Introduction.
Discovery, study and transformation of the Earth.1. Carefully read paragraph 1 of the textbook. Fill the table.
2. In the textbook, figure 2 (p. 6) shows an ancient globe. Using additional sources of information, find out what he is famous for. Who, when and where created it?
"Earth's apple" is the traditional name for the first geographical globe, created by Martin Beheim in Nuremberg in 1492. Martin managed to reflect with his help geographical ideas about the surface of the Earth just on the eve of the discovery of the New World. There are no indications of latitude and longitude on the map modern method, but there is the equator, meridians, tropics and images of the signs of the zodiac.
3. In what areas of human life is geographical knowledge needed?
1) Weather forecast
2) Urban development planning
3) Natural Hazard Warning
4) Search for mineral deposits
5) Creation of maps, plans of areas
6) Planning your own travel routes; orientation on the ground
4. What do you think modern geographers do? Is this science necessary in our time? What questions can she study now?
Geographers plan the transformation of open and developed territories and predict the processes taking place on Earth and their consequences. Modern geography needed, because you can say it works for the future.
5. Using various sources of information, prepare small message about one of the modern travelers. Be sure to indicate what sources of information you used.
Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov - very extraordinary personality, traveler, writer, priest and extreme. During his adventure-rich life, the modern traveler has made more than 40 unique ascents and expeditions.
He expressed his vision of the world, the riot of life colors in books and paintings. Konyukhov constantly tests his limits, climbs high mountains, crosses the seas and oceans, participates in expeditions to the North and South Poles. This sea captain made 4 circumnavigation, 15 times crossed the Atlantic. This unique person is considered the first and so far the only one who conquered the five poles of our planet: the pole relative inaccessibility in the Arctic Ocean; 3 times Northern Geographic; Southern Geographic; Everest; Cape Horn. Fedor made most of his travels alone, but he also willingly takes part in collective expeditions.
1. Why does the compass needle always point north?
The maximum number of magnetic charges of the Earth is located in the North and South magnetic poles(they do not coincide with the North and South Poles of the geographic area). The compass needle is attracted to the opposite magnetic charges of the Earth's poles, and thus the compass needle always points north and the other end always south.
2. Complete task 3 from p. 10 textbook.
3. Why is there a change of day and night on Earth?
Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis.
4. Consider the picture and write down in the table the seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres when the Earth is at the indicated points of the orbit.
Why are seasons different in different hemispheres?
Due to the tilt of the earth's axis. If there was no tilt, there would be no change of seasons, because. when one hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, the other one, on the contrary, is rejected from it.
Tasks for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination. The theme is "Earth is a planet of the solar system."1. In 4 hours, the Earth rotates around its axis by:
3) 60⁰
2. In 1 hour, the Earth rotates around its axis by:
1) 15⁰
3. The movement of the Earth around its axis is the cause of:
2) change of day and night
4. The movement of the Earth around the Sun is the cause of:
3) change of seasons of the year
5. Which of the following causes the change of day and night on Earth?
2) the movement of the Earth around its axis
8. Which statement about the motion of the Earth is correct?
3) The change of day and night occurs due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis
9. Which statement about the motion of the Earth is correct?
2) The change of seasons of the year is due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun
Types of images of the Earth's surface.
The concept of the plan of the area.3. Draw your own symbols.
4. Consider the symbols in the figure. Label the meaning of each symbol on your own. Check yourself against the atlas and evaluate your work.
Why do you think these conventional signs were combined into three groups?
Group 1 - vegetation;
group 2 - hydrography;
Group 3 - settlements and communication routes.
5. Establish a correspondence between conventional signs and their meanings.
6. Three mistakes were made in the construction of the terrain plan. Write them out.
The numerical, named and linear scales of the plan are not indicated; not signed, through how many meters the horizontals are drawn.
7. Consider the plan of the area in the figure. Imagine that you are walking along the highway from the village of Beryozkino to the village of Rechnoye. List all the objects that you will meet along the way.
Road, bridge, buildings, windmill, silo, machine and tractor, workshop, well, river.
8. Here is a drawing of a piece of terrain. Use the symbols to make a simple plan of the area.
Write down the names of the symbols that you used when drawing up the plan of the area.
1. Remember how a numerical scale is translated into a named one, and vice versa - a named one into a numerical one. Fill the table.
2. Underline the largest scale shown.
1: 100
3. What do you think, what scale - 1: 1000 or 1: 50000 - will allow you to depict a larger area on the map?
1: 50000
4. Determine the scale of the plan if a distance on the ground of 1 km is shown on it as a segment 5 cm long.
1: 20000
5. You have to build a plan for a 1 x 1 km area. What scale will you choose? Why?
It is more convenient to take a scale: 1 cm - 100 m, because at this scale, a distance of 1 km would correspond to a line of 10 cm.
6. Draw a straight path 500 m long, taking into account the indicated scales.
7. Study the plan of the area. According to the plan of the area, determine:
a) the distance from the forester's house to the spring
250 m;
b) the distance from the village of Berezkino to the school in the village of Rechnoye in a straight line
800 m;
c) distance along the highway from the railway station to the village of Berezkino
260 m;
d) area orchard, located northeast of the village of Rechnoye
10000 m²;
e) the width of the Tikhaya River at the ferry crossing
50 m
8. Determine the distance on the physical map of Russia in the atlas:
a) from Moscow to St. Petersburg
640 km;
b) from Moscow to Vladivostok
6280 km;
c) from Moscow to the North Pole
3774 km;
d) from Moscow to the South Pole
16095 km.
1. Complete the sentences.
The ability to determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon is called orientation.
North, south, west, east are the main sides of the horizon.
Northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest are the intermediate sides of the horizon.
2. Sign the main sides of the horizon in red, blue - intermediate.
4. Using additional sources of information, find out what signs you can use to navigate the terrain without a compass.
In pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the north side of the trunk rises higher than on the south;
- on coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side;
- on the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tiled slate roofs are covered with lichens earlier and more abundantly;
- anthills are located on the south side of trees, stumps and bushes, in addition, the southern slope of anthills is gentle, the northern slope is steep;
- berries and fruits turn red (yellow) earlier on the south side;
- in summer, the soil near large stones, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be determined by touch;
- in separate trees, the crowns are more magnificent and denser on the south side;
- snow melts faster on the southern slopes;
- altars Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran kirok are facing east, and the main entrances are located on the west side;
- the raised end of the lower crossbar of the churches faces north.
5. Determine in which of the figures the azimuth is correctly determined.
In figure b.
6. According to the terrain plan placed on the flyleaf of the textbook, determine in which direction from a separate tree is:
a) barn 100 m (90⁰);
b) a bridge over a ravine 650 m (158⁰);
c) a pond in the village of Elagino 300 m (30⁰).
Specify the azimuths along which you should go from a separate tree to these objects.
7. At what azimuth will tourists return home if they went on a hike along an azimuth of 90⁰?
270⁰.
