On this topic:

"The meaning of the bark hemispheres brain"

If there were no reason, we would be overwhelmed by sensuality.

That's what the mind is to curb its absurdities.

W. Shakespeare.

A person is born, grows, learns, matures; laughs and cries, loves and hates, solves complex mathematical problems and composes music, poetry, lives in real life without ceasing to dream. And all this is so natural that we do not think about where the beginning of all these processes began. But there comes a time when you ask yourself: what is the secret of my "I"? In the classification of living beings, man is given the honorary name Homo sapiens sapiens (reasonable reasonable man). It is natural to assume that our mind is due to a special structure of the brain. Scientists believed that a person has the largest surface of the cerebral cortex, it has more convolutions, it contains more nerve cells, nerve cells are denser in it.

In today's lesson, we will delve into the mystery of the human brain, we will try to understand the connection between the functions of the brain and the perception of the world around us.

In the meantime, let's check the knowledge about the structure of the brain.

Why is a wound in the medulla oblongata fatal?

Answer: In the medulla oblongata there are vital centers: respiration, blood circulation, digestion. In addition, arcs of protective reflexes pass: blinking, coughing, etc.

Imagine the following situation: a person wants to take a glass, but misses, after several attempts he takes it, but drops it. When trying to write, makes unnecessary movements. Locate the tumor in the brain and explain the patient's condition?

Answer: A tumor in the cerebellum, as it controls the coordination of movements and connects individual movements together. The patient has obvious violations of coordination of movements.

evolution of the chordate brain.

Which of the parts of the brain has undergone the greatest change in the process of evolution?

(models of the brain of a bird, fish, mammal and reptile on the teacher's table.)

(Forebrain).

What is it now in mammals?

(Cerebral hemispheres).

And what new things appeared in animals in the process of evolution? (bark)

It is true that this is the bark that first appears in reptiles (old), and the new one appears in mammals, increasing in size, it acquires a folded structure.

: The cortex is composed of gray matter.

What is this? (Neuron).

What are the characteristics of cortical neurons?

(Cells have a lot of processes. The cortex consists of 6 layers of cells, forming a thickness of 1.3 to 5 mm. The cortex is responsible for the perception of all information entering the brain (visual, temperature, taste, etc.) and for managing complex movements. The function of the cortex is associated with mental, speech activity, memory. Areas of the cortex perform various functions, so they are subdivided into zones.

Why do cells have many processes? This is necessary for the formation of multilateral ties. But how is this carried out?

We will try to answer this question. So,

topic of our lesson

Question to the class:

What are the characteristics of the human brain?

(The human brain is large and heavy.).

But there are animals whose brains are larger and heavier ( Humans have a large relative weight of the brain.) But in this respect, we are inferior to some animals, cetaceans are leading in the relative weight of the brain. For a very long time, scientists believed that a person has the largest surface of the cerebral cortex, there are more convolutions in it, it contains more nerve cells, nerve cells are denser in it. But it turned out that the dolphins overtook us in these indicators. But, if not the size and weight, then what is the distinguishing feature of the brain of a “reasonable person”? Today, one unique feature of the brain of animals and humans can be pointed out - it is symmetrical. Its right and left halves are built of the same type both in terms of the composition and number of neurons, and in terms of overall structure. In animals, the right and left halves of the brain do the same work. In humans, the right and left hemispheres of the brain perform different functions, they control different types of activity, i.e. they functionally asymmetrical.

I will add that the brain does not feel pain or pleasure, but is only an appraiser - this is pleasant, but this is not, this is good, and that is bad.

The brain feeds only on the pure energy of glucose and oxygen (therefore, when we do mental work, we are drawn to a chocolate bar): having a mass of only about 2% of body weight, the brain consumes 20% of the total amount of oxygen needed by the body. Its main task is the consumption and processing of information. It takes 1010 bits, i.e. binary ones, in 1 second. only visual information. If you deprive him of communication and information, he will begin to degrade, and his mass will decrease. That's why when information is not interesting, people fall asleep. The brain also shuts down when information is not new.

Educational experiment No. 1.

Students are invited to arm themselves with paper and a pen and complete four tasks of the Leading Hemisphere test. Write down the answers P (right type of reaction) or L (left reaction type).

Exercise 1. Place your hands in front of you and interlace your fingers.

See which of the two thumbs is on top - the right finger, then this is the right type of reaction, mark it on your sheet. If the left finger is on top, then your reaction type is left.

Task 2. Your eyes are open. Fold your index fingers in front of your eyes as if you were aiming a gun, while catching and fixing with your eyes the point you are shooting at (do not close your eyes). Close first one and then the other eye. See in which of these two cases the point of sight will shift. If the point has shifted when the eye is closed, then the type of your reaction is right; if the point has shifted when the left eye is closed, the type of reaction is left.

So, we made sure that at the end of the tasks everyone got different answers, which was to be expected. This is the simplest and most direct evidence of the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. At the same time, the right hemisphere, responsible for creativity, controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere, responsible for logic, causation, and speech, controls the right side of the body. That is why there are so many left-handers among geniuses, such as, for example, Leonardo da Vinci and Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo and Raphael, Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte, Joan of Arc and Benjamin Franklin, Mozart and Beethoven, Albert Einstein and Karel Bach, Charlie Chaplin and Greta Garbo, Sylvester Stallone and Julia Roberts, Tom Cruise and Paul McCartney, etc.

