The outstanding doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is widely known for many of his discoveries in medicine.
He was an excellent surgeon, the founder of military field surgery and topographic anatomy.
The scientist and physician Nikolai Pirogov made so many scientific discoveries in the field of medicine that many of them are still used in one form or another, and not only in Russia, but throughout the world.
The great surgeon and scientist Nikolai Pirogov was once called the "wonderful doctor". There were real legends about cases of amazing healing and his unprecedented skill.
This brilliant man saved countless people in the past, present and future with his work.
Nikolai Ivanovich taught excellently and was engaged in social activities.
Doctor Pirogov did not see the difference between the rootless and the noble, the poor and the rich. He operated on absolutely everyone, and devoted his life to this vocation.
FROM THE BIOGRAPHY OF NIKOLAY IVANOVICH PIROGOV:
His father, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, was a military treasurer. Despite the fact that the father of the family worked as a military treasurer, the family did not live in luxury, since I.I. Pirogov was an honest man and taught children to do this.
Nikolay was born the thirteenth child in his family. In total, fourteen children were born in this family, but many died in infancy. 6 children survived, of which Nikolai was the youngest.
The Pirogov family was very much appreciated moral values and tried to raise their children to be respectable and hardworking people.
The education of children was more than thorough. The head of the family always hired the best teachers. Nikolai first studied at home, and then began to receive education in one of the private boarding schools. It is not surprising that, as an eight-year-old boy, the future surgeon was already reading. He was impressed by the works of Karamzin as well. In addition, he was fond of poetry, and also composed poetry himself.
Familiar doctors often visited the Pirogovs' house, from whom little Nikolai took an example. His favorite pastime was to play doctor, and he asked his brothers and sisters, and even a cat, to be his patients. To be honest, the parents thought that this childhood hobby would pass with time. They hoped that the son would choose a different path, a more noble one.
The greatest impression on Nikolai as a child was made by the famous doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin, who treated his brother Nikolai for a cold. Nikolai, playing doctor as a child, tried to imitate Efrem Osipovich in everything. It was under the impression of Mukhin that Nikolai, already a child, made a choice of profession. In the future, Mukhin helped Pirogov to comprehend medical sciences.
Nikolai Pirogov was educated in a private boarding school (he entered there at the age of eleven), but due to financial difficulties in his family, he had to interrupt his studies, having studied instead of the required four years for only two years.
It so happened that it was medical activity that turned out to be the only way to survive not only for the impoverished family, but also for Nikolai himself. The fact is that a colleague of Pirogov Sr. stole a huge amount of money and disappeared. The father of the future surgeon, as treasurer, had to make up for the shortfall. I had to sell most of the property, move from a big house to a small apartment, limit myself in everything. A little later, the father could not stand such tests. He was gone.
Despite the deplorable situation of the once wealthy family, Nikolai's mother decided to give him an excellent education. All the remaining family money, in fact, went to the training of the future surgeon. Fourteen-year-old Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University, adding 2 years to himself upon admission. At the university, Pirogov succeeded in literally everything - he absorbed knowledge with enviable ease and managed to earn extra money in order to help his family. He got a job as a dissector in one of the anatomical theaters. While working there, I finally realized that I wanted to become a surgeon. When the young doctor was already graduating from high school, he realized that the authorities did not need domestic medicine. He was disappointed. For all the years of study at Moscow State University, he did not perform a single operation. And so he hoped that he would come to grips with surgery and science.
By the age of 18, Nikolai Pirogov graduated Faculty of Medicine Moscow University. Having brilliantly graduated from high school, Pirogov went to Dorpat. He began working in a surgical clinic at the university. This university was then considered one of the best in the country.
During an internship at Dorpat University, N. Pirogov's roommate was Fedor Inozemtsev (another well-known scientist and doctor). The two poor luminaries of medicine were completely different in everyday life and life, Inozemtsev loved noisy companies, fun, relaxation, and Pirogov, meanwhile, preferred to spend his time studying books.
The young specialist worked in Dorpat for 5 years. He finally picked up a scalpel and practically lived in a laboratory. Over the years, Pirogov wrote his doctoral dissertation and defended it superbly. Already at the age of 22, he received the scientific degree of a doctor, and after another four years, that is, by the age of 26, he became a professor of medicine. At the age of 30, he was a famous scientist and doctor, his lectures were advertised in newspapers, and his name was already known outside of Russia.
After Dorpat, the scientist arrived in the capital of Germany. Until 1835, he again studied surgery and anatomy. Thus, Professor Langenbeck taught him the purity of surgical techniques. By this time, his dissertation had been translated into German. Rumors about a talented surgeon began to spread throughout all cities and countries. His fame grew.
From Berlin, Pirogov again went to Dorpat, where he headed the department of surgery at the university. He was already operating on his own. The young man managed to show his excellent skill as a surgeon. In addition, he published a number of his scientific papers and monographs. These works strengthened his great authority as a scientist.
During this period, Pirogov also visited Paris, examined the best metropolitan clinics, he was disappointed with the work in such institutions. Moreover, the mortality rate in France was very high.
In St. Petersburg Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, in 1841 he began working at the St. Petersburg University at the Department of Surgery. All in all, I worked there for 10 years. Not only students came to his lectures, but also students from other universities. Newspapers and magazines constantly published articles about the talented surgeon. After some time, Pirogov also headed the Tool Plant.
Now he himself could invent and design medical instruments. He also began working as a consultant in one of the St. Petersburg hospitals. The number of clinics where he was invited grew rapidly.
In 1846, Pirogov completed the project of the anatomical institute. Now students could study anatomy, learned to operate and conduct observations. In the same year, the test of anesthesia successfully passed, which began to conquer all countries with enviable speed. In just one year, 690 operations under ether anesthesia were performed in 13 Russian cities, 300 of them were performed by Pirogov.
After some time, Nikolai Ivanovich arrived in the Caucasus, where he participated in military clashes. Once, during the siege of a village called Salty, Pirogov had to perform operations on the wounded under anesthesia in the field. This was the first time in the history of medicine.
In 1853 began Crimean War. He was sent to active army to Sevastopol. The doctor had to work in terrible conditions, in huts and tents. Nevertheless, he performed a huge number of operations. At the same time, surgical interventions were carried out only with ether anesthesia. It was also during this war that a medic first used a plaster cast. In addition, thanks to him, the institution of "sisters of mercy" appeared. The popularity of the surgeon grew steadily, especially among ordinary soldiers.
Then Pirogov returned to the capital. He reported to the sovereign about the illiterate leadership of the Russian army. However, the autocrat did not heed the advice of the famous doctor at all. And he fell into disgrace.
Pirogov left the St. Petersburg Academy, became a trustee of the Kyiv and Odessa educational districts. Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich tried to change the entire education system in schools. But in 1861, such actions led to a serious conflict with the local authorities. As a result, the scientist was forced to resign.
Over the next four years, Pirogov lived abroad. He led a group of young professionals who went there for academic qualifications. As a teacher, Pirogov helped a lot of young people. So, it was he who first unraveled his giftedness in the famous scientist I. Mechnikov.
In 1866, Pirogov returned to his homeland. He came to his estate near Vinnitsa and organized a hospital there, free of charge. In his estate, he lived almost without a break. Only occasionally traveled to the capital and other countries. The famous surgeon was invited there to give his lectures.
