From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
V. M. Bekhterev among students of the Imperial Military Medical Academy
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (January 20 (February 1), 1857, Sarali (now Bekhterevo, Yelabuga district) - December 24, 1927, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.
In 1907 he founded the psycho-neurological institute in St. Petersburg - the first in the world science Center for the comprehensive study of man and the scientific development of psychology, psychiatry, neurology and other "human science" disciplines, organized as a research and higher educational institution, now bearing the name of V. M. Bekhterev.
Biography
He was born into the family of a petty civil servant in the village of Sarali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province, presumably on January 20, 1857 (he was baptized on January 23, 1857). He was a representative of the ancient Vyatka family of Bekhterevs. Educated at the Vyatka Gymnasium and the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy.
At the end of the course (1878), Bekhterev devoted himself to the study of mental and nervous diseases and for this purpose he worked at the clinic of prof. I. P. Merzheevsky.
In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. And in 1884 he was sent abroad, where he studied with Dubois-Reymond (Berlin), Wundt (Leipzig), Meinert (Vienna), Charcot (Paris) and others.
On the defense of his doctoral dissertation (April 4, 1881) he was approved as a Privatdozent of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and since 1885 he was a professor at Kazan University and head of a psychiatric clinic in the Kazan district hospital. While working at Kazan University, he created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In 1893 he headed the Department of Nervous and Mental Diseases of the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the same year he founded the journal Neurological Bulletin. In 1894, Vladimir Mikhailovich was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895 - a member of the military medical scientific council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill. Since 1897 he also taught at the Women's Medical Institute.
He organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society for Normal and Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Organization of Labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others.
In November 1900, Bekhterev's two-volume "The pathways of the spinal cord and brain" was put forward Russian Academy Sciences for the Academician K.M. Baer Prize. In the same year, Vladimir Mikhailovich was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology.
After the completion of work on seven volumes of "Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain", Bekhterev's special attention as a scientist began to be attracted to the problems of psychology. Proceeding from the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and, above all, on the doctrine of combination (conditioned) reflexes. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration.
He was a member of the editorial committee of the multi-volume "Traite international de psychologie pathologique" ("International Treatise on Pathological Psychology") (Paris, 1908-1910), for which he wrote several chapters. In 1908, the Psychoneurological Institute founded by Bekhterev began its work in St. Petersburg.
Pedagogical, legal and medical faculties. In 1916, these faculties were transformed into the private Petrograd University at the Psychoneurological Institute. Bekhterev himself took an active part in the work of the institute and the university, headed the economic committee of the latter.
In May 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. Soon the Institute was opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
At the age of about 70, he married a second marriage to Yagoda's young niece, Berta Yakovlevna.
He died suddenly on December 24, 1927 in Moscow. He was buried on Literatorskie bridges at the Volkovsky cemetery in Leningrad.
After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.
Bekhtereva Street in Moscow is the largest in Moscow, the 14th city psychiatric hospital named after Bekhterev, which serves all districts of Moscow, especially the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.
Versions of the causes of death
By official version The cause of death was food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is associated with a consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.
According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:
“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a version, but an obvious thing. He was killed for Lenin's diagnosis - syphilis of the brain.
VERSIONS ON THE CAUSES OF V.M. BEKHTEREV
Lukashina V.A., Gubanova G.V.
2012 marks the 155th birthday and 85th death anniversary of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, the founder of domestic experimental psychology, a doctor, neuropathologist, psychiatrist, physiologist and morphologist, whose work on the study of brain morphology has become a significant contribution to science.
The circumstances of the unexpected death of this remarkable scientist, which followed on December 24, 1927, have not yet been finally clarified and serve as the basis for various legends. There are several versions of the reasons for Bekhterev's death. Let's consider some of them.
According to the official version, the cause of death was food poisoning. According to information, in December 1927, Bekhterev, going from Leningrad to Moscow for the 1st All-Union Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, received a telegram from the Kremlin's medical department with a request, upon arriving in Moscow, to contact the department. On Friday, December 22, returning from the Kremlin, Bekhterev made a report at the congress, then, from the very morning of December 23, he examined new laboratory Institute of Psychoprophylaxis, and from there went to the Bolshoi Theater for Tchaikovsky's ballet "Swan Lake". It was there that the scientist seemed to have eaten something in the buffet, and this contributed to his poisoning. From the second act V.M. Bekhterev returned to the apartment of Professor S.I. Blagovolin, with whom he stayed in Moscow, feeling unwell. A visiting professor, Burmin, prescribed bed rest for him. By evening, Bekhterev's health deteriorated sharply. This time, together with Burmin, Professor Shervinsky arrived, as well as two doctors - Klimenkov and Konstantinovsky. Both professors confirmed the morning diagnosis - an acute gastrointestinal illness; The doctors stayed on duty for the night.
The general poisoning of Bekhterev's organism grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became ragged. The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of heart failure.
On the morning of December 25, Blagovolin's apartment was filled with the luminaries of Soviet medicine of that time. Neurologists G.I. arrived. Rossolimo, L.S. Minora, V.V. Kramer, psychiatrist V.A. Gilyarovsky, pathologist A.I. Abrikosov, People's Commissar of Health N.A. Semashko. Sculptor I.D. Shadr removed the plaster mask, and Professor Abrikosov removed the brain of the deceased. The last will of V.M. Bekhterev: to transfer his brain to the Leningrad Institute for Brain Research, to cremate the body.
The death of Bekhterev gave rise to a version of the legend with many unknowns. Doubts about the official version arose among many colleagues of the medical scientist. Some believe that it is strange and stupid to think "as if a world-famous scientist could be treated to stale food in a glorified theater." Others argue that the sick Bekhterev received insufficient and unqualified assistance. An obituary in the Journal of Knowledge reported that the cause of death was a gastrointestinal disease.
This conclusion is assessed by supporters of the poisoning version as "vague and unprofessional". This, of course, is not at all the case. Doctors tried to do everything possible, using all the achievements of science of that time.
It seems strange, in our opinion, that "representatives of the People's Commissariat of Health decided not to do an autopsy and pathoanatomical examination, but decided only to remove the brain" . The body was supposedly cremated at the will of the scientist, but all Bekhterev's relatives (except his wife) were against this.
