Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov is a Russian prose writer and poet. He was born on October 15, 1814 in Moscow. He is known throughout the world for his works, as well as for the influence that his work had on the painting and cinema of that time. He became one of the few authors whose works influenced the formation of writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. He skillfully combined in them personal and philosophical ideas, as well as issues that worried society.

According to unconfirmed reports, the Lermontov family is rooted in Scotland, which was repeatedly reflected in the works of Mikhail Yuryevich. In addition, as a teenager, he claimed that his family was descended from an Italian leader, Francisco Lerma. Similar fantasies were later displayed in the work "Italians".

Interesting facts from the biography of M. Yu. Lermontov

The life of the Lermontov family was constantly filled with scandals and intrigues. Mikhail Lermontov's grandfather often cheated on his wife with a neighbor whose husband long time was in another country for work. The grandfather's life ended tragically: he drank poison when he found out about the return of his mistress's husband home. After that, the estate and serfs, which at that time were already more than 600 people, began to manage the grandmother of the future poet - Elizaveta Alekseevna from the Stolypin family.

Mikhail's father lived in a neighboring village, which was located next to the Lermontov estate. That is how he met Maria Arsenyeva (the poet's mother). Family happiness lasted very little, as frequent betrayals and misunderstandings began. As a result of constant stress, Lermontov's mother died at the age of 21 (the girl got married at the age of 17). After that, the boy's father ran away, leaving his son to be raised by Elizaveta Alekseevna (grandmother).

Thanks to the clear mind and erudition of his grandmother, who loved her grandson very much, Lermontov received an excellent education at home. She tried to invest everything she could in her grandson, his development and improve his naturally poor health. At the same time, she completely cut off contact with Mikhail's father, who did not even try to take part in the upbringing. All these events are described in detail in the poet's work called "Menschen und Leidenschaften", which he wrote as a teenager.

Lermontov was a rather sickly boy who constantly struggled with various serious diseases. All this is displayed in the story in the work "Tales", where the double of the author himself acts as the main character. Here you can find stories about his communication with his father and grandmother, memories of childhood. It also means that for the treatment and care of a constantly ill boy, the grandmother hired a French doctor, who was engaged in restoring the health of young Lermontov.

Childhood years of the future poet

Grandmother took up the education of her grandson very seriously, inviting the best teachers for the study foreign languages, literature and exact sciences. Unfortunately, the boy himself did not have a childhood, since all his time was occupied with training. This is what led to distrust of the world around and strong disappointment in it, becoming the main "inspirer" for writing numerous works.

Lermontov was very fond of nature and mountains, he was a dreamy and romantic boy who constantly tried to escape from the real world into his invented one. Also with early age he got involved in literature. The boy could spend hours reading books by famous authors, which were collected in a huge library in Tarkhany.

Lermontov's further education took place at the Noble University Boarding School, where the boy entered the 4th grade immediately. It was here that he was instilled with a taste for literature and taught to correctly express his experiences through writing. As a result, already in 1829, the first essays of the "Demon" and a large number of poems appeared.

A year later, becoming interested in Byron's works, the poet writes the poem "Prediction", in which he compares himself with the English writer. At this time, he also met the beautiful Natalia, to whom he would later devote more than 30 poems. But their relationship soon ends due to the betrayal of the girl, which is also reflected in the poems, most of which tell about the pain and emotional experiences of the poet.

After entering Moscow University, Lermontov begins to attend thematic circles and actively write new works. Here he writes the student drama "Strange Man", the main character of which is the embodiment of the author himself. Of course, this was not the only drama written by Lermontov during his studies, since during this period his talent began to actively mature. But after two years of study, he has to leave his studies at the university and move to St. Petersburg.

Lermontov's adult life

After moving to St. Petersburg, Lermontov wants to go to university again. But he is refused to count 2 years of study in Moscow and enroll in the 1st year again. Under pressure from relatives and grandmother, the young man therefore has to go to the Cavalry School. The time spent here, he later called "ill-fated years", expressing his experiences in the text of "Junker Prayers" and the novel "Vadim". At the same time, Lermontov began to take an interest in drama, as a result of which numerous works in this genre appeared.

After graduating from college, Mikhail Yurievich became a cornet in the Hussar regiment. At that time, he liked to play the role of a tyrant of women's hearts, which led to the idea of ​​​​taking revenge on the girl who rejected and cruelly acted with the lover Lermontov while living with her grandmother. The young man breaks up the family of his former lover, after which he leaves her and exposes their romance to the public.

At this time, for the first time, the author's works, "Khadzhi Abrek", were published. But the debut was unsuccessful and Lermontov agreed to the publication of his works only a few years later. A Hero of Our Time is a novel that was published next. And already in 1840, his only lifetime edition was published, consisting of 26 poems and several poems.

The following year, on July 15, Lermontov died during a duel with Nikolai Martynov. The main reason for the challenge to the duel, Martynov pointed out "frequent barbs and ridicule in his direction," which Lermontov uttered at each meeting. The poet was buried on the territory of the old Pyatigorsk cemetery on July 17, 1841.

Epigraph to the report:

“Why am I looking for such glory?
It is known that there is no bliss in glory,
But my soul wants everything
To achieve perfection in everything."

Family and childhood

Great Russian poet Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov was born in Moscow in 1814. The Lermontov family begins with a native of Scotland, George Lermontov. He is the ancestor of Mikhail's father, Yuri Petrovich. The maternal line of the poet also contains the noble roots of the Stolypin family, once very famous and wealthy.

When Mikhail Yuryevich was still a child, his mother died of a serious illness and his grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna, who did not have a soul in him, took care of the boy. She looked after him and raised him, trying to replace the child's mother, but relations with her son-in-law Yuri were constantly tense, and Elizaveta Alekseevna decided to move with her grandson to the village of Tarkhany. Despite the remoteness from civilization, Mikhail grew up as a fairly diligent boy and received a very a good education at home. The absence of a father nearby greatly overshadowed the poet's everyday life, and he sought solace in the picturesque countryside and nature, on trips to the Caucasus and first loves.