In 1877, the Russian-Turkish war began. And Pirogov again found himself in the midst of formidable events. He arrived in Bulgaria and, as always, began to operate on soldiers. Based on the results of this military campaign, the famous surgeon published his next work on the “military medical business” in Bulgaria in the late 70s of the nineteenth century.
In the spring of 1881, the public celebrated the half-century anniversary scientific work Pirogov. Honor the scientist arrived famous people from different countries. It was then, during the celebrations, he was given a terrible diagnosis - oncology.
After that, Nikolai Ivanovich went to Vienna to be operated on. But it was already too late. At the very beginning of December 1881, the unique scientist died. And shortly before his death, Pirogov opened new way embalming the dead. By this method, the body of the surgeon himself was also embalmed. It is buried in a tomb in his estate. During the Great Patriotic War, one of Hitler's headquarters was located on this territory. Fortunately, the invaders did not disturb the ashes of the great doctor.
SECOND WIFE OF N. I. PIROGOV
As for the personal life of the famous surgeon, Nikolai Pirogov was married twice. The first wife of the surgeon was Ekaterina Berezina. She was born into a well-born, but very impoverished family. In marriage, she lived with Pirogov for only 4 years. During this time, she managed to give Pirogov two sons. His wife died while giving birth to their youngest son. For Pirogov, the death of his wife was a terrible and heavy blow. By and large, he blamed himself for a long time and believed that he could save his wife. The death of his wife caused Nikolai severe stress, after which he was unable to operate for six months.
N. I. PIROGOV WITH SONS
After the death of his wife, Nikolai Ivanovich tried to marry two more times. All of these cases were unsuccessful. And then he was told about a certain 22-year-old girl. She was nicknamed "the lady of conviction". We are talking about Baroness Alexandra Bistrom. She admired the scientist's articles and was generally very interested in science. So Pirogov found a congenial woman. The scientist proposed to Bistrom, and she, of course, agreed. After the marriage, the couple began to operate on patients together. Pirogov led the process of the operation itself, and the baroness assisted him. The great surgeon was then forty years old. With Alexandra Bistorm, he lived until the end of his days. Nikolai Pirogov did not make children from his second marriage. The wife survived Nikolai Ivanovich for 21 years.
None of the sons followed in the footsteps of their famous surgeon father. The eldest son became a physicist, and the second a historian-archaeologist.
Being an outstanding doctor, Pirogov himself had an addiction - smoking, and he smoked a lot. It was this habit that caused the death of Pirogov, smoking is not just harmful, people die from it. By the end of his life, Pirogov had many health problems, but the main role in the onset of his death was played by a cancerous tumor in the oral cavity caused by smoking.
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF N. I. PIROGOV:
At the age of 14, he entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Medicine. In 1828, he brilliantly graduated from it and from 1828 to 1832 he was preparing to receive the title of professor at the University of Dorpat under the guidance of Professor I.F. Moyer. At this time, he is working on his dissertation "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fasciae."
On August 31, 1832, he defended his dissertation and received the title of professor, after which he decided to go abroad to study with the best scientists in Germany to improve his skills and knowledge. From 1833-1835 - training in Germany, mainly anatomy and surgery.
After his return, he was promised a position as head of the University of Dorpat, but he never got the position of head, as he was forced to stay late due to illness, and at that time another head was appointed.
From 1836 to 1840, Pirogov worked as a professor at the same Dorpat University. In 1841-1856, he worked as a professor of the hospital surgical clinic, pathological and surgical anatomy, and was the head of the Institute of Practical Anatomy of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy.
In 1847 he voluntarily went to the front, to the Caucasus (Caucasian War), in the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1854 he voluntarily went to Sevastopol to participate in the defense of Sevastopol. After returning, he was appointed by Alexander the second trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, in this position he worked from 1856 to 1861.
In 1862-1866 he became a leader for young Russian scientists sent to study abroad - in Heidelberg. In fact, he spent these 4 years abroad. Since 1866, after returning from abroad, he lives in his estate in the village of Vishnya. Periodically advising on military field surgery during the Franco-Russian and Russian-Turkish wars. In 1879-1881, Pirogov worked on the Diary of an Old Doctor, which he managed to complete on the eve of his death.
At a time when anesthesia was not yet used, that is, drugs capable of anesthetizing the patient during the operation, the surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was able to perform operations quickly and well (one of the most famous cases when he removed stones from the gallbladder in less than 2 minutes) .
In addition to being famous as a surgeon for the speed of his operations, he had a high survival rate of patients after operations, even seriously ill patients, compared with many of his colleagues. To do this, he used various new techniques and discoveries he developed.
For studying human body, Pirogov developed the "ice sculpture" method. To study the organ or system of interest to him, he froze the corpse, and then, gradually getting to the necessary organ, he could study it in full. It was with the help of this method that he created his detailed atlas "Topographic Anatomy, illustrated by cuts through frozen human corpses."
Pirogov became the founder of topographic anatomy and military field surgery. He was the first to use artificial composition to lengthen a short limb. He believed that antiseptics have great importance for surgery. Among the first began to use them and promote their use in surgery.
Contemporaries attributed to Pirogov another discovery - an operation according to Pirogov, this operation concerned the amputation of limbs. Pirogov, who always tried to be gentle with his patients and took care of them not only during treatment, but also thought about how they would exist after, began to amputate limbs using his own method, cutting lower than before. On such limbs it was possible to somehow hobble on their own.
During the creation of his famous atlas on topographic anatomy, Pirogov was so fascinated by the work that he could not leave the “dead room” for days, as a result he himself had to be on bed rest for some time after inhaling harmful fumes.
During wars, he always volunteered to go to the front. In total, he participated in four wars: Crimean, Caucasian, Russian-Turkish, Franco-Prussian. On wounded soldiers, he used his techniques and various discoveries, saving many lives. It was during such wars that he invented the plaster cast (1854). And later, during the Crimean War, he began to apply plaster in the treatment of fractures.
During the defense of Sevastopol in 1855, he founded the institute of sisters of mercy, the women of this institute cared for the wounded. Daria Alexandrovna Sevastopolskaya (Daria Tkach) is considered the first sister of mercy. Later, the work of the sisters of mercy began to be used in hospital conditions.
Pirogov became the founder of ether anesthesia. For the first time, such anesthesia was used on a patient before an operation by Nikolai Pirogov in 1847 on one of the wounded soldiers during the Caucasian War (before that, he had conducted anesthesia studies on himself).
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to propose the sorting of the wounded in war conditions. This sorting allowed faster and better assistance to the soldiers. The developed sorting of patients is still used today.
Nikolai Ivanovich treated people with different incomes, he could give out medicines to the poor and perform operations completely free of charge.
He was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus for achievements in field surgery.
After his dismissal, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on his estate in the village of "Vishnya" near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa and organized a small free hospital there.
20 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT N. I. PIROGOV:
1. One of the hobbies of the outstanding physician was poetry.
2. In addition to poetry, the scientist and doctor was very fond of flowers, so another of his hobbies was growing flowers.