One of the assumptions was that Bekhterev was deliberately poisoned by the NKVD after he spoke impartially about the state of mental health of I.V. Stalin. It was as if Bekhterev was several hours late for the meeting of the congress on December 22. When asked by his colleagues about the reason for the delay, he replied with irritation that he "was watching one dry-armed paranoid." Moreover, Bekhterev made a disastrous conclusion for himself that with such a disease a person cannot lead the country. And Bekhterev casually and openly allegedly shared these conclusions with his colleagues, frankly calling Stalin "a dry-handed paranoid." But even a novice psychiatrist cannot say that about a patient, and Bekhterev was the largest specialist recognized throughout the world. He was distinguished by exceptional tact, delicacy, subtlety in relations with people, urged his colleagues to observe medical secrecy, to spare the pride of patients ...
A completely different version of Bekhterev's death was expressed in an interview with Rudolf Balandin, a correspondent for the magazine "Technology of Youth", writer Gleb Anfilov. According to his hypothesis, the scientist's death was directly related to his work in the field of creating "ideological weapons". During conversations with former employees of Bekhterev, Anfilov learned that two directions in research stood out. One of them is the transmission of thoughts and emotions at a distance, that is, telepathy. In the development of another direction, a conventional radio network or microphone was used for suggestion.
The "ideological weapon" resulting from the experiments was supposed to have an internal application. If psychological weapons are usually used to suppress and disorganize the enemy, then, on the contrary, this was supposed to mobilize and inspire "our own". In fact, it was a weapon to conquer their own people. It created not only obedient crowds, but also the image of an adored leader. At the beginning of 1927, one of the leaders of the work suddenly disappeared, most likely, he fled to Germany, taking secret papers with him. This explains a lot in the similarity of the political situations in Russia and Germany at that time.
Bekhterev was under the gun of the NKVD. In addition, the authorities no longer felt the need for it, since the method had been worked out and tested. .
“The circumstances of the death of Academician Bekhterev at the end of the twenties were secretly investigated by three major Russian lawyers: N. K. Muravyov, P. N. Malyantovich and A. A. Iogansen, ”the grandson of the latter writes in his book. According to the author of this study, in 1927 G.E. Zinoviev, who was at the head of the Leningrad party organization, having entered into a mortal battle with Stalin for power, decided to bring charges against the “leader and teacher” of poisoning Lenin. Zinoviev in 1927 hoped to defeat Iosif Vissarionovich with the help of Bekhterev's testimony. For which he began to put pressure on the scientist. He examined the sick Lenin in 1923 and had no doubt that Vladimir Ilyich was poisoned. The expert opinion of Bekhterev - a scientist with a worldwide reputation and colossal authority - could put Stalin in a very difficult position. However, there was a way out. "No person - no problem."
And the great scientist was gone.
The same opinion was shared by Bekhterev's great-grandson, Svyatoslav Lebedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain. He believes that the scientist was killed because of the diagnosis made to Vladimir Lenin (cerebral syphilis). Although Vladimir Ilyich was already lying in the mausoleum by that time, the truth about the true cause of his death was in no way supposed to become public. Therefore, preventing the leakage of dangerous information, Bekhterev could well have been killed.
Later, Natalya Petrovna Bekhtereva, speaking on television, stated literally the following: “In our family, everyone knew that his second wife had poisoned Vladimir Mikhailovich ...”. And this statement further confuses the already complicated story of the death of the famous academician...
The death of the great Russian scientist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, who, among many other things, was engaged in the physiology of higher nervous activity, is still surrounded by a veil of secrecy. Confirmation or refutation of any of the versions can only be work with archival classified documents of the NKVD, provided that such documents exist.
Rae.ru›forum2012/9/2506
But none of the measures worked. The general poisoning of Bekhterev's organism grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became ragged.
The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of heart failure.
Voenternet.livejournal.com›179491.html
The official version of the cause of death was: heart failure due to a short attack ...
The purpose of this article is to find out true reason death of the outstanding Russian psychiatrist Academician VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV by his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
2 8 30 49 55 72 78 81 84 96 97 102 112 125 135 152 165 175 197 198 208 220 235 238 248 272
B E H T E R E V V L A D I M I R M I KH A Y L O V I C
272 270 264 242 223 217 200 194 191 188 176 175 170 160 147 137 120 107 97 75 74 64 52 37 34 24
3 15 16 21 31 44 54 71 84 94 116 117 127 139 154 157 167 191 193 199 221 240 246 263 269 272
V L A D I M I R M I KH A Y L O V I C B E H T E R E V
272 269 257 256 251 241 228 218 201 188 178 156 155 145 133 118 115 105 81 79 73 51 32 26 9 3
BEKHTEREV VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH = 272.
272 \u003d 139-VIOLATIONS + 133-MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM.
272 \u003d 199-RHYTHM DISORDERS + 73-MYOCARDIA.
272 = 191-\63-DEATH + 128-HEART\ + 81-PARALLY
97 \u003d 57-(c) HEART + 40-DIFFERENCE * (d)
__________________________________
176 = (short) CHEN MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM*
102 \u003d 57-(c) HEART + 45-DISCORD*
___________________________________
175 \u003d (short) CHEN RHYTHM MYOCARDIA * (a)
Marked with an asterisk (supporting letters of the NAME code).
Reference:
Short PQ Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
FB.ru›article/279943/sindrom-ukorochennogo-pq…
Short PQ syndrome is one of a whole galaxy of manifestations of cardiac arrhythmias. It is rarely an independent pathology.
Basically, it appears in the case histories as a complication of the underlying disease and is one of the common causes of sudden death.
84 \u003d 3- (from an injection) B * + 81-PARALYSIS
________________________________
191 = INJECTION PARALYSIS*
157 \u003d (steam) ALICH FROM INJECTIONS *
____________________________
118 \u003d IN * INFLUENCE UK (tin)
154 = (steam)
_____________________________
133 = INFLUENCE UCO*(fish)
139 = (steam)
____________________________
145 = IMPACT *(s)
"Deep" decryption offers the following options, in which all columns match:
BE (yes) + (backs) X (ae) T (sya) + (breathe) E (n) RE (r) V (ano) + V (sudden) (times) LAD (r) I (tma) MI ( eye) R (yes) + M (gnoven) I (e) + (backs) XA (yuschi) Y (sya) + (stop) L (en) O (kro) V (circulation) + (paral) ICH
272 \u003d BE, X, T, +, E, RE, B, + V, LAD, I, MI, R, + M, I, +, XA, Y, +, L, O, V, +, ICH.
BE (yes) + (backs) X (ae) T (sya) + (breathe) E (n) RE (r) V (ano) + V (sudden) (times) LAD (r) I (tma) MI ( eye) R (yes) + (y) MI (swarming) + (backs) XA (nie) + (de) Y (action) (uko) LOV + (paral) ICH
272 \u003d BE, +, X, T, +, E, RE, B, + V, LAD, I, MI, R, +, MI, +, XA, +, Y, LOV +, ICH.
