Message on the topic of environmental protection. Environmental protection in the modern world. Environmental legislation in

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O. V. Denisova

(educator of the highest qualification category)

MBDOU kindergarten"Mitten"

city of Bor

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS A CURRENT PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY

2017

CONTENT

Introduction 3

1 Stages of development of nature and society 4

2 Problems of social ecology 6

3 Solving the problem of environmental protection in modern society 12

Conclusion 13

List of used literature 14

INTRODUCTION

A few decades ago, the real relationship between nature and society was most often very one-sided. Mankind only took from nature, actively exploited its reserves, carelessly believing that natural wealth is limitless and eternal. At best, this relationship was poetic: a person enjoyed the beauty of nature, called for respect and love for her. In general, mankind did not go further than emotional appeals. The understanding of what nature means for the existence and development of society has not been formed. Today, the problem of the relationship between society and nature has grown from a purely theoretical into an acute topical issue, on the solution of which the future of mankind depends.

Before considering the complex problem of the relationship between society and nature, trends in their relationship, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. Among the mass of different approaches and definitions of nature, one of the most well-established is the understanding of nature (in the broad sense of the word) as the entire world around us in all the infinite variety of its manifestations. Nature is an objective reality that exists outside and independently of human consciousness. In the narrow sense of the word, namely in relation to the concept of "society", "nature" is understood as the entire material world, with the exception of society, as a set of natural conditions for its existence. Society as a form of joint life activity of people is a separate part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with it.

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it ...” - these words of the hero of I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” are familiar to us from school. Yes, nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited.

Environmental protection is one of the most urgent problems of our time. The very phenomenon of environmental pollution is not new for Russia. Scientific and technological progress and increased anthropogenic pressure on the environment inevitably led to an aggravation of the ecological situation. In Russia, despite the so-called ecological boom, the environment continues to deteriorate every year, as can be seen from the annually published state reports on the state of the environment in the Russian Federation.

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE AND SOCIETY

The concept of "nature" is ambiguous. "Nature" in a broad sense is identified with the concept of the universe, the world in general. In a narrower sense nature - This is the realm of life on earth. Understanding nature in this way, in 1875 it received the name of the biosphere. This term was introduced by the Austrian geologist E. Suess. Biosphere - is the totality of living organisms and their habitat (water, lower atmosphere, upper part earth's crust). A special place in the biosphere is occupied by man, who, being a part of living nature, stood out from it and eventually isolated himself into some kind of active and opposing principle, constantly adapting nature to his needs.

The relationship of man to nature throughout the history of mankind has changed.

STAGE 1. Primitive communal.Primitive man was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, satisfying his needs by appropriating finished products. He is completely dependent on nature, does not single out or oppose himself to it. Its activity is dissolved in nature and does not threaten it in any way. His life is an endless struggle for survival. Omnipotent nature causes fear and uncertainty in a person, a feeling of absolute dependence. Natural phenomena are deified.

STAGE 2. Antiquity. The starting point of the new stage is the emergence and development of agriculture and animal husbandry. There is a transition from an appropriating to a producing economy. Man begins to actively intervene in nature. Forests are being cut down, irrigation systems are being built. Human activity is beginning to have a devastating effect on nature. Soil salinization in the Tigris and Euphrates valley was the result of irrigation works. However, the destruction is local in nature and often leads to the disappearance of civilizations themselves - dependence on natural conditions people's lives is very big.

STAGE 3. Middle Ages (IV-XIV centuries) and the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). people's dependence on natural forces does not decrease, man's assimilation of nature does not change radically, but the ideological foundations of man's relationship to nature change. This is the period of dominance in Europe of Christianity, in which the spirit and the body, the creative God and the created nature, the spiritualized man and the non-spiritual nature, are opposed. The meaning of human life is in union with God, nature fades into the background. The attitude towards nature is rather neglectful. However, within the framework of the same Christian tradition, a completely different view of nature and attitude towards it is gradually developing. Man can know (unite) with God not only through

prayers and appeal "above", but also through the knowledge and transformation of nature. God is reflected in nature. Knowing the laws of nature, man comes to know God and approaches him. But that's not all: the task of man in approaching God is also co-creation with him. It is designed not only to cognize, but also to actively change, transform existing world. It was Christianity that laid the foundation for the rapid rise of science in subsequent centuries, the modern technocratic era. In the East, the attitude towards nature has not changed since ancient times - the idea of man as part of nature and the ban on interference in the natural processes of the universe (violation of law and harmony) remain.

STAGE 4. new time (XVII-XIX centuries). The main task facing man is the development and adaptation of nature for ever-increasing needs. human society. The means of its development and conquest is the knowledge of the laws of nature - science. "Knowledge is power!" (F. Bacon) - the motto of the entire era of the New Age. Man is no longer a part of nature, he is its peak due to his supernatural origin and possession of reason (the god-like principle in man). Man and nature are opposed. Nature loses its independent meaning and is considered only as a means of human existence. The attitude towards it is aggressively consumerist. In the 20th century, active transformational activity on Earth acquires a destructive character and eventually confronts humanity with the problem of not only self-destruction, but also the destruction of nature (as an area of life) in general. The 20th century is the century of ecological crisis.

PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY

An environmental problem is a change in the natural environment, as a result (anthropogenic impacts or natural disasters), leading to a violation of the structure and functioning of nature.

Global problems are generated by the contradictions of social development, the sharply increased scale of the impact of human activities on the world and are also associated with the uneven socio-economic and scientific and technological development of countries and regions. The solution of global problems requires the development of international cooperation.

Modern scientists believe that humanity is already living in a collapsing world in the face of an ever-increasing severe environmental crisis, which is turning into a crisis of the entire civilization. We can define the ecological crisis as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature. It is characterized, in particular, by the fact that a person, society and the state are not able to reverse the trend of environmental degradation.

The most important global environmental issues facing modern man, the following:

Environmental pollution,

Greenhouse effect,

Depletion of the "ozone layer"

photochemical smog,

acid rain,

soil degradation,

deforestation,

desertification,

waste problems,

Reduction of the gene pool of the biosphere.

Environmental pollution is the most urgent problem modernity, since anthropogenic activity affects all terrestrial spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. At the same time, man, being the main culprit of the current ecological situation, becomes its main victim: according to some data, about 40% of people die from pollution of water resources, atmospheric air and soil cover in the world.

The environmental problems of Russia are not much different from the problems of other countries and states. They arise everywhere and, as a rule, in connection with the intensive and growing influence of man on nature. This influence is becoming more and more aggressive. And with the development of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of new technologies, the consequences of this influence are less predictable and more catastrophic.

The Russian Federation or Russia is located in Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. Its area is 17125407 km 2 and a population of 146,267,288 people. This is the largest state in the world in terms of territory and is among the ten in terms of population. The city of Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. Russia borders on 18 countries and the waters of the seas of three oceans and inland sea- Caspian. It is one of the most water-rich countries in the world with the largest reserves fresh water. The territory of the country and its continental shelf are rich in various types of minerals. The main ones are: oil, gas, coal and timber. The main types of soils and climate create conditions for classifying the country's agricultural production as risky farming, although it has almost 50% of all the world's black soil. The flora and fauna of Russia is extremely diverse. There are about 25 thousand species of plants here alone.In Russia, the main environmental problems have remained unchanged. It's pollution, exhaustion natural resources and reduction of species and quantitative composition of flora and fauna. Their sources are enterprises of industry and agriculture, as well as human activities in the provision of their housing and household needs.

But problems - they can never be foreseen or prevented, and when they cannot be eliminated. Or they don't want to. What is the reason for their growth in Russia?

Russian environmental problems can be divided into two categories. Those that were inherited and which are already more than a dozen, or even a hundred years old. And others that arose at the present historical stage of the state.For Russia, modern environmental problems are associated primarily with the use of atomic energy both for peaceful and military purposes. This includes not only mining

relevant minerals and the process of production of raw materials for energy and weapons, but also problems arising during the operation of technological equipment, accidents occurring at the enterprises of the country's nuclear complex, as well as the disposal, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Ecological problems modern Russia is the excessive depletion of natural resources. Whereas previously it was mainly related to forest reserves. Now it has also affected fossil resources, primarily oil and gas.

Forest.

So far, forests occupy 45% of the territory of the Russian Federation, or almost 800 million hectares. The variety of tree species is huge - from dwarf birch to cedars and broad-leaved oaks.

Deforestation is one of the oldest crafts in the territory of the present state. Recently, it has increased significantly, especially illegal. In just 15 years of this century, more than 40 million hectares were cut down, which reduced the area occupied by forests by 20 million hectares.

Illegal logging is carried out throughout the country, but its greatest mass, and, therefore, harm, is noted in the territories from where it is most convenient and profitable to export timber abroad. These are: the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia - for export to the countries of Scandinavia and the Trans-Baikal, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as the Amur Region - for China.

Probably the last time a request to export timber abroad was refused by Catherine II, who approved the earlier resolution of Peter I.

In addition to cutting down “commercial” timber, deforestation occurs due to the destruction of forests as a result of fires, when cutting down for the needs of the mining industry, construction settlements and roads, as well as expanding areas for agricultural land.

Loss of wood in any form of felling reaches 40%, that is, almost every second tree is cut down in vain. The forest fund is being replenished even more slowly, which has both objective reasons - the tree must grow and this takes quite a lot of time, and subjective ones - starting from legislative regulation of the processes of deforestation and restoration of forests and ending with executive discipline on the ground.

Water.

When there is a lot of something or in excess, then the value of such wealth is significantly underestimated, and, therefore, the attention to its preservation. This can be fully attributed to the water reserves of Russia. The exploitation of water resources is carried out without looking back to tomorrow. Water for industrial and domestic needs is taken without control and restrictions. Effluent is discharged, in 90% of cases, without proper treatment, and, sometimes, without it at all. This attitude towards water has led to the fact that 50% of all water bodies in the country are considered polluted, and surface water - 75%.