3. Amazingly quickly assimilating knowledge, Pirogov received a doctorate at the age of 22, and a professor at 26.
4. The scientist was friendly with the famous poet Vasily Zhukovsky, thereby contributing to the abolition of serfdom.
5. Pirogov smoked a lot throughout his life.
6. Pirogov actively taught medicine to his first wife, forcing her to sit over textbooks for many hours every day.
7. Nikolai Pirogov wrote wonderful poems, and in general was a talented poet.
8. For his work as a field surgeon, Nikolai Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav.
9. Thanks to the invention of innovative methods of work, especially severe patients of Pirogov survived more often than other doctors.
10. Pirogov once removed stones from a patient's bladder in just 1.5 minutes.
11. Pirogov always went to the front voluntarily to personally test the new methods of wound treatment developed by him on the wounded.
12. During his life, Nikolai Pirogov made many important inventions. In particular, it was he who invented the plaster cast.
13. As a field surgeon, he visited four wars, where he saved more than one thousand lives.
14. The doctor himself actively disseminated new knowledge among medical workers.
15. Once, Pirogov performed more than 800 autopsies in a month and a half.
16. Within 4 hours after his death, the body of Nikolai Pirogov was embalmed. It is still stored, and the re-embalming procedure is carried out on average once every 5-6 years.
17. In 1847, Nikolai Pirogov became the first surgeon in the world to use ether anesthesia during surgery. Before giving it to patients, he experienced its effect on himself, not wanting to risk someone else's life.
18. Pirogov had two sons, but none of them became a doctor. They chose other professions: one of them became a physicist, and the other an archaeologist.
19. It was Pirogov who invented topographic anatomy, which will significantly replenish the knowledge of surgeons about the human body.
20. Nikolai Pirogov, for the first time in history, used an artificial compound to lengthen a too short limb.
MEMORY OF THE GREAT DOCTOR AND SCIENTIST:
* The name of a world-famous scientist, great surgeon and natural scientist is today borne by two medical universities, this is the second Moscow and Odessa.
*Petersburg Surgical Society is proudly named after him.
*Today, many discoveries and works of the great surgeon remain relevant. The memory of him will always be alive, and his name will continue to sound in the names of streets, universities and so on. His atlases still remain the best works in your area.
*In many cities there are streets in honor of this surgeon, and in Moscow there is Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, on which there is an alley of life from medical buildings.
*On the same street there is a monument to Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (installed in 1897).
MONUMENT TO N. I. PIROGOV IN MOSCOW
photo from open sources
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is known as a great doctor-scientist, thanks to whom surgery became a science, and doctors received a reasonable method of surgical intervention. Let us also remember about the great son of Russia, we will tell those who do not know who Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich is, short biography help them correct this omission.
In 1810, on November 27, in Moscow, in the family of a civil servant (treasurer) Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, the 14th (!!!) and the youngest child in the family, named Nikolai, was born. It was a future great surgeon.
Until the age of 12, he comprehended science at home, teachers were invited for training, mostly students of Moscow University. During individual lessons with the famous Moscow doctor Professor E. Mukhin, Nikolai heeded his advice and began intensive preparation for the university.
In 1824, 14-year-old Pirogov Nikolai brilliantly passed the entrance exams and was enrolled in the medical faculty of Moscow University.
Pirogov had no difficulties with his studies, but he also had to earn extra money to help his family. And finally, Nikolai managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. He owes this work to the invaluable experience gained and the final choice of the surgeon's activity.
Having successfully graduated from Moscow University, Pirogov was sent to continue his studies at the best for that time in Russia, Yuriev University in the city of Derpt (Tartu). Here, after five years of work in a surgical clinic, Nikolai Pirogov brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of 26 he was awarded the title of professor of surgery.
On the way home, Nikolai Ivanovich fell seriously ill and was forced to stop in Riga. In this city, he first began to operate as a teacher. Soon he received a clinic in Dorpat, where one of his most significant works, Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia, appeared. He created a new science - surgical anatomy.
Having a professorship, Nikolai Pirogov continued his studies in Germany under the guidance of Professor Langenbeck.
In 1841, Nikolai Ivanovich was invited to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy for the post of head of the Department of Surgery. In addition to teaching in St. Petersburg, he managed to organize the first hospital surgery clinic in Russia and led it. During the training of military surgeons and the study of known surgical methods, he developed completely new techniques and radically changed many old methods. Another new direction in medicine was created - hospital surgery.
Having worked for more than 10 years at the Academy, Nikolai Ivanovich became known as a talented surgeon, public figure and progressive teacher.
Pirogov at the same time did not refuse the post of director of the Tool Plant, where he offered to make new tools that help surgeons perform operations quickly and well. He agreed to consult in various hospitals.
In the second year after his arrival in St. Petersburg, he married Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but impoverished family. Four years later, she died, leaving Nikolai Ivanovich sons: Nikolai and Vladimir.
Pirogov devoted himself to work. A great event for him was the highest approval of his project of the first Anatomical Institute. Among his many merits are the method that retained the name "Pirogov's operation", the discovery of the discipline "topographic anatomy", the development of the Atlas for surgeons.
October 16, 1846 was marked by the first test of ether anesthesia, which quickly conquered the whole world. From February 1847, they began to practice operations using this substance in Russia. During the year, in more than 10 cities of Russia, 690 operations were performed under anesthesia, and 300 of them were performed by Pirogov!
In 1847, Nikolai Ivanovich went to the Caucasus, where he successfully practiced field surgery, applied his new developments: anesthesia with ether, dressing with starched bandages, and so on.
During the hostilities in the Crimea, he, as a chief surgeon, operated on the wounded in the besieged Sevastopol on his own initiative, and here he first applied the method of sorting patients, initiated honey. training of women sisters of mercy, began to use plaster casts for the first time.
Pirogov managed to create his own scientific school in the field of military surgery and gained great prestige in medical circles throughout Europe.
When Sevastopol fell, he arrived in Petersburg. Being at the reception of Emperor Alexander II, he expressed his opinion, pointing to the mediocre leadership of the army. As a result, the doctor fell out of favor with the king.
N.I. Pirogov was concerned not only with questions of medicine, but also with education and public education. When from 1856 he began to work as a trustee in the Odessa educational district, he began to introduce many new transformations. The existing system of education did not suit him in many ways.
The inevitable conflict with the authorities led to the fact that in 1861, as a result of complaints and denunciations against him, he was dismissed by decree of the emperor.
A year later, Pirogov was again sent abroad to supervise the training of future professors. In 1866 he was dismissed from public service, and the group of young professors was disbanded.
Now N. Pirogov resumed his medical activities, organizing a free hospital in his estate (Vinnitsa region). His famous Diary of an Old Doctor was written there.
Sometimes he went on invitations to give lectures at St. Petersburg University or abroad. By that time, N.I. Pirogov was an honorary member in several foreign academies.
As a surgeon, he took part in the wars: Prussian-French and Russian-Turkish.
In 1881, the 50th anniversary of N.I. Pirogov's activity as a scientist and public figure was celebrated with great solemnity in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Many Western European scientific societies highly appreciated his scientific work and awarded the title of honorary doctor. Pirogov was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. A few months later, the great scientist died on his estate, being terminally ill himself. Before your death great doctor became the author of another discovery - a completely new way of embalming the bodies of the dead. Until now, his incorrupt body, embalmed in his own way, is kept in the village church (village of Vishni). This concludes the short biography of the scientist - innovator.