Reference:
What is cardiac paralysis
cordislab.com›zabolevaniya-serdca/347…umiraet…
Sudden death of the heart is a human condition in which the heart muscle, for no apparent reason, ceases to maintain the correct rhythm and stops its work. That is in simple words the heart abruptly stops beating.
Cardiac paralysis is a life-threatening (terminal) condition in which voluntary contractions of the myocardium suddenly stop, as a result of which the heart muscles lose the ability to pump blood and maintain normal blood flow in the body.
Heart paralysis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis...
ilive.com.ua›paralich-serdca 98304i15949.html
Sudden cardiac arrest is cardiac paralysis. The heart suddenly stops beating for no apparent reason.
zoovet.ru›slovo.php?slovoid=5043
Sudden cardiac death, cardiac paralysis
medicin-germany.ru›bolezni…smert-paralich-serdca/
Sudden cardiac death is understood as a condition when the heart is unexpected and without previous reasons ... In most cases, instant cardiac death is caused by a violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the heart ...
5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 110 116 135 138 145 162 181 196 202 207 213 224 225 227 244 276
T H E D E D E C A B R Y
276 271 268 267 262 239 238 219 190 166 160 141 138 131 114 95 80 74 69 63 52 51 49 32
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
D (breathing) (interrupt) V (ano) + (stop) A + (ser) DCA + (death) T + (toxic) CH (skoe) ((o) T (ra) V (lenium) + (m) ЁRT (c) + O (became) (blood circulation) E + (ser) DE (full) KA (tastropha) + (gi) B (spruce) + (from) P (avils) I
276 \u003d D, V, +, A +, DCA, T +, CH, T, V, +, ERT, + O, E +, DE, KA, +, B, +, R, I.
We look at the column in the upper table of the FULL NAME code:
238 = (twenty) FOURTH OF DECEMBER
____________________________________
37 \u003d TWICE (at ...)
238 = 37-POISON + 201-DYING FROM PICKS
_
37 = POISON
Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = SEVENTY = 146.
18 24 37 66 71 77 95 127 146
SEVENTY
146 128 122 109 80 75 69 51 19
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
CE (rdecnaya) (s) M (ert) b + D (yahani) E (interrupts) SYA + (ka) T (astrophe)
146 \u003d CE, M, L + D, E, XA + , T,.
We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
127 = SEVENTY(t)
_______________________________________
127 \u003d 12- (uko) L + 115- FATAL (outcome)
_______________________________________
155 = 12-(uko)L + 143-DOILE IS(turn)
(1857-1927) Russian psychiatrist and neuropathologist
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was born in the small Udmurt village of Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province. His father, Mikhail Bekhterev, was a bailiff, his mother, Nadezhda Lvovna, came from a merchant family.
Vladimir was the third and youngest child in the family. The first years of his life were spent in constant travel. Father was promoted to Glazov, where the family settled in their own house. Soon, the elder Bekhterev received a new promotion and became the head of the department for the supervision of political exiles. With one of them, the Polish journalist K. Tkhizhevsky, Vladimir worked foreign languages preparing to enter high school. In 1864, he and his mother arrived in Vyatka, where he successfully passed the exams and was immediately admitted to the second grade of the gymnasium. But success was overshadowed by the unexpected conclusion of doctors who discovered consumption in his father. Bekhterev had to move again, this time to Vyatka, where his father bought a house, and the family began to settle in a new place. Soon Vladimir's father died, but his mother managed to ensure that her children were taught at the gymnasium "at public expense."
Vladimir becomes one of the best students at the gymnasium, he passes the training program ahead of schedule and receives a matriculation certificate when he was not yet 17 years old. In the summer of 1872 he came to St. Petersburg and became a student at the Medical and Surgical Academy. According to the results of the entrance exams, he received the right to free education with the only condition: after completing his studies, he had to become a military doctor.
My future profession Vladimir Bekhterev chose by chance. In his second year, he had a nervous breakdown from overload, and he ended up in an academic clinic, which was led by one of the largest Russian psychiatrists, Ivan Mikhailovich Balinsky. After recovering, Bekhterev begins attending Balinsky's student seminar.
Together with Vladimir Bekhterev, the future physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov studied at the Academy. After graduation educational institution their friendship was not interrupted until the death of Bekhterev, although the relationship between them was more like a rivalry.
In 1877 began Russian-Turkish war, and, despite the fact that senior students were not subject to conscription, Bekhterev obtained permission to go to the front. He worked as a doctor as part of a medical detachment organized at the expense of the entrepreneurs of the Ryzhov brothers, and participated in all major battles. The day after the capture of Plevna, Vladimir Bekhterev fell ill with malaria, and after staying in the evacuation hospital he was sent for treatment to St. Petersburg.
After leaving the hospital, Vladimir Bekhterev found out that, as a participant in hostilities, he could continue his education free of charge and without a reduction in the term. However, he did not use the privilege he received and passed all the exams ahead of schedule, along with fellow students who did not interrupt their studies. In 1878 Bekhterev brilliantly defended thesis dedicated to the treatment of rare forms of tuberculosis. The Academic Council recommended it for publication and awarded the author a nominal prize.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev could not use the right to defend his doctoral dissertation without first passing the exams, since he had to continue his military service. Taking into account the scientific merits of the young doctor, the leadership of the Academy was able to agree on the continuation of his service as a trainee in the academic clinic for mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev became one of Balinsky's students. In parallel with his work in the clinic, he taught at the Academy.
In 1878 he married his compatriot N. Bazilevskaya. Soon, the spouses have a son, Eugene, and after him, a daughter, Olga. A week after her birth, Vladimir Bekhterev brilliantly defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine and the title of Privatdozent. His dissertation was devoted to establishing links between mental disorders and clinical symptoms. He formed signs by which it was possible to establish the presence of a particular mental illness.
In addition to the award of a doctoral degree, Bekhterev was granted the right to make a business trip abroad. He went to Germany, where he wanted to do an internship with the leading German neurologists Westphal and Mendel. Arriving in Berlin, Vladimir Bekhterev learned that the German government limited the length of stay of foreigners in the capital to six weeks. Then he moved to Leipzig, where he began working in the clinic of P. Flexig. Under the guidance of a scientist, Bekhterev for the first time turns to the study of physiology nervous processes. He published several articles in German journals, where he laid the foundations of a new science called neurophysiology.