The specialization of the zones of the cerebral cortex is expressed in the fact that each section of these zones can be associated with a specific part of the body. In other words, most of the body can be represented as a diagram on the cortex; the result of this will be two distorted homunculi. Distortions are due to the fact that the area of the cortex allocated for a given part of the body is proportional not to the size of this part, but to the required control accuracy. A person has very large areas of motor and somatosensory zones corresponding to the face and hands. Shown here are only half of each of these cortical areas: the left somatosensory area (which receives signals primarily from the right side of the body) and the right motor area (which controls the movements of the left side of the body).

Educational experiment

1. Determine which areas of the cortex will perceive the word key. Set in which hemisphere this inscription will be recognized (the word will be perceived by the visual zones, the inscription in the hemispheres is recognized)

2. Determine which zones will accept the real key. Set in which hemisphere this object will be recognized.

Both hemispheres are independent of each other. There are complex and contradictory relationships between them. On the one hand, they take part in the work of the brain in a friendly manner, complementing the abilities of each, on the other hand, they compete, as if preventing each other from doing their own thing.

The hemispheres perform the function of cooperation. The poet, using deep feelings, images and metaphor, relies on the right hemisphere, and on the left - in search of words to express what the right hemisphere creates.

Painting Argimboldo "Gardener".

Look at the nose, lips, cheeks? Have you noticed that when looking for the next fetus, the image of the portrait disappears and the face turns into a still life. This happens because the speech signals that are recognized by the left hemisphere rebuilds the work of the right: by searching for objects and details in the picture.

(Sounds "Bolero" by Ravel).

The author of this piece of music Maurice Ravel is a famous French composer. At the age of 57, he had an accident and suffered a serious injury to the left hemisphere of the brain. After the injury, the composer was still able to listen to music, attend concerts, criticize or enjoy the music he heard. But he never again was able to write down what sounded in his head. Ravel suffered aphasia Wernicke, was unable to play the piano, sing correctly, record music, or read music notation. Wernicke's area runs between the visual and auditory centers of the brain. This type of aphasia was described in 1874 by the German researcher C. Wernike (S. Wernike), hence it got its name. It is associated with damage to another area of the cortex, which is also in the left hemisphere, but not in the frontal, but in the temporal lobe .. Later it was found that Wernicke's area and Broca's area are connected by a group nerve fibers- puffy bundle.

In Wernicke's aphasia, speech is phonetically and even grammatically normal, but its meaning is impaired. Words are usually connected without much difficulty and have the correct endings, so that statements have the character of well-formed sentences. However, the words often turn out to be inappropriate, and among them there are meaningless syllables and combinations of syllables. It is noteworthy that even in cases where individual words are correct, the statement as a whole expresses the meaning in some roundabout way. Thus, the patient, who was asked to describe a picture of two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, reported: "The mother is not here, she is doing her job to get it better, but when she looks, the two boys look elsewhere. She works another time."

In 1861, the famous French pathologist Paul Broca discovered that damage back frontal lobe of the left hemisphere brain in humans is accompanied by a speech disorder. He declared, what we say with the left brain. This area of the cortex, adjacent to the motor zone and controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws and pharynx, was called Broca's area.

Broca's area borders the facial area of the motor cortex, which controls the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws, and pharynx. When Broca's area is damaged in a stroke, in almost all cases there is also severe damage to the facial area of the left hemisphere, and therefore one might think that the speech disorder is caused by partial paralysis of the muscles. In Broca's aphasia, muscles that do not perform their speech function otherwise function normally. And further, the simplest: a patient with Broca's aphasia, who finds it very difficult to speak, often sings beautifully and easily.

The value of the cerebral hemispheres

1. expedient communication with the external environment is carried out

2.cortex controls all body functions

3. connected with the cortex, a person has speech and thinking. A person is guided in his behavior by consciousness

4. gaining life experience

UMK “Biology. Human",Grade 8, Pasechnik V.V.

Goals:

Educational: to acquaint students with the structural features of the cerebral hemispheres; functions of the lobes and zones of the hemispheres.

Developing: to form the ability to compare the structure and functions of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain.

Educational: to cultivate respect for intellectual work;
- to form the ability to conduct a dialogue, discuss, listen to each other;

Equipment: Collapsible models of the brain; table "Human Brain", "Human Spinal Cord"; portraits of domestic scientists I.P. Pavlov and I.M. Sechenov; video material on the topic; presentation; video projector; Handout.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Examination homework. (differentiation)

a) (Work in workbook №34)

1-medulla oblongata

2-bridge

3-mid brain

4-interbrain

5-cerebellum

6 hemispheres of the brain

(according to the table)

B) Individual cards with tests

The spinal cord is part of:

a) CNS;

B) peripheral N.S;

2. From spinal cord the roots of the spinal nerves depart, forming:

A) 31 nerve;

B) 31 pairs of nerves;

3. Reflex is:

A) the response of the body;

B) the response of the body to the influence of the external environment or a change in the internal state, with the participation nervous system;

C) the response of the body to the influence of the external environment;

4. What does the white matter of the brain consist of:

A) from the processes of nerve cells;

B) from the bodies of nerve cells and their processes;

5. The human brain consists of:

A) the brain stem and hemispheres;

B) cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres;

C) trunk, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres.