“The principles introduced into science (anatomy, surgery) by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech dies in this place.” N.V. Sklifosovsky
On November 25, 1810, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born in Moscow - a Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Nikolai Pirogov first used new methods of healing during the Crimean War and presented the world with military field surgery and plastering for fractures and anesthesia (anesthesia) in combat conditions, women's care for the wounded (sisters of mercy), topographic anatomy and osteoplasty. He invariably combined his knowledge and medical practice with a statesmanship, an uncompromising civic position, a burning heart and love for the Motherland. And this is close to two other Russian titans - Mikhail Lomonosov and Dmitry Mendeleev.
Pirogov-with-nanny-Ekaterina-Mikhailovna.-Art.-A.-Soroka.
Nikolai Pirogov's father - Ivan Ivanovich
served as treasurer. The Pirogov family had fourteen children, eight of whom died in infancy.
Of the six children who survived in the Pirogov family, Nikolai was the youngest child.
Get medical education Nikolai Pirogov was helped by a family friend, a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually. At the age of fourteen, Nikolai Pirogov entered the first year of the medical faculty of Moscow University, adding two years to himself. Pirogov studied easily, despite the fact that he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Medical student was able to apply for a position dissector in the anatomical theater and this work gave him invaluable experience in studying human anatomy and he gained confidence that surgery was his calling.
Pirogov entered at the age of 14, and at the age of 18 he graduated from Moscow University with excellent success, he went to the Yuryev University of Tartu, where one of the best surgical clinics in Russia was located, where Nikolai Ivanovich worked for five years on doctoral dissertation and at the age of 22 became doctor of sciences. IN 26 years old Nikolay Pirogov became a professor of surgery . In his dissertation, Pirogov for the first time studied and described the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during aortic ligation, circulatory pathways in aortic obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications.
After five years of work in Dorpat, Nikolai Pirogov went to study in Berlin. Pirogov's dissertation was translated into German and the illustrious surgeons, to whom he went to study, respectfully bowed their heads before the innovative ideas of the Russian surgeon.
While still a young man, practicing in Dorpat, he created a fundamental work " Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia”, discovered new era in operations on the arteries and soon transferred to all European languages. Later, in a letter to his wife, he confessed: "I love my science, how can a son love a tender mother."
Sitting in the dissecting room on frosty nights, Pirogov scrupulously studied the inner "map" of human flesh little known to surgeons of that time. It is interesting that this monumental medical work was embodied in the fine arts called "Lying body". From the corpse of a young man actually frozen and dissected by Pirogov professor of anatomy of the Academy of Arts Ilya Buyalsky took a plaster cast, and an outstanding Russian sculptor Pyotr Klodt then created a unique bronze sculpture, copies of which were made for many academies in Western Europe.
In the Dutch city of Göttingen, Pirogov met the outstanding surgeon Professor Langenbeck, who taught him the purity of surgical techniques.
Humanistic ideals of Nikolai Pirogov are closely related to the enlightenment and romantic thoughts of Germany at that time, which shaped ideal of moral consciousness and philosophical significance human values in the life of society. The nature of the moral qualities inherent in Pirogov and so striking to his contemporaries, such as inner freedom, human dignity, respect for the individual in all spheres of life, firmness in their moral convictions and selflessness of the soul, it is impossible to understand without understanding that these features were formed during the life of Nikolai Pirogov in the West.
Returning home to Russia Pirogov fell seriously ill on the road, and was forced to stop in Riga. As soon as Nikolai Pirogov got up from his hospital bed, he undertook to operate, and started with rhinoplasty : a noseless barber carved a new nose. Plastic surgery was followed by various other operations, lithotomy, amputation, removal of tumors. During the absence of Pirogov in Moscow, the head medical department given to another candidate.
From Riga, Nikolai Pirogov went back to Derpt, where he received a surgical clinic and
wrote one of his most significant works -
Nikolai Pirogov supplied the description of surgical operations with drawings that were not similar to the anatomical atlases and tables familiar at that time, which were used by surgeons before.
Finally, Nikolai Pirogov went to France, where his superiors did not let him in, five years earlier. In the Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich did not find anything new and unknown for himself. As soon as he was in Paris, Nikolai Pirogov hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading his latest printed work - "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia". Pirogov's monograph "About transection of the Achilles tendon as an operative-orthopedic treatment"(1837) was admired by specialists.
Osteoplasty
Pirogov had to defend the priorities of Russian surgery associated with osteoplastic surgery , which gave rise osteoplasty, and an osteotome, an instrument for bone surgery, the inventor of which suddenly declared himself a German professor.
Pirogov understood technology no worse than science. In 1841, Nikolai Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg,
where he worked for more than 10 years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. At the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg, Pirogov founded another area of medicine - hospital surgery.
Becoming the director of the Tool Factory, Nikolai Pirogov invented and developed new surgical instruments,
with which each surgeon could more successfully perform the most complex surgical operations. Pirogov not only mastered "import substitution", but also launched the production of new surgical instruments, which were sold like hot cakes abroad.
Pirogov was asked to accept the position of a consultant in one, another, third hospital, and he again agreed. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead, and could not get up for a month and a half. The illness made him think about his bachelor and single life. Sad thoughts about the years lived without love led him to Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from an impoverished well-born family, with whom he got married.
For four years of living together in the family Pirogovs had two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, but after the second birth, Ekaterina Dmitrievna died.
After the death of his wife, Pirogov felt very lonely. "I do not have friends"
- he admitted with his usual frankness.
In the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project was approved by the highest command creation of the world's first Anatomical Institute.
Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry by calculation, which he did not hide from himself, from acquaintances, or from the girls planned to be brides. In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the 22-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov made an offer to Baroness Bistrom, and she agreed.
Pirogov continued to work successfully and 1
On October 6, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place.
In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade at the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.
During During the Crimean War, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov took part in military operations in the Caucasus, where the great Russian surgeon performed about 10,000 surgical operations. under ether anesthesia.
In 1855, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol, besieged by the Anglo-French-Turkish troops. Pirogov achieved his appointment in the army. Operating on the wounded on the front line, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine applied a plaster cast which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs.
Rescue gypsum
Of course, before Pirogov, attempts were made to fix damaged parts of the human body. Among the predecessors who used plastering: medieval Arab doctors, Dutch, French, Russians surgeons Karl Gibental and Vasily Basov. In Western sources, the Dutch doctor is considered the creator of medical plastering. Antonius Mathisen, started to use plastering in 1851 , however, the gypsum was not on the fabric and, due to its obvious shortcomings, such gypsuming was not widely used.
To replace the pads made of linden bast, Pirogov, back in the Caucasus at the end of 1840, tried different materials: starch, colloidin and even gutta-percha. It was necessary to resolve this issue, because most of the wounds with fragmentation of bones ended in amputation, and simple fractures often led to mutilation. To create a modern version of medical plaster helped, as often happens, chance and observation. He saw the effect of gypsum mortar on the canvas in the workshop of the St. Petersburg sculptor Nikolai Stepanov. The next day at the clinic, the doctor applied bandages and strips of canvas to the patient's lower leg. The result was brilliant: the fracture healed quickly. And already in Sevastopol, where Nikolai Ivanovich operated sometimes for several nights without sleep, plaster cast saved limbs and the lives of hundreds of compatriots. “A plaster bandage was first introduced by me into military hospital practice. in 1852, and in the military field in 1854, finally ... took her and has become an indispensable accessory of field surgical practice, - he wrote to his second wife Alexandra von Bystrom, a German baroness who converted to Orthodoxy. In most Western encyclopedias, the name of the Russian doctor is completely hushed up.
legends about the almighty doctor were born during his lifetime. During Crimean War (1854 - 1856) to the dressing station in Sevastopol, where he operated, they brought - separately - the body of a soldier and a head torn off by a cannonball. “Where are you taking the headless, Herods!” - the paramedic yelled and received a discouraging answer: “Nothing, Mr. Pirogov will somehow sew, maybe our brother-soldier will still come in handy!”.