Flexig highly appreciated the work of the Russian scientist and suggested that Bekhterev continue his internship in Paris, with the famous scientist Jean Martin Charcot. However, having arrived in Paris, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev received a letter from the Minister of Education A. Delyanov, who offered the scientist to take the position of professor and head of the department of mental illness at Kazan University. By that time, he was among the largest scientists in Europe.
Vladimir Bekhterev agrees and after spending only a few weeks in Paris in the summer of 1885, he returns to Russia. In Kazan, he becomes the head of one of the largest psycho-neurological centers in the country, thanks to the funds allocated by the authorities, he opens a laboratory and a clinic. Gradually, Bekhterev creates an equipped last word neurophysiological laboratory, which develops unique methods for the treatment of mental illness.
A talented scientist studies the structure of the brain, and summarizes his observations in the book Pathways of the Brain (1892), which was immediately translated into basic European languages. On his initiative, a department of neuropathology was established in Kazan, headed by a student of Bekhterev, Professor L. Darkshevich.
However, the scientist's family life is not going as smoothly as scientific career. Soon after moving to Kazan, his eldest son dies of tuberculosis. But after a while, a son and a daughter are born to him.
In 1893, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to head the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases. Having moved to St. Petersburg, the scientist focuses on studying the physiology of the brain. In the clinic he runs, he organizes the first neurosurgical department in the country. A team of promising young researchers gathers around the scientist, a unique scientific community is emerging in which surgeons work side by side with psychiatrists. For the first time in the world, Bekhterev demonstrates cases of surgical treatment of mental illness. In addition, he organizes a number of specialized laboratories at the clinic, in which research is carried out in the anatomy and physiology of the brain, in experimental psychology. At the initiative of the scientist, special medical workshops are organized in which patients work. He proved that work can be the most important tool for the treatment of mental disorders.
In 1895, the scientist published the second edition of the book "Brain Pathways", for which he was nominated for the K. Baer Prize, the highest award in natural sciences Russian Academy of Sciences. Bekhterev addresses the Academy with a letter in which he agrees to accept the prize only if it is shared with I. Pavlov, whose work was also nominated. The Presidium of the Academy decides to combine the first and second prizes and award the scientists a special award in the amount of 700 rubles.
In parallel with the recognition in Russia, the international fame of Bekhterev is also growing. He becomes a member of a number of major scientific societies and European academies of sciences. On May 15, 1899, he was awarded the title of Academician of the Military Medical Academy.
At the end of the XIX century. the clinic led by the scientist becomes the largest center both in Russia and in Europe for the training of neuropathologists and psychiatrists. It employs interns from different countries the world and from all parts of the country. The clinic publishes several scientific journals and annual scientific reports.
Vladimir Bekhterev's ability to work was truly amazing. He published about twenty scientific works, taught, made daily rounds, and had a weekly outpatient appointment. Under his leadership, unique methods for diagnosing brain diseases were developed. It is curious that back in 1907, the doctor G. Vikhrev, who worked in the Bekhterev clinic, built the world's first roentgenoscope - a device that made it possible to obtain stereoscopic x-ray images. Bekhterev appreciated the discovery and predicted a great future for him, but at that time the level of development of science did not allow creating a full-fledged apparatus. Only many years later it will be built in the USA and named a tomograph.
With the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev sent his students to Far East for neurosurgical care of the wounded.
In 1905, the head of the Military Medical Academy suddenly dies, and the Academic Council unanimously votes for the appointment of Bekhterev to this post. Already in the first months of stay on new position he decides to reinstate at the Academy all the students previously expelled for participating in revolutionary actions. Fearing unrest, the authorities did not dare to cancel Bekhterev's order, but in January 1906 the Minister of War nevertheless removed him from his post, motivating his decision by the fact that administrative activities distract the scientist from scientific research.
Bekhterev plunges headlong into scientific work, releasing his fundamental work "Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain". In this work, he establishes the correspondence of the system of conditioned reflexes with the work of various parts of the brain, develops a method for complex diagnostics of the brain, with the help of which doctors of subsequent generations successfully treated patients. The work was nominated for the Baer Prize, but Bekhterev did not receive it because of the negative feedback from I. Pavlov, who did not accept the concept of his colleague, considering it too revolutionary.
Free time Vladimir Bekhterev usually spent at the dacha in the town of Kuokkala. There he met the famous Russian artist Ilya Repin, who painted a portrait of the scientist.
After the end of the war with Japan, Bekhterev was able to achieve the implementation of his long-standing plan - to organize a Psychoneurological Institute. Over time, it became both an educational and research institution. Bekhterev gathered a team of leading Russian scientists. Physiologist Nikolai Vvedensky, historian Yevgeny Tarle, chemist D. Tsvet, biologists G. Wagner and M. Kovalevsky gave lectures at the Institute.
When in 1911 some teachers left state universities in protest against the policy of the then Minister of Education Lev Kasso, many of them began to work for Bekhterev. The authorities did not like this development of events, and at the first opportunity that presented itself in 1913, when Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev turned 56 years old, he was asked to submit a resignation letter with military service, which meant leaving the Academy. At the same time, he was forced to stop working at the Women's Medical Institute, they tried to fire him from the Psycho-Neurological Institute, but Kasso's order caused a unanimous protest of the entire team, and the authorities did not insist on the implementation of the decision.
Bekhterev remained at the head of the institute until 1918, when, by decision of the Soviet government, the institution was renamed the Institute of the Brain.
After leaving the academy, the scientist published a two-volume work "General Diagnosis of Diseases nervous system”, where he summarized his vast experience. For many years, this work has been a reference book for neurologists and psychiatrists.
After the Bolsheviks came to power, Vladimir Bekhterev worked on the scientific councils of the People's Commissariat of Education and the People's Commissariat of Health. At the Bekhterev Institute, courses were opened to train military paramedics for the Red Army.
The scientist kept typing scientific works. In 1918 he published the book " General Basics reflexology", in which he applies Pavlov's observations to man. Soon Bekhterev became president of the Psychoneurological Academy.
In the spring of 1923, he goes on a business trip abroad, and on the way he stops in Moscow, where he advises Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who shortly before had a massive stroke that caused loss of speech and paralysis.
In 1925, Moscow and Leningrad celebrated the 40th anniversary of scientific activity Bekhterev. Shortly after the anniversary, he loses his wife - she dies of pneumonia. To support him, the older brother Nikolai moves to Bekhterev. Trying to re-arrange his family life, the famous scientist marries one of his employees.