8. Mushroom pickers walked from the station towards the forest 400 m along the azimuth 270⁰, then 200 m along the azimuth 180⁰, then 300 m along the azimuth 225⁰.
At what azimuth and what distance do mushroom pickers need to go in order to return back to the station in a straight line?
Draw the route of the mushroom pickers in the figure, starting from point A and using the scale: 1 cm - 100 m.
9. Determine the azimuths to the objects shown in the figure. Record the results in a table.
10. Determine which points in the figure correspond to the azimuths indicated in the table. Which sides of the horizon do they correspond to?
11. Based on the local plan (see p. 17), determine which side of the railway station the spring is located.
In the north.
Tasks for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination. Themes “Scale”, “Sides of the horizon. Orientation".1. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the railway station to the spring. Write your answer in numbers.
450 m
2. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the railway station to the well. Write your answer in numbers.
300 m
3. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the forester's hut to the spring. Write your answer in numbers.
250 m
4. Determine on the map the azimuth along which you need to go from the forester's hut to the spring. Write your answer in numbers.
145⁰.
5. Determine on the map the azimuth along which you need to go from the railway station to the MTM. Write your answer in numbers.
315⁰.
6. Determine on the map the azimuth along which you need to go from windmill to the railway station. Write your answer in numbers.
215⁰.
7. Which of the directions corresponds to the azimuth of 180⁰?
3) south
8. Which of the directions corresponds to the azimuth of 315⁰?
4) northwest
9. Which of the directions corresponds to the azimuth of 225⁰?
3) southwest
10. Which of the directions corresponds to the azimuth of 135⁰?
3) southeast
11. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the northeast?
2) 135⁰
12. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the west?
3) 270⁰
13. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the east?
2) 90⁰
1. Write the difference between relative and absolute height.
Relative height varies from any point on the earth's surface.
Absolute height is measured from sea level.
2. With the help of what conventional signs show the relief on the plans of the area?
The relief is depicted by contour lines, that is, curved closed lines, the points of which are located on the ground at the same height above sea level.
3. Consider in the figure the profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the windmill to the school in the village of Rechnoye.
Determine how many meters the horizontals are drawn on the terrain plan.
After 1 m
Mark on the profile the location of the silo and the Kamenka River. How far is the silo from the windmill?
250 m
At what absolute height is the silo located?
149.8 m
How high is the windmill relative to the school?
5.4 m
Determine the bearing from the windmill to the school.
135⁰
4. Finish building a profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the well in the village of Berezkino to the silo.
At what absolute height is the silo located?
149.8 m
What is the absolute height of the well?
153.4 m
At what distance from the silo is the absolute height of the terrain 153 m?
130 m
Mark these points on the profile. Is the terrain rising or falling between these points? Why did you decide so?
Decreases, because the silo tower is located below the well.
What is located above - a well or a silo tower?
Well
Determine the bearing from the well to the silo.
90⁰
5. Make your own profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the spring to the railway station.
1. Suppose that you have to make an eye survey of a small area of the area and build its plan. Let's check how ready you are for this task.
a) List the tools that you need to have to conduct an eye survey of the area.
Tablet, compass, target line, compasses, pencil.
b) Before shooting, you must select the scale. A scale of 1:3,000 is recommended for surveying your site. Record it in a named view.
In 1 cm - 30 m.
But in order to determine distances when surveying by eye, you need to know the length of one pair of steps.
c) Now you need to orient the tablet. What device do you use for this?
Compass.
3. Build a relief profile of the area along the line spring (on the profile - point A) - silo tower (on the profile - point B). To build a profile, use a horizontal scale: 1 cm - 50 m and vertical: 1 cm - 1 m.
Geographic map
The shape and size of the earth.1. Prove that the Earth is not a perfect sphere.
First, it has an uneven surface.
Secondly, due to its rotation, our planet is slightly flattened at the poles: the distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and to the poles - 6356 km.
2. What is the significance of the size of the Earth for life on the planet?
The dimensions of our planet allow us to hold a gaseous shell - the atmosphere.
3. Using a globe, measure the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole.
12714 km.
4. Using additional sources of geographic information, prepare a computer presentation about the history of the globe. Be sure to indicate which sources you used.
1. Fill in the table, indicating the differences between the topographic plan and the geographical map.
2. Fill in the table using the text of the textbook paragraph.
3. Representatives of what professions need geographical maps?
Geologists, historians, drivers, builders, military, politicians, economists.
4. Using additional sources of geographic information, prepare a report on the use of modern computer technology in cartography (search keywords: electronic maps, geographic information systems). Be sure to indicate which sources you used.
Geographic information system (GIS) is a system for collecting, storing, analyzing and graphical visualization of spatial (geographical) data and related information about the necessary objects. GIS is a tool that allows users to search, analyze and edit digital maps and Additional information about objects, for example, the height of the building, address, number of residents. GIS makes it easy to create the necessary information on maps and find it. The problem orientation of a GIS is determined by the tasks it solves (scientific and applied): analysis, evaluation, monitoring, management and planning, decision support.
Degree network on the globe and maps.1. Complete the sentences.
Meridians are lines that coincide with the direction of the midday shadow.
They show the north-south direction.
Parallels are lines drawn parallel to the equator.
They show the direction "west-east".
All meridians are equal in length.
Parallels, unlike meridians, are different in length.
The equator is the longest parallel.
2. Using physical map hemispheres, determine which ocean and which continent all meridians cross.
Ocean - Arctic;
The mainland is Antarctica.
3. On the physical map of Russia in the atlas, determine on which parallel Moscow is located. Write down in a notebook the geographical objects of Russia that this parallel crosses.
55⁰N
R. Volga, Ural Mountains, r. Ob, Kamchatka Peninsula, Shantar Islands, Commander Islands.
4. Using the physical map of the hemispheres, name the continents:
a) located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere
Eurasia, North America
b) entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere
Australia, Antarctica
c) located partly in the Northern, partly in the Southern Hemisphere
Africa, South America
5. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, name the ocean (s):
a) located in only one hemisphere
Arctic Ocean
b) located partly in the Northern, partly in the Southern Hemisphere
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian oceans.
6. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, write down in a notebook the geographical objects that the equator crosses.
O. Kalimantan, Andes, Amazonian lowland, Congo River, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Guinea.
geographic latitude.1. In which of the figures does the arrow show how latitude is determined?
Figure a.
What is the latitude shown in the picture?
70⁰ N
How did you define it?
Arrow above equator => north latitude. Parallels are drawn through 20⁰, so half is 10⁰ => 60+10=70⁰
2. Indicate which points marked on the map (pp. 40-41) are north latitude and which are south latitude.
North latitude: A
South latitude: B, C
Which of the points is located to the south? B
Which one is to the north? A
Why did you decide so?
Southern tropic 23⁰ (B), point C intersects parallel 20⁰S. => point B to the south. Point A crosses 40⁰N. => northernmost point.