Ether and chloroform.
The hypnotic effect of ether was known as early as the 16th century. In the early 1840s, Americans Crawford Long and William Thomas Morton used diethyl ether for pain relief, and On October 16, 1846, John Warren, a dentist, Considered in the West as the "father of anesthesia", he performed the famous "first operation under anesthesia."
In just a few months, operations under anesthesia were successfully completed in St. Petersburg. A in the summer of 1847, during the siege of a fortified Dagestan village, Pirogov, for the first time in the world, operated on many wounded, using chloroform, stronger than ether . Pirogov was the first in Russia to scientifically work out the technology of anesthesia with chloroform, studied its effect on the body, possible dangers. Developed methods of etherization through the rectum and trachea, designed a special apparatus, proposed deep anesthesia technique.
Applying all this during the Crimean War, Nikolai Ivanovich noted: “From now on, the ethereal device will be, just like a surgical knife, an essential accessory for every doctor.” Today, Americans are proud of the priority of performing an operation under anesthesia. However, in the Crimea, 43 American surgeons were trained in "conveyor" anesthesia precisely from Pirogov, with good reason asserting: “The benefits of anesthesia and this bandage (gypsum) in military field practice were investigated by us in practice before other nations.”
The Russian Sisters of Mercy were the first.
Namely, Pirogov laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his achievements formed the basis of the activity military field surgeons of the XIX-XX centuries. On the initiative of the surgeon Pirogov, a new form of front-line medical sanitary service was introduced in the Russian army in October 1854 - sisters of mercy appeared - Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Care for the Wounded and Sick. Objecting to Western journalists who proclaimed the "progenitor" of the movement of sisters of mercy, the Englishwoman Florence Nightingale, Nikolai Pirogov emphasized: “About Miss Neutingel” and “about her high-spirited ladies” - we heard for the first time only at the beginning of 1855 ... We Russians must not allow anyone to alter historical truth to such an extent. We have a duty to claim the palm in a cause so blessed.
Pirogov-and-sailor-Peter-Koshka.-Art.-L.-Koshtelyanchuk.
The grandson of a peasant soldier, the son of a major of the quartermaster service Nikolai Pirogov himself spent a good half of his life on four warriors: Caucasian, Crimean, Franco-Prussian and Russian-Turkish . The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. At the first dressing station, all the wounded were subjected to careful selection based on the severity of injuries - some of the wounded were subject to immediate operation in the field , and the slightly wounded were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals.
Before Pirogov, there was chaos at the dressing stations, which Nikolai Ivanovich succinctly described in a letter: "Bitter need, carelessness, medical ignorance and evil spirits joined together in fabulous proportions. Starting to toughly correct the situation, the physician deduced: "In war, the main thing is not medicine, but administration." And later he supplemented this maxim with one more: "War is a traumatic epidemic." Z nachit, organizational and medical measures are needed "anti-epidemic".
Long before the discovery of the pathogenicity of microbes by Pasteur, the Russian surgeon Pirogov guessed that the infection could be transmitted through water and air. Even before the creation of dietology, Pirogov introduced a special therapeutic diet, including carrots and fish oil. Another truth was revealed to him, which has become universally recognized today: "The future belongs to preventive medicine!"
For merits in rendering assistance to the wounded and sick N.I. Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree.
Pirogov briefly formulated his achievements in twenty paragraphs of the booklet "Basic Principles of My Field Surgery" and developed in the book "Military medical business" in 1879. The Russian army successfully used its technologies in all wars of the 20th century. The great scientists spoke with gratitude about the scientific discoveries of Pirogov surgeons Nikolai Burdenko and Archbishop Luke of Crimea (surgeon Voyno-Yasenetsky) during the Great Patriotic War and in peacetime.
In October 1855, a meeting of two great scientists took place in Simferopol - Nikolai Pirogov and Dmitry Mendeleev. Famous chemist, author of the periodic law chemical elements and then humble teacher of the Simferopol gymnasium Dmitry Mendeleev, turned to Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov for advice on the recommendation of the St. Petersburg life physician N.F. Zdekauer, who found tuberculosis in Mendeleev and, in his opinion, the patient had only a few months to live. Dmitri Mendeleev, a 19-year-old youth, shouldered a lot of work, yes, and the damp climate of St. Petersburg, where he studied, had a negative impact on his health. Nikolai Pirogov did not confirm the diagnosis of his colleague, prescribed the necessary treatment and thus brought the patient back to life. Subsequently, Dmitry Mendeleev spoke with enthusiasm about Nikolai Ivanovich : “That was a doctor! I saw through a person and immediately understood my nature.
Man, Fatherland and God
A great scientist, surgeon, statesman - he was a man of a great Russian soul, combining uncompromising and cordial kindness, honesty of doubts and courage of faith.
«… We live on earth not only for ourselves; remember that a great drama is being played out before us, to which the consequences will respond, perhaps in whole centuries; it is sinful, with folded hands, to be only an idle spectator ... "- wrote to his wife from the besieged Sevastopol.
Having gone through a passion for atheism in his youth, in mature years returned to God, finding, by his own admission, at the age of 38 "the high ideal of faith" in the Gospel. He often "could not be silent," as Leo Tolstoy later defined this moral state. After Pirogov exposed, wherever he could, the theft of quartermasters and other moral rot, which he witnessed.
After the fall of Sevastopol, Nikolai Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that time Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, and was forced to leave the Medico-Surgical Academy.
Pirogov actively opposed class boundaries in education, advocated the abolition of corporal punishment in schools. " To be human is what education should lead to.” "Contempt for mother tongue dishonors the national feeling. In a number of his pedagogical articles, he warned of the onset corrupting "trading aspiration" which destroys the catholicity of society, leads to painful mutual misunderstanding.
Appointed Trustee of the Odessa Educational District, Pirogov trying to change the system that existed in them school education, which led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. Many disliked him. Among part of the bureaucracy, he was known as "Red", but for the extreme liberals he was a stranger. Trustee of the Odessa educational district Pirogov worked for almost two years, significantly improving the education system, and then he was transferred to the same position in Kyiv. However, his teaching career ended overnight. in 1861, when Nikolai Ivanovich refused to establish police supervision over some students , announcing that "The role of a spy is not characteristic of his vocation."
Sklifosovsky-in-the estate of Pirogov Cherry. Hood.-A.-Sidorov
After retiring in 1861, he lived until the end of his life with his wife and two sons from his first marriage. in the Cherry estate near Vinnitsa. There was no question of idleness, in his estate he opened a hospital with 30 beds, built a pharmacy nearby, a pharmacy and donated the land to the peasants. Almost daily operations, receiving dozens of patients, mostly free of charge - such was the happy old age of this indefatigable Russian genius. Sufferers from all over Russia flocked to the "wonderful doctor" (Alexander Kuprin's definition) in Cherry. Pirogov nursed, fed poor patients, arranged a Christmas tree for peasant children.