In December 1927, he arrived in Moscow, where a congress of neuropathologists and psychiatrists was opening. On the morning of December 24, the scientist was unexpectedly summoned to the Kremlin for a consultation. Only many years later it became known that on that day he examined Joseph Stalin and gave him a ruthless but correct diagnosis - paranoid schizophrenia. In the evening, Vladimir Bekhterev came to a banquet on the occasion of the opening of the congress, and the next day he suddenly died of acute intestinal poisoning. Although the doctors insisted on an autopsy, the body of the scientist was urgently cremated and sent to Leningrad. The urn with the ashes was installed in the institute's museum created back in 1925. Only many years later she was buried at the Volkovo cemetery.
The work of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was continued by his descendants. The daughter of his son Peter, Natalya Petrovna Bekhtereva, became a neuropathologist and was elected a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the development of new methods of treatment.
BEKHTEREV Vladimir Mikhailovich(1857-1927) - Russian physiologist, neuropathologist, psychiatrist, psychologist. He founded the first experimental psychological laboratory in Russia (1885), and then the Psychoneurological Institute (1908), the world's first center for the comprehensive study of man. Based on the reflex concept of mental activity put forward by Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, he developed a natural science theory of behavior. Arising in opposition to the traditional introspective psychology of consciousness, the theory of V.M. Bekhterev was originally called objective psychology (1904), then psychoreflexology (1910) and finally reflexology (1917). V.M. Bekhterev made a major contribution to the development of Russian experimental psychology (General Foundations of Human Reflexology, 1917).
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a well-known Russian neurologist, neuropathologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system, was born on January 20, 1857. in the village of Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province, in the family of a petty civil servant. In August 1867 he began classes at the Vyatka gymnasium, and since Bekhterev decided in his youth to devote his life to neuropathology and psychiatry, after finishing seven classes of the gymnasium in 1873. he entered the Medico-Surgical Academy.
In 1878 graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, was left for further education at the Department of Psychiatry under I. P. Merzheevsky. In 1879 Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists.
April 4, 1881 Bekhterev successfully defended his doctoral thesis in medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness" and received academic title Privatdozent. In 1884 Bekhterev went on a business trip abroad, where he studied with such well-known European psychologists as Dubois-Reymond, Wundt, Flexig and Charcot.
After returning from a business trip, Bekhterev begins to give a course of lectures on the diagnosis of nervous diseases to fifth-year students of Kazan University. Being since 1884. professor at the Kazan University at the Department of Mental Diseases, Bekhterev provided the teaching of this subject with the establishment of a clinical department in the Kazan district hospital and a psychophysiological laboratory at the university; founded the Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, founded the journal "Neurological Bulletin" and published a number of his works, as well as those of his students in various departments of neuropathology and anatomy of the nervous system.
In 1883 Bekhterev was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Russian Doctors for the article "On forced and violent movements during the destruction of some parts of the central nervous system." In this article, Bekhterev drew attention to the fact that nervous diseases can often be accompanied by mental disorders, and with mental illness, signs of organic damage to the central nervous system are also possible. In the same year he was elected a member of the Italian Society of Psychiatrists.
His most famous article "Stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" was published in the capital's journal "Doctor" in 1892. Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" (now better known as Bekhterev's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid spondylitis), that is, a systemic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue with damage to the articular-ligamentous apparatus of the spine, as well as peripheral joints, sacroiliac articulation, hip and shoulder joints and involvement in the process of internal organs. Bekhterev also singled out such diseases as choreic epilepsy, syphilitic multiple sclerosis, acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics. These, as well as other neurological symptoms first identified by the scientist and a number of original clinical observations, are reflected in the two-volume book " Nervous diseases in individual observations”, published in Kazan.
Since 1893 The Kazan Neurological Society began to regularly publish its own printed organ - the journal Neurological Bulletin, which was published until 1918. edited by Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev. In the spring of 1893 Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to take the chair of mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev arrived in St. Petersburg and began to create the first neurosurgical operating room in Russia.
In the laboratories of the clinic, Bekhterev, together with his staff and students, continued numerous studies on the morphology and physiology of the nervous system. This allowed him to complete the materials on neuromorphology and begin work on the fundamental seven-volume work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions.
In 1894 Bekhterev was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895. he became a member of the Military Medical Scientific Council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill charity home.
November 1900 The two-volume "Conducting Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain" was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K. M. Baer Prize. In 1902 He published the book Mind and Life. By that time, Bekhterev had prepared for publication the first volume of Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain, which became his main work on neurophysiology. Here are collected and systematized general provisions about brain activity. So, Bekhterev presented the energy theory of inhibition, according to which the nerve energy in the brain rushes to the center that is in an active state. According to Bekhterev, this energy, as it were, flows to him along the pathways connecting individual areas of the brain, primarily from nearby areas of the brain, in which, as Bekhterev believed, “a decrease in excitability, therefore, depression” occurs.
In general, Bekhterev's work on the study of brain morphology made an invaluable contribution to the development domestic psychology He, in particular, was interested in the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of white matter spinal cord and the course of the fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, he managed to find out the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (the visual tubercles, the vestibular branch of the auditory nerve, the inferior and superior olives, the quadrigemina).
Dealing directly with the functions of the brain, Bekhterev discovered the nuclei and pathways in the brain; created the doctrine of the pathways of the spinal cord and the functional anatomy of the brain; established the anatomical and physiological basis of balance and spatial orientation, discovered in the cerebral cortex centers of movement and secretion of internal organs, etc.
After completing work on the seven volumes of Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain, Bekhterev's special attention began to be attracted to the problems of psychology. Bekhterev spoke about the equal existence of two psychologies: he singled out subjective psychology, the main method of which should be introspection, and objective psychology. Bekhterev called himself a representative of objective psychology, but he considered it possible to study objectively only the externally observable, i.e. behavior (in the behaviorist sense), and the physiological activity of the nervous system.
Based on the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and above all on the doctrine of conditioned reflexes. Thus, Bekhterev creates a whole doctrine, which he called reflexology, which actually continued the work of objective psychology of Bekhterev.
In 1907-1910 Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration.
To describe the complex forms of reflex activity, Bekhterev proposed the term "associative-motor reflex" He also described whole line physiological and pathological reflexes, symptoms and syndromes. Physiological reflexes discovered by Bekhterev (shoulder-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bekhterev's dorsal reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways. Ankylosing spondylitis symptoms are observed in various pathological conditions: dorsal tabes, sciatic neuralgia, massive cerebral strokes, angiotrophoneurosis, pathological processes in the membranes of the base of the brain, etc.
To assess the symptoms, Bekhterev created special devices (an algesimeter that allows you to accurately measure pain sensitivity; a baresthesiometer that measures pressure sensitivity; a myoesthesiometer - a device for measuring sensitivity, etc.).