Self test

C) Cards with tasks from the teaching materials.

Self test

D) Frontal conversation.

1. What is the importance of the nervous system?

(It carries out the coordinated work of all parts of the body; provides a connection between the body and the external environment; forms the material basis of a person’s mental activity (thinking, speech and complex forms of social behavior).

2. How can the n.s. topographically?

(CNS and peripheral N.S.

CNS = g.m. + s.m.

Peripheral = nerves + ganglions + nerve endings)

3. How to divide n.s. functionally?

(Somatic and vegetative)

4. What is the structure of a neuron?

(Body + processes - axon and dendrite)

5. What is represented by gray and white in - in n.s.?

(gray = cluster of neuron bodies, white = neuron processes)

6. How are neurons classified according to the functions they perform?

(sensory, intercalary, motor)

7. Reflex - is it?

8. What are the reflexes?

9. Where is the brain located?

(in the cranial cavity)

10. What departments does the brain consist of?

(G.M = trunk + cerebellum + cerebral hemispheres)

11. What parts make up the brain stem?

(Stem = medulla oblongata + pons + diencephalon)

12. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

(Reflex arcs pass through the nuclei: coughing, sneezing, tearing, etc.)

13. How is the cerebellum arranged?

(Consists of the hemispheres and the worm connecting them, the surface has grooves and convolutions - this is the cerebellar cortex)

14. What are the functions of the cerebellum?

(takes part in the coordination of movement, ensures the balance of the body)

15. What are the functions of the bridge?

(conducts an impulse to the cerebral cortex, to the cerebellum, oblong, s.m.)

16. Name the functions of the midbrain.

(provides a reflex change in the size of the pupil, the curvature of the lens, depending on the brightness of the light)

17. What functions does the diencephalon perform?

(Conducts impulses to the cerebral cortex from the receptors of the skin and sensory organs, is responsible for the feeling of thirst and hunger, the constancy of the internal environment, for the functioning of the endocrine glands and autonomic nervous system)

5-8min

Learning new material.

The hemispheres of the cerebrum are the largest evolutionarily young division of the brain, in humans it is better developed than in other representatives of vertebrates.

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and are composed of white and gray matter. The gray matter forms the cortex of the hemispheres, located on top, and the subcortical nuclei in the thickness of the white matter. white matter is under the bark. (Fig. pp. 66-67 in the textbook)

Bark g.m. has a thickness of 3-4 mm, an area of 220000 mm2, consists of 12-18 billion nerve cells, furrows (depressions) and gyrus (folds) are visible on the surface of the cortex.

Large furrows divide the hemispheres into lobes - there are 4 of them:

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.

Areas of the cerebral cortex perform various functions, so they are divided into zones

In 1836, Marc Dax, an unknown French physician, read a report in which he described 40 of his patients who suffered from speech disorders. All showed signs of damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.

In 1865, Paul Broca, the famous French anthropologist and pathologist, presented a description of the clinical history of a patient who lost the ability to speak, but, nevertheless, could read and write normally, as well as understand everything that was said to him. Broca believed that the cause of the disorder was a lesion in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. This area of the cortex, adjacent to the motor zone and controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, jaws and pharynx, was called Broca's area. Specific difficulties that patients experience when pronouncing speech sounds, although the ability to use the language itself remains normal, is called aphasia. At the autopsy of two patients with speech disorders, Broca found a lesion in the same area of the left hemisphere - the posterior frontal. After several years of reflection and observation by Brock in an article published in the sixth volume. "Bulletin of the Anthropological Society" for 1865, stated: "We speak with the left hemisphere."

In 1874, Klodt (Carl) Wernicke, a French physician, found that with hemorrhages in the temporal region of the left hemisphere, the patient ceases to understand speech, although he can speak: speech turns into meaningless noise for him. Wernicke's aphasia occurs when there is damage to the upper-posterior portion of the left temporal lobe, called Wernicke's area.

Many of our students are right-handed and left-handed.

In family, kindergarten, the school should not prohibit, but, on the contrary, encourage the child's desire to do something with his left hand. Children are allowed to write as they please, regardless of slant and calligraphy. If only there were no mistakes, if only they did not lag behind their classmates. (Ministry of Health, June 23, 1985).

right-handers

95% speak with the left hemisphere

5% - right

lefties

According to Russian scientists:

65% - speak with the right hemisphere, 35% - with the left

According to US scientists:

70% speak with the left, 15% with both, 15% with the right hemisphere

Presumably, the causes of left-handedness are associated with changes (not violations!) genetic code caused by:

Excessive anxiety during pregnancy;

colds;

Poisoning with poor-quality food (A. P. Chuprikov).

Great Lefties:

Michelangelo, Charlie Chaplin, Vladimir Dal, Ivan Pavlov.

There are about 6-8 million left-handers in our country. Left-handedness is much more common in men (the cause of left-handedness: in the left hemisphere of the developing brain, the process of migration of neurons to the places of their final localization slows down).

	Name of the hemispheres	Their functions
	Left hemisphere	oral and written speech; Information analysis; Generalization, decision making
	Right hemisphere	creative thinking; Musical and artistic creativity; Perception of music;

Left-handed: tends to the theory, has a large lexicon, actively uses it, it has a high physical activity, purposefulness, the ability to predict events.