From his estate Vishnya Pirogov traveled only at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures or abroad. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to study in Germany. Nikolai Pirogov was a consultant in military medicine and surgery, went to the front during the Franco-Prussian war - 1870-1871, and Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies and successfully operated by Giusepe Garibaldi.
Nikolai Pirogov, Vladimir Stasov, Maxim Gorky, Ilya Repin
In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, at that time the great surgeon and scientist was already terminally ill, and on November 23 1881, the great surgeon died on his estate in age 71 from cancer.
Tchaikovsky visiting Pirogov in Cherries. Hood. A. Sidorov
In 1879-1881. Pirogov worked on The Old Doctor's Diary, completing the manuscript shortly before his death.
Shortly before his death, Nikolai Pirogov made another discovery - he offered a completely new method of embalming the bodies of the dead
and own death he managed to kill himself.
In the village of Vishnya (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, there is an unusual mausoleum: in the family crypt, in the church-tomb of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, lies the embalmed body of the world famous scientist, the legendary military surgeon Nikolai Pirogov.
Scientists still cannot unravel the recipe according to which Pirogov's student embalmed Pirogov's body.
The case in the history of Christianity is unique - the Orthodox Church, taking into account the merits of Nikolai Pirogov as an exemplary Christian and world-famous scientist, allowed not to bury his body, but leave it incorruptible, the Holy Synod gave permission to embalm the body, “So that the disciples and successors of the noble and charitable deeds of N.I. Pirogov could see his bright appearance. During the postmortem procedure he was buried by a priest. Then the body of the great surgeon in ceremonial uniform with the Order of Stanislav of the first degree and a sword donated by Franz Joseph was laid in the family crypt-mausoleum.
The monument to Pirogov in Moscow was erected in 1897. Sculptor V.O. Sherwood
Since then, people come to the church in the unique Vinnitsa necropolis to bow the remains of the surgeon Pirogov, as holy relics and ask for help and healing.
At the end of the 20s of the 20th century, Pirogov's crypt was robbed by "Master's Boys". They damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole a sword and a pectoral cross. During the Great Patriotic War, during the retreat Soviet army the sarcophagus with the remains was hidden in the ground, after which the body had to be embalmed again. Now it can be seen in the basement of an Orthodox church, under glass.
A worthy student and follower of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was Archbishop Luke (surgeon Voyno-Yasenetsky) in the Crimean period of hierarchical and professorial activity. At the turn of the 50s of the last century in Simferopol, he wrote a scientific and theological work entitled "Science and Religion", where much attention was paid spiritual heritage of N.I. Pirogov.
Portrait of Nikolai Pirogov. Hood.-I.E. Repin. 1881
Portrait of Nikolai Pirogov, painted by Ilya Repin, is in the Tretyakov Gallery. After the death of Pirogov, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, Pirogov Congresses of Russian Surgeons are regularly convened.
The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The name of Pirogov is the 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes.
In 2015, at the XII Congress of Surgeons of Russia, held in Rostov-on-Don, it was decided to in memory of Pirogov, to establish the Day of the Surgeon on the birthday of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - November 25.
In honor of Nikolai Pirogov, asteroid No. 2506 is named. A large star named Nikolai Pirogov shines in the heart of every compatriot who recognizes himself as Russian.
The biography of Nikolai Pirogov, whom his contemporaries dubbed the "wonderful doctor" is a vivid example of selfless service to medical science. A myriad of discoveries that saved the lives of thousands of people are still being used in medicine.
Childhood and youth
The future genius of world medicine was born in a large family of a military official. Nicholas had thirteen brothers and sisters, many of whom died in infancy. Father Ivan Ivanovich was educated and achieved great success in his career. As his wife, he took a kind, complaisant girl from an old merchant family, who became a housewife and the mother of their many children. Parents Special attention devoted to raising children: boys were determined to study in prestigious establishments and girls were educated at home.
Among the guests of the hospitable parental home there were many doctors who willingly played with the inquisitive Nikolai and told entertaining stories from practice. Therefore, already early years he decided to become either a military man, like his father, or a doctor, like their family doctor Mukhin, with whom the boy became very friendly.
Nikolai grew up as a capable child, learned to read early and spent days sitting in his father's library. From the age of eight, they began to invite teachers to him, and at eleven they sent him to a private boarding school in Moscow.
Soon, financial difficulties began in the family: the eldest son of Ivan Ivanovich, Peter, seriously lost, and his father had a waste in the service, which had to be covered from his own funds. Therefore, the children had to be taken away from prestigious boarding schools and transferred to home schooling.
The family doctor Mukhin, who had long noticed Nikolai's abilities in medicine, contributed to entering the university at the Faculty of Medicine. An exception was made for a gifted young man, and he became a student at fourteen, and not at sixteen, as required by the rules.
Nikolai combined his studies with work in the anatomical theater, where he gained invaluable experience in surgery and finally decided on the choice of his future profession.
Medicine and Pedagogy
After graduating from the university, Pirogov was sent to the city of Dorpat (now Tartu), where he worked at the local university for five years and defended his doctoral dissertation at the age of twenty-two. Pirogov's scientific work was translated into German, and soon they became interested in Germany. The talented doctor was invited to Berlin, where Pirogov worked for two years with leading German surgeons.
Returning to his homeland, the man hoped to get a chair at Moscow University, but another person who had the necessary connections took it. Therefore, Pirogov remained in Dorpat and immediately became famous throughout the district for his fantastic skill. Nikolai Ivanovich easily took on the most complex operations that no one had done before him, describing the details in pictures. Soon Pirogov becomes a professor of surgery and leaves for France to inspect local clinics. The institutions did not impress him, and Nikolai Ivanovich caught the eminent Parisian surgeon Velpo reading his monograph.
Upon his return to Russia, he was offered to head the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg, and soon Pirogov opened the first surgical hospital with a thousand beds. The doctor worked in St. Petersburg for 10 years and during this time wrote scientific papers on applied surgery and anatomy. Nikolai Ivanovich invented and supervised the manufacture of the necessary medical instruments, continuously operated in his own hospital and consulted in other clinics, and worked at night in an anatomical clinic, often in unsanitary conditions.
This way of life could not but affect the health of the doctor. The news that the highest order of the sovereign approved the project of the world's first Anatomical Institute, on which Pirogov worked, helped to rise to his feet. last years. Soon, the first successful operation was performed using ether anesthesia, which became a breakthrough in world medical science, and the mask designed by Pirogov for anesthesia is still used in medicine.
In 1847, Nikolai Ivanovich leaves for the Caucasian War in order to test scientific developments in the field. There he performed ten thousand operations using anesthesia, put into practice the bandages invented by him, impregnated with starch, which became the prototype of the modern plaster cast.