This is what spurred the development creative personality and here, not without the help of faithful teachers, the first sketches of poems were born. Lermontov considers the Moscow Noble Boarding School, where he studies until 1830, to be the real place for discovering his talents.

student body

In 1832, Mikhail became a student at Moscow University, moral and political department. There he is reputed to be the soul of the company, writes many poems, poems, and together with his friends V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, irritates teachers with impudence and directness. Unable to pass the exams, the poet leaves the university and leaves for St. Petersburg.

Next educational institution, in which the young man tries his hand, becomes the school of guard ensigns and cavalry junkers, where he studied for two years. After graduation, Lermontov received the rank of cornet and entered the service in the hussar regiment.

Student years for Mikhail Yurievich were full of love stories, none of which ended well. There were girls in whom he himself was disappointed and abandoned, and the love of his life, Varvara Lopukhina, married another, leaving the poet in thought.

This eccentric and sometimes aggressive man was sent into exile twice. The first reason was the angry poem "The Death of a Poet" - a review on. The authorities took it as a call for revolution. The second arrest followed after Lermontov's duel with Barant. But this did not serve as a lesson for the young insolent. The next duel, which Lermontov decided on, became tragic for him.

Creation

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov is a unique person. His works are classified as civil, philosophical, love lyrics, among them are poems, stories, poems.

The main driving force in his work can safely be called love. The poet splashed out experiences from heart failures on paper and from his hand were born not just poems, but whole cycles of love lyrics: "Sonnet", "Romance", "K ...".

But the main work of his whole life, which everyone knows in our time, was undoubtedly “The Hero of Our Time” - a novel that will always live.

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The great Russian poet Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov was born in Moscow on October 3 (15), 1814.On October 11 (23) he was baptized. His grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna, was his godmother.At the insistence of Elizabeth Alekseevna, grandmother, the boy was named Mikhail, in honor of his grandfather, Mikhail Arseniev.The grandmother of Mikhail Yurievich, according to legend, founded the village in honor of her grandson - Mikhailovskoye.

Childhood and family of Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov

Mikhail Yurievich's parents died when he was very young. His family was his maternal grandmother, who raised him. She tried to give her grandson everything that the duration of the Lermontov family could claim.Mikhail Yurievich spent his childhood on his grandmother's estate. He grew up with love and care. Little Lermontov was often sick. Most of all Golden.Due to his illnesses, Lermontov was deprived of many childhood amusements. He looked for these amusements in himself. He dreamed.Lermontov fell in love when he was 10 years old.

Upbringing and education of Lermontov

In 1825 Lermontov began to study. The choice of teachers was unsuccessful. Therefore, having a passion for reading, Lermontov took up self-education. Studied several languages.At the age of 15, he regretted not hearing Russians as a child. folk tales. He liked the characters and heroes.He owes his upbringing and education to his grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna. In Moscow, she prepared him for the University Noble Boarding School. Moreover, immediately in the fourth grade!There, the future poet, studied mathematics and literacy. As a result, I learned four languages ​​and played four musical instruments. He knew how to needlework and was fond of painting.Mikhail Lermontov was in this boarding house for almost two years. Merzlyakov and Zinoviev were engaged in his education. There he developed an interest in literature.He loved to read. But he was so alone that he "withdrew from the outside world" and created his own world in his mind.

Elizaveta Alekseevna - grandmother of M. Yu. Lermontov

The first youthful hobbies of Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov

Sixteen-year-old Lermontov was not particularly interesting for young ladies, and he did not receive the same in response to his feelings.To his neighbor, Varenka Lopukhina, he had deep feelings until the end of his life.The first youthful hobbies of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov began in the summer of 1830, when he focused on the personality of Byron. He liked his poetry. He found himself similar to him.A little later, the poet meets Natalya Fedorovna Ivanova. For her, he dedicated poetry. From her, Lermontov for the first time felt reciprocal feelings. But, after a little time, Ivanova preferred a wealthy opponent.Mikhail Lermontov was tormented by negative feelings from betrayal and infidelity. He wrote poems about how painful these experiences were for him.
Lermontov had many contradictions. He could not decide between love and poetry. One created obstacles for the other.

Lermontov's studies at Moscow University

In 1830, Mikhail Yurievich became a student at Moscow University.
Behind its walls intellectual life developed. Mikhail Lermontov showed more interest in secular society than in the conversations of his comrades. He observes life as it really is.The poet lost feelings of trust, friendship and sympathy.
Lermontov respected the university more than his comrades. He studied among enthusiastic youth. But his mindset was different. Time at the university gave Lermontov a big push for his poetry. He became more talented.Mikhail liked to attend balls and masquerades. There he could rejoice.Lermontov's poetry reflected the accuracy of his moods. It is as if he “puts on a mask” of indifference and contempt as self-defense from mental trauma.

Lermontov's studies at Moscow University took more than a year. He was forced to leave because of a bad story with one of the professors.At the university, Lermontov had some disagreements: somewhere he was over-read, and somewhere he did not know the lexicon material.And after arguing with the examiners, he was marked: "Advised to leave."

Guards time

After school, Lermontov also, as before, lived with hobbies, but with reproaches of conscience. He wrote about this to his girlfriend and tried not to let anyone know.People who knew Lermontov always considered him kind and loving. But for himself, it seemed humiliating. He tried to look merciless, like women's hearts, a tyrant.Lermontov took revenge. He remembered old grievances. After a while, he took revenge on Ekaterina Sushkova. So much so that he even upset her marriage to Lopukhin.He later showed surprise at what had happened. And then he explained that he did not like.Mikhail Lermontov was indifferent to the service.
He was ill when he learned of Pushkin's death. Everyone told him their version of what happened.