Bekhterev also developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children, the relationship between nervous and mental illnesses, psychopathy and circular psychosis, the clinic and pathogenesis of hallucinations, described a number of forms of obsessive states, various manifestations of mental automatism. For the treatment of neuropsychic diseases, he introduced an associative reflex therapy of neuroses and alcoholism, psychotherapy by the method of distraction, collective psychotherapy As a sedative, Bekhterev's mixture was widely used.
In 1908 Bekhterev created the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg and became its director. After the revolution in 1918 Bekhterev applied to the Council of People's Commissars with a request to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. When the institute was created, Bekhterev took the position of its director and remained so until his death. The Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity was subsequently named the State Reflexology Institute for the Study of the Brain named after. V. M. Bekhtereva.
In 1921 Academician V. M. Bekhterev, together with the well-known animal trainer V. L. Durov, conducted experiments of mental suggestion to trained dogs of pre-conceived actions. Similar experiments were carried out in the practical laboratory of zoopsychology, which was directed by V. L. Durov with the participation of one of the pioneers of mental suggestion in the USSR, engineer B. B. Kazinsky.
Already by the beginning of 1921. in the laboratory of V.L. Durov, over 20 months of research, 1278 experiments of mental suggestion (to dogs) were carried out, including 696 successful and 582 unsuccessful. Experiments with dogs showed that mental suggestion does not have to be carried out by a trainer, it could be an experienced inducer. It was only necessary that he knew and applied the method of transmission established by the trainer. The suggestion was carried out both in direct visual contact with the animal, and at a distance, when the dogs did not see or hear the trainer, and he did not hear them. It should be emphasized that the experiments were carried out with dogs that had certain changes in the psyche that arose after special training.
In 1927, Bekhterev was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. The great scientist died on December 24, 1927.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (1857 - 1927) - an outstanding Russian neuropathologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system.
V. M. Bekhterev was born in with. Sorali of the Vyatka province, in the family of a collegiate secretary. At the age of 16, after graduating from high school, he entered the Medical and Surgical Academy, later renamed the Military Medical Academy. Due to severe overwork in preparation for the entrance exams and nervous stress, associated with passing exams, in September he was treated at the clinic of nervous diseases of Professor N. N. Sikorsky. The acquaintance and conversations with the professor made such a big impression on the young man that it determined his choice of specialization and active position in mastering his future profession.
An incentive for self-realization creativity Vladimir Bekhterev became an opportunity, starting from the third year, to actively engage in research work.
In 1878, after graduating from the Academy, he was left at the Department of Nervous Diseases with Professor I. P. Merzheevsky to prepare for a professorship.
The following fact testifies to the active self-realization of the creative potential of V. M. Bekhterev. At the age of 24, he successfully defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness."
His scientific work was greatly influenced by the work of I. M. Sechenov “Reflexes of the brain”.
The physiological works of V. M. Bekhterev, which are of particular importance, are devoted to elucidating the role of various parts of the nervous system in the activity of organs and systems of higher animals and humans. Beginning in 1883, he carefully studied issues related to stimulation of various parts of the nervous system, especially its higher sections. In particular, great importance have physiological studies by V. M. Bekhterev (together with N. A. Mislavsky), which showed that in the diencephalon (thalamic region) there are centers that control the activity of the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, eyes and other organs and systems. Based on these data, V. M. Bekhterev argued that in this section of the central nervous system there are higher autonomic (in particular, sympathetic) centers. Thus, the doctrine that higher sympathetic centers are located in the thalamic region of the brain, put forward in 1909-1912. Austrian neurologists Karplus and Kreidl, was substantiated long before them and developed in detail by V. M. Bekhterev. In particular, he showed the importance of the thalamic nerve centers in the emergence of emotions.
During a business trip abroad, undertaken to familiarize himself with foreign achievements in the field of psychiatry and psychology, V. M. Bekhterev received a notice that he had been elected an ordinary professor at the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University. This happened in 1885, when he was 28 years old. Here, his creative potential as an organizer of science was fully revealed. V.M. Bekhterev became the founder of the first Russian journal on neurology - "Neurological Bulletin" and the first Russian Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In 1895, in Kazan, he created an experimental psychological laboratory. In 1888 he published the monograph "Consciousness and Its Limits". Here, in Kazan, his research in the field of morphology and physiology of the nervous system unfolded in full measure.
The works of V. M. Bekhterev also covered key questions psychology, clinical neuropathology and psychiatry. The morphological works of V. M. Bekhterev are devoted to the structure of all parts of the central nervous system: spinal, medulla oblongata, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres. He significantly expanded information about the pathways and the structure of the nerve centers; first described a number of bundles (conducting pathways) and cell formations (nuclei) unknown before him. Thus, a cell cluster was described, located outside the angle of the fourth ventricle, which was called the Bekhterev's nucleus.
Bekhterev summarized the results of his numerous studies in the fundamental work "The pathways of the spinal cord and brain" (1893). The second two-volume edition was published when he was already working in St. Petersburg (1896 - 1898).
At the age of 37, V. M. Bekhterev became a professor at the Military Medical Academy, and in 1897 - a professor of women's medical institute. Here he created the second (after Kazan) psychological laboratory. Investigating the influence of the cerebral cortex on the activity of various organs and functional systems, V. M. Bekhterev showed that the organs of blood circulation, digestion, respiration, urination, etc. are represented in the cerebral cortex by the corresponding centers. He also established the localization of other centers in the cerebral cortex.
In 1895, V. M. Bekhterev proved that stimulation of certain centers of the brain leads to simultaneous inhibition of the corresponding antagonistic centers. This principle was essential in the activity of the nervous system.
V. M. Bekhterev summarized the results of his twenty years of research in the field of the physiology of the nervous system in the fundamental work “Fundamentals of the Teaching about the Functions of the Brain”, published in seven issues (1903 - 1907).
Clinical works of V. M. Bekhterev are devoted to various issues of neuropathology and psychiatry. He was the first to single out a number of characteristics of reflexes and symptoms that are important for the diagnosis of nervous diseases. In addition, he was the first to raise the question of the need to study bone reflexes. V. M. Bekhterev described independent forms of diseases that were not previously identified by neuropathology, for example, stiffness of the spine, called "Bekhterev's disease."
More than 150 of his published papers are devoted to clinical research; some of them were reflected in the monographs "Nervous Diseases in Individual Observations" (Issue 1 - 2, 1894 - 1899) and "General Diagnosis of Diseases of the Nervous System" (parts 1 - 2, 1911 - 1915).