In the autumn of 1854, Pirogov, with a group of doctors and nurses, went to the Crimean War, where he became the chief surgeon in Sevastopol, surrounded by the enemy. Thanks to the efforts of the service of nurses he created, a huge number of Russian soldiers and officers were saved. He developed a completely new system for those times for evacuation, transportation and sorting of the wounded in combat conditions, thus laying the foundations of modern military field medicine.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich met with the emperor and shared his thoughts on the problems and shortcomings of the Russian army. was angry with the impudent doctor and did not want to listen to him. Since then, Pirogov fell out of favor at court and was appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv districts. He directed his activities to reforming the system of existing school education, which again caused dissatisfaction with the authorities. Pirogov developed new system which included four steps:
- elementary school (2 years) - mathematics, grammar;
- incomplete high school(4 years) - general education program;
- secondary school (3 years) - general education program + languages + applied subjects;
- higher education: institutions of higher education
In 1866, Nikolai Ivanovich moved with his family to his estate Vishnya in the Vinnitsa province, where he opened a free clinic and continued his medical practice. Sick and suffering people came to the "wonderful doctor" from all over Russia.
He did not leave scientific activity, having written in Vishnu works on military field surgery, which glorified his name.
Pirogov traveled abroad, where he took part in scientific conferences and seminars, and during one of the trips he was asked to provide medical assistance to Garibaldi himself.
Emperor Alexander II again remembered the famous surgeon during the Russian-Turkish war and asked him to join the military campaign. Pirogov agreed on the condition that they would not interfere with him and restrict his freedom of action. Arriving in Bulgaria, Nikolai Ivanovich set about organizing military hospitals, having traveled 700 seven hundred kilometers in three months and visited twenty settlements. For this, the emperor granted him the Order of the White Eagle and a gold snuff box with diamonds, decorated with a portrait of the autocrat.
The great scientist devoted his last years to medical practice and writing the Diary of an Old Doctor, finishing it just before his death.
Personal life
The first time Pirogov married in 1841 was the granddaughter of General Tatishchev Ekaterina Berezina. Their marriage lasted only four years, the wife died from complications of difficult childbirth, leaving behind two sons.
Eight years later, Nikolai Ivanovich married Baroness Alexandra von Bistrom, a relative of the famous navigator Kruzenshtern. She became a faithful assistant and comrade-in-arms; through her efforts, a surgical clinic was opened in Kyiv.
Death
The cause of Pirogov's death was a malignant tumor that appeared on the oral mucosa. He was examined by the best doctors Russian Empire but were unable to help. The great surgeon died in the winter of 1881 in Vishnu. Relatives said that at the moment of the dying man's agony, a lunar eclipse happened. The wife of the deceased decided to embalm his body, and, having received permission Orthodox Church, invited Pirogov's student David Vyvodtsev, who has long been involved in this topic.
The body was placed in a special crypt with a window, over which a church was subsequently erected. After the revolution, it was decided to keep the body of the great scientist and carry out work to restore it. These plans were interrupted by the war, and the first reembalming was carried out only in 1945 by specialists from Moscow, Leningrad and Kharkov. Now the same group that maintains the state of bodies , and is engaged in the preservation of Pirogov's body.
Pirogov's estate has survived to the present day; a museum of the great scientist is now organized there. It annually hosts Pirogov readings dedicated to the surgeon's contribution to world medicine, and gathers international medical conferences.
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Biography Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.
The last orders have been given. The voices were silent in the house.
Alexandra Antonovna sat comfortably in a large armchair in the living room, put a pile of letters on her knees, and began to read. Congratulations, wishes of happiness to the young, promises that the whole family of distant relatives will certainly be at the wedding. Here is a letter from Nicholas. In the letter, Nikolai asked the bride to search in advance in the district for the sick and crippled who need help. “Work will delight the first season of love,” he wrote to the bride. Alexandra smiled. If he had been at least a little different, he would never have become the person she fell in love with - the genius surgeon Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.
The people called Nikolai Ivanovich "a wonderful doctor." The “miracles” that this remarkable Russian scientist and surgeon, anatomist worked for half a century were not only a manifestation of his high talent. All Pirogov's thoughts were guided by love for ordinary people and to their homeland. His scientific works on the anatomy of the human body and innovation in surgery brought him worldwide fame.
Nikolai Pirogov was born in November 1810 in Moscow. The father of the family, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, had to feed his wife and six children, among whom Nikolai was the youngest, on his modest salary as a treasurer. And although the Pirogov family did not live in poverty, all household members knew the bill.
From childhood, little Kolya knew that one day he would become a doctor. After the doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin, who treated one of his children for a cold, looked into the Pirogovs' house, Nikolai was fascinated by this profession. For days on end, Kolya harassed the family, listening to them with a toy pipe and prescribing “treatment”. Parents were sure that this hobby would soon pass: at that time it was believed that medicine was too low an occupation for noble children.
Nikolai received his primary education at home, and when he turned 10, his parents sent him to study at a boarding school for boys. It was planned that Kolya would finish his boarding school at the age of 16, but it turned out differently. A colleague of his father went missing in the Caucasus along with 30 thousand rubles from the state. The money was listed on Major Pirogov, and the shortage was recovered from him. Almost all the property went under the hammer - the house, furniture, utensils. There was nothing to pay for Nikolai's education at the boarding school. A friend of the Pirogov family, doctor Mukhin, offered to help the boy enter the medical faculty, bypassing the rule to accept students from the age of 16. Nikolai went to the trick and added two years to himself. He passed the entrance exam on a par with everyone else, because he knew much more than was required in those years to enter the university.
The father wept in front of the icons: “I treated my boy badly. Is he, a noble son, born for such a low career? - but there was no choice. And Nikolai was simply delighted that he would be allowed to practice medicine. He studied easily, but he also had to think about his daily bread.
When the father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to go to lectures: the boots were thin, and the jacket was such that it was embarrassing to take off his overcoat. So, interrupting from bread to kvass. In less than 18 years, Nikolai graduated from the university, at 22 he became a doctor of science, and at 26 - a professor of medicine. His dissertation on the operation on the abdominal aorta was translated into all European languages, this work was admired by venerable surgeons. After graduating from the university, a young but promising doctor, Nikolai Pirogov, went to the Estonian town of Tartu to prepare his dissertation at the department of Yuriev University. There was nothing to live on, and Pirogov got a job as a dissector. Here, in the surgical clinic of the University, Pirogov worked for five years and made the first big scientific research"On Ligation of the Abdominal Aorta". He was then twenty-two.
Subsequently, he said that work in the anatomical theater gave him a lot - it was there that he began to study the location of the internal organs relative to each other (at that time, doctors did not pay too much attention to anatomy). Well, in order to improve his skills as a surgeon, Pirogov did not disdain and autopsies of sheep. Pirogov performed a huge number of operations in those years in clinics, hospitals and hospitals. The practice of the surgeon grew rapidly, fame was ahead of it.
After defending his thesis, only four years passed, and the young scientist so surpassed his peers in the vastness of knowledge and brilliant technique in performing operations that he could rightfully become a professor at the Surgical Clinic of Yuryev University at the age of 26. Here, in a short time, he wrote remarkable scientific works on surgical anatomy. Pirogov created topographic anatomy. In 1837-1838. he published an atlas, in which all the information needed by the surgeon was given in order to accurately find and tie off any artery during the operation. The scientist worked out the rules for how a surgeon should go with a knife from the surface of the body to the depth, without causing unnecessary damage to the tissues. This work, unsurpassed so far, put Pirogov in one of the first places in world surgery. His research became the basis of everything that followed.
In 1841, the young scientist was invited to the Department of Surgery of the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. It was one of the best educational institutions in the country. Here, at the insistence of Pirogov, a special clinic was created, which was called the “Hospital Surgical”. Pirogov became the first professor of hospital surgery in Russia. The desire to serve his people, true democracy were the main character traits of the great scientist.