But only Lermontov's doctor told him truthfully about the duel and the death of the poet Alexander Pushkin.Lermontov was very upset by this event. He wrote the work "Death of a Poet". This poem evoked praise for d'Anthes. One of Lermontov's relatives began to reproach him for this. Then the poet got angry and kicked out the guest. He wrote the last 16 lines...The result was a trial and arrest.Pushkin's friends and grandmother, who had connections, stood up for Lermontov.After a while, Lermontov was transferred as an ensign, as before, in the Caucasus. The poet was in exile. He had a lot of attention, as well as sympathy and enmity.

Lermontov. Link to the Caucasus

The first time Mikhail Yurievich was in exile in the Caucasus for only a few months, thanks to his grandmother. Despite the fact that Lermontov served a very short time in the Caucasus, he changed morally. The main theme of his works was Caucasian folklore. And he really liked the Caucasian area. But here he was hardly appreciated and little understood. There was anger and bitterness in him.

Returning to the St. Petersburg society, lovers of celebrities begin to look after Mikhail Lermontov. The poet accentuates the image that he liked in his youth.
In the North Caucasus, Lermontov wrote about what was inherent in him. What he experienced and felt. All this was reflected in his works.

The first and last duel of Lermontov

After the first exile, Lermontov accumulated enough works.
He became a popular Russian writer and began to associate with Pushkin's friends.
In 1840, Mikhail Lermontov was invited to a ball to a countess. There he entered into an argument with the son of the French ambassador, where he challenged Lermontov to a duel. On February 18 (March 1), the two of them fought with swords, but Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov's blade broke. I had to switch to pistols. Barant fired first and missed. And Lermontov unloaded his pistol and fired from the side.The participants left.For not reporting the duel, Lermontov was arrested. The opponent was not brought to trial.
According to many investigations, Lermontov was transferred back to the Caucasus.
The second exile was significantly different from the first, where he could live in peace. Now he was supposed to participate in hostilities.

Arriving in Pyatigorsk, Lermontov quarreled with a retired major, Nikolai Martynov.
One of the reasons for Lermontov's duel is inappropriate and offensive jokes in his direction.
In the Notes of the Decembrist, N. I. Lorer wrote that Lermontov joked inappropriately and offensively in the presence of ladies and mocked Martynov.And then, out of patience, Martynov said that he knew how to silence Lermontov. Lermontov, on the other hand, stated that he was not afraid of anyone's threats.Martynov forgave the poet a lot of offensive jokes, talked to him about it, but Lermontov joked anyway.By his behavior and his words, he provoked a duel with him.

The second present at the duel said that for his friends and relatives, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was simple and good-natured. But for the rest, a badass.
Despite the efforts of friends, after his death, Lermontov was not buried according to church rites. Many of the high society said that he was going there.
Nicholas I said: "A dog is a dog's death." Just as Lermontov's grandmother once said about her husband.Later, Nicholas I reported that the one who could replace Pushkin had been killed.Many came to see the poet on his last journey. After his death in a duel, his coffin was carried by those for whom he served.

