T-37, etc. under the guidance of civilian N. A. Astrov, the future famous designer of armored vehicles. Here, the creators of domestic aviation armor S. T. Kishkin and N. M. Sklyarov gained experience in managing labor collectives.
Light floating TANK T-37
NUCLEAR SHARAG in Sukhumi(1940s and 1950s), where specialists exported from Germany (Prof. Ardenne, Prof. Hertz (nephew of Heinrich Hertz), etc.) worked on the separation of uranium isotopes.
State Research and Production Association "Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology" (SNPO "SFTI")
BOLSHEVSKAYA SHARASHKA (Korolev)
BUTYR PRISON
OKB V ECU OGPU
VT-11 ("Inner Prison - 11") - worked N. N. Polikarpov and D. P. Grigorovich
PLANT "DYNAMO"
PLANT "COMPRESSOR" / OTB-8
FACTORY "RED BOGATYR"
PILOT DESIGN PLANT / OKB-156 / PJSC "TUPOLEV"
KB AUTOANKO-DIESEL Department of the Economic Department of the OGPU(in the late 1920s he worked on a 75-ton breakthrough tank)
KOLOMENSKY PLANT
KUCHINSKY SHARASHKA
LABORATORY "B" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR created in May 1946 by order of the USSR government (No. 1996-r-s) on the basis of the Sungul sanatorium in the Urals in Chelyabinsk region, in 1948 it was renamed Object 0215 (address: Kasli, Chelyabinsk region, p / box 33/6). The laboratory was closed in March 1955, after which an institute was built in its place, now (since 1992) called RFNC-VNIITF. The city of Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70) arose around the institute. Director of the Object Colonel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Alexander Konstantinovich Uralets (until December 1952), Deputy. according to the regime, Major M. N. Vereshchagin. After the Urals, the director of the Object, Ph.D. Gleb Arkadievich Sereda. Scientific leadership was entrusted to the German scientist N. Riehl. Since 1941, the radiochemical department was headed by the chemist Sergei Alexandrovich Voznesensky (1892-1958), the biophysical department was headed by the geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky (1900-1981)
MARFINSKAYA SHARASHKA / Research Institute of Communications- special prison No. 16 of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR in 1948 (at present JSC Concern Avtomatika)
MOGES / OTB-12
NII-160 (Fryazino)
NII-6 - SPECIAL TECHNICAL BUREAU (OTB) of the NKVD, later NII-6 of the NKVD. It was located on the territory of the modern TsNIIKhM - a red brick building. New types of ammunition and new technologies for military chemical production were created here. In OTB, the former head of the Military Chemical Directorate of the spacecraft (VOKHIMU), Doctor of Chemical Sciences, now contracted Ya. M. Fishman, worked on the creation of a new type of gas mask.
NIIOKhT the first "military-chemical sharaga", at plant number 1 (Olginsky plant) now GosNIIOKhT Institute organic chemistry and technology created in 1924 in Moscow, research on the creation of chemical weapons in the 1930s. Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, consular E. I. Shpitalsky, the founder of the production of poisonous substances - phosgene and mustard gas in the USSR, worked here. Here, experiments were carried out on prisoners - the effect of OV on people was evaluated.
OKB-16 - a special prison in Kazan at the aircraft plant number 16 on the development of a liquid-propellant rocket engine, or "sharaga on rocket engines." Since November 1942, S.P. Korolev, transferred from the Omsk "sharashka" of A.N. Tupolev, worked here. V. P. Glushko and D. D. Sevruk were engaged in testing the RD-1 rocket engine.
RADIO SHARAG (wirewitches, operational communications, etc.) in Kuchino near Moscow, in the 1940s and 50s.
OKB-172 at the Leningrad prison "CROSSES"(before the evacuation, in 1942, in Molotov it was called the OTB UNKVD for the Leningrad Region) was officially created in April 1938 (actually earlier). On the basis of this design bureau, several dozen samples were developed. military equipment, well-proven during the Second World War, for example, self-propelled guns SU-152 and ISU-152, a two-gun 130-millimeter naval artillery mount of the main caliber B-2-LM, a 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1942 model of the year (M-42, "forty-five" ) and others. The first employees of the OTB were the arrested engineers of the Bolshevik slaughter. From the beginning of his work, the leading designer of the OTB was S. I. Lodkin. Later, the labor collective of the "sharashka" was replenished with arrested mathematicians, mechanics, engineers, among whom there were many prominent specialists, such as designers: V. L. Brodsky (builder of the cruiser "Kirov"), E. E. Papmel, A. S. Tochinsky, A. L. Konstantinov, M. Yu. Tsirulnikov; mathematicians professors A. M. Zhuravsky and N. S. Koshlyakov, arrested in the well-known blockade case No. 555, and others. Disbanded in 1953.