The main sources of pollution are industrial enterprises, the treatment facilities of which are up to 70% outdated and do not cope with their functions. The same can be said about public utilities for water supply and sewerage. A significant number of settlements located along the banks of the rivers do not have treatment facilities at all, and household waste flows directly into the rivers. The development of industrial production, especially the chemical industry, filled these effluents with new chemical elements and substances. Nature has no means and ways to neutralize them, which has a particularly negative effect on the flora and fauna of rivers.Energy contributes to water pollution. This is not only the discharge of wastewater and warm water used to cool process equipment. These are the hydraulic structures themselves, their cascades and artificial reservoirs built to generate energy. Hydraulic structures and numerous canals built over the past century and regulating the flow of water in the interests and needs of man often contradict the laws of nature and, therefore, lead to numerous negative consequences for it. Examples include cascades of power plants on the Volga, dams on the Caspian and many small rivers that have disappeared after such “regulating” human activity.

In an effort to maximize the satisfaction of food needs and to obtain the greatest profit, agricultural producers use various methods to influence the yield of crops grown. This drainage and irrigation, the use of pesticides and various pesticides. All this ultimately changes not only the water balance of the region where such methods are applied, but also the composition and structure of the water itself. Excessive passion for mineral fertilizers, their improper storage or storage of prohibited poisonous and poisonous

substances, leading to their entry into surface and underground waters. Recently, the quality indicators of the latter have deteriorated sharply. This is especially negative where they are the main sources of water for the population. And there are many such cities in Russia, and these are not always small towns and settlements.

Air and radiation.

Indicators of atmospheric air pollution in present period are of a twofold nature. On the one hand, the industrial recession, which led to the reduction and halt of a large number of industries. On the other hand, it does not allow operating enterprises to allocate sufficient funds for the modernization and re-equipment of equipment for cleaning emissions of gases and dust. Although the second is more of a good excuse than a sincere desire.

In Central Russia, environmental problems with air pollution are such that the largest number of technically obsolete industries is concentrated in this region and these are the most populated regions of Russia. Industrial emissions are joined by motor transport gases, the amount of which is steadily growing. Even in regions where the bulk of production has stopped, the amount of transport per capita is becoming more and more. And this transport is not the most modern. It is not equipped with exhaust gas treatment systems that meet modern international standards. IN big cities, transport is no longer traveling and transporting as much as it costs and smokes in traffic jams.

A positive trend in the reduction of toxic emissions into the atmosphere has been outlined in connection with the transition of thermal power plants from the consumption of solid fuels to natural gas. When gas is burned by such stations, the amount of air pollutants is significantly less.

New environmental problems in Russia have arisen since the middle of the last century with the achievements of science in the field of nuclear physics. Nuclear or nuclear energy and weapons carry new threats to the environment, have become previously unknown sources of its pollution, the consequences of which have not been finally established to this day.

Sources of radioactive contamination may not be located on the territory of the state, but located hundreds or thousands of kilometers away, this is their essential feature. Thus, some regions of Central Russia suffered in connection with the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Disaster in Chelyabinsk region on

plant "Mayak" led to the creation of a whole zone, covering several regions of neighboring regions. The number of settlements on which the radioactive “trace” turned out to have reached the figure of 2014 with a population of almost 1 million inhabitants.

Pollution level radioactive substances nuclear power plants is low. What cannot be said about the disposal and disposal of waste from this production, as well as about radioactive emissions associated with accidents or the operation of military equipment and weapons. The northern regions of Russia are especially affected by this, where, in addition to bases navy, which includes nuclear-powered ships, burial grounds for the disposal of spent radioactive material have been created. Waste disposal and disposal processes are difficult to control due to military secrecy regimes.

I would like to specially note ecological situation, which develops in connection with the disposal and storage of industrial and municipal solid waste. The landfills allocated for these purposes have long been overloaded, and the allocation of new territories for storage, not to mention the introduction of new processing technologies, is not carried out. Or does the principle “Russia is big - there is a lot of land” again apply and there will be enough landfills for our lifetime?

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Humanity has come to realize that further development technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the environmental situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability.

Solving the environmental problems of today is a difficult task. Indeed, in order to solve environmental protection, it is not enough to write and speak, it is necessary to act not only at the national level, but also at the global level. Only when all mankind will understand that on planet Earth ecological catastrophy, then the actions of all people will be aimed at preserving their planet. It is up to us to decide how we want to see our Earth in many years.

To protect nature, the following solutions can be proposed:

increase attention to the issues of nature protection and ensuring the rational use of natural resources;
establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources;
increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater;
pay great attention to the preservation of the water-protective and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;
create public organizations, carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, or join them;
take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, collection of signatures for petitions on environmental issues;
assist the authorities in solving issues of nature protection;
to apply to authorities and other organizations with applications related to environmental protection;
participate in environmental protection activities;
and most importantly, to fulfill the most important duty of a citizen: to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.

CONCLUSION

Civilization has a detrimental effect on nature and the state of the environment. But everyone can reduce this negative impact. Even if one person thinks about it and changes his habits a little, he will already help the ecological state of his city, and therefore the whole planet.

Protection of Nature - the most important task, which stands not only in front of Russian state but also to each of its citizens.
Land and other resources are used and protected as the basis of life and activity of the peoples of Russia.
The state is engaged in the protection of nature, which issues laws that establish rules for the use and conservation of nature, and names those who, by their actions, cause damage to it.
Voluntary public organizations and citizens who care about their country and their future participate in nature protection. Protecting nature, they protect the Motherland.
Every citizen is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.
The protection of nature and the environment requires the combined efforts of all countries. Russia participates in international cooperation on nature protection.