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov - brilliant Russian poet, was born in Moscow on October 2, 1814. In Scottish legends, which have not completely disappeared to this day, the name of Lermont the poet or prophet lives; one of the best ballads of Walter Scott is dedicated to him, telling, according to folk legend, about his abduction by fairies. The Russian poet did not know this legend, but the vague memory of the Scottish legendary ancestors more than once disturbed his poetic imagination: one of the most mature poems is dedicated to it. Lermontov, "Wish". From immediate ancestors Lermontov documents have been preserved regarding his great-grandfather Yuri Petrovich, a pupil of the gentry cadet corps. At this time the genus Lermontov still enjoyed prosperity; poverty began with the generations closest to the time of the poet. His father, Yuri Petrovich, was a poor retired infantry captain. According to Speransky, the father of the future poet was a wonderful handsome man, but at the same time an "empty", "strange" and even "thin" person. This review is based on the relationship of Lermontov the father to his mother-in-law, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva, nee Stolypina; but these relations cannot be blamed on Yuri Lermontov - and so, undoubtedly, he looked at them himself Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov, who throughout his life did not cease to have deep devotion to his father, and when he died - to his memory. A letter of a fourteen-year-old poet has been preserved, poems of a more mature age - and everywhere the image of the father is equally fanned with all the tenderness of filial love. Estate of Yuri Lermontov - Kroptovka, Efremovsky district Tula lips. - was located next to the village of Vasilyevsky, which belonged to the Arsenyev family. The beauty of Yuri Petrovich was carried away by Arsenyeva's daughter, Maria Mikhailovna, and despite the protest of her well-born and proud relatives, she became the wife of an "army officer"; but for her family, this officer forever remained a stranger. Maria Mikhailovna died in 1817, when her son was not yet three years old, but she left many dear images in the memoirs of the future poet. Her album has been preserved, filled with poems, partly, perhaps, composed by her, partly rewritten; they testify to her tender heart. Subsequently, the poet said: My mother died in tears; all his life he could not forget how his mother sang over his cradle. The Caucasus itself was dear to him, first of all, because in its deserts he seemed to hear the long-lost voice of his mother ... Grandmother passionately fell in love with her grandson. Energetic and persevering, she used all her efforts to completely own the child alone. She did not care about the feelings and interests of her father. Lermontov in youthful works very fully and accurately reproduced the events and actors his personal life. In a drama with a German title - "Menschen u. Leidenschaften" - the discord between his father and grandmother is told. Lermontov, the father, was not able to raise his son, as the aristocratic relatives wanted, and Arsenyev, having the opportunity to spend on his grandson "four thousand a year for education different languages", took him to her with the persuasion of raising him until the age of 16 and consulting with his father in everything. The last condition was not met; even the dates of father and son met with insurmountable obstacles from Arsenyeva. The child from the very beginning should have been aware of the unnaturalness of this situation. His childhood proceeded in the estate of his grandmother, Tarkhany, Penza province; he was surrounded by love and care - but he did not have the bright impressions characteristic of age. In the unfinished youthful Tale, the childhood of Sasha Arbenin, the double of the author himself, is described. inclination to daydreaming, passionate attraction to everything heroic, majestic, stormy. Lermontov was born sickly and suffered from scrofula all his childhood; but this illness developed in the child extraordinary moral energy. The "Tale" recognizes its influence on the mind and character of the hero: "he learned to think ... Deprived of the opportunity to have fun with the usual amusements of children, Sasha began to look for them in himself. Imagination became a new toy for him ... between hot pillows, he was already getting used to conquering the sufferings of the body, carried away by the dreams of the soul ... It is likely that early mental development interfered with his recovery in no small way "... This early development became for Lermontov a source of grief: none of the people around was not only able to go towards the "dreams of his soul", but did not even notice them. Here are rooted the main motives of his future poetry of disappointment. In a gloomy child, contempt for the daily life around him grows. Everything alien, hostile to her aroused in him ardent sympathy: he himself is lonely and unhappy - all loneliness and other people's misfortune, stemming from human misunderstanding, indifference or petty egoism, seems to him his own. In his heart there is a feeling of alienation among people and an irresistible thirst for a kindred soul, just as lonely, close to the poet with his dreams and, perhaps, suffering. And as a result: "in my childishness, I began to understand the anguish of sultry love with a restless soul." As a boy of 10 years old, he was taken to the Caucasus, to the waters; here he met a girl of nine years old - and for the first time an unusually deep feeling woke up in him, which left a memory for a lifetime, but at first it was unclear and unsolved for him. Two years later, the poet talks about a new hobby, dedicates a poem to him: to Genius. First love is inextricably merged with the overwhelming impressions of the Caucasus. "The mountains of the Caucasus are sacred to me," wrote Lermontov; they united everything dear that lived in the soul of a child poet. From the autumn of 1825, more or less permanent training sessions Lermontov, but the choice of teachers - a Frenchman Capet and a Greek who fled from Turkey - was unsuccessful. The Greek soon gave up his pedagogical studies and took up furriery. The Frenchman obviously did not inspire Lermontov special interest in French and literature: in student notebooks Lermontov French poems very early give way to Russian ones. As a 15-year-old boy, he regrets that he did not hear Russian folk tales in childhood: "there is more poetry in them than in all French literature." He is captivated by the mysterious but courageous images of renegades human society- "corsairs", "criminals", "captives", "prisoners". Two years after returning from the Caucasus Lermontov was taken to Moscow and began to prepare for admission to the university noble boarding school. His teachers were Zinoviev, a teacher of Latin and Russian at a boarding school, and the Frenchman Gondrot, a former colonel in the Napoleonic guards; he was replaced in 1829 by the Englishman Windson, who introduced him to English literature. In a boarding house Lermontov stayed for about two years. Here, under the leadership of Merzlyakov and Zinoviev, a taste for literature flourished: there were "sessions on literature", young people tried their hand at independent creativity, there was even some kind of magazine with the main participation Lermontov The poet eagerly began to read; at first he is absorbed by Schiller, especially by his youthful tragedies; then he takes up Shakespeare, in a letter to a relative "stands up for his honor", quoting scenes from Hamlet. still Lermontov looking for a kindred soul, is fond of friendship with one or another comrade, is disappointed, indignant at the frivolity and betrayal of friends. The last time of his stay in the boarding house - the year 1829 - is marked in the works by an unusually gloomy disappointment, the source of which was a completely real drama in his personal life. Lermontov The period of his upbringing under the guidance of his grandmother was coming to an end; the father often visited his son in a boarding house, and his relationship with his mother-in-law escalated to an extreme degree. The fight unfolded before our very eyes. Mikhail Yurievich; she is depicted in detail in his youthful drama. Grandmother, referring to her lonely old age, appealing to her grandson's gratitude, won him back from her son-in-law. The father left, humiliated and offended more than ever, and soon died. The poems of this time are a vivid reflection of the poet's experiences. He has a particular propensity for memories: in the present, obviously, there is little consolation. "My spirit has gone out and grown old," he says, and only "a vague monument of past lovely years" is "kind" to him. The feeling of loneliness turns into a helpless complaint; the young man is ready to finally break with outside world, creates "in his mind" "another world and other images of existence", considers himself "marked by fate", "a victim in the middle of the steppes", "a son of nature". “The earthly world is small for him”, his impulses are “depressed by the burden of deceit”, before him is the specter of premature old age ... In these outpourings, of course, there is a lot of youthful play in terrible feelings and heroic moods, but they are based on the undoubtedly sincere grief of the young man, no doubt its spiritual discord with the surrounding reality. By 1829, the first sketch of "The Demon" and the poem "Monologue", foreshadowing the "Duma", belong. The poet abandons his inspirations, comparing his life with an autumn day, and draws the "tortured soul" of the Demon, living without faith, with contempt and indifference to "everything in the world." The "Monologue" depicts the "children of the north", their "cloudy life", "empty storms", without "love and sweet friendship". A little later, mourning his father, he calls himself and him "victims of the lot of the earth": "you gave me life, but happiness is not given!..." In the spring of 1830, the noble boarding school was transformed into a gymnasium, and Lermontov left him. He spent the summer at the estate of his grandmother's brother, Stolypin, near Moscow. Other relatives lived nearby Lermontov- Vereshchagins; Alexandra Vereshchagina introduced him to her friend, Ekaterina Sushkova, also a neighbor on the estate. Sushkova, later Khvostova, left notes about this acquaintance. Their content is a real "novel", falling into two parts: in the first - a triumphant and mocking heroine, Sushkova, in the second - a cold and even cruelly vindictive hero, Lermontov. The sixteen-year-old "lad", inclined towards "sentimental judgments", nondescript, clubfoot, with red eyes, with an upturned nose and a caustic smile, could least of all seem like an interesting gentleman for young ladies. In response to his feelings, he was offered a "top or rope", treated to buns stuffed with sawdust. Sushkova, many years after the event, portrayed the poet in an ailment of hopeless passion and even attributed to herself a poem dedicated to Lermontov another girl - Varenka Lopukhina, his neighbor in a Moscow apartment on Malaya Molchanovka: for her, until the end of his life, he had perhaps the deepest feeling that a woman had ever evoked in him. That Summer (1830) attention Lermontov focused on Byron's personality and poetry; for the first time he compares himself with an English poet, realizes the affinity of his moral world with Byron's, devotes several poems to the Polish revolution. It is unlikely, in view of all this, that the poet's fascination with the "black-eyed" beauty, that is, Sushkova, can be recognized as all-consuming and tragic, as the heroine herself draws it. But this did not prevent the "novel" from bringing new bitterness into the soul of the poet; this will later be proved by his really cruel revenge - one of his answers to human heartlessness, which frivolously poisoned his "childish days", extinguished the "divine fire" in his soul. From September 1830 Lermontov is listed as a student at Moscow University, first in the "moral-political department", then in the "verbal" department. University teaching of that time could not contribute to the mental development of young people; the students in the classrooms were not much different from the schoolchildren. A serious mental life developed outside the walls of the university, in student circles, but Lermontov doesn't fit with any of them. He undoubtedly has more inclination towards secular society than towards abstract comradely conversations: he is by nature an observer of real life. For a long time already, moreover, the feeling of youthful, unclouded credulity had disappeared from him, his ability to respond to a feeling of friendship, to the slightest glimpses of sympathy, had cooled. His moral world was of a different cast than that of his comrades, enthusiastic Hegelians and aestheticians. He respected the university no less than they did: he calls the "bright temple of science" a "holy place", describing the students' desperate disregard for the priests of this temple. He also knows about the philosophical arrogant "disputes" of the youth, but he himself does not take part in them. He probably did not even know the most ardent debater - later famous critic, although one of the heroes of his student drama "Strange Man" bears the name Belinsky. This drama proves interest Lermontov to the hopes and ideals of the then best modern people. Main character- Vladimir - embodies the author himself; through his mouth, the poet frankly confesses the painful contradiction of his nature. Vladimir knows the selfishness and insignificance of people - and yet he cannot leave their company: "When I am alone, it seems to me that no one loves me, no one cares about me - and it's so hard!" Even more important is the drama as an expression of the poet's social ideas. A peasant tells Vladimir and his friend, Belinsky - opponents of serfdom - about the cruelties of the landowner and other peasant hardships. The story infuriates Vladimir, snatches from him a cry: "O my fatherland! my fatherland!", - and Belinsky makes him practically help the peasants. For poetic activity Lermontov university years were the highest degree fruitful. His talent matured quickly spiritual world defined sharply. Lermontov diligently attends Moscow salons, balls, masquerades. He knows the real price of these entertainments, but he knows how to be cheerful, to share the pleasures of others. Superficial observers seemed completely unnatural stormy and proud poetry Lermontov with his secular talents. They were ready to consider demonism and disappointment to be considered "drapery", "cheerful, laid-back look" to truly recognize Lermontov property, and the burning "longing" and "anger" of his poems - pretense and conditional poetic masquerade. But it was poetry that was the sincere echo Lermontov sentiments. "Inspiration saved me from petty fuss," he wrote and gave himself up to creativity as the only pure and lofty pleasure. "Light", in his opinion, levels and vulgarizes everything, smooths out personal shades in people's characters, corrodes all originality, brings everyone to the same level of an animated mannequin. Having humiliated a person, "light" teaches him to be happy precisely in a state of impersonality and humiliation, fills him with a sense of complacency, and kills any possibility of moral development. Lermontov fears himself to undergo such a fate; more than ever, he hides his intimate thoughts from people, armed with ridicule and contempt, sometimes playing the role of a good fellow or a desperate seeker of secular adventures. In solitude, he recalls Caucasian impressions - powerful and noble, not a single feature resembling the trifles and weaknesses of a refined society. He repeats the dreams of the poets of the last century about a natural state, free from the "propriety of chains", from gold and honors, from the mutual enmity of people. He cannot allow "impossible desires" to be planted in our souls, so that we search in vain for "perfection in ourselves and in the world." His mood is disappointment of active moral forces, disappointment in the negative phenomena of society, in the name of fascination with the positive tasks of the human spirit. These motives were quite determined during the stay Lermontov at the Moscow University, which he remembered precisely for this reason, as a "holy place". Lermontov did not stay at the university for two years; the certificate issued to him speaks of his dismissal "at the request" - but the petition, according to legend, was forced by a student story with one of the least respected professors Malov. From June 18, 1832 Lermontov is no longer a student. He left for St. Petersburg, with the intention of going back to university, but ended up in the guards ensign school. This career change did not meet the wishes of the grandmother and, obviously, was caused by the insistence of the poet himself. Since childhood, his dreams were of a militant nature. The Caucasus warmed them up a lot. In boarding epigrams, the hussar is constantly mentioned, in the role of a happy Don Juan. Diligently engaged in drawing, the poet practiced mainly in the "battle genre". The album of his mother is filled with the same drawings. In the twenties and early thirties civil professions, moreover, did not enjoy the respect of high society. According to a friend Lermontov, all non-military were known as "clerks". Lermontov remained at school for two "ill-fated years," as