45-mm anti-tank gun model 1942 (M-42, "magpie")
OOO PKF "INFANKO" / SMOLENSKAYA SHARAGA
SPECIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL BUREAU OF THE OGPU at the VKhNII(Military Chemical Institute), 1931.
SPECIAL GEOLOGICAL BUREAU / MURMANSK SHARAGA- organized in 1930 in Murmansk, where prisoners M. N. Dzhakson, S. V. Constantov, V. K. Kotulsky, S. F. Malyavkin, A. Yu. Serk, P. N. Chirvinsky worked. At the end of the 40s, other "sharashkas" of the geological profile functioned - Dalstroevskaya (Northern Complex Thematic Expedition No. 8) and Krasnoyarsk (OTB-1 "Yeniseystroy"). Over the years, imprisoned geologists worked (not in their specialty) in the scientific and technical "sharashkas" - the special technical bureaus of the OGPU and its "heirs" (M. M. Ermolaev, D. I. Musatov, S. M. Sheinmann).
SPECIAL TECHNICAL BUREAU - 1 (OTB-1)- as part of Glaveniseystroy. Krasnoyarsk. Created in 1949. In present temp. "SibtsvetmetNIIproekt".
SPECIAL TECHNICAL BUREAU-40, OTB-40 was created at the Kazan Gunpowder Plant No. 40. The OTB-40 contingent were engineering and technical workers of the gunpowder industry and former employees of Plant No. 40, accused of sabotage and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Carried out the development and development of gunpowders, including for rocket launchers of the Katyusha installation. The group was headed by N.P. Putimtsev (formerly the chief engineer of the All-Union Powder Trust), the leading specialists were V.V. Shnegas, a nobleman, a former colonel of the tsarist army (formerly the technical director of plant No. 40) and scientists: Shvindelman Mikhail Abramovich, Shtukater Grigory Lvovich , Vorobyov David Evseevich, Belder Mikhail Abramovich, Fridlender Rostislav Georgievich - former chief technologist of the plant.
OTB-569 (since April 1945 - NII-862) ENTERPRISE "ZVEZDOCHKA" (later - NIIPKh in Zagorsk, where Solzhenitsyn was transferred on March 6, 1947 and where he was before being transferred to Marfino on July 9, 1947.
SUZDAL POKROVSKY MONASTERY- Center for microbiological weapons. Organized at the suggestion of the head of VOKHIMU Ya. M. Fishman on the territory of the former Intercession Monastery. In 1932-1936 it was called the Bureau of Special Purpose (BON) of the Special Department of the OGPU, later it became the Bio-Chemical Institute (BIHI). Head M. M. Faybich, his subordinates were repressed microbiologists.
TUPOLEVSKY SHARAG / TsKB-29 or special prison No. 156 Moscow - the largest aviation design bureau in the USSR in the 1940s. From 1941 to 1944 it was located in Omsk.
TUSHI MACHINE-BUILDING PLANT / OTB-82 - "Tushino Sharaga"- prison design bureau for aircraft engines, 1938-1940. - Tushino, plant number 82. Chief designer of the OKB A. D. Charomsky. Worked: professors B. S. Stechkin, K. I. Strahovich, A. M. Dobrotvorsky, I. I. Sidorin. With the outbreak of war, Tushinskaya sharashka, together with plant No. 82, was relocated to Kazan. In 1946, the design bureau was transferred to Rybinsk (then the city of Shcherbakov), to engine building plant No. 36. From September 27, 1946 to February 21, 1947, A. I. Solzhenitsyn worked in the Rybinsk sharashka
EXPERIMENTAL CHPP / OTB-11
OTB-11, hereinafter referred to as the Bureau of once-through boiler building (BPK), specialized in designing the first once-through boiler in the Soviet Union.