Right-handed: tends to specific activities, slow and taciturn, but endowed with the ability to feel and experience subtly, prone to contemplation and memories. 8-10 min

Vision and asymmetry

Apple experience. An apple is shown and children are invited to describe it with various adjectives.

Students name adjectives and sort them into groups.

Left hemisphere Right hemisphere

round bright

Volumetric red

appetizing

Delicious, etc.

Hearing and asymmetry

Video - 4min

Question: What is the right and left half of the brain responsible for? What happens when there is a malfunction of the right or left hemisphere?

(the right half of the brain is responsible for understanding object noises - the sound of broken glass, the gurgling of water, applause, sneezing, snoring, etc. If the hemisphere is not working, these sounds will not cause any pictures, will not mean absolutely nothing, there is no way to name a song and remember words).

(the left half of the brain is responsible for recognizing music. With the right hemisphere blocked, there is no way to recognize even a very familiar melody)

Conducting a test to determine the right and left hemisphere of students

(Kiselev A.M., Bakushev A.B. Know your character)

The test is based on four signs that appear in a person from the moment of birth and do not change throughout life.

Leading hand. Interlace your fingers. If the thumb of the left hand is on top - you are an emotional person, with the right - you have an analytical mind.

Napoleon's pose. Cross your arms over your chest. If the left hand is at the top - you are prone to coquetry, the right hand - to simplicity and innocence.

Leading eye. The right leading eye speaks of a persistent, aggressive character, the left - of a soft and compliant.

Applause. If it is more convenient to clap with your right hand, you can talk about a decisive character, with your left - you often hesitate before making a decision, considering how best to act so as not to offend others.

CONFIGURATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Laboratory work"Scope of Attention"

The purpose of the work: to determine the amount of attention of the student.

Equipment: a watch with a second hand, a table of numbers, a pencil.

Progress

Prepare a table of numbers. To do this, draw a sheet of paper into 36 squares and write down the numbers from 101 to 136 in each of them in an arbitrary sequence.

Students working in pairs should exchange prepared tables.

For a while, find the numbers in ascending order - 101,102,103, etc. Cross out each number with a pencil. Work begins at the command of the student acting as the experimenter.

Determine the amount of attention by the formula - B \u003d 648: t, where B is the amount of attention, t is the time for which the numbers were found in ascending order from 101 to 136.

Compare the received data with the table "Indicator of attention":

Draw conclusions.

Oral survey on the material covered:

Name the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.

Name the functions of the main areas of the cerebral hemispheres.

Are the functions performed by the right and left hemispheres the same?

D/Z

Study the text on pages 66-69. Those wishing to prepare a message based on the material of the textbook on pages 68-69 "Brain and abilities", "Life and work of I.M. Sechenov."

Einstein and Lomonosov - who was right hemisphere and who was left hemisphere?

Despite the fact that Albert Einstein was a great physicist, everyone knows his passion for the violin, and the famous physicist, chemist, mathematician Mikhail Lomonosov was also a poet.

Therefore, only both hemispheres in continuous communication with each other can give us a complete picture of the world.

M.M. Speransky writes in the book “Rules of Higher Eloquence” of 1795: “The linkage of concepts in the mind is sometimes so subtle, so tender, that the slightest attempt to discover this connection with words breaks and destroys.”

Summing up, evaluation.

The value of the cerebral cortex.

Purpose: to study the functions of the cerebral hemispheres.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

To form knowledge about the functional asymmetry of the hemispheres and related features of the functions of vision, speech, hearing;

To deepen students' knowledge about the structure of the cerebral hemispheres;

Show the connection between the functional asymmetry of the hemispheres and a holistic perception of the world;

Developing:

To form the ability to compare the structure and functions of the cerebral hemispheres of a person;

To promote the development of skills to compare, evaluate, independently come to logical conclusions;

Develop skills to work with various types information;

Develop communicative and informational competencies of students;

Educational:

To cultivate respect for intellectual work, the desire for knowledge, valeological aspects in relation to oneself.

Type of lesson: combined - consolidation of the studied material using information technologies.

Form of work: individual-group.

Methods: verbal, visual, practical.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, collapsible model of the human brain, Handout, tables "Human brain" and "Evolution of the brain of chordates", handout.

Lesson plan:

Organizing time.

Updating students' knowledge.

Game moment "Black box"

Checking knowledge about the brain:

Individual tasks on cards.

3) Evolution of the chordate brain

4) general characteristics cerebral hemispheres.

5) Functions of the cerebral hemispheres.

6) Functional asymmetry of the brain.

7) Educational experiment.

Conclusion:

Lesson results. Reflection.

Homework

DURING THE CLASSES:

1). Teacher: Hello! I want to start today's lesson with a riddle. You have a black box. I ask you to guess what is in it, according to my description: a model that symbolizes a part of the human body, i.e. an oval-shaped organ, small in size, but complex in structure. In addition, having a small size, it requires a lot of attention from power stations. What it is?

Students: Brain! More specifically, the human brain.

The teacher demonstrates a cutaway model of a GM human.

2). Teacher: We started talking about the structure of the GM in the last lesson and will continue today, but first let's see what do you know about the structure of the human GM?

slide test. Students have worksheets with test text on their desks.(slides 2, 3) After answering the test, the answers to the ind. cards.