he himself puts it. No one thought about the mental development of students; they "were not allowed to read books of purely literary content." A magazine was published at the school, but its character is quite obvious from the "poems" Lermontov included in this body: "Ulansha", "Peterhof holiday" ... On the eve of entering the school Lermontov wrote the poem "Sail"; the "rebellious" sail, "asking for storms" in moments of imperturbable peace - this is the same restless soul of the poet from childhood. "He was looking for perfection in people, but he himself was not better than them," he says through the mouth of the hero of the poem "Angel of Death", written back in Moscow. The Junkerian revelry and bullying have now provided him with the most convenient environment for the development of any kind of "imperfections". Lermontov he did not lag behind his comrades in anything, he was the first participant in all adventures - but here, too, the chosen nature affected immediately after the most apparently unconscious fun. Both in Moscow society and in Junker revels Lermontov knew how to save his "better part", his creative forces; in his letters one sometimes hears bitter regret about past dreams, cruel self-flagellation for the need for "sensual pleasure". Everyone who believed in the poet's talent became afraid for his future. Vereshchagin, constant friend Lermontov, in the name of his talent, she conjured him "hold firmly on his way" ... Upon leaving the school, the cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment Lermontov still lives among passions and reproaches of conscience, among passionate impulses and doubts bordering on despair. He writes about them to his friend Lopukhina, but exerts all his strength so that his comrades and "the world" do not suspect his Hamlet moods. People who know him closely, like Vereshchagina, are confident in his "good character" and "loving heart"; But Lermontov it would seem humiliating to appear kind and loving in front of the "haughty jester" - "light". On the contrary, here he wants to be merciless in words, cruel in deeds, by all means pass for the inexorable tyrant of women's hearts. Then it was time for Sushkova to pay. Lermontov-hussar and it cost nothing for the already well-known poet to fill the heart of the once mocking beauty, to upset her marriage to Lopukhin, the brother of his unfailingly beloved Varenka and Maria, to whom he wrote such heartfelt letters. Then the retreat began: Lermontov took such a form of addressing Sushkova that she was immediately compromised in the eyes of the "light", falling into the position of the ridiculous heroine of a failed novel. Lermontov it remained to break completely with Sushkova - and he wrote an anonymous letter addressed to her with a warning against himself, sent a letter to the relatives of the unfortunate girl and, in his words, produced "thunder and lightning." Then, when meeting with the victim, he played the role of an astonished, distressed knight, and in the last explanation he directly stated that he did not love her and, it seems, never loved her. All this, except for the parting scene, is told by Lermontov in a letter to Vereshchagina, and he sees only the "fun side of history." Only the sad legacy of the Junker upbringing and the desire to create a "pedestal" for oneself in the "light" can explain this single dark page in the biography Lermontov. Completely indifferent to service, inexhaustible in pranks, Lermontov writes drinking songs of the most relaxed genre - and at the same time such works as "I, the mother of God, now with a prayer" ... Until now, poetic talent Lermontov was known only in officer and secular circles. His first work, which appeared in print - "Hadji Abrek" - got into the "Bibl. for Reading" without his knowledge, and after this involuntary, but successful debut Lermontov for a long time did not want to publish his poems "Pushkin's death revealed Lermontov Russian public in all the power of poetic talent. Lermontov was ill when the terrible event happened. Contradictory rumors reached him; "many," he says, "especially the ladies, justified Pushkin's adversary," because Pushkin was bad-looking and jealous and had no right to demand love from his wife. Involuntary indignation seized the poet, and he "poured out the bitterness of his heart on paper." The poem ended at first with the words: "And his seal is on his lips." It quickly spread in the lists, caused a storm in high society, new praise for Dantes; finally, one of the relatives Lermontov, N. Stolypin, began to blame his ardor in relation to such a gentleman as Dantes. Lermontov lost his temper, ordered the guest to go out and, in a fit of passionate anger, sketched out a final rebuke to the "arrogant descendants" ... An arrest followed; a few days later cornet Lermontov was transferred as an ensign to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment operating in the Caucasus. The poet went into exile, accompanied by general attention: there were both passionate sympathy and hidden enmity. First stay Lermontov in the Caucasus lasted only a few months. Thanks to the efforts of his grandmother, he was first transferred to the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Novgorod province, and then - in April 1838 - returned to the life hussar. Despite a brief service in the Caucasus Mountains, Lermontov has changed a lot in moral terms. Nature riveted all his attention; he is ready to sit and admire her beauty for "a lifetime"; society seemed to have lost its appeal to him, youthful gaiety disappeared, and even secular ladies noticed "black melancholy" on his face. The instinct of the poet-psychologist attracted him, however, to the environment of people. He was little appreciated here, even less understood, but bitterness and anger boiled up in him, and new fiery speeches fell on paper, immortal images formed in his imagination. Lermontov returns to the St. Petersburg "light", again plays the role of a lion, especially since all lovers of celebrities and heroes are now courting him; but at the same time he contemplates the mighty image which, even in his youth, excited his imagination. The Caucasus renewed old dreams; "Demon" and "Mtsyri" are created. Both that and other poem were conceived for a long time. The poet thought about the "Demon" even in Moscow, before entering the university, later he began and reworked the poem several times; the birth of "Mtsyra" is undoubtedly hidden in a youthful note Lermontov, also from the Moscow period: "to write notes of a young monk: 17 years old. Since childhood, he has been in the monastery, except sacred books I haven't read it... A passionate soul languishes. Ideals". At the heart of the "Demon" is the consciousness of loneliness among the whole universe. Features of demonism in creativity Lermontov: a proud soul, alienation from the world and heavenly contempt for petty passions and cowardice. For the demon, the world is small and miserable; for Mtsyra, the world is hateful, because there is no will in it, there is no embodiment of the ideals brought up by the passionate imagination of the son of nature, there is no outcome for the mighty flame that lives in the chest from a young age. "Mtsyri" and "Demon" complement each other. The difference between them is not psychological, but external, historical. The demon is rich in experience, he has been observing humanity for centuries - and has learned to despise people consciously and indifferently. Mtsyri dies in blooming youth, in the first impulse to freedom and happiness; but this impulse is so decisive and powerful that the young prisoner manages to rise to the ideal height of demonism. Several years of painful slavery and loneliness, then several hours of admiration for freedom and the greatness of nature, suppressed in him the voice of human weakness. The demonic worldview, harmonious and logical in the speeches of the Demon, in Mtsyra is a cry of premature agony. Demonism is a general poetic mood, composed of anger and contempt; the more mature the poet's talent becomes, the more real this mood is expressed and the chord breaks down into more particular, but also more definite motifs. At the heart of the "Duma" are the same Lermontov feelings about "light" and "peace", but they are aimed at tangible, historically accurate social phenomena: "the earth", so arrogantly humiliated by the Demon, gives way to "our generation", and powerful, but vague pictures and images of the Caucasian poem turn into life types and phenomena. Such is the meaning of the New Year's greeting for 1840. Obviously, the poet quickly moved towards clear real creativity, the makings of which were rooted in his poetic nature; but collisions with everything around were not without influence. It