3. Determine the geographical latitude of the points marked with letters on the map on p. 40-41.
Geographic longitude. Geographical coordinates.1. In which of the figures does the arrow show how longitude is determined?
In figure b.
2. Mark points on the map:
A - has northern latitude and eastern longitude;
B - has northern latitude and western longitude;
B - has a southern latitude and a western longitude;
D - has a southern latitude and eastern longitude.
Determine the coordinates of these points:
A - 40⁰ N, 60⁰ E;
B - 40⁰ N, 60⁰ W;
E- 40⁰ S, 60⁰ W;
D - 40⁰ S, 120⁰ E
3. Indicate which points marked on the map (pp. 44-45) are west longitude and which are east.
West longitude: B, C
East longitude: A
Which point is located to the west? B
Which one is to the east? A
Why did you decide so?
Point A is located on the 180th meridian => the easternmost point. Point B is west of point C => west of other points.
4. Determine the geographical longitude of the points marked with letters on the map on p. 44-45.
5. City A has coordinates 20⁰ N. and 30⁰ E City B coordinates - 10⁰S. and 70⁰ W.
a) Plot these cities on a contour map.
b) On what continents and in what hemispheres is each of these cities located?
City A Africa; Northern and Eastern Hemispheres
City B South America; Southern and Western Hemispheres
c) Which of the cities - A or B - is located to the south? Justify your answer.
City B is located to the south, because is located in the southern hemisphere.
6. Which of the points marked on the map has geographical coordinates:
50⁰ S, 70⁰ E - A;
40⁰ S, 50⁰ E - AND;
18⁰ N, 8⁰ W – E;
8⁰ S, 16⁰ W - G;
43⁰ N, 115⁰ W - D;
46⁰ N, 115⁰ E – B.
Determine the geographic coordinates of the remaining point.
23⁰ S, 90⁰ E
Which of the points is located to the south of the others?
A
Which one is to the north?
B
7. The captain of the ship decided to sail from Eurasia to New Zealand. Help the captain fill in the ship's log by determining the location and geographical coordinates of the points where the ship was located.
8. Determine in which direction tourists should move if they move from a point with coordinates 19⁰ N, 73⁰ E. to a point with coordinates 28⁰ N, 87⁰ E. Where and where do they travel from?
To the northeast. From Mumbai to Mount Everest.
10. Using political map hemispheres determine the most major countries on each of the continents of the Earth. Write down their names and capitals. Determine the geographic coordinates of the capitals.
Image on physical maps of heights and depths.1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the absolute height:
a) Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa - 5895 m;
b) Mount Kosciuszko in Australia - 2228 m;
c) the Aconcagua mountains in South America - 2960 m.
2. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the prevailing depths:
a) the Mediterranean Sea - 2000 m;
b) Hudson Bay - up to 200 m;
c) Caribbean Sea - 4000 m.
3. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine:
a) which mountains are higher - the Urals or the Tien Shan?
Tien Shan
b) which peninsula is located higher above sea level - Arabian or Indochina?
Arabian Peninsula
c) how does the height of the territory of North America change in the direction from east to west?
rises
4. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the absolute height or depth of points with coordinates:
a) 55⁰ S, 60⁰ E – deeper than 4000 m;
b) 35⁰ N, 90⁰ E – above 5000 m;
c) 5⁰ S, 65⁰ W – below 0 m;
d) 5⁰ N, 105⁰ E – up to 200 m;
e) 48⁰ N, 48⁰ E - - 28 m.
1. What direction does arrow A correspond to on the map?
2) south
2. What direction does arrow B on the map correspond to?
4) north
3. What direction does arrow C on the map correspond to?
3) southwest
4. Which direction does arrow D on the map correspond to?
3) northeast
5. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the south direction?
1) A
6. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the northeast direction?
4) D
7. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the direction to the north?
2) B
8. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the southwest direction?
3) C
9. What are the geographical coordinates of the point marked on the world map with the letter A?
3) 40⁰ N, 90⁰ E
10. What are the geographical coordinates of the point marked on the world map with the letter B?
1) 23⁰ S, 120⁰ E
11. What are the geographical coordinates of the point marked on the world map with the letter C?
3) 15⁰ S, 20⁰ W
12. What are the geographical coordinates of the point marked on the world map with the letter D?
2) 30⁰ N, 90⁰ W
13. Which of the points marked with letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 30⁰ S, 60⁰ E?
3M
14. Which of the points marked with letters on the world map has geographical coordinates 15⁰ N, 120⁰ E?
1) E
15. Which of the points marked with letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 60⁰ N, 30⁰ W?
4) N
Lithosphere
The earth and its internal structure1. Why do people need to know what the internal structure of the Earth is?
Knowing the internal structure of the Earth, people can determine what minerals can occur in this territory. Also, having studied the internal structure of the Earth, people will be able to understand the nature of earthquakes and learn how to prevent them. The processes that occur in the bowels of the Earth, people will be able to use for their own purposes, for example, the production of electricity.
2. What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust? Fill the table.
3. Make a chart "Classification of rocks."
4. Give examples of each group of rocks.
Metamorphic rocks: rocks formed as a result of a change in the composition or properties of the original rocks.
Examples: marble, quartzite, diamond, shale.
5. Give some examples of the use of rocks by man.
Mankind makes extensive use of rocks. Coal is a fuel for power plants and metallurgical plants.
Oil is fuel and raw material in chemical plants.
Granite is a building material.
Quartz sand - for the production of glass and as a building material.
6. Determine which group the listed rocks belong to. Describe each of the rocks (indicate what color it is; whether it is solid or not; whether it has a shine).
Limestone - sedimentary, organic.
Gypsum - sedimentary, chemical.
Sand - sedimentary, clastic.
Oil - sedimentary, organic.
Quartzite - metamorphic.
Basalt - igneous, erupted.
Granite - magmatic, deep.
7. Write what rocks are mined near your settlement. State their origin.
Oil and gas are mined near our settlement. They are of sedimentary organic origin. We also mine sand and clay of sedimentary clastic origin.
1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine in which of the listed cities earthquakes are possible. Underline these cities with a red line.
2. Consider the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas. Which symbol on the map shows volcanoes? Draw it in your notebook.
3. Using the physical map of Russia, write down the names of the volcanoes located on the territory of our country.
Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Tolbachik, Kronotskaya Sopka, Shiveluch, Avacha, Koryakskaya Sopka.
4. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, write down in a column the names of 2-3 volcanoes located:
a) on the mainland: Orizaba (19°N 97°W), Popocatepetl (19°N 99°W), Cotopaxi (1°S 78°W) .)
b) on the islands: Hekla (64°N 20°W), Etna (38°N 16°E), Krakatau (6°S 105°E) )
Determine and record the geographic coordinates of these volcanoes.
5. Using additional sources of information, prepare a report on one of the major volcanic eruptions of recent times. List the sources of information you used.