What will save the environment?

Adoption of laws tightening control over the state of the environment.
Increase in funds allocated for environmental protection.
Refusal of the industry from the use of "dirty" technologies.
Tougher penalties for violating environmental laws.
Ecological education and education of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Weiner D. R. Ecology in Soviet Russia. M., 1992.
Nesbitt J., Eburdin P. What awaits us in the 90s. Megatrends: year 2000. M., 1992.
Hesle V. Philosophy and ecology. M., 1993.
http://www.saveplanet.su/

Russian Federation

Environmental legislation in

Lecture 7

Additional

1. "Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Saratov region".

2. Journals: "Ecological Bulletin of Russia", "Ecology", "Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia".

4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1995 No. 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” (as amended by the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 65-FZ).

5. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements GOST 12.1.007-76 SSBT.

6. Atmosphere. General requirements to methods for the determination of pollutants. GOST 17.2.4.02-81.

7. Soils. Classification chemical substances for pollution control. GOST 17.4.1.02-83.

8. Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution. SanPiN 4630-88.

9. Environmental passport GOST 17.0.0.4-90.

10. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.111.1200-03.

environmental protection is a system of scientific knowledge and a set of state, international and public events aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, the conservation of biological diversity, the protection of the environment from pollution and destruction in order to create optimal conditions for the existence of human society, to satisfy material and cultural needs of current and future generations.

The main tasks of environmental protection:

1. rational use of natural resources;

2. protection of nature from pollution;

3. conservation of biological diversity.

The main purpose of environmental protection is the improvement of public health, the preservation and improvement of natural conditions in the process of nature management, the consistent reduction of pollution sources, as well as continuous monitoring of the state of the environment and the factors affecting it in various types human activities.

Environment- a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects.

Components of the natural environment- land, bowels, soils, surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, vegetation, animal world and other organisms, and ozone layer atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

Favorable environment- the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.

natural object– natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.

Natural-anthropogenic object- a natural object modified as a result of economic and other activities and an object created by a person with properties natural object and has recreational and protective value.

anthropogenic object- an object created by a person to provide him social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.

ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, the natural environment surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and Negative consequences especially

They intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the action of global natural processes.

NATURE PROTECTION is a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily,

And the species of plants - weekly (over 20 thousand species are under the threat of extinction). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen.

The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, the regulation of the use of pesticides, the cessation of the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, National parks and others), breeding centers for rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, the quality of the environment in certain regions has been significantly improved (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

The main substances polluting the environment, their sources.

Carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.

Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.

Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.

Sulfur dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.

Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.

Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.

Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.

Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, sound knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man.

Essays on topics:

Nature is everything that surrounds us: flowers, trees, ponds, forests and much more. Thanks to nature, a person is alive, because ...

1.2 State environmental protection policy
1.3 Environmental legislation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Glossary

Introduction

The problem of environmental protection arose before humanity relatively recently. In our time, there is a huge amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and ocean, the destruction of forests. All this brings the world closer to self-destruction. Ozone holes, climate warming, the extinction of many animal species clearly indicates that our habitat has been depleted to the limit. The life of the planet and its inhabitants will depend on the further activity of people.
Relevance. One of the main problems of the socio-economic development of our country is to ensure the environmental safety of citizens, the protection of the natural environment and the rational use of natural resources. Behind last years adopted a number of documents aimed at improving the environmental situation in Kazakhstan.
The object of the study is the legal regime of the environment.
The subject of the study is natural resource and environmental legal relations.
The purpose of this work is to study the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which regulates the legal regime of the natural environment.
In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the work:
1. Consider categories and types of environmental pollution.
2. Describe the legislative framework of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life.
3. To reveal the legal regime of specially protected natural objects and their rational use.

1.1 Causes and consequences of environmental pollution

In the 20th century, pressure on nature from human society increased dramatically. So, over the past 30 years, as many natural resources have been used in the world as in the entire previous history of mankind. In this regard, there was a threat of depletion and even exhaustion of some types of resources. This primarily applies to mineral raw materials, water and other types of resources.
At the same time, the scale of the return of waste to nature increased, which caused the threat of environmental pollution. According to scientists, today there are (conditionally) 200 kg for every inhabitant of the planet. waste. Nowadays, anthropogenic landscapes already occupy 60% of the earth's land.
Society does not just use natural resources, but transforms the natural environment. The interaction of man and nature becomes a special area of activity, which is called "nature management".
Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
It can be:

Examples of rational nature management can be - the creation of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, specially protected areas, the construction of treatment facilities, the use of recirculating water supply technologies, the complex processing of raw materials, the development and use of new environmentally friendly types of raw materials, waste processing.
Unfortunately, there are many more examples of irrational nature management - deforestation, waste disposal into rivers and lakes, air and hydrosphere pollution, extermination of animals, and much more.
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties that leads or may lead to a harmful effect on the natural complexes of the planet and a threat to human health.
And although environmental pollution can occur as a result of natural disasters, most of them occur as a result of human activities.
The main types of pollution are:

elevated level

Pollution of the soil cover can occur as a result of illiterate farming, disturbance of land, in the process of construction and mining, the ingress of pesticides and heavy metal compounds into it. As a result, little productive and unproductive lands, the so-called "badlands" (bad lands) appear.
Pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge of wastewater into rivers and seas. Their total volume reaches 1 thousand km. in cube in year. The most polluted rivers are: Rhine, Seine, Danube, Tiber, Mississippi, Volga, Dnieper, Nile, Ganges.
Pollution of the World Ocean is growing, into which up to 100 million tons of waste enters, the ocean is especially affected by oil pollution. According to some estimates, from 4 to 16 million tons of oil enter the ocean every year.
The most polluted are the Mediterranean, North, Baltic, Black, Japanese and Caribbean seas.
The atmosphere is polluted primarily as a result of the combustion of mineral fuels. The main pollutants of the atmosphere are oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere are associated with the formation of acid rain, which causes great harm to flora and fauna, destroys structures, and adversely affects human health.
Currently, environmental pollution has reached such a level that it is necessary to take urgent measures.
It is necessary to build treatment facilities, use low-sulfur fuel, waste processing, land reclamation, the use of "clean" technologies and circulating water supply systems.

1.2 State environmental protection policy

The need for a careful attitude to nature, its protection was understood in ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus back in the 4th century. BC. came to the conclusion: “One should not force nature, one should obey it ...” - which has not lost its relevance at the present time.
There was another concept of approach to nature - giving the right to unlimited domination over it. Some modern researchers call the founder of this approach Friedrich Engels, who believed that, unlike an animal that only uses external nature, "... man ... makes her serve his own goals, dominate over her." At the same time, Engels explains the idea of domination over nature as follows: "... all our domination over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other beings, are able to cognize its laws and apply them correctly." This is the great scientific value of the theory and the humanism of F. Engels as a thinker.
Currently, to protect the habitat in each country, environmental legislation is being developed, in which there is a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for the existence of life. The United Nations Organization (UN) in the Declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) legally enshrined two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation.
States should introduce effective environmental legislation. The norms related to environmental protection, the tasks and priorities put forward should reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development, in which they will be implemented.
The state should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those who suffer from this.
In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were solved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations.
Such natural objects as water and air were under the jurisdiction of several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no common coordinating body that would unite environmental activities.
The solution of environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special state bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.
The legal protection of the natural environment consists in the creation, justification and application of normative acts that define both the objects of protection and measures to ensure it. These are questions of environmental law that regulates the relationship between nature and society.

1.3 Environmental legislation

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution is associated with the regulation of the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them certain system laws, regulations and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.
The legal protection of nature is a set of legal norms established by the state and legal relations arising as a result of their implementation, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, and improve human environment living environment for present and future generations. This is a system of state measures enshrined in law and aimed at preserving, restoring and improving the conditions necessary for people's lives and the development of material production.
The system of legal protection of nature in Kazakhstan includes four groups of legal measures.
Legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources.
Organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support for environmental protection activities.
State and public control to comply with the requirements of nature protection.
Legal responsibility of offenders.
In accordance with environmental legislation, the object of legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside of a person and regardless of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, condition and means of his existence.
There are a large number of legal provisions that determine the legal regulation of environmental relations. The totality of environmental norms and legal acts, united by a common object, objects, principles and goals of legal protection, in Kazakhstan forms environmental (environmental) legislation.
Sources of environmental law are legal acts that contain legal norms that regulate legal relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations.

Conclusion

The main goal of environmental protection is ultimately to establish harmony between the development of mankind and a favorable state of the environment.
Achieving this goal in a theoretical aspect requires answering a number of difficult questions, such as:

The intensive exploitation of natural resources has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection activity - the rational use of natural resources, in which protection requirements are included in the very process of economic activity for the use of natural resources.
Environmental protection is a new form in the interaction between man and nature, born in modern conditions, it is a system of state and social measures (technological, economic, administrative-legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, preservation and reproduction of existing, ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations.
At the present, modern stage of development of the problem of protecting the natural environment, a new concept is born - environmental safety, which is understood as the state of protection of the natural environment and the vital environmental interests of man, primarily his rights to a favorable environment.
Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.
The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technical progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which not the last place is occupied by a consumerist, and often predatory attitude towards nature, neglect of fundamental environmental laws.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (a. environment protection; n. Umweltschutz; f. protection de l "environnement; and. proteccion de ambiente) - a set of measures to optimize or preserve the natural environment. The purpose of environmental protection is to counteract negative changes in it, which have taken place in the past, are happening now, or are to come.

General information. The cause of adverse events in the environment can be natural factors (in particular those causing natural disasters). However, the relevance of environmental protection, which has become a global problem, is mainly associated with the deterioration of the environment as a result of an actively growing anthropogenic impact. This is due to a population explosion, accelerating urbanization and the development of mining and communications, environmental pollution with various wastes (see also), excessive pressure on arable, pasture and forest lands (especially in developing countries). According to the UN Environment Program (UNEP), by the year 2000 the world's population will reach 6.0-6.1 billion people, 51% of which are city dwellers. At the same time, the number of cities with a population of 1-32 million people will reach 439, urbanized territories will occupy over 100 million hectares. Urbanization usually leads to air pollution, surface and groundwater pollution, deterioration of flora and fauna, soils and soils. As a result of construction and improvement in urban areas, tens of billions of tons of soil masses are moved, and artificial soil stabilization is carried out on a large scale. The volume of underground structures that are not related to the extraction of minerals is growing (see).