was they who were supposed to set more definite goals for the anger and satire of the poet and gradually turn him into a painter of public mores. The novel "A Hero of Our Time" is the first step on this completely logical path ... The role of the "lion" in St. Petersburg society was for Lermontov major misunderstanding: courting the book. Shcherbatova - the muse of the poem "On secular chains" - he met a rival in the person of the son of the French envoy Barant. The result is a duel that ended happily, but for Lermontov which led to arrest in the guardhouse, then transfer to the Tengin infantry regiment in the Caucasus. During the arrest Lermontov visited Belinsky. When he met the poet, it is not known for certain: according to Panaev, in St. Petersburg, at Kraevsky, after returning Lermontov from the Caucasus; according to a friend Lermontov according to the university boarding school, I. Satin - in Pyatigorsk, in the summer of 1837. One thing is quite certain, that Belinsky's impression of the first acquaintance remained unfavorable. Lermontov out of habit, he avoided serious conversation, poured out jokes and witticisms about the most important topics - and Belinsky, according to him, did not figure it out Lermontov. The meeting in the guardhouse ended in a completely different way: Belinsky was delighted with both the personality and artistic views. Lermontov. He saw the poet "by himself"; "There was so much truth, depth and simplicity in his words!" Belinsky's impressions were repeated on Bodenstedt, later a translator of the poet's works. To seem and be for Lermontov there were two things quite different; in front of people unfamiliar, he preferred to seem, but he was absolutely right when he said: "I'm better than I seem to people." A close acquaintance revealed in the poet a loving heart, a sympathetic soul, and an ideal depth of thought. Only Lermontov he considered very few worthy of these treasures of his ... Arriving in the Caucasus, Lermontov plunged into combat life and at first he distinguished himself by "courage and composure"; that was the official message. In a poem by Valerik and in a letter to Lopukhin Lermontov does not say a word about his exploits ... Secret thoughts Lermontov have long been given over to the novel. It was conceived during the first stay in the Caucasus; Princess Mary, Grushnitsky and Dr. Werner, according to the same Satin, were copied from the originals as early as 1837. Subsequent processing probably focused mainly on the personality of the protagonist, whose characterization was associated for the poet with a matter of self-knowledge and self-criticism ... According to end of vacation, in the spring of 1841, Lermontov left Petersburg with heavy forebodings - first to Stavropol, where the Tengin regiment was stationed, then to Pyatigorsk. According to some stories, back in 1837, he met the Verzilin family here and nicknamed one of the sisters - Emilia Verzilin - "La Rose du Caucase". Now he met next to her a retired officer of the Guards Martynov, "gloomy and silent", playing the role of a misunderstood and disappointed hero, in a Circassian costume with a huge dagger. Lermontov began to ridicule him in the presence of the beauty and the whole society. Collisions were inevitable; as a result of one of them there was a duel - and on June 15 the poet fell lifeless at the foot of Mashuk. Book. A. I. Vasilchikov, an eyewitness to the events and Martynov's second, told the story of the duel with the clear intention of exonerating Martynov, who was alive at the time the story appeared in print. The main idea of ​​the author: Lermontov there were two people: one - good-natured, for a small circle of closest friends and for those few people for whom he had special respect; the other is arrogant and provocative, for all other acquaintances. "Martynov, therefore, was first a victim, and then had to be an avenger. There is no doubt, however, that Lermontov until the last minute, he maintained a good-natured mood, and his opponent burned with a malicious feeling. With all the extenuating circumstances about Martynov, with even more right than about Dantes, one can repeat the words of the poet: "the bloody one could not understand at that moment what he raised his hand to" ... Funeral Lermontov could not be performed according to the church rite, despite all the efforts of friends, the official news of his death read: "On June 15, at about 5 pm, a terrible storm broke out with thunder and lightning; at that very time, between the mountains of Mashuk and Beshtau, a man who was treated in Pyatigorsk died M. Yu. Lermontov" . According to the book. Vasilchikov in St. Petersburg, in high society, the poet's death was greeted with a response: "He is dear there" ... A few months later, Arsenyeva transported the ashes of her grandson to Tarkhany. - In 1889, by all-Russian subscription, a monument was erected to the poet in Pyatigorsk. - Poetry Lermontov inextricably linked with his personality, she is in full sense poetic autobiography. The main features of Lermontov's nature are an unusually developed self-consciousness, the efficiency and depth of the moral world, the courageous idealism of life's aspirations. All these features were embodied in his works, from the earliest prose and poetic outpourings to mature poems and novels. Even in the youthful "Tale" Lermontov glorified the will as a perfect, irresistible spiritual energy: “to want means to hate, love, regret, rejoice, live” ... Hence his fiery requests for a strong open feeling, indignation at petty and cowardly passions; hence his demonism, which developed amid forced loneliness and contempt for the surrounding society. But demonism is by no means a negative mood: “I need to love,” the poet confessed, and Belinsky guessed this trait after the first serious conversation with Lermontov: "It was gratifying for me to see in his rational, chilled and embittered view of life and people the seeds of deep faith in the dignity of both. I told him this; he smiled and said: God forbid." Demonism Lermontov- this is the highest stage of idealism, the same as the dreams of people of the 18th century. about the all-perfect natural man, about the freedom and virtues of the golden age; it is the poetry of Rousseau and Schiller. Such an ideal - the most daring, irreconcilable denial of reality - and young Lermontov I would like to throw off the "education of the chain", to be transported to the idyllic realm of primitive humanity. Hence the fanatical adoration of nature, the passionate penetration of its beauty and power. And all these traits can by no means be associated with any kind of external influence; they existed in Lermontov even before his acquaintance with Byron, and merged only into a more powerful and mature harmony, when he recognized this really kindred soul to him. In contrast to the disappointment of Chateaubriand's Rene, which is rooted exclusively in selfishness and self-adoration, Lermontov's disappointment is a militant protest against "baseness and oddities", in the name of sincere feeling and courageous thought. Before us is poetry not of disappointment, but of sadness and anger. All heroes Lermontov- Demon, Izmail-Bey, Mtsyri, Arseniy - are filled with these feelings. The most real of them - Pechorin - embodies the most, apparently, everyday disappointment; but this is a completely different person than the "Moscow Childe Harold" - Onegin. He has many negative traits: selfishness, pettiness, pride, often heartlessness, but next to them is a sincere attitude towards himself. "If I am the cause of the unhappiness of others, then I myself am no less unhappy" - absolutely truthful words in his mouth. He more than once yearns for a failed life; on a different soil, in a different air, this strong organism would undoubtedly have found a more honorable deed than persecuting the Grushnitskys. The great and the insignificant coexist side by side in it, and if it were necessary to distinguish between the one and the other, the great would have to be attributed to the individual, and the insignificant to society ... Creativity Lermontov gradually descended from behind the clouds and from the Caucasian mountains. It stopped at the creation of quite real types and became public and national. In modern Russian literature there is not a single noble motive in which an untimely silenced voice is not heard. Lermontov: her sadness about the miserable phenomena of Russian life is an echo of the life of a poet who sadly looked at his generation; in her indignation at the slavery of thought and the moral insignificance of her contemporaries, Lermontov's demonic impulses resound; her laughter at stupidity and vulgar comedianism is already heard in Pechorin's annihilating sarcasm at Grushnitsky.