In February 2014, Mount Sinabung erupted on the island of Sumatra. This volcano is an active volcano. Before that, its eruptions occurred in 2012 and 2013. Volcanic ash was raised to a height of more than 4 kilometers, lava swallowed several villages. As a result of the eruption, several people died, more than 20 thousand people were evacuated to safe places.
1. Find different landforms of mountains on the physical map of Russia in the atlas. Write 2-3 examples in your notebook.
Ridges: Chersky, Verkhoyansky, Stanovoy.
Highlands: Stanovoe, Chukotka, Kolyma.
Mountain systems: Ural, Altai, Sayan.
2. Find examples of mountains of different heights on the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas. Fill the table.
3. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, determine the mountains by their coordinates.
a) The mountains are located between the parallels of 30 and 40 ° N. sh. and meridians 10 ° W. d. and 10 ° in. d.
Mainland: Eurasia
Name of mountains: Pyrenees
b) The mountains are located between the parallels of 40 and 50 ° N. sh. and meridians 70 and 100 ° E. d.
Mainland: Eurasia
Name of the mountains: Tien Shan
4. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, compile comparative characteristic mountains Fill the table.
5. Give examples economic activity man in the mountains.
Life and human activities in the mountains are associated with more severe natural conditions. In the mountains, a person extracts minerals, harvests wood. Also in mountainous areas, people graze domestic animals: sheep, cattle. In some areas of the subtropical zone, tea, jute, and rice are grown. Tourism is also developing in the mountains.
6. Prove that mountains affect living and non-living nature.
The change in the components of nature with height is called altitudinal zonation. As a result of the rise, the air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the amount of oxygen in the air decrease. As a result of this, the plant and animal world. The higher the mountains, the more belts there will be. Mountains also affect inanimate nature. Under the influence of low temperatures, winds, rocks are destroyed.
7. Using various sources of information, tell us which natural natural phenomena can happen in the mountains?
In the mountains, natural phenomena associated with internal and external forces. Internal - earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
External - landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches.
How do they affect human life and nature?
Their influence is negative, because in this case destruction occurs, people die.
In which regions of the earth last years did the most destructive phenomena occur in the mountains?
These phenomena in the mountains occur very often. For example, only in April 2014 - several earthquakes in the Andes with a magnitude of up to 8 points, the Ecuadorian volcano Tungurahua resumed activity, an earthquake in Japan with a magnitude of 5 points
1. Find different plains on the physical map of Russia in the atlas. Write down two examples of each type of plains in your notebook.
Lowlands: - Caspian, Kolyma.
Hills: - Volga, Central Russian
Plateau: Central Siberian, Anadyr.
2. Find examples on the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas various kinds plains. Fill the table.
3. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, make a comparative description of the two plains. Fill the table.
Land plains, 6th grade. Kartasheva, Kurchina.
4. Give examples of human economic activity on the plains.
A significant part of the population lives on the plains. develops on them Agriculture. A variety of crops are grown: wheat, sugar beets and others. Pasture animal husbandry is developing. It is easier to build on the plains. Also, a variety of minerals are mined on the plains: oil, gas, ores, non-metallic raw materials.
1. Using the map of the oceans in the atlas, give examples:
a) ocean basins: Peruvian, African-Antarctic, South Australian.
b) mid-ocean ridges: Mid-Atlantic, West Indian, Arabian Indian.
2. Using the map of the oceans in the atlas, determine which bottom relief forms are separated by the East Pacific Rise.
Peruvian, Northeastern, Central, Southern basins.
3. Write down the names of all parts of the relief of the bottom of the Indian Ocean, located north of 40 ° S. sh.
Ridges: West - Indian, Arabian - Indian, East - Indian.
Basins: Central, Western - Australian.
Trench: Sunda.
4. Why do you think the ocean floor is uneven? What processes occurring in the lithosphere on land are also characteristic of the ocean floor?
The formation of the Earth's relief took place throughout the entire existence of the planet and continues to form now. The ocean floor is uneven, as it experienced the same processes as the land relief: uplifts, subsidences, horizontal movements. The ocean floor is characterized by such processes: the eruption of underwater volcanoes, earthquakes, faults in the earth's crust.
1. The molten substance of the mantle, saturated with gases and water vapor, is called:
2) magma
2. What statement about internal structure Earth right?
2) All minerals are formed from the substance of the mantle.
3. Which of the listed rocks belongs to the sedimentary group?
4) rock salt
4. Which of the listed rocks belongs to the metamorphic group?
3) marble
5. Which of the listed rocks belongs to the group of sedimentary inorganic origin?
1) sand
6. Which correspondence "rock - its type" is correct?
1) limestone - sedimentary
7. Which of the following landforms was formed as a result of wind activity?
4) dune
8. On which of the following territories can geysers be observed?
2) Kamchatka Peninsula
9. Which of the following areas is most likely to experience strong earthquakes?
3) Java island
10. On the territory of which continent is the highest peak in the world located?
3) Eurasia
Hydrosphere
Water on Earth.1. In what states is water found in the hydrosphere?
Liquid, solid, gaseous.
2. Fill in the diagram "Composition of the hydrosphere".
3. What water makes up the bulk of the hydrosphere?
The main part of the hydrosphere is the water of the oceans. It contains 96.5% of the water of the hydrosphere. This water is salty.
4. Is the world water cycle possible without an atmosphere? No lithosphere? How are they involved in the water cycle?
Not possible, since all shells are interconnected. If there was no atmosphere, then the Earth would not have fresh water, since fresh water evaporates in the form of steam, precipitation forms. Water seeps through the rocks, forming groundwater, which then flows into rivers and lakes.
1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, write out 2-3 examples in a notebook:
a) islands: Greenland, Madagascar, Kalimantan.
b) archipelagos: the Japanese Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Hawaiian Islands.
c) peninsulas: Somalia, Hindustan, Scandinavian.
2. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, write out 2-3 examples in a notebook:
a) inland seas: Black, Mediterranean, Red.
b) marginal seas: Sargasso, Barents, Arabian.
c) bays: Bengal, Mexican, Tars.
d) straits: Bering, Gibraltar, Magellan.
3. Using the physical map of the hemispheres, write down in your notebook:
a) the largest island: Greenland.
b) the smallest island:
4. On contour map the world with numbers indicate:
islands: 1 - Greenland; 2 - Madagascar; 3 - New Guinea;
archipelagos: 4 - Chagos; 5 - Malay;
bays: 6 - Bengal; 7 - Guinean; 8 - Mexican;
straits: 9 - Gibraltar; 10 - Magellanic; 11 - Drake;
seas: 12 - Arabian; 13 - Mediterranean; 14 - Black; 15 - Caribbean; 16 - South China; 17 - Barents; 18 - Red;
peninsulas: 19 - Hindustan; 20 - Arabian; 21 - Kamchatka.
