An appeal is a word or phrase that names the person to whom we are addressing the speech.
In the example: Moscow! How I love you! inversion is the word Moscow.
Features of using offers with appeals
The appeal is often expressed in the nominative case with a noun:
Are you very thoughtful, Alexander?
Less commonly, appeals are adjectives that are in the meaning of a noun:
Take me back, beautiful, to the wide expanse
The nominative case of address differs mainly from the nominative case of the subject in its intonation, where someone's name is used, or a rise or fall in tone or tempo.
Compare: Petya will bring me a toy. - Petya, bring me a toy.
The appeal may be accompanied by words of explanation:
Your work, my dear, I will not forget.
When we address a speech not to one person, but to several, then usually an exclamation mark or a comma is placed between the names of these persons and they are connected coordinating union, For example:
Ivan and Peter, I will write letters to you.
Mother! Father! Run here quickly!
When speech has an intonation of excitement, then the appeal can be repeated:
Oh, Vasya, Vasya, I miss you
And also the interjection particle o can be used:
But I cannot, O enemies, I die.
The appeal is not part of the offer!
The appeal is never connected by any grammatical connections with any of the members of the proposal and therefore will never be its members.
Let's compare examples, where in one of which the word mother is an address, and in the other - the subject:
I love you, mother! - My mother speaks to me in a whisper.
Addresses in our speech have a special role, different from the role of the members of the sentence: all members of the sentence always serve to express a certain thought, the most common task of the appeal is often to make the interlocutor listen to the speech. That is why appeals are very often given names, nicknames, and so on:
Do you really want to leave us, Svetlana Nikolaevna?
Expression of feelings and emotions through appeals
The appeal is also sometimes accompanied by an expression of feelings of affection, rage, love, etc. This attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor is expressed mainly with the help of intonation, suffixes, definitions and applications, for example:
Ivanushka, dear, do not betray, dear!
Neighbor, my dear, please eat!
Sometimes the invocations can be expanded into often lengthy characteristics. In these cases, the call is repeated or modified and may have multiple definitions attached to it. For example:
Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long time.
The appeal is not always used only to certain persons, sometimes it can be used to inanimate objects in poetic speech: then it is one of the methods of impersonation.
Thank you, dear beauty, for your healing space! Idle thought's friend, my inkwell, I decorated my monotonous age with you.
Note. Often, we express rage, regret, love or indignation at the address of a person with an appropriate tone of nickname, name, name, and more. This is how sentences are called vocative. They should not be confused with appeals.
Let's take an example:
Voinitsky. He [Serebryakova] has nothing to do. He writes nonsense, grumbles, is jealous, nothing more.
S o n I (in a tone of rage). Uncle!
A little mindfulness test. In which of these sentences the word handsome will be used as an address.
, Primary School
Target: familiarization with the concept of "conversion".
Tasks:
- Observe the role of references in speech, place in a sentence.
- Consider punctuation when addressing.
- Develop speech, attention, thinking, memory, creative imagination.
- Cultivate interest in lessons Russian language, independence.
Equipment: word cards, a table with language material, a Russian language textbook for grade 4, Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary, a phonogram of the song "Forest Deer".
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Posting the topic of the lesson
- The epigraph to today's lesson is the words of the famous fabulist of Ancient Greece - Aesop.
“With the help of language, people communicate, resolve issues, greet, express affection, joy, gain knowledge, develop culture.”
- Today at the lesson we will get acquainted with a very interesting and important topic. Each of you must be very careful. But more on that later.
2. A moment of calligraphy
About about
3. Vocabulary work
1. Ship, soldier, loaf, fireworks, ticket, wagon, newspaper, station.
2. Self-test.
3. They will show me their notebooks ....
4. Learning new material
1) - Guys, put your hands down and listen to me. After checking your notebooks, I want to say that you, Natasha, did an excellent job, and you, Roma, are worse than you could have done it. Tell me, my friends, why did you put down your pens? And how did you know that my words are addressed to you? What was the offer? What exactly did I say? GUYS, PUT HANDS UP. Those. I called you guys and asked you to put down your pens.
– And how did Natasha and Roma find out the results of the dictionary work?
Do you remember exactly what I said?
- What helped you understand that I was talking to these guys? (I have named them).
- So what is this word that names the one to whom the speech is addressed?
- So, the topic of our lesson: "Proposals with appeals."
2) On the board:
Come on kids, let's start learning
And knowledge is a bright thread forever
Let's weave into our grateful memory!Y. Altynsarin
- Read the lines "to yourself."
Now let's read these lines aloud. Write the lines in your notebook.