The growing scale of energy production is one of the main factors of anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Human activity disrupts the energy balance in nature. In 1984, the production of primary energy amounted to 10.3 billion tons of standard fuel due to the combustion of coal (30.3%), oil (39.3%), natural gas (19.7%), and the operation of hydroelectric power stations (6.8%) , nuclear power plants (3.9%). In addition, 1.7 billion tons of reference fuel was generated from the use of firewood, charcoal and organic waste (mainly in developing countries). By 2000, energy generation is expected to increase by 60% compared to 1980 levels.

In the districts the globe with a high concentration of population and industry, the scale of energy production has become commensurate with the radiation balance, which has a significant impact on the change in microclimate parameters. Large energy costs in the territories occupied by cities, mining enterprises and communications lead to significant changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and geological environment.

One of the most acute environmental problems caused by the increased technogenic impact on the natural environment is related to the state of atmospheric air. It includes a number of aspects. First, the protection of the ozone layer, which is necessary in connection with the growth of atmospheric pollution with freons, nitrogen oxides, etc. By the middle of the 21st century. this could result in a 15% reduction in stratospheric ozone. Observations over the past 30 years (by 1986) have revealed a trend towards a decrease in the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere over Antarctica in spring. The same information was obtained for the polar region of the Northern Hemisphere. A probable reason for the partial destruction of the ozone layer is an increase in the concentration of organochlorine compounds of anthropogenic origin in the Earth's atmosphere. Secondly, the increase in CO 2 concentration, which is mainly due to increased burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, depletion of the humus layer and soil degradation (Fig. 1).

Since the end of the 18th century, about 540 billion tons of anthropogenic CO2 have accumulated in the Earth's atmosphere; over 200 years, the CO2 content in the air has increased from 280 to 350 ppm. By the middle of the 21st century a doubling of the gas concentration that occurred before the start of the HTP is expected. As a result of the combined action of CO 2 and other "greenhouse" gases (CH 4, N 2 O, freons), by the 30s of the 21st century (and according to some forecasts, earlier), an increase in the average temperature of the surface air layer by 3 ± 1 may occur, 5°C, with the maximum warming occurring in the circumpolar zones, and the minimum at the equator. An increase in the rate of glacier melting and sea level rise of more than 0.5 cm/year is expected. An increase in CO 2 concentration leads to an increase in the productivity of terrestrial plants, as well as to a weakening of transpiration, the latter can lead to a significant change in the nature of water exchange on land. Thirdly, acid precipitation (rain, hail, snow, fog, dew with a pH of less than 5.6, as well as dry aerosol deposition of sulfur compounds and) have become essential components of the atmosphere. They fall in Europe, North America, as well as in areas of the largest agglomerations and Latin America. The main cause of acid precipitation is the release of sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels in stationary installations and vehicle engines. Acid rain damages buildings, monuments and metal structures; cause degradation and death of forests, reduce the yield of many agricultural crops, worsen the fertility of acidic soils and the state of aquatic ecosystems. Atmospheric acidification adversely affects human health. General atmospheric pollution has reached significant proportions: annual dust emissions into the atmosphere in the 80s. estimated at 83 million tons, NO 2 - 27 million tons, SO 2 - over 220 million tons (Fig. 2, Fig. 3).

The problem of depletion of water resources is caused by an increase in water consumption by industry, agriculture and utilities, on the one hand, and water pollution, on the other. Every year, mankind uses an average of over 3800 km3 of water, of which agriculture 2450, industry 1100, for household needs 250 km 3. The consumption of sea water is growing rapidly (so far its share in the total water intake is 2%). Pollution of many water bodies on land (especially in the countries of Western Europe and North America) and the waters of the World Ocean has reached a dangerous level. Every year (million tons) enters the ocean: 0.2-0.5 pesticides; 0.1 - organochlorine pesticides; 5-11 - oil and other hydrocarbons; 10 - chemical fertilizers; 6 - phosphorus compounds; 0.004 - mercury; 0.2 - lead; 0.0005 - cadmium; 0.38 - copper; 0.44 - manganese; 0.37 - zinc; 1000 - solid waste; 6.5-50 - solid waste; 6.4 - plastics. Despite the measures taken, oil pollution, the most dangerous for the ocean, is not decreasing (according to some forecasts, it will increase as long as the production and use of oil and oil products continue to grow). In the North Atlantic, the oil film occupies 2-3% of the area. The North and Caribbean Seas, the Persian Gulf, as well as areas adjacent to Africa and America, where oil is transported by tanker fleet, are most polluted with oil. Bacterial pollution of the coastal waters of some densely populated regions, in particular the Mediterranean Sea, has acquired dangerous proportions. As a result of water pollution by industrial effluents and wastes, an acute shortage of fresh water has arisen in a number of regions of the world. Water resources are also depleted indirectly - during deforestation, draining swamps, lowering the level of lakes as a result of water management activities, etc. Due to the need to search for new water resources, predict their condition and develop a rational water use strategy, mainly for densely populated, highly areas, the water problem has acquired an international character.