5. Which of the following units of measurement is the unit of measure for water salinity?
c) ppm
6. What are the reasons for the low salinity of the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
1. The presence of ice.
2. . Big rivers flow.
3. All year round low air temperatures, low evaporation.
7. What determines the temperature of the water in the ocean?
From geographical location The closer to the equator, the warmer the water.
8. Using a map of the oceans, find out how the winter limit of the distribution of floating ice is. Write down two examples:
a) seas that freeze in winter: East Siberian, Okhotsk
b) seas that do not freeze in winter: Barents, Mediterranean.
9. Using additional sources of information, find out and write down in a notebook why the White, Yellow and Red Seas received such names.
White Sea - long time covered with ice.
The Red Sea - in the myths of many countries, the sides of the horizon had different colors. Among the peoples of Asia, red symbolized the south, that is, "the sea in the south." There is also an assumption that the name of the sea comes from the color of the algae that exist in this sea.
Yellow Sea - rivers that flow into this sea carry a lot of yellow silt.
1. Make a classification of the movements of water in the ocean, based on the cause of their occurrence. Complete the chart.
2. How is a tsunami different from storm surges?
Tsunamis are waves that occur as a result of seaquakes, and wind waves are the result of wind activity. Tsunami is the translational movement of water, while wind waves are oscillatory.
3. What is the importance of ocean currents?
Ocean currents affect the climate of the territory, Cold currents bring cooling and dryness, and warm currents bring warming and precipitation. Currents also carry organic matter, contributing to their distribution across the oceans.
4. Using the map of the oceans in the atlas, plot on the contour map:
a) places of the highest tides - in green;
b) warm currents Gulf Stream, North Atlantic, Kuroshio, South Tradewind, North Tradewind, Brazilian and Guiana - in red;
c) cold currents of Peru, Labrador, Canary, Western Winds, Benguela - in blue.
Sign the currents with the initial letters of their names.
5. Imagine that there was an accident on an oil tanker near the equator off the eastern coast. South America. The accident resulted in an oil spill. In what areas of the ocean can traces of this accident be found? Use the map of the oceans in the atlas to answer.
Traces of this accident can be found in any part of the ocean, because the currents will carry the oil. For example, the North Trade Wind Current will transfer oil to the Gulf Stream, then in turn to the North Atlantic, then to the Canary or Norwegian. The South Trade Wind Current will carry oil into the Brazil Current, then through the West Winds, and then across the South Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
1. Name the sources of groundwater.
The main source of groundwater is precipitation that seeps through rocks. Also, water in the form of steam comes from the deep layers of the Earth.
2. Why can the water level in the well change during the year?
Because in different time enters the underground layers different amount water.
When is there a lot of water in the well?
In the spring, when the snow melts and when a large amount of precipitation falls.
When is the well shallow?
In summer, when the amount of water that has fallen to the surface decreases.
3. Give examples of permeable rocks. Give examples of waterproof rocks.
Permeable rocks: sand, gravel, crushed stone.
Waterproof: clay, shale, granite.
4. Give examples of groundwater use in your area.
Groundwater is used as a source of drinking water.
5. What waters are more actively involved in the global water cycle - groundwater or interstratal? Why?
Groundwater is more actively involved, since it can move both downwards and upwards when the Earth's surface is heated by the Sun. Groundwater percolates through rocks faster into rivers and lakes.
1. On the map, indicate the largest rivers with numbers:
2. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, determine the sources of which rivers have the following coordinates:
58° N latitude, 33° east e. - Volkhov river
54° N sh., 108 ° in. d. - Lena River
62° N latitude, 145° east d. - Kolyma River
3. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, identify and write down all the rivers that flow into the Kara Sea.
Ob, Yenisei, Taz, Pur, Yana.
4. According to figure 59 in the textbook, identify all the right tributaries of the Lena River.
Aldan, Olekma, Vitim, Kirenga,
Determine which ranges are the boundary of the Lena River basin.
Verkhoyansky, Suntar - Khayata, Dzhugdzhur, Stanovoy, Yablonovy, Baikal, Primorsky.
5. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, name:
a) flat rivers: Indigirka, Kolyma, Lena, Volga, Pechora, Northern Dvina.
b) mountain rivers: Terek, Katun, Biya.
6. Using additional sources of information, write down proverbs and sayings about rivers in your notebook.
Where the river is deeper, there is less noise.
Every river flows to the sea.
A fast river does not flow through backwaters.
The river will spill far, but the channel will not leave.
Earthen water muddies the river (mountain from the upper reaches; and the first water is snow or coastal).
7. Describe one of the rivers in your area according to the plan.
a) Name - Oka
b) Where does it start: on the Central Russian Upland near the village. Alexandrovka, Glazunovskiy district, Oryol region.
c) Where it flows: into the Volga.
G) The nature of the flow: flat
e) Food: mixed with a predominance of snow.
f) Regime: freeze-up - from December to the end of March.
ice break: in March
high water - from April to May
the lowest water level in the river is in summer.
whether there are floods: in autumn when it rains.
g) Are there rapids, waterfalls: No.
h) As used by humans: shipping, fishing, source of water for the population and businesses, recreation.
1. On the map, indicate the largest lakes with numbers:
2. Name the deepest lake on Earth. What is the origin of its basin?
Baikal, it has a tectonic origin, is located in a graben.
Name the largest lake in the world. What is the origin of its basin?
Caspian Sea. It is located in a trough of the earth's crust.
3. Using the map of the atlas, describe one of the lakes of the world according to the plan.
a) Name - Baikal
b) On what continent is it located: Eurasia.
c) Within what large form of relief is located: the mountains of Eastern Siberia.
d) Origin: tectonic.
e) Fresh or salty - fresh.
e) Waste or drainless - sewage.
g) How it is used by man - a source of fresh water, fishing, tourism.
4. Describe the lake located in your area according to the plan.
a) Name - Senezh
b) Where is it located - in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region
c) The origin is artificial.
d) Fresh or salty - fresh.
e) Waste or drainless - waste.
e) Which rivers flow -
g) As used by man - recreation, fishing.
5. Using additional sources of information, prepare a report on the current state of Lake Baikal. Please indicate what sources of information you used.
Lake Baikal is a unique ecological system which is influenced by human activities. The lake is polluted the most by the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, which dumps waste from its production into the lake. Also, a significant amount of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere, which, after precipitation, enter the lake. More than 300 tributaries flow into Baikal. The settlements that are located on their banks dump waste into the water, which then enters the lake. Therefore, it is necessary to protect this unique natural object.
1. Using the maps of the atlas, write out the areas of distribution of glaciers.
Glaciers are cover and mountain. Cover glaciers formed in Antarctica, the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Mountain glaciers are on the high mountains of all continents, with the exception of Australia.
2. What is the importance of glaciers in nature?
1. Influence the climate.
2. Rivers originate from them.
3. Sources of fresh water.
3. It is known that the air temperature when climbing the mountains drops by 6 °C every kilometer. How high must the mountains in your area be for mountain glaciers to form on them? Explain how you determined it.