In works on psychiatry, V. M. Bekhterev considered disorders of mental processes in conjunction with impaired bodily functions. He spoke out against the restraint of mental patients, widely used methods of occupational therapy, physical education, hydrotherapy, etc., proposed his own methods of treating a number of diseases (in particular, the treatment of alcoholism with hypnosis). A special medicine, which has a wide therapeutic application in the clinic of nervous diseases, is known as Bekhterevskaya.
In the psychological laboratory at the Military Medical Academy, a large number of experimental studies various kinds sensitivity (skin, pain, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, vibration). Valuable devices were designed for these studies: trichoesthesiometer, bolemer, baroesthesiometer, myoesthesiometer, axtometer, seismometer, etc. The materials were published in a special journal "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", which was founded by V. M. Bekhterev in 1896 .
Being engaged in practical treatment of children and adults, V. M. Bekhterev summarized his observations on the characteristics of the psyche of adults and the causes of their illnesses. In these generalizations, in essence, the foundations of modern acmeology are laid.
Contemporaries in Russia and abroad spoke of V. M. Bekhterev as a scientist who knew more and better than others about the structure and functions of the brain. Thanks to his work, it was established that the brain is an organ of the psyche. In this regard, all reasoning about mental phenomena without connection with the brain, the function of which they are, became fruitless mysticism. Anatomical and physiological studies of the brain were an important condition for the transfer of speculative psychology to the natural sciences.
V. M. Bekhterev rejected the methods and theories of the dominant subjective psychology and put forward the theory of studying objectively observed reactions of the body instead of the internal content of mental processes. He advocated an objective psychology (1907), calling it the "science of behavior." At one time this had a positive significance in the struggle against idealism in psychology.
Evidence of the exceptional organizational talent of V. M. Bekhterev is the creation by him in 1908 of the Psychoneurological Institute, built on donations from the royal lands specially allocated for these purposes. Money had to be received, and construction had to be organized. And V.M. Bekhterev managed to do all this.
The uniqueness of this scientific and educational complex was that it housed a university that accepted students regardless of class origin, and research institutions. On its basis, a whole network of scientific, clinical and research institutes was created, including the first in Russia Pedagogical Institute. This allowed V. M. Bekhterev to connect theoretical and practical research in the field of both psychiatry and neurology, and psychology.
The teachers of the Psychoneurological Institute included such leading scientists as M. M. Kovalevsky, N. E. Vvedensky, V. L. Komarov. His student was subsequently the most famous sociologist of the 20th century. Pitirim Sorokin.
A huge range of objects of experimental research - from newborns to the elderly, from the deep structures of the brain to human behavior in different social environment- allowed V. M. Bekhterev to make a generalization regarding the structure of the personality of a mature person and human immortality.
After analyzing various definitions of personality given by psychologists of that time, V. M. Bekhterev established that not only and not so much the synthesis of memory, character, mind, emotions, abilities and other facets create a personality. The main thing is its direction, aspiration and focus, i.е. that organizing core around which all the other features of a person gather in a unique ensemble.
At the end of February 1916, on the anniversary of the opening of courses at the Psycho-Neurological Institute, V. M. Bekhterev delivered a speech on the immortality of the human personality and man in general.
In 1918, V. M. Bekhterev became the founder of a new research institution - the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. He considered reflexology as an independent field of knowledge. An integral part of reflexology is the teaching of V. M. Bekhterev about “combination” reflexes acquired by an animal and a person in individual life as a result of a coincidence, “combination” of various phenomena of the external world with certain innate reactions of the body. Together with M. V. Lange and V. M. Myasishchev, V. M. Bekhterev conducted his experiments in groups of students of the Medical, Pedological and Psychoneurological Institutes. In the experiments, the indicators of each student were first determined (they were recorded on one sheet); the results were then discussed and voted on. The subjects were asked to make additions and changes to their previous indicators (they were recorded on another sheet).
As a result of research, V. M. Bekhterev found that the team increases the amount of knowledge of its members, corrects their mistakes, softens the attitude towards the act, and gives general shifts in the formulated indicators. Gender, age, educational and congenital differences were revealed in relation to shifts in mental processes in conditions of collective activity.
The results of experimental socio-psychological studies were summarized by V. M. Bekhterev in his works: “Consciousness and its boundaries” (Kazan, 1888), “On the localization of conscious activity in animals and humans” (St. Petersburg, 1896), "Neuropathological and psychiatric observations" (St. Petersburg, 1900), "Psyche and life" (St. Petersburg, 1904), "Fundamentals of the doctrine of brain functions", vol. 1 - 7 (St. Petersburg, 1903 - 1907), "Hypnosis, suggestion and psychotherapy" (St. Petersburg, 1911), "Collective reflexology (Petrograd, 1921)," The brain and its activity "(M. ; L., 1928).
V. M. Bekhterev is the founder of a holistic approach to the study of man, which has become the methodological principle of modern acmeology.
After the mysterious death of V. M. Bekhterev in 1927 - when he was healthy, cheerful, energetic, full of new ideas and projects - criticism of his scientific heritage, his consistent opposition to IP Pavlov, the hushing up of his merits. His own psychological work was especially sharply criticized.
In 1948, in connection with the struggle against genetics, the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity was closed. Under these conditions, the preservation and development of the psychological direction of research, laid down by V. M. Bekhterev, demanded from his followers great courage, purposefulness and the manifestation of organizational talent in the new conditions. One of the talented successors of the ideas of V. M. Bekhterev, the founder of the Leningrad school of psychologists, was B. G. Ananiev.
Control questions and tasks
1. What conditions affect the manifestation of creativity?
2. How do you understand the meaning of the concepts "microacme" and "macroacme"?
3. What factor played a decisive role in the early self-determination of N. I. Pirogov?
4. At what age did he have meaningful acme-target programs and how were they implemented in practice?
5. Tell us about the diverse acme-targeted programs of N. I. Pirogov. What life credo they were united by?
6. What is your attitude to certain thoughts of N. I. Pirogov expressed in the article “Questions of Life”?
7. What are the main directions for the realization of the creative potential of P. F. Lesgaft.
8. The development of what theories by P. F. Lesgaft served as the basis for the scientific substantiation of physical education?
9. What works by P. F. Lesgaft do you know?
10. Tell us in what directions did versatile scientific interests V. M. Bekhtereva.
11. How did the new theories and concepts of V. M. Bekhterev develop in the organization of creative scientific teams?
12. Describe the main peaks of creativity V. M. Bekhterev.
1.Bekhterev V. M. Psyche and life. - St. Petersburg, 1904.