One of the main environmental problems is related to the deterioration of land resources. The anthropogenic load on agricultural and forestry lands in terms of energy is disproportionately less than on lands under cities, communications and mining, but it is precisely this that is the cause of the main losses of flora, fauna and land cover. Economic activity man on productive lands leads to a change in relief, a decrease in reserves and pollution of surface and groundwater. In the world, more than 120 million tons of mineral fertilizers and over 5 million tons of pesticides are annually applied to soils. Of the 1.47 billion hectares of arable land, 220 million hectares are irrigated, of which more than 1 is saline. Behind historical time as a result of accelerated erosion and other negative processes, humanity has lost almost 2 billion hectares of productive agricultural land. In territories with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates, as well as on the productive lands of regions with a hyperarid climate, the problem of land resources is associated with desertification (see Desert). Desertification affects an area of 4.5 billion hectares, where about 850 million people live, it is rapidly developing (up to 5-7 million hectares per year) in the tropical regions of Africa, South Asia and South America, as well as in the subtropics of Mexico . Great damage to the condition of agricultural land is caused by accelerated erosion caused by tropical downpours, characteristic of countries with a tropical, constantly and variable humid climate.

An increase in the area of land converted to agricultural use for the construction of roads, settlements and industrial (primarily mining) enterprises causes rapid deforestation, which occurs mainly in the tropical zone, in areas of tropical rainforests, whose ecosystems combine from 0.5 to 3 million species of organisms, being the largest repository of the Earth's genetic fund. Industrial logging also plays a significant role in deforestation. The lack of fossil fuel reserves in many developing countries, as well as high prices for it, have led to the fact that about 80% of the wood harvested here is used for fuel. The rate of deforestation is 6-20 million hectares per year. Deforestation is fastest in South America, eastern and South-East Asia and West Africa. During 1960-80, the area of tropical rainforests decreased by 2 times, and of all forests of the tropical belt by almost 1/3.

An important problem for mankind is the protection of the geological environment, i.e. the upper part of the lithosphere, which is considered as a multicomponent dynamic system that is under the influence of human engineering and economic activities and, in turn, determines this activity to a certain extent. The main component of the geological environment is rocks, which, along with solid mineral and organic components, contain gases, groundwater, and also "inhabiting" their organisms. In addition, the geological environment includes various objects created within the lithosphere by man and considered as anthropogenic geological formations. All these components - components of a single natural and technical system - are in close interaction and determine its dynamics.

In the formation of the structure and properties of the geological environment, the processes of interaction of the geospheres play an essential role. Anthropogenic impact causes the development of natural-anthropogenic and the emergence of new (anthropogenic) geological processes that lead to regular changes in the composition, state and properties of the geological environment.

According to UNESCO estimates, by 2000 the extraction of the most important minerals will reach 30 billion tons, by this time another 24 million hectares of land will be disturbed, and the amount of solid waste per unit mass of finished products will double. The size of the transport and communication network will double. Water consumption will increase to about 6,000 km3 per year. The area of forest land will decrease (by 10-12%), and the area of arable land will increase by 10-20% (compared to 1980).

Historical outline. The need for harmony between society and nature was pointed out in their works by K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin. Marx, for example, wrote: "Human projects that do not take into account the great laws of nature bring only disasters" (K. Marx, F. Engels, Soch., vol. 31, p. 210). This phrase was especially noted in the notes of V. I. Lenin, who emphasized that “generally speaking, it is also impossible to replace the forces of nature with human labor, just as it is impossible to replace arshins with pounds. Both in industry and in agriculture, a person can only use the action of the forces of nature if he has known their action, and facilitate this use for himself by means of machines, tools, etc." (Lenin V.I., PSS, vol. 5, p. 103).

In Russia, extensive measures for the protection of nature were already provided for by decrees of Peter I. The Moscow Society of Naturalists (founded in 1805), the Russian geographical society(founded in 1845) and others published articles in which questions of the environmental plan were raised. On the relevance of maintaining equilibrium in the environment natural environment in 1864 the American scientist J. P. Marsh wrote in his book Man and Nature. The ideas of protecting the natural environment at the international level were promoted by the Swiss scientist P. B. Sarazin, on whose initiative the first international conference on nature protection was convened in Bern (Switzerland) in 1913.