In our area, the average July temperature is 20 ° C. Since the temperature drops by 1 kilometer by 6 ° C, then 20 / 6 \u003d 3.3 km.
4. Where do you think permafrost can be found in Africa? Why?
Only on the tops of the mountains, because the average annual temperature in Africa is above + 10 ° C, and in the mountains it can be below 0 ° C.
1. What letter on the world map marks the Strait of Gibraltar?
2) B
2. What letter on the world map marks the island of Madagascar?
3) C
3. What letter on the world map marks the Scandinavian Peninsula?
1) A
4. The letter D on the world map indicates:
2) Greenland
5. The letter E on the world map indicates:
2) Drake Passage
6. The letter K on the world map indicates:
3) Bering Strait
7. Match the river with its location
on the map marked with a number.
8. Which of the listed seas refers to inland seas?
3) Baltic
Atmosphere
Atmosphere: structure, meaning, study.1. In the figure, sign the gases that make up the atmosphere.
2. Using additional sources of information, find out what is the role of atmospheric gases in the life of the Earth. Fill the table.
3. Remember what layers the atmosphere consists of. Indicate which layer of the atmosphere each of the given characteristics corresponds to.
Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere.
a) The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere.
b) The composition is dominated by hydrogen - the thermosphere.
c) 80% of the mass of air is contained - the exosphere.
d) Extends to a height of 50 km - the stratosphere.
e) The sky here is black - the exosphere.
f) Almost all of the water vapor is in the troposphere.
g) Contains the ozone layer - the stratosphere.
h) Very low air density - exosphere.
i) There are changes in the weather - the troposphere.
j) Located above the troposphere - the stratosphere.
4. Why do you think the air temperature drops with altitude?
The sun's rays pass through the air, hit the surface of the Earth, heat it, and the air heats up from the surface.
5. Calculate the air temperature at the top of a mountain 3500 m high, if at the foot of the mountain, located at an altitude of 500 m above sea level, the temperature is +20 °C.
3500 – 500 =3000(m)
1 km of altitude - a decrease of 6 ° С.
3 *6 =18°
+20 -18 =2°С.
6. Why do you think it is necessary to study the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is studied in order to be able to make predictions. Also, in order to control air pollution, to prevent natural phenomena that occur in the atmosphere.
7. Using additional sources of information, name the main sources of air pollution.
1. Industrial enterprises
2. Transport:
1. During the day, the air temperature changes. Explain the reasons for the diurnal variations in air temperature. Fill the table.
2. The table shows the change in air temperature during the day. Determine the daily temperature amplitude and the average daily temperature.
Daily temperature range: +18 – (+8) =10(°С)
Average daily temperature: (+10+8+12+18+16+14) / 6 =13(°С)
3. What are the reasons for the change in air temperature during the year.
The main reason is the change in the angle of incidence sun rays. In summer the angle is large, so it's warm, in winter it's insignificant, so it's cold.
4. According to the table (see task 2), build a graph of the daily temperature variation. Determine the air temperature at noon from the graph.
Air temperature at 12 noon is +15°C
5. Which of the statements about air temperature is true?
b) The air is mainly heated from the surface of the land or water.
6. Explain why January is the coldest month in the Northern Hemisphere and July in the Southern Hemisphere.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the smallest angle of incidence of sunlight in January, so this month is also the coldest. The southern hemisphere receives the least amount of heat in July, which is why this month is also the coldest.
1. Look at the drawing. Define:
a) Where is the atmospheric pressure the lowest?
At point B.
b) Where is the atmospheric pressure the highest?
At point A.
Explain the reason for the difference in atmospheric pressure at these points.
At point A, the column of air will be the largest, and the weight of air at this point as well, therefore, the pressure is high, and at point B, vice versa.
2. Determine the atmospheric pressure at the top of a hill 40 m high if the atmospheric pressure at its foot is 50 mm.
With a rise of 10 meters, the pressure decreases by 1 mm Hg. Art.
The pressure when climbing 40 m will change by 4 mm Hg. Art.
50-4=46 (mm Hg)
3. Determine the relative height of the hill if the difference in atmospheric pressure at the bottom and at the top is 6 mm.
6mmHg Art. *10 m =60 m
4. Calculate the normal atmospheric pressure for the indicated points.
5. Complete the sentences.
Wind is the horizontal movement of air.
The main reason for the formation of wind is the pressure difference. Wind always blows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
The greater the pressure difference, the stronger the wind.
6. Label which picture shows a daytime breeze and which one shows a night breeze.
7. How is a breeze different from a monsoon? What are the similarities between these winds?
A breeze is a wind that changes direction twice a day. and the monsoon is a seasonal wind that changes direction twice a year.
8. Sign the direction of the wind indicated by the arrow.
9. Build a wind rose according to the table.
From the figure, determine which winds prevailed in a given month.
There were more winds of the northeast and south directions.
1. In what season of the year do puddles dry out faster? Why?
In summer, because the Sun heats the surface more, and the water evaporates.
2. Using the picture, determine:
a) is the air saturated if at a temperature of +10 °C its 1 m3 contains 5 g of water vapor?
No, because at a given temperature, air can contain 9 grams of water.
b) will dew fall when air containing 12 g of water vapor is cooled to a temperature of +10 °C.
Yes, dew will fall as only 9 grams of water can be contained in the air
3. Using the figure, determine the relative humidity of the air if:
a) at a temperature of +10 °C, 1 m3 of air contains 3 g of water.
10 gr. ---100%
3gr ---- x
X \u003d (3 * 100) / 10 \u003d 30%
b) at a temperature of 0 °C, 1 m3 of air contains 2.5 g of water.
5 gr. - 100%
2.5 gr. -X
X \u003d (2.5 * 100) / 5 \u003d 50%
4. Sign the types of clouds shown in the figures.
5. Use the arrows to show the correspondence between the weather element and the instrument that measures it.
1. What is the main reason for the weather change?
Heating of the earth's surface, air circulation.
2. Using additional sources of information, talk about local signs that can be used to predict the weather.
Good weather:
Dew fell before sunrise.
Seagulls sit on the water and swim.
- swallows and swifts fly high until dusk
- the ants are actively working and the "doors" of the anthill are open.
Bad weather:
- jackdaws fly high in flocks, circle and quickly fall to the ground.
- maple, willow, poplar, aspen, alder "cry" before the rain.
- Before the rain, swifts and swallows fly low.
- earthworms appear on the surface of the earth - to unstable weather with rain and thunderstorms.
- if on a sunny day a dandelion or bindweed closes its corolla - to rain.
3. How is climate different from weather?
Climate is a long-term weather regime, and weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain time in a certain area. The climate is characterized by constancy, and the weather is changeable.
1. Explain why there are four seasons in Russia during the year.
2. Using the map of the hemispheres, set the names of the parallels 23.5 ° and 66.5 °. Why were these parallels highlighted?