2. Huberman I. Bekhterev: pages of life. - M., 1977.
3. Krasnovsky A. A. Pedagogical ideas of N. I. Pirogov. - M., 1949.
4. Konstantinov N. A., Medynsky E. N., Shabaeva M. F. History of Pedagogy. - M., 1982.
5. Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works. - M, 1985.
6. The teachings of P.F. Lesgaft about physical education and its pedagogical activity// Stolbov V. V. History physical culture: Textbook for ped. in-comrade. - M., 1989.
© AST Publishing House LLC, 2014
All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet and corporate networks, for private and public use, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
© Electronic version of the book prepared by Litres (www.litres.ru)
Foreword
"... Only two know - the Lord God and Bekhterev"
He was surprised. Professor Mikhail Pavlovich Nikitin, a student of Academician Bekhterev, recalled his conversation with one of the foreign scientists, who unexpectedly admitted: “I would believe that Vladimir Bekhterev alone did so much in science and wrote so many scientific papers if I was sure that they could be read for one life." Various bibliographic reference books testify that Vladimir Bekhterev wrote and published more than a thousand scientific papers.
They believed in him. Recommending the young scientist Bekhterev to head the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, his teacher I. M. Balinsky wrote that “he stood firmly on anatomical and physiological ground - the only one from which further success should be expected in the science of nervous and mental illnesses.”
There were legends about him. One of the most famous even received the name "Bekhterev on the round." “Bekhterev walked around the wards, accompanied by a “tail”, joked, smiling, somehow freely solving today issues that baffled others.
- This patient became deaf after a quarrel. Otolaryngologists do not find any changes in the hearing aid. It was believed that the deafness was hysterical, but ... - Raisa Yakovlevna Golant reported to Bekhterev, throwing up her pointed chin in a businesslike manner.
- Hm! - He clapped his hands over the very ear of the patient: no reaction. “However…” He gestured to the patient to undress to the waist. He wrote on a piece of paper: “I will run a finger or a piece of paper along your back, and you will answer me - with what?” And then, swiping his finger, he rustled the paper at the same time.
“A piece of paper,” said the sick man quickly.
- You are healthy, already hear! You can be discharged.
“Thank you,” the patient agreed quietly. Bekhterev told the doctors who accompanied him:
– Simulation vulgaris.
“…This patient was transferred to us from Maximilianovskaya,” Golant continued. - Right side paralysis. The patient suffers from heart disease. Vascular embolism was suspected. Treatment for two months did not give any improvement. We have decided to consult with you...
Bekhterev carefully examined the patient and, putting the tube to the skull, began to listen to him. He called everyone in turn:
- Do you hear? This is what is called "the noise of the top." I'm guessing an aneurysm. It presses on the motor area of the left hemisphere. The patient must be operated on immediately.
The round continued.
- Aphasia ... An engineer by profession, who came to us already with a complete loss of speech. However, it can be explained in writing or with the help of a special dictionary. Hearing is not broken.
Bekhterev paused, cleared his throat. Finally, he leaned over to the patient, took hold of the button of his dressing gown:
- Tell me, dear ... how much is two plus two?
The patient was embarrassed, shrugged his shoulders in bewilderment, wrinkled his forehead pitifully. Bekhterev sighed:
- Apparently, the anterior part of Broca's center, anatomically connected with the center of the account, is affected ... - and, moving away from the patient, he said: - Symptomatic treatment. Bromides. Physiotherapy. Peace! - and spread his hands, emphasizing the impotence of medicine.
And to this frail, nimble old woman, who got up, smiling, at the entrance of the academician to the ward, Bekhterev approached himself:
“Well, grandma, is it better?”
“Better, falcon, better.
- Here you go. Wonderful. Go to your old man. And all will be well. I'll come to your golden wedding."
They were truly admired. Bekhterev's colleagues said in earnest that only two people know the anatomy of the brain - the Lord God and Bekhterev.
The stages of his "great journey" were amazing. Vladimir Bekhterev was a genius. He was the first in the world to create a new scientific direction - psychoneurology and devoted his whole life to the study of the human personality. It was for this that he founded 33 institutes, 29 scientific journals. More than 5,000 students have passed the Bekhterev school. Starting with studying the physiology of the brain, he moved on to studying its work in various modes and reflecting them on physiology.
He seriously studied hypnosis, and even introduced his medical practice in Russia.
He was the first to form the laws of social psychology, developed the issues of personality development.
With his titanic work, he proved that one person can do a lot if he goes to a big goal. And on the way to the goal he acquires a lot of titles and knowledge. Bekhterev is a professor, academician, psychiatrist, neuropathologist, psychologist, physiologist, morphologist, hypnotist and philosopher.
The genius was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, in the family of a bailiff. At the age of nine, he was left without a father, and a family of five - a mother and four sons - experienced great financial difficulties.
In 1878 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. Since 1885, he was the head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, where he first created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the journal Neurological Bulletin and the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists.
Since 1893 he worked in St. Petersburg, served as a professor at the Military Medical Academy. Since 1897 - professor at the Women's Medical Institute.
In 1908 he became director of the Psychoneurological Institute organized by him.
In 1918, he headed the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Psychic Activity, created on his initiative (later - the State Reflexological Institute for the Study of the Brain, which received his name).
In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
As a scientist, he was always interested in man - his psyche and brain. According to experts, he studied personality based on a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods, later - through an attempt to create integrated science about man and society (called reflexology).
The largest contribution to science was the work of Bekhterev in the field of brain morphology.
He devoted almost 20 years to the study of sex education and the behavior of a young child.
All his life he studied the power of hypnotic suggestion, including in alcoholism. Developed the theory of suggestion.
He was the first to identify a number of characteristic reflexes, symptoms and syndromes that are important for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases. He described a number of diseases and methods of their treatment. In addition to the dissertation "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. For example, he studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smile, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.
Assessing the importance of psychology for solving the fundamental problems of psychiatry, Bekhterev did not forget that psychiatry, as a clinical discipline, in turn, enriches psychology, poses new problems for it, and solves some difficult questions of psychology. Bekhterev understood this mutual enrichment of psychology and psychiatry as follows: “... having received an impetus in its development, psychiatry, as a science dealing with painful disorders of mental activity, has rendered enormous services to psychology. The latest advances in psychiatry, largely due to the clinical study of mental disorders at the bedside, have formed the basis of a special branch of knowledge known as pathological psychology, which has already led to the solution of very many psychological problems and from which, no doubt, even more can be done in this respect. expect in the future."