No. 1. In ancient times, scientists called the medulla oblongata the "vital knot." On the basis of what observations is this conclusion made?

Answer: Damage to this section or an injection into it leads to fainting and disruption of the circulatory and respiratory systems, sometimes breathing and heartbeat even temporarily stop.

No. 2. Why is a wound in the medulla oblongata fatal?

Answer: In the medulla oblongata there are vital centers: respiration, blood circulation, digestion. In addition, arcs of protective reflexes pass: blinking, coughing, etc.

No. 3. Imagine the following situation: a person wants to take a glass, but misses, after several attempts he takes it, but drops it. When trying to write, makes unnecessary movements. Locate the tumor in the brain and explain the patient's condition.

Answer: The patient has obvious disorders of coordination of movements. A tumor in the cerebellum, because it controls the coordination of movements and connects individual movements together.

3). Teacher: In the last lesson, we considered the evolution of GM chordates. Let's remember which department of GM has undergone the most changes? (slide 4)

Student: forebrain.

Teacher: what does it represent in mammals now?

Student: The cerebral hemispheres.

Teacher: And what new things did they have in the process of evolution?

Student: Bark GM

Teacher: That's right, this is the GM bark, which first appears in reptiles (old), and the new one appears in mammals, increasing in size, it acquires a folded structure.

Teacher: What do you think we will talk about today?

We continue our acquaintance with the structure of the GM and the topic of the lesson is “The meaning of the cerebral cortex” (slide 5)

Message from Lera O.: In humans, the GM hemispheres are well developed and cover the underlying brain like a cloak. The deep fissure divides the brain into right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls the organs on the left side of the body and receives information from the space on the left. The left hemisphere regulates the work of the organs of the right side of the body and perceives information from the space on the right. German scientists have proved by experience that the hemispheres act as a whole. The experiment was carried out on fish. When the fish closed one eye and was fed, it reacted normally. They closed the other eye and frightened her, she swam away. When both eyes were covered with caps, she began to thrash around and fell ill. If a cat's corpus callosum was cut, which connects the hemispheres with each other, then its behavior changed dramatically, each hemisphere worked separately, but should be as a whole.

On top of the hemispheres are covered with gray matter - the bark. Under the cortex is a white matter, consisting of a mass of nerve fibers and performing a conductive function.

Teacher: Find in the textbook on page 70 the gray and white matter of the brain. The cortex is made up of gray matter. What is this?

Student: The bodies of neurons.

Teacher: Pay attention to the screen. (slide 6) This is a neuron. What are the characteristics of cortical neurons?

Student (Nadya L.): Cells have a lot of processes. The cortex consists of 6 layers of cells, forming a thickness of 1.3 to 5 mm. A large number of branches is necessary for the formation of multilateral ties. The total surface of the cortex in an adult is 2200 cm 2. 14 billion neurons are concentrated in the cortex. (slide 7) The surface of the cortex is folded. The protruding parts form convolutions, and the recesses form furrows. There are three main furrows - central, lateral, parietal-occipital. They divide the hemisphere into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal ( shows furrows and shares on the screen, the rest of the students indicate them on the worksheet - slide 8). The cortex is responsible for the perception of all information entering the brain (visual, temperature, taste, etc.) and for managing complex movements. The function of the cortex is associated with mental, speech activity, memory. The areas of the cortex perform different functions, so they are divided into zones.

Now find in Fig. in the textbook all the names of the zones and indicate those that we did not talk about.

Pupils find and name the zones in fig. page 71.

Let's check if you have completed the task.

(shows on the screen - slide 9).

Teacher: Once I fell and hit the back of my head. Sparks flew from my eyes. How to explain this fact?

Student: The bruise fell on the visual zone. It is located in the occipital lobe.

Teacher: And now I will ask you to bring the clock to your temple. You hear the ticking of the clock. Why?

Student: In the temporal lobe is the auditory zone.

Teacher: At first, it was believed that the frontal lobes are needed so that the GM does not knock on the skull. Then they found out that the foci of some mental illnesses (schizophrenia) are localized in the frontal lobes. And they tried to treat mental patients with lobotomy - the removal of the frontal lobes. What do you guys think, what did it lead to?

Man turned into a plant, because. in the frontal lobes are the centers responsible for learning, memory, thinking.

Teacher: Right. Therefore, with injuries to the frontal lobes, a person loses the ability to learn. The frontal lobes are associated with high level mental abilities of a person, and are also responsible for the preparation of programs of behavior and management of labor activity. Areas of the brain allow a person to know the world in its entirety.

Valeological pause.

What are the characteristics of a human GM? The brain is large and heavy. But there are animals whose brains are larger and heavier. In terms of the relative weight of the brain, cetaceans (fin whales) are leading (slide 10, 11) For a very long time, scientists believed that humans have the largest surface of the cerebral cortex, it has more convolutions, it contains more nerve cells, nerve cells are denser in it. But it turned out that the dolphins overtook us in these indicators. But, if not size and weight, then what is the distinguishing feature of the human brain? Today, one unique feature of the brain of humans and animals can be pointed out - it is symmetrical. Its right and left halves are built of the same type, both in composition and number of neurons, and in general structure. In animals, the right and left halves of the brain do the same job. In humans, the right and left hemispheres perform different functions, they control different types activities, i.e. functionally asymmetrical (slide 12)

Both hemispheres are independent of each other. There are complex and conflicting relationships between them. On the one hand, they are involved in the work of the brain, complementing the ability of each. On the other hand, they compete, as if preventing each other from doing their own thing. The hemispheres perform the function of cooperation. (slides 13, 14)

Disciple: The brain feeds only on the pure energy of glucose and oxygen (which is why when we do mental work, it is drawn to a chocolate bar): having a mass of only about 2% of body weight, the brain consumes 20% of the oxygen of the total amount needed by the body. Its main task is the consumption and processing of information. If the brain is deprived of communication and information, it will begin to degrade, and its mass will decrease. That's why when information is not interesting, people fall asleep. Also, the brain turns off when the information is not new.