23.5° - tropic. Between the tropics, the sun may be at its zenith.
66.5° - polar circle. To the north and south of this line there is a polar day and a polar night.
3. In the figure, show with hatching the areas in which polar nights and polar days are observed. Don't forget to make a map legend.
4. In what belt is your area located?
In the temperate temperate continental.
5. Using the text of the textbook paragraph, fill in the table.
6. What type of climate is typical for your area? Prove this with individual characteristics of the climate.
Moderate temperate continental. January temperatures - -10°С - 11°С, July temperatures - + 18°С +19°С, precipitation - 550-650 mm per year, falls mainly in the warm season.
1. Which of the following phenomena does not apply to precipitation?
4) cyclone
2. Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is the lowest?
2) troposphere
3. Which statement about the atmosphere is true?
3) Ozone layer protects the earth from ultraviolet rays.
4. In winter, even with very bright sun, the air remains cold. Explain why this is due, giving at least two reasons.
1. In winter, the angle of incidence of sunlight is small, therefore earth's surface does not heat up, and the air does not heat up from it.
2. Snow reflects a significant amount of sunlight without heating the atmosphere.
5. When climbing mountains above 3000 m, a person begins to feel discomfort. Explain why this is due, giving at least two reasons.
1. Not enough oxygen in the air.
2. Lower temperatures.
3. Low atmospheric pressure
4. Strong winds.
Biosphere. Geographic cover.
Diversity and distribution of organisms on Earth1. What factors of inanimate nature determine the existence of organisms in different natural areas? Fill the table.
2. What factors of inanimate nature determine the distribution of organisms in the ocean?
a) water temperature;
b) salinity of water;
c) transparency of water.
3. What factors of inanimate nature affect development organic world your area?
The natural zone in which your area is located is the forest-steppe zone.
Temperature regime - summer temperatures +17°С+19°С, winters -7°С -9°С.
Hydration. The amount of precipitation is 500 - 700 mm per year, moisture is sufficient.
Typical plants are birch, aspen, spruce, oak, linden, bird cherry, hazel, timothy grass, meadow fescue, clover l, mouse peas, meadow chamomile, meadow cornflower and many other plants.
typical animals. Elk, roe deer, mole, fox, ferret, titmouse, woodpecker, sparrow, white stork, gray heron.
1. How are living organisms involved in creating the appearance of the Earth?
The composition of the atmosphere.
plants absorb carbon dioxide, emit oxygen, purify the air of dust and enrich it with water vapor.
The composition of ocean water.
Organisms regulate the amount of substances dissolved in water by absorbing them to form bones, shells and shells. The remains of these organisms, after their death, turn into sedimentary rocks (chalk, limestone).
The formation of rocks.
Plants and organisms, dying, turn into rocks such as coal, peat, oil, chalk, limestone.
Destruction of rocks.
Plants can destroy rocks. For example, some types of mosses, settling on stones in the tundra, release certain substances that can dissolve minerals. The roots of plants penetrate into the cracks of rocks, expand and x and destroy them. Animals also dig holes, passages, which can also lead to the destruction of rocks.
2. Write what components the soil consists of.
Organic: residues, plants, animals, microorganisms.
Inorganic: sand, clay, water, other minerals.
3. What soils have the highest fertility?
Chernozems, as they have the largest layer of humus. They formed in the steppes.
4. Give examples natural complexes your area.
Which of them are the most modified by man?
Which have remained virtually unchanged?
5. Write down the names of the reserves that are in your area.
Reserves of the Moscow region:
1. Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.
2. National Park "Elk Island".
3. Zavidovsky Reserve
6. Using additional sources of information, prepare a computer presentation about one of the reserves in Russia.
7. Man is part of the biosphere. Make your own diagram showing the relationship between nature and man. Use red arrows to show (and sign) what a person gives to nature; blue - what nature gives to man. Discuss the resulting diagram in class.
What does she think about?
Nature provides almost everything necessary for human life, while man mainly negatively affects it.
Earth population
Earth population1. Give examples of prominent people belonging to different races. Fill the table.
2. Compare the map of the "States of the World" in the atlas and the map in figure 101 in the textbook. Give two examples each of countries where the population is dominated by representatives of different races.
Caucasoid: Great Britain, Denmark;
Mongoloid: Mongolia, Japan
Negroid: Somalia, Chad.
3. With the help of additional sources of information, give examples of countries with the largest population. Indicate on which continent each country is located.
a) China - Eurasia;
b) India - Eurasia;
c) USA - North America;
d) Indonesia - Eurasia;
e) Brazil - South America;
f) Pakistan - Eurasia;
4. What type is your locality?
Our locality refers to medium cities.
How many people live in it?
It is home to 60 thousand people.
Where do the people living in your community work?
Most people work in industrial enterprises and the service sector.
5. What natural disasters can happen in your area?
Make a memo "Rules of conduct in case of an earthquake" according to the plan.
Is it possible to warn of an impending natural disaster in advance?
It is impossible to warn of an earthquake.
Where is the best place to wait out a disaster? What do you need to take with you?
It is best to wait out the earthquake on the street, in a territory remote from buildings and trees. When going outside, you need to take documents, money, a small container with water, some food, necessary medicines.
Where is the best place to be if a natural disaster finds you at home?
If the earthquake caught in the house, you need to stand in the doorway or corner of the room. You can also hide under the table, bed.
What should you do at home before a disaster strikes?
Shut off gas, water, turn off electrical appliances from sockets. Warn neighbors and relatives.
What rules should be observed immediately after the end of a natural disaster?
After an earthquake, you need to follow the alerts, as aftershocks are possible. Enter the premises only after the permission of the relevant services.
A group of tourists is moving from a point with coordinates 34 ° S. sh., 18 ° in. to a point with coordinates 1°S. latitude, 33° east e. Locate these points using the map.
34°S sh., 18 ° in. e. - the city of Cape Town.
1°S latitude, 33° east d. - Lake Victoria.
Make a short guide for tourists. Specify:
a) What continent are they traveling on?
They travel around Africa.
b) what geographical objects will they meet on the way?
Orange River, Kalahari Desert, Zambezi River, Victoria Falls, Lake Tanganyika.
c) what kind of climate awaits tourists; what are its features?
Cape Town has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. Summers are warm, winters are not cold, there is a lot of precipitation in winter. Then we get into the tropical climate - hot and dry throughout the year. Then the climate will change to subequatorial - high temperatures and a lot of precipitation that falls in the summer.
d) what dangers await tourists: high temperatures can lead to sunstroke, tropical diseases, wild animals, lack of water.
e) what peoples live there; what are their traditions: Bantu, Bushmen and Hottentots. The traditions of these peoples are to preserve the ancient ways of obtaining food, life, culture.
f) what attractions do you advise tourists to get acquainted with; what they are famous for:
1) national park Kruger, where animals of the African continent live in the wild;
2) the Central Kalahari Reserve, a national reserve;
3) Victoria Falls in Zambia on the Zambezi River - one of the most beautiful waterfalls on Earth;
4) Mount Kilimanjaro - highest point Africa (5895 meters)
5) Serengeti National Park - a park with big amount animals and birds;
6) Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa.