- Find the appeal in these lines.
- Why did you decide that this is an appeal?
– What is an appeal?
What part of speech words can be used to express appeals?
- Is the appeal always one word? Prove it.
- For the word children, choose the appropriate adjectives in meaning.
- Read the lines again. Altynsarin with an adjective, suitable in meaning to the word children.
- Make a conclusion.
Conclusion: An appeal can be not only one word, but also a combination of words.
- Does the appeal stand out intonation?
- What corresponds to intonational emphasis in writing?
- Listen to what interpretation of the word "conversion" gives Ozhegov's dictionary. (Individual task for the child).
- Do our conclusions, conclusions coincide with the explanatory dictionary?
3) Now let's turn to textbook and read the rules on p. 215-214.
5. Consolidation of knowledge
1) – Calls are not always separated by commas.
On the desk:
People! Protect the environment.
- Write the sentence in your notebook.
- Find an appeal. Why is there an exclamation point after it?
What part of the sentence is the appeal?
- So, if the appeal is at the beginning of the sentence and is pronounced with a strong feeling, then an exclamation mark is placed after it.
– Please note that after the exclamation mark, the word must be capitalized
- Give examples of sentences with appeals so that it expresses a strong feeling.
2) Commented letter
Friends, life is calling us forward.
Oh, Misha, you're dirty.
You gave a great answer today, Julia.
- Where is the appeal located in the proposal?
3) Independent work(by options)
Change the sentences so that the appeal is at the beginning, in the middle, at the end of the sentence
Help me solve the problem, Ira.
Mom, let me go to the cinema today.
4) Verification
5) Generalization
6) Recording sentences from dictation, parsing them by members (at the blackboard)
Friends rejoice in their successes.
Friends, I rejoice in your success.
What part of the sentence is the word "friends" in the first sentence? In the second?
Conclusion: The appeal is not grammatically connected to any member of the sentence and therefore is not a member of the sentence.
In what case is the word-address in the second sentence? (Im. p.), but differs from the subject in vocative intonation. In Old Russian, there was a special vocative case for addresses. The vocative case can be found in A.S. Pushkin. (What do you want, old man?) Instead of "old man."
7) Generalization according to the table p. 215 No. 714
8) Work in groups
Write down a sentence, find an appeal, put the necessary punctuation marks.
- Wake up this earth, spring.
- Where are you flowing, brook?
- But you, mouse, cannot go everywhere.
- The main thing, guys, is not to grow old with your heart.
- Welcome starlings
9) Verification
10) creative work (Homework)
- And now, children, I suggest you listen to a wonderful song and find sentences with an appeal in it.
The phonogram of the song "Forest Deer" sounds
- Name proposals with appeals. What request does the girl make to the deer?
- So, imagine that the deer fulfilled the request of the girl, and together with her we ended up in a fairy tale. There were no ordinary boys and girls left in our class, everyone became wizards. There are fairy tale characters around us: Puss in Boots, Alice from the Looking Glass, Courageous Chipollino, brownie Kuzka and many others. Imagine that you are in
difficult situation and you need to write a mini-letter fairy tale hero asking for help. But please, do not forget about polite words and sentences with appeals.
6. Evaluation
213. Read an excerpt from a Russian folk tale"Fox with a rolling pin". After the address, pause (Ι) and pronounce them with a convocative intonation. What are the purpose of making sentences with appeals?
Sentences with appeals for the purpose of the statement are interrogative.
214. Read, find an appeal. How do they stand out in speech and in writing in writing? Write, emphasizing the appeal.
The appeal is separated by commas in the letter. If the appeal is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it. In oral speech, appeals are distinguished by vocative intonation.
215. Rearrange the appeals in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Read your sentences aloud.
1. Mom, res e shi (words) me to go to the book fair today. - Allow me, mother, to go to the book fair today. - Let me go to the book fair today, mom.
2. Guys, do not forget to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad. - Do not forget, guys, to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad. - Do not forget to prepare for the Russian language Olympiad, guys.
216. Make sentences according to the schemes. (Ο stands for inversion).
1. Kolya, when will you wake up?
2. Mikhail Igorevich! Congratulations on your anniversary!
3. You, Anyuta, need to read more.
4. How comfortable it is with you, Marya Ivanovna!
217. Read a Russian folk song. In which sentences are the underlined words used as references, and in which are they subject?
Oh how I love my cow.
How can I give her some nettles.
Eat your heart out cow(appeal) my;
You eat to your heart's content brown cow (appeal) my!
How I love my cow!