Educational experiment.

Teacher: And now I offer you a test to identify the leading hemisphere.

Take pens and paper. Write down the answers in letters: P or L, depending on the leading body.

Interlace your fingers. Was the thumb of the right hand (R) or left (L) on top? Record the result.

Make a small hole in the center of a sheet of paper and look through it with both eyes on outstretched arms at an object. Alternately close one eye, then the other. Does the object move (become invisible) if you close your right eye or your left?

Stand in the pose of "Napoleon", i.e. fold your arms across your chest. Which hand is on top (fingers of which hand are open)?

Try to fake a storm of applause. Which palm is on top?

Answer transcript:

L - you are an emotional person, P - you have an analytical mind.

L - prone to coquetry, P - to innocence.

P - speaks of a persistent, aggressive character, L - of a soft and pliable character.

If it is more convenient to clap with your right hand, you can talk about a decisive character, with your left - you often hesitate before making a decision, considering how best to act so as not to offend others.

So, we made sure that at the end of the tasks everyone got different answers, which was to be expected. This is the simplest and most direct evidence of the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. At the same time, the right hemisphere, responsible for creativity, controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere, responsible for logic, causation, and speech, controls the right side of the body. That is why there are a large number of left-handers among geniuses, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo, Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, Albert Einstein, Sylvester Stallone, Tom Cruise, etc.

Lesson summary (oral survey)

Where is the main speech center located? (left hemisphere)

Which hemisphere perceives the image of the object as a whole and with a mass of details? (right)

Which hemisphere works more when reading mathematical problem, poems? (left)

Guys, I would like to finish our lesson with the words of I.P. Pavlova (slide 15)

Homework.

Compose a crossword puzzle on the topic "Human nervous system" using textbook materials and Additional information.

In preparation for the lesson were used:

Literature:

N.I. Sonin, M.R. Sapin Biology Man Grade 8: a textbook for educational institutions, M .: Bustard, 2012

Biology grade 8. Lesson plans according to the textbook by N.I. Sonina, M.R. Sapina / ed.-stat. T.V. Kozachek, 2006

Internet resources:

http://www.medicinform.net/human/fisiology 7_7

http://www.medicinform.net/human/anatomy/anatomi1_2.htm

http;//www.nsportal.ru

www.zavuch.info

www.mirBiologii.ru

http ;//uchportal.ru

View presentation content

Which statements are true?

1 . The average brain mass of an adult is:

A. Less than 950
B. 950 - 1100
V. 1100 - 2000

2. The human brain consists of:

A. The trunk and hemispheres of the brain.
B. Cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.
B. Trunk, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres.

3. The medulla oblongata is a continuation of:

A. Midbrain
B. spinal cord.
B. diencephalon.

4. In the brain, the hemispheres and the cortex have:

A. Midbrain and cerebral hemispheres.
B. Cerebellum and diencephalon.
B. Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum.

The brain is located in the cavity ... and has a mass of ... to ... grams.
The brain stem includes the following sections: medulla oblongata, ..., midbrain and ... brain.
The largest section of the central nervous system is the cerebral hemisphere, the surface of which forms furrows and ....
Large ... divide the hemispheres into lobes: frontal, ..., occipital and ....

"Average brain mass

animals"

NAME OF ANIMALS

BRAIN MASS

domestic cat

monkey

domestic pig

spider monkey

Indian elephant

functional asymmetry

Characteristics of the distribution of functions between the left and right hemispheres

“ Life clearly points to two categories of people: artists and thinkers, there is a sharp difference between them. Some are artists... they capture reality entirely, completely, completely, without any fragmentation... Others are thinkers, they just crush it..., making some kind of temporary skeleton out of it, and then only gradually, as it were, reassemble its parts and trying to revive them in this way ... "

I. P. Pavlov

Literature:

1. N.I. Sonin, M.R. Sapin Biology Man Grade 8: a textbook for educational institutions, M .: Bustard, 2012

2. Biology grade 8. Lesson plans according to the textbook by N.I. Sonina, M.R. Sapina / ed.-stat. T.V. Kozachek, 2006

Internet resources:

http :// www . medical information . net / human / physiology 7_7

http://www.medicinform.net/human/ anatomy / anatomy 1_2. htm

http;//www.nsportal.ru

www . zavuch . info

www . mirBiologii . en

http;//uchportal.ru

If up to the level of the midbrain the brain is a single trunk, then, starting from the midbrain, it is divided into two symmetrical halves.

forebrain comprises two hemispheres (right and left), connected corpus callosum. The lower surface of the hemispheres is called base of the brain.