In the 30s. In the 20th century, a Soviet scientist, having considered on a global scale the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, came to the conclusion that "human economic and industrial activity in its scale and significance has become comparable to the processes of nature itself ... Man geochemically remakes the world" (Fersman A. E. ., Selected Works, vol. 3, p. 716). He made an invaluable contribution to understanding the global features of the evolution of the natural environment. Opening origin of three external geospheres, he apparently formulated the main law of geological development: in a single mechanism of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere living matter The Earth "performs functions of the greatest importance, without which it could not exist." Thus, V. I. Vernadsky actually established that the biotic "supercomponent" in the natural environment has control functions, because in a thin "film of life" on the planet, huge amounts of workable energy are concentrated and simultaneously dissipated from it. The conclusions of the scientist lead closely to the definition of a strategy for nature conservation: the management of the natural environment, its renewable resources should be built in accordance with how living matter and the habitat transformed by it are organized, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the spatial organization of the biosphere. Knowledge of the aforementioned law makes it possible to call the degree of reduction of the planetary biota by man the most important criterion for the state of the natural environment. Pointing to the beginning of the transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere, Vernadsky emphasized the spontaneous nature of many changes in the natural environment provoked by man.

The main attention to solving the problems of environmental protection is given after the 2nd World War 1939-45. The teachings of Vernadsky about living matter - the biosphere-noosphere and Fersman about technogenesis have been widely developed in the works of many Soviet and individual foreign scientists (A. P. Vinogradov, E. M. Sergeev, V. A. Kovda, Yu. A. Israel, A. (I. Perelman, M. A. Glazovskaya, F. Ya. Shipunov, P. Duvegno, etc.). During these years, there was an increase the international cooperation aimed at solving environmental problems. In 1948 biologists created the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and in 1961 the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Since 1969, extensive interdisciplinary research has been carried out by a specially created Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems (SCOPE). Much work is being done under the auspices of the UN, on whose initiative the permanent UN Environment Program (UNEP) was created in 1972. Within the framework of the UN, environmental problems are also solved by: the World Meteorological Organization (BMO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Commission on Environment and Development (MKOCP), etc. UNESCO implements or participates in a number of programmes, the main ones being: Man and the Biosphere (MAB), the International Hydrological Program (IHP) and the International Program on Geological Correlation (IGCP). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Economic Community (EEC), the Organization of American States (OAS), the League of Arab Countries for Education, Culture and Science (ALECSO) pay much attention to environmental issues.

The protection of flora and fauna on land is regulated by many international conventions and agreements. Since 1981, within the framework of the MAB, the Northern Scientific Network has been created, uniting Scientific research scientists from the Nordic countries (including the CCCP) in three priority areas: environmental conditions and land use in the zone of subarctic birch forests; biosphere reserves in subpolar and polar regions; land use practices and herbivorous animals in the tundra and northern taiga. In order to protect natural communities, genetic diversity and certain types developed a Plan for Biosphere Reserves, approved in 1984 by the International Coordinating Council of the MAB program. Works on biosphere reserves are being carried out in 62 countries under the auspices of UNESCO, UNEP and IUCN. At the initiative of UNESCO, UNEP, FAO and IUCN, the network of protected areas of the most valuable areas of tropical rain forests is expanding. Keeping about 10% of the area of primary forest intact can provide protection for at least 50% of the species of organisms. In developing countries, in order to reduce the volume of industrial logging in virgin forests, the use of forest plantations is increasing, the total area of which reaches several million hectares. The area of plantations of export crops is growing, this should reduce the use of forest resources for selling wood on the world market.

Protection of the geological environment. The main types of protection of the geological environment: protection of mineral and energy resources of the subsoil; groundwater protection; protection of rock masses as a source of natural underground space resources and the creation of artificial underground reservoirs and premises; protection and improvement of natural and anthropogenic soils as grounds for the placement of ground structures and components of natural and technical systems; forecasting and combating natural disasters. The goals of protecting the geological environment as a source of non-renewable minerals: ensuring scientifically based, rational use of natural mineral and energy resources, the greatest technically possible and economically feasible completeness of their extraction from, integrated use of deposits and mined mineral raw materials at all stages of processing; rational use of mineral raw materials in the economy and disposal of production waste, excluding unjustified losses of mineral raw materials and fuel. An increase in the effectiveness of the protection of the geological environment is facilitated by an increase in the use of alternative methods for obtaining mineral raw materials (for example, mining from sea water), replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones, etc.

Measures for the protection of groundwater are aimed at preventing the penetration of harmful (and generally polluting) substances into groundwater horizons and their further spread. Groundwater protection includes: implementation of technical and technological measures aimed at the multiple use of water in the technological cycle, waste disposal, development effective methods purification and neutralization of waste, prevention of the penetration of sewage from the surface of the Earth into groundwater, reduction of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and water bodies, reclamation of polluted soils; compliance with the requirements for the procedure for exploration of groundwater deposits, design, construction and operation of water intake facilities; implementation of proper water protection measures; management of the water-salt regime of groundwater.

Preventive measures include: systematic monitoring of the level of groundwater pollution; assessment of the scale and forecasts of changes in pollution; careful justification of the location of the projected large industrial or agricultural facility so that its negative impact on the environment and groundwater is minimal; equipment and strict observance of sanitary protection zones of the water intake site; assessment of the impact of the designed facility on groundwater and the environment; study of groundwater protection for reasonable placement of industrial and other facilities, water intake facilities and planning of water protection measures; identification and accounting of actual and potential sources of groundwater pollution; liquidation of abandoned and inactive wells, transfer of self-flowing wells to crane operation. The most important type of these measures is the creation of a specialized network of observation wells at large industrial facilities and centralized water intakes to monitor the state of groundwater.

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