I’ll pour a hearty drink for a cow:
To be full cow (subject) my,
To cream brown cow (subject) gave.
218. Think of a situation when it is appropriate to address a young doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Rybakov, calling him:
Nikolay Ivanovich;
- Nikolai;
- son (son);
- Mr. Rybakov;
- colleague;
- young man;
- doctor.
Compose and write down 2-3 sentences with appeals. Make diagrams.
1. Nikolai Ivanovich, we are waiting for you in the ninth office. (appeal of colleagues at work).
2. Nikolai, do you think we will have time to drop into the stadium today? (friend's call) ?
3. Son, help me, please, bring the sofa into the living room. (mother's address to her son).
4. We are glad to see you, Mr. Rybakov, at our conference! (appeal at a business meeting)!
5. Well, colleague, let's start bypassing. (appeal of a colleague with whom he is on good terms).
6. Young man, let me pass. (appeal of a stranger).
7. When will you discharge us, doctor? (patient's request).
219. Make sentences with appeals to a stranger in the following situations:
- you want to know the way;
- you ask the seller to show the goods;
- You ask what time it is.
Please tell me how to get to the stop. Please show me that crystal vase. Sorry, can't tell me what time it is.
220. How differently (by last name, first name and patronymic, in a word with a diminutive - affectionate coloring) can address your parents (acquaintances, neighbors) different people? Make 5 sentences with different appeals addressed to one person.
Marinochka, let me help you cook dinner. Marina Petrovna, today at ten o'clock in the morning we will have a meeting. Dear Marina! Happy Birthday to You! Well, tell Kolka, aunt Marina, not to fight. Where's our salt, Marin?
221. Read fragments from M. Gorky's letter to his son. Write out sentences with appeals, put the necessary punctuation marks. What can be said, judged only by this appeal, about the attitude of M. Gorky to his son?
Offers with appeals: I am sending you, my friend, the book "The Living Word", it contains the best (words) samples (sample c) of the Russian (words) language ...
Bye see you! I hug you, my child!
Judging by the appeals, we can say that M. Gorky loved his son very much.
Appeal is a combination of word forms that express the name and title of the subject, to which the speech is directed.
They are usually nouns in nominative cases. They can be paired with a dependent word, they can be without them. Calls can be any . As emphasized in writing, and other aspects will be discussed later.
There are no specific, definite positions for these literary structures. They can be placed anywhere in the sentence.
In contact with
Examples
Beginning of the offer:
- Ivanov, Does it bother you that you have such a standard surname?
- Teacher, can I ask your colleague for help?
- Mr Jones, but do you know how a revolver differs from a pistol?
Appeal in the middle offers:
- It bothers me my dear friend, communicate with those who care about the names.
- Let's read a little more Darling because we don't have to get up early tomorrow.
- To be honest, in my opinion Dr. Stavropolsky, black lemonade can't taste good...
- If you were a bird dog, would you miss the owners?
At the end suggestions:
- I read the letter, and what do you think, I did not notice how you blushed, Smirnov?!
- I will not repeat three times, march to the board, dvushnik!
Appeals and subject
What member of a sentence can be a word form in ?
You can often hear the statement that the appeal is subject.
In fact, this is a delusion, although there are reasons to think so. The subject is also expressed in the same form, so it seems quite logical to confuse them. Nevertheless should be remembered:
- When the subject is a noun, the verb must be in the third person. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich knows important things about all the inhabitants of the house. Marinochka leaves after seven o'clock in the direction of the second tram.
- When there are appeals in sentences, it is usually one-part, while it contains a verb-predicate in the form of the second person. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich, do you know important things about all the inhabitants of the house? Marinochka, are you leaving after seven o'clock in the direction of the second tram?
- When the addresses are pronounced with special vocative intonations, for example, there are increased stresses or pauses. Examples: Children, come here immediately! I won’t repeat it twice, Tolya, correct the mistake!
What part of the sentence are the presented word forms? They are not members of the offer!
What words can be inversions
Most often, common sentences contain the name of persons(not to be confused with names, although names are included) or nicknames of animals. Moreover, it is not always the nickname that is applicable to them, often even the name of the species itself is an appeal. Examples:
- What do you tell me, Penkov, new? When, Vanya, are you going to get married?
- Well, Sharik, here we are alone...
- Oh, you dog, don't be a normal dog for you!
Nevertheless, in a speech with appeals from fiction, Appeals to inanimate objects are allowed:
- Well, Universe, I did not expect such a gift from you.
- I love you, life, you hear
Also possible geographical names:
- Oh, Russia, how glad I am to see you again!