However, in a series of endless suturing, there was a place for quite romantic thoughts. The bright image of Natalya Lukutina, the daughter of Pirogov's godfather, no, no, and distracted the young surgeon from thinking about incisions and bleeding. But disappointment in the first love came very quickly. Once on a visit to Moscow, Pirogov carefully curled his thinning hair with medical tongs and went to the Lukins. During dinner, he entertained Natalie with talk about his life in Estonia. However, to Nikolai's great dismay, she suddenly declared: “Nicolas, enough about the corpses. This, by God, is disgusting!”. Offended by a misunderstanding, Pirogov forever forgot the way to the Lukutins' house.
A few years after the quarrel with Natalie, Nikolai nevertheless decided to marry. Someone must take care of him! After all, he is already a professor and it is unsuitable for him to walk around in a blood-splattered frock coat and a stale shirt. Pirogov's chosen one was the young Ekaterina Berezina. As a doctor, he liked her blooming appearance and excellent health. Having married 20-year-old Katya, 32-year-old Nikolai immediately took up her education - he believed that this would make his wife happy. He forbade her to waste time visiting friends and balls, seized all books about love from the house, and in return provided his wife with medical articles. In 1846, after four years of marriage, Ekaterina Berezina died, leaving Pirogov with two sons. There were rumors that Pirogov killed his wife with his science, but in fact Berezina died due to bleeding during her second birth. Pirogov tried to operate on his wife, but even he could not help her. For six months after the death of his wife, pirogues did not touch the scalpel - he helped so many patients whom others considered hopeless, but failed to save Katya. And yet, over time, the pain dulled a little, and he again took up surgery.
Three years after the death of Ekaterina Berezina, Nikolai Ivanovich realized that he needed to marry a second time. The sons needed a kind mother, and it was difficult for him to cope with the household. This time, Pirogov approached the choice of the bride even more thoroughly. He wrote out on paper all the qualities that he would like to see in his wife. When he read out this list at a reception in one of the secular drawing rooms, the ladies whispered indignantly. But suddenly the young Baroness Bistorm rose from her chair and declared that she completely agreed with Pirogov's opinion about the qualities that an ideal wife should have. Pirogov did not delay the marriage proposal - Alexandra Bistorm really understood him like no other, and in July 1850, 40-year-old Nikolai Pirogov married 25-year-old Alexandra Bistorm.
Three years after the wedding, Nikolai Ivanovich had to part with his young wife for a while. When the Crimean War began in 1853 and the fame of the heroic defenders of Sevastopol spread throughout the country, Pirogov decided that his place was not in the capital, but in the besieged city. He was appointed to the active army. Pirogov worked almost around the clock. During the war, doctors were forced to resort very often, even with simple fractures, to amputation of limbs. Pirogov was the first to use a plaster cast. She saved many soldiers and officers from a disfiguring operation.
Six years before the defense of Sevastopol (in 1847), Pirogov took part in military operations in the Caucasus. The village of Salty became the place where for the first time in the history of wars 100 operations were performed, during which the wounded were put to sleep with ether. In Sevastopol, 10,000 operations have already been performed under anesthesia. Especially Pirogov taught doctors a lot in the treatment of wounds. Nothing was yet known about vitamins, and he already claimed that carrots, yeast and fish oil are very helpful for the wounded and sick. At the time of Pirogov, they did not know that microbes transmit infection from person to person; doctors did not understand why, for example, suppuration of wounds occurs after surgery. Pirogov used disinfectants during his operations - iodine and alcohol, so the wounded he treated were less likely to suffer from infections. For the first time in surgery, he used ether for anesthesia, created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name.
The works of Pirogov put forward Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.
The First Moscow Medical Institute is named after Pirogov.
The main merit of Pirogov during the Crimean War was the organization of a clear military medical service. Pirogov proposed a well-thought-out system for evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He also created new form medical care in the war - proposed to use the work of sisters of mercy, i.e. anticipated the creation of the international organization of the Red Cross. Much of what he did in those early years was used by Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War.
The people knew and loved Pirogov. He treated everyone: from a poor peasant to members of royal family- and always did it disinterestedly. Once Pirogov was invited to the bed of the wounded hero of the Italian people Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian. The wounded called him none other than the “wonderful doctor”, at the front there were legends about his skill as a surgeon. Once, the body of a dead soldier was brought to Pirogov's tent. The body was missing a head. The fighters explained that they were following the head, now Professor Pirogov would “Tie” it somehow, and the dead soldier would return to duty again.
Shortly after returning from Sevastopol to the capital, Pirogov left the Medical and Surgical Academy and devoted himself entirely to teaching and social activities. He was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and then the Kyiv educational district. As a teacher, Pirogov published a number of essays. They aroused great interest. They were read in deaf exile by the Decembrists. Pirogov called for making knowledge accessible to the people - "to make science public". But Pirogov fell out of favor with the authorities - at every corner he tried to expose the quartermasters who stole soldiers' rations, sheets, lint and medicines, and diatribes were not in vain for Nikolai Ivanovich. The great scientist boldly declared that all classes and all nationalities, including the smallest, have the right to education. The scientist's new views on school and education provoked furious attacks from officials, and he had to resign. In 1861, he settled in his estate "Cherry" near Vinnitsa and lived there until the end of his life.
In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov's scientific and social activities was solemnly celebrated. On this day, he was presented with an address from St. Petersburg University, written by I.M. Sechenov. For love for the Motherland, tested by hard disinterested work, for the steadfastness and independence of convictions of a truly honest person, for talent and loyalty to the obligations assumed, Sechenov called Pirogov "a glorious citizen of his land." The talent and great heart made the name of the scientist-patriot immortal: the streets and squares of many cities, scientific institutes bear his name, the Pirogov Prize is awarded for the best works on surgery, the so-called “Pirogov Readings” are held annually on the day of the scientist’s memory, and the Pirogov’s house, where he spent his last years turned into a museum.
N.I. Pirogov was a passionate smoker and died of a cancerous tumor in his mouth. The great surgeon was 71 years old. His body, with the consent of the church authorities, was embalmed with a special compound developed by the scientist shortly before his death. Embalming was carried out entirely on the initiative of the widow - Pirogov himself wanted to be buried in the ground under the linden trees of his estate.
Above the tomb is the church of St. Nicholas. The tomb is located at some distance from the estate: the wife was afraid that the descendants might sell the Pirogov estate and therefore acquired another land plot. The remains of Pirogov, untouched by time, are still kept in the museum named after him in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, in the family tomb. Alexandra Bistorm outlived her husband by 21 years.
On September 9, 1947, the opening of the memorial museum-estate of N.I. Pirogov, created in the village of Sheremetka (later - Pirogovo) in the Vinnitsa region. Here in 1861-1881. there was the estate "Cherry", the estate of the "first surgeon of Russia", where he spent the last years of his life. However, only a few original exhibits from the former museum of N.I. Pirogov, who at one time was in St. Petersburg. Most of the Pirogovo rarities exhibited in the museum-estate were presented in the form of copies.
Internet resources used:
yaca.yandex.ru/yca/cat/Culture/Organizations/Memorial_museum/2.html
news.yandex.ru/people/pirogov_nikolaj.html ·
http://www.hist-sights.ru/node/7449