Workbook on Geography Kartashev for grade 6
In this manual, the authors T.A. Kartashev and S.V. Kurchin posted assignments and workshops for the course in geography for the 6th grade by T.P. Gerasimova and N.P. Neklukova. To make it easier for modern schoolchildren to master knowledge and consolidate skills, this page offers answers to the questions posted in the workbook.
Learning improvement
Independently conducted search for the right solutions and the right information in preparation homework helps a lot in school. And when the answers found can be immediately checked and, if necessary, corrected at home, the whole process becomes much easier and more enjoyable.
1. Carefully read paragraph 1 of the textbook. Fill the table.
Scientist, traveler What contribution did he make to the study of the Earth Aristotle The book "About the sky" Eratosthenes of Cyrene Measured the circumference of the earth Herodotus Contributed to the study of Egypt, Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, the East European Plain Marco Polo Wrote a book about Asia Vasco da Gama Opened the sea route from Europe to India Christopher Columbus Discovered America Ferdinand Magellan First trip around the world P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky Exploration of the Tien Shan Mountains, Lake Issyk-Kul, the Syr Darya River N.M. Przhevalsky Contributed to the study of the central regions of Eurasia I.F. Kruzenshtern, Yu.F. Lisyansky The first Russian round-the-world expedition
2. In the textbook, figure 2 (p. 6) shows an ancient globe. Using additional sources of information, find out what he is famous for. Who, when and where created it?
"Earth apple" - traditional name first geographic globe , created by Martin Beheim in Nuremberg in 1492. Martin managed to reflect with his help geographical ideas about the surface of the Earth just on the eve of the discovery of the New World.
The map does not show latitude and longitude according to the modern method, but there is an equator, meridians, tropics and images of the signs of the zodiac.
3. In what areas of human life is geographical knowledge needed?
1) Weather forecast
2) Urban development planning
3) Natural Hazard Warning
4) Search for mineral deposits
5) Creation of maps, plans of areas
6) Planning your own travel routes; orientation on the ground
4. What do you think modern geographers do? Is this science necessary in our time? What questions can she study now?
Geographers plan the transformation of open and developed territories and predict the processes taking place on Earth and their consequences. Modern geography is needed, because you can say it works for the future.
5. Using various sources of information, prepare a short report about one of the modern travelers. Be sure to indicate what sources of information you used.
Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov is a very extraordinary person, traveler, writer, priest and extreme. During his adventure-rich life, the modern traveler has made more than 40 unique ascents and expeditions.
He expressed his vision of the world, the riot of life colors in books and paintings. Konyukhov constantly tests his limits, climbs high mountains, crosses the seas and oceans, participates in expeditions to the North and South Poles. This sea captain made 4 round-the-world voyages, 15 times crossed the Atlantic. This unique person is considered the first and so far the only one who conquered the five poles of our planet: the pole of relative inaccessibility in the Arctic Ocean; 3 times Northern Geographic; Southern Geographic; Everest; Cape Horn. Fedor made most of his travels alone, but he also willingly takes part in collective expeditions.
Laboratory work"Identification (recognition) of the most common animals" Purpose. Continue to get to know the most common animals in your area. Many different organisms Surround us in life. We must know the animals, Recognize them from the drawings.
Task Read the text. Decide which animal you are talking about. Write the name of this animal and indicate its meaning. Body length cm. Usually the size of a large dog. The body is short, dense. The paws are large, well pubescent in winter, which allows you to walk in the snow without falling through. There are long tassels on the ears. The tail is short, as if chopped off. It is the northernmost of the cat species. Prefers dense dark coniferous forests, climbs trees and rocks perfectly.
The direction of the research “Do they also matter in nature - single-celled animals?” "Single-celled animals are friends or enemies for humans?" "Invertebrates. Their role in nature. "Invertebrates. Their role in human life. "The role of vertebrates in nature". "The role of vertebrates in human life". "The Importance of Animals in Nature and Human Life".
Choose one correct answer.
1. The ancient Phoenicians were the first of the navigators
4) discovered Asia
2. For the first time the term "geography" was used
2) Eratosthenes
3. Vasco da Gama was the first of the Europeans
2) rounded Africa, found a way to India
4. One of the first geographical maps compiled by an ancient Greek scholar
3) Herodotus
5. Which travelers discovered America?
3) H. Columbus.
6. Who was the first traveler to circumnavigate the world?
3) F. Magellan
7. Which travelers discovered Antarctica?
4) F. Bellingshausen, M. Lazarev
8. Which of the travelers discovered the strait between Eurasia and America?
1) V. Bering
9. In the development of the north of Europe and Asia took part
1) S. Dezhnev
3) A. Nikitin
10. Match the discovery with the traveler's name. Enter the resulting correspondence in the table.
Earth in the Universe. How ancient people imagined the universe
1. Formulate and write down the definition.
The universe is outer space and everything that fills it: cosmic, or celestial bodies, gas, dust.
2. What celestial bodies were known to the ancient Greeks?
Planets, moon, sun, stars.
3. Complete the sentences.
The great mathematician Pythagoras suggested that the Earth is spherical.
Aristarchus of Samos believed that the center of the universe is not the Earth, but the Sun
4. Using additional sources of information, complete the table.
Exploring the Universe: From Copernicus to the Present Day
1. Look at the pictures. How did Ptolemy's (a) and Copernicus' (b) ideas about the system of the world differ?
The system of the world according to Ptolemy.
The center is the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, five (known at that time) planets, as well as the "sphere of fixed stars" move around the fixed center.
World system according to Copernicus.
The earth revolves around the sun. The center of the world is the Sun, around which all the planets move, rotating simultaneously around their axes. The stars are motionless. The stars form a sphere that bounds the universe.
2. What contribution did Giordano Bruno make to the development of the teachings of Nicolaus Copernicus? Write the answer to the question in the form of a plan.
The Universe is infinite, it does not and cannot have a single center. The sun is the center of the solar system. But it itself is one of the many stars around which the planets revolve.
3. What discoveries did Galileo Galilei make? What instrument did he use in his research?
Telescope. He saw irregularities on the surface of the Moon, spots on the Sun, discovered the satellites of Jupiter.
4. Fill in the "Modern Model of the Universe" chain.
Earth - solar system- galaxy - metagalaxy
5. Using additional sources of information, write a short message about scientific activity N. Copernicus, f. Bruno, G. Galilee.
Neighbors of the Sun
1. What is the solar system?
The sun and the celestial bodies moving around it.
2. List space bodies that are part of the solar system.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Sun, asteroids, stars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
3. Add the names of the planets of the solar system.