- Well hello Germany, here we are again with you...
Important! Appeals and phrases of the interjective type are different things. Even if we take into account the seemingly obvious appeal to an animated person. For example: God save, God have mercy, thank God, thank God.
"You" and "you", despite all their similarities, almost never used as an address. They are subject parts of a sentence.
Eg:
Hello, dear lands and endless fields, and you, the birds of the sky, and you, the mighty winds!
However, in some cases these pronouns may be appeals. These cases are as follows:
1) When pronouns are used by themselves. Examples:
- Hey, you! Let's go as fast as we can!
- - Louder, you! the general shouted to the pianist and smiled authoritatively.
2) When pronouns are combinations of definitions with words that are defined if between these words there are second persons not separated by commas. Examples:
- Why do you have such a stupid look, you are my beloved handsome?
- You let us all down, you hear, you are our smart guy.
3) When the appeal contains a pronoun before which comes the particle "o", and after - the relative attributive clause. Examples:
- Do you hear me, you fools in Senate togas...
- O you, the best of the best, goddess of goddesses, queen of queens, can I love you?
How an appeal is distinguished
If the appeal is in the middle of a sentence, then it separate commas on both sides. If it is at the beginning of a sentence or at the end, then it is separated by a comma on one side.
- Thirty-five, are you ready to go to another camp or would you like to drink more coffee?
- One day you, son, will learn to be a father yourself.
- Was it not for nothing that I was who I was all my life, say, not for nothing, Lavrenty?
I would like to point out one extremely common mistake, used in punctuation in addresses.
Most often, in the texts, the appeal is used in one or two words, for example, “Hi, Pasha, how are you?”.
The frequent use of just such short appeals leads to the fact that many consider the appeal - a priori, a short part of the sentence.
Let's bring erroneous sentences with an appeal (attention, a mistake was intentionally made in the sentences):
1) Our brothers, at the table next door you are burnt under the summer sun.
2) Our brothers, at the table next door, you are burnt under the summer sun.
In the first sentence, the comma is placed with the expectation that the appeal is the phrase "Our brothers." However, it is obvious that the part "you got burned under the summer sun" is subordinate clause and must be separated by a comma.
That is exactly what was done in the second sentence. Nevertheless both are misspelled. The thing is that the comma after the words "Our brothers" should not stand at all, since the appeal is: "Our brothers are at the table next door." Despite the great length, it is this that is a whole and not a discontinuous appeal. It would be correct to write:
Our brothers are at the table nearby, you are burnt under the summer sun.
A similar example, only using the treatment at the end of the sentence:
“All the best to you, my dear and highly cultured comrade!”
If the appeal is at the very beginning and it is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then it should be remembered that it is not separated by commas, but is highlighted with an exclamation point, after which new is coming sentence, as expected, with a capital letter. Example:
My dear! Forget about past problems...
Attention! No matter how integral and inseparable the appeals may seem, there are situations when they can be separated by commas.
This happens if the union “and” is repeated in homogeneous circulation, for example:
All the best to both Marina and Elena.
In addition, when contacting multiple times in one sentence they should all separate. Example:
Stepan Semenovich, tell the guys, dear, how you spent the night at the front under the stars.
It also happens that one treatment is broken by another word form. This is done to emphasize the action. In this case, both parts must be separated by commas. Example:
Stronger equine, bey, hoof, chasing a step!
The scheme of the sentence with the studied word form can be compiled by the student independently.
How is appeal distinguished in sentences
Learn Russian - sentences with appeals
1. Alexey met his future classmates.2. All team players will stay today for additional training.3. Tourists who go to the mountains will take warm things with them.4. Igor Vadimovich postponed the meeting for an hour.
1. Have you forgotten about the meeting, Kolya?
2. And behind the forest, at the boundary, golden waves of rye walk slowly and smoothly
3. The wind bends a row of willows
4. On the gray seas from distant lands, ships go to bow to you
5. Widely you Rus on the face of the earth in the beauty of the royal unfolded
6. Do not pain, you soul, take a break from the hassle
7. Why don't you sleep, mom?
8. Varvara Stepanovna again turned to Volka
9. Enough Vanyusha you walked a lot 10. Guys, isn't Moscow behind us?
1. Bird voices rang everywhere in the field in the forest in the grove.
2. The sun appeared from behind the clouds but soon disappeared.
3. Flies wasps and bumblebees take refuge in dry shelters.
4. How beautiful the autumn forest is.
5. have you guys ever seen mighty age-old ship pines
Write down the meaning of the words you have underlined.