The developed cerebral hemispheres in humans cover the entire midbrain and diencephalon.

Such mental functions as memory, speech, thinking, creative processes, personal qualities associated with the cerebral hemispheres. The functions of the left and right hemispheres are not equivalent. The right hemisphere is responsible for imaginative thinking, the left - for abstract. With damage to the left hemisphere, human speech is impaired.

Gray matter forms cerebral cortex.

white matter forms the pathways of the hemispheres. The nuclei of gray matter (subcortical structures) are scattered in the white matter.
The activity of all human organs is controlled by the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex- this is a thin layer of gray matter (the bodies of neurons), only a few millimeters thick, covering the entire forebrain. The surface area of the cortex is about 2000-2500 cm² (this is due to the presence of a large number of furrows and convolutions). The bark provides the connection of the body with the external environment, is the material basis of human mental activity.

Deep grooves divide each hemisphere into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Between the furrows are the folds of the cortex of the hemispheres - convolutions.

The greatest development in humans is achieved frontal lobes separated from the parietal lobes by a deep central sulcus. Their mass is about 50% of the mass of the brain.

Information about all sensations comes to the frontal lobes. Here its summary analysis takes place and a holistic view of the image is created. Therefore, this area of the cortex is called associative, it is associated with the ability to learn. If the frontal cortex is destroyed, then there is no association between the type of object and its name, between the image of a letter and the sound that it denotes. Learning becomes impossible.

IN temporal lobes auditory centers are located, as well as centers of taste and smell.

IN occipital lobe visual centers are located.

In the cerebral cortex, the following are distinguished sensory and motor areas:
- the motor zone is located in the anterior central gyrus of the frontal lobe;
- the zone of musculoskeletal sensitivity is located in the posterior central gyrus of the parietal lobe;
- the visual zone is located in the occipital lobe;
- the auditory zone is located in the temporal lobe;
- the centers of smell and taste are located on the inner surfaces of the temporal and frontal lobes.

Biology lesson development

in 8th grade

on the topic: "Hemispheres of the brain"

UMK “Biology. Man”, Grade 8, Sonin N.I., Sapin M.R.

Developed by: Nepomniachtchi Yulia Sergeevna,

teacher of biology, chemistry, Municipal Educational Institution "Gymnasium"

Irkutsk region Shelekhov

2010

Goals:

Educational: to acquaint students with the structural features of the cerebral hemispheres; functions of the lobes and zones of the hemispheres.

Developing: to form the ability to compare the structure and functions of the cerebral hemispheres of a person.

Educational: to cultivate respect for intellectual work;
- to form the ability to conduct a dialogue, discuss, listen to each other;

Equipment: Collapsible models of the brain; table "Human Brain", "Human Spinal Cord"; portraits of domestic scientists I.P. Pavlov and I.M. Sechenov; video material on the topic; presentation; video projector; Handout.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Checking homework. (differentiation)

a) (Work in workbook No. 34)

1-medulla oblongata

3-mid brain

4-interbrain

5-cerebellum

6 hemispheres of the brain

(according to the table)

b) Individual test cards

The spinal cord is part of:

b) peripheral N.S;

2. The roots of the spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord, forming:

a) 31 nerve;

b) 31 pairs of nerves;

3. Reflex is:

a) the response of the body;

b) the body's response to the influence of the external environment or a change in the internal state, with the participation of the nervous system;

c) response of the organism to the influence of the external environment;

4. What does the white matter of the brain consist of:

a) from the processes of nerve cells;

b) from the bodies of nerve cells and their processes;

5. The human brain consists of:

a) the brain stem and hemispheres;

b) cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres;

c) trunk, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres.

self-test

c) Cards with tasks from the teaching materials.

Self test

d) Frontal conversation.

1. What is the importance of the nervous system?

(Carries out the coordinated work of all parts of the body; provides communication of the organism with the external environment; constitutes the material basis of human mental activity (thinking, speech and complex forms of social behavior).

2. How can the n.s. topographically?

(CNS and peripheral N.S.

CNS = g.m. + s.m.

peripheral = nerves + ganglions + nerve endings)

3. How to divide n.s. functionally?

(Somatic and vegetative)

4. What is the structure of a neuron?

(Body + processes - axon and dendrite)

5. What is represented by gray and white in - in n.s.?

(gray = cluster of neuron bodies, white = neuron processes)

6. How are neurons classified according to the functions they perform?

(sensory, intercalary, motor)

7. Reflex - is it?

8. What are the reflexes?

9. Where is the brain located?

(in the cranial cavity)

10. What departments does the brain consist of?

(G.M = trunk + cerebellum + cerebral hemispheres)

11. What parts make up the brain stem?

(Stem = medulla oblongata + pons + diencephalon)

12. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

(Reflex arcs pass through the nuclei: coughing, sneezing, tearing, etc.)

13. How is the cerebellum arranged?

(Consists of the hemispheres and the worm connecting them, the surface has grooves and convolutions - this is the cerebellar cortex)

14. What are the functions of the cerebellum?

(takes part in the coordination of movement, ensures the balance of the body)

15. What are the functions of the bridge?

(conducts an impulse to the cerebral cortex, to the cerebellum, oblong, s.m.)

16. Name the functions of the midbrain.

(provides a reflex change in the size of the pupil, the curvature of the lens, depending on the brightness of the light)

17. What functions does the diencephalon perform?

5-8min

Learning new material.