Known sharashka prisoners:
- R. L. Bartini, aircraft designer;
- N. I. Bazenkov, aircraft designer;
- Belder Mikhail Abramovich, chemist;
- Vorobyov David Evseevich, scientific chemist;
- V. P. Glushko
- D. P. Grigorovich, aircraft designer;
- S. M. Ivashev-Musatov, artist;
- L. Z. Kopelev, writer, literary critic;
- N. S. Koshlyakov, mathematician, corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR;
- S. P. Korolev, designer of rocket and space technology;
- L. L. Kerber, specialist in long-range radio communications;
- Yu. V. Kondratyuk, designer of wind power plants, author of works on astronautics (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32);
- N. E. Lansere, architect-artist;
- S. I. Lodkin, designer in the field of shipbuilding and military artillery;
- B. S. Malakhovskiy, designer of steam locomotives;
- D. S. Markov, aircraft designer;
- B. S. Maslenikov, Russian aviation pioneer, engineer, organizer (Novosibirsk, head of OPKB-14 at the OGPU PD of the West Siberian Territory, 1930-1932, civilian);
- V. M. Myasishchev, aircraft designer;
- I. G. Neman, aircraft designer;
- N. V. Nikitin, engineer, future creator of the Ostankino television tower (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, worked part-time);
- G. A. Ozerov, aircraft designer;
- V. M. Petlyakov, aircraft designer;
- N. N. Polikarpov, aircraft designer;
- A. I. Putilov, aircraft designer;
- L. K. Ramzin, heating engineer;
- V. F. Savelyev, pioneer of the Russian aviation industry, designer of aircraft weapons (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, link);
- I. I. Sidorin, metallurgist;
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer (in a sharashka - as a mathematician);
- B. S. Stechkin, scientist and designer of aircraft engines;
- L. S. Theremin, creator of the theremin;
- N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky, geneticist (in a sharashka - a specialist in radiation genetics and safety);
- D. L. Tomashevich, aircraft designer;
- A. N. Tupolev, aircraft designer;
- M. Yu. Tsirulnikov, designer of artillery weapons;
- V. A. Chizhevsky, aircraft designer;
- A. D. Charomsky, designer of aircraft diesel engines;
- A. M. Cheremukhin, aircraft designer;
- A. S. Fanshtein, prominent chemist;
- N. A. Chinakal, mining engineer, future director of the Institute of Mining, Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, convicted in the "Shakhty case");
- E. I. Shpitalsky, professor-chemist, specialist in chemical weapons.
- G.L. Shtukater, scientist chemist;
- V.V. Shnegas, scientific chemist;
- M.A. Shvindelman, scientific chemist;
- V. N. Yavorsky, designer of military equipment.
What was created in "sharags":
- SU-152 And ISU-152;
- two-gun 130-millimeter naval artillery mount of the main caliber B-2-LM;
- 45 mm anti-tank gun model 1942 ( M-42, "forty-five");
- The first Soviet high-altitude long-range bomber with pressurized cabins DVB-102- V. M. Myasishchev;
- Frontline dive bomber Tu-2- A. N. Tupolev;
- dive bomber Pe-2- V. M. Petlyakov;
- first aircraft jet engine RD-1- V. P. Glushko;
- Universal artillery system 152 mm;
- Regimental 75-mm gun model 1943;
- projects for decorating the offices of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the meeting room in the Moscow Kremlin;
- projects for the facades of an administrative building (OGPU) at the corner of Shpalernaya Street and Liteiny Prospekt, 4 in Leningrad (1931-1932);
- reconstruction of the Horse Guards arena for the garage of the OGPU;
- project for the interior decoration of the government dacha on Kamenny Island (15 rooms and furniture sketches);
- architectural designs for the building of the hot shop of the aluminum plant in Volkhovstroy (now the city of Volkhov);
- rest houses of the GPU in Khost;
- residential buildings for GPU employees on Pirogovskaya Embankment in Moscow and on the corner of Voinova Street and Chernyshevsky Avenue in Leningrad;
- projects for interior decoration of the Sevastopol steamship, yachts and boats of the G4 series of the NKVD shipyard commissioned by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Abkhazia.
And much more, the list goes on.