(textbook pp. 66-67, presentation)

The hemispheres of the cerebrum are the largest evolutionarily young division of the brain, in humans it is better developed than in other representatives of vertebrates.

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected calloused body and are composed of white and gray matter. The gray matter forms the cortex of the hemispheres, located on top, and subcortical nuclei within the white matter. The white matter is located under the bark. (Figure pp. 66-67 in the textbook)

Bark g.m. has a thickness of 3-4 mm, an area of 220000 mm 2, consists of 12-18 billion nerve cells, furrows (depressions) and gyrus (folds) are visible on the surface of the cortex.

Large furrows divide the hemispheres into lobes - there are 4 of them:

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.

parietal frontal

occipital. temporal

Areas of the cerebral cortex perform various functions, so they are divided into zones

Many of our students are right-handed and left-handed.

In a family, kindergarten, school, one should not prohibit, but, on the contrary, encourage the child's desire to do something with his left hand. Children are allowed to write as they please, regardless of slant and calligraphy. If only there were no mistakes, if only they did not lag behind their classmates. (Ministry of Health, June 23, 1985).

right-handers

95% speak with the left hemisphere

5% - right

lefties

According to Russian scientists:

65% - speak with the right hemisphere

35% - left

According to US scientists:

70% speak left

15% - both

15% - right hemisphere

Presumably, the causes of left-handedness are associated with changes

(not violations!) in the genetic code caused by:

Excessive anxiety during pregnancy;

colds;

Poisoning with poor-quality food (A. P. Chuprikov).

Great Lefties:

Michelangelo, Charlie Chaplin, Vladimir Dal, Ivan Pavlov.

№

Lefty: tends to theory, has a large vocabulary, actively uses it, he is characterized by high motor activity, purposefulness, and the ability to predict events.

Right-handed: tends to specific activities, slow and taciturn, but endowed with the ability to subtly feel and experience, prone to contemplation and memories. 8-10 min

Vision and asymmetry

Apple experience. An apple is shown and children are invited to describe it with various adjectives.

Students name adjectives and sort them into groups.

Left hemisphere Right hemisphere

round bright

voluminous red

appetizing

delicious, etc.

Hearing and asymmetry

Video - 4min

Question: What is the right and left side of the brain responsible for? What happens when there is a malfunction of the right or left hemisphere?

(the right half of the brain is responsible for understanding object noises - the sound of broken glass, the gurgling of water, applause, sneezing, snoring, etc. When the hemisphere is not working, these sounds will not cause any pictures, they will not mean anything at all, there is no way to name the song and remember the words).

(the left half of the brain is responsible for music recognition. With the right hemisphere blocked, there is no way to recognize even a very familiar melody)

Conducting a test to determine the right and left hemisphere of students

(Kiselev A.M., Bakushev A.B. Know your character)

The test is based on four signs that appear in a person from the moment of birth and do not change throughout life.

Leading hand. Interlace your fingers. If the thumb of the left hand is on top - you are an emotional person, with the right - you have an analytical mind.

Napoleon's pose. Cross your arms over your chest. If the left hand is at the top - you are prone to coquetry, the right hand - to simplicity and innocence.

Leading eye. The right leading eye speaks of a persistent, aggressive character, the left - of a soft and compliant.

Applause. If it is more convenient to clap with your right hand, you can talk about a decisive character, with your left - you often hesitate before making a decision, considering how best to act so as not to offend others.

CONFIGURATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Laboratory work "Scope of attention".

The purpose of the work: to determine the amount of attention of the student.

Equipment: a watch with a second hand, a table of numbers, a pencil.

Progress

Prepare a table of numbers. To do this, draw a sheet of paper into 36 squares and write down the numbers from 101 to 136 in each of them in an arbitrary sequence.

Students working in pairs should exchange prepared tables.

For a while, find the numbers in ascending order - 101,102,103, etc. Cross out each number with a pencil. Work begins at the command of the student acting as the experimenter.

Determine the amount of attention according to the formula - B \u003d 648: t, where B is the amount of attention, t is the time for which the numbers were found in ascending order from 101 to 136.

Compare the received data with the table "Indicator of attention":

Draw conclusions.

Oral survey on the material covered:

Name the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.

Name the functions of the main areas of the cerebral hemispheres.

Are the functions performed by the right and left hemispheres the same?

Study the text on pages 66-69. Those wishing to prepare a message based on the material of the textbook on pages 68-69 "Brain and abilities", "Life and work of I.M. Sechenov."

Einstein and Lomonosov - who was right hemisphere and who was left hemisphere?

Despite the fact that Albert Einstein was a great physicist, everyone knows his passion for the violin, and the famous physicist, chemist, mathematician Mikhail Lomonosov was also a poet.

Therefore, only both hemispheres in continuous communication with each other can give us a complete picture of the world.

№ Summing up, evaluation.

View presentation content

Biology lesson development

in 8th grade

on the topic: "Hemispheres of the brain"

UMK “Biology. Man”, Grade 8, Sonin N.I., Sapin M.R.

Developed by: Nepomniachtchi Yulia Sergeevna,

teacher of biology, chemistry, Municipal Educational Institution "Gymnasium"

Irkutsk region Shelekhov

2010

You may be interested