Mikhail was born on October 3 (October 15 according to the old style), 1814. The future writer spent most of his childhood in Tarkhany, in the estate of his grandmother, who was engaged in raising the boy. Lermontov's mother passed away early, when the boy was only 3 years old, his father was not interested in raising a child.

Mikhail received an excellent education at home, the best foreign teachers were invited to teach him.

In 1828, Lermontov begins a new stage in his life, he goes to study at the Noble Boarding School of Moscow University. Here Michael begins his creative way in literature, and also gets acquainted with many interesting personalities, which will subsequently affect not only the creative path of the writer, but also his fate as a whole.

In 1830, Lermontov left the boarding school, as it was transformed into a gymnasium. In the same year, the writer enters Moscow University.

After graduation, Mikhail goes to study at military school, where he soon received an assignment to the Hussar Regiment in Tsarskoe Selo.

For writing the poem "The Death of a Poet", the scandalous writer was sent into exile in the Caucasus. There it was written famous work"Borodino". Thanks to his grandmother, after the first exile, Lermontov was reinstated in the service and sent to St. Petersburg.

In 1840, the writer was again sent into exile in the Caucasus, this time for a duel with the son of the French ambassador. In Pyatigorsk, Mikhail met his classmate Martynov. Due to the hot-tempered nature of Lermontov, minor contradictions arose between them, which led to tragic death writer. July 15, 1841 Mikhail was killed. He became the author of more than 400 poems, including such cult ones as "Demon", "Mtsyri", "Hero of Our Time". Undoubtedly, his contribution to the Russian classic literature invaluable, currently Lermontov is still one of the most widely read authors not only in Russia but also abroad.

Biography of Lermontov Grade 4 for children

Biography of Lermonov briefly

Mikhail Lermontov was a Russian romantic writer, poet and painter who was sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus".

Lermontov was born in Moscow into a respectable family. His paternal family descended from the Scottish Learmonth family and can be traced back to Yuri Learmont, a Scottish officer in the Polish-Lithuanian Service. Lermontov's father married Maria Arsenyeva. On October 15, 1814, in Moscow, where the family temporarily moved, Maria gave birth to a son, Mikhail.

The marriage was unsuccessful, and soon the couple separated. The exact reasons for the divorce are still unknown. Biographer Viskovatov suggested that the contention could be caused by Yuri's relationship with a young tenant who worked in the house.

Elizaveta Arsenyeva began a formidable battle for her beloved grandson, promising to deprive him of his inheritance if his father took the boy with him to Kropotovo. The parties agreed that the boy should stay with his grandmother until the age of 16.

In 1817, Elizaveta Alekseevna transferred her grandson to Penza. In 1821 they returned to Tarkhany. The satisfied grandmother spared no expense in order to provide the young Lermontov with a better education and lifestyle. Living with his grandmother, Mikhail hardly met his father.

The intellectual atmosphere in which Lermontov grew up resembled that in which Alexander Pushkin grew up.

In February 1829, thirteen-year-old Lermontov passed the exams and entered the 5th grade of a boarding school for noble children. The short poem "Spring", published in 1830 by the amateur magazine Ateneum, marked his unofficial debut release.

In the boarding school, Lermontov turned out to be an exceptional student. He excelled in the 1828 examinations; he read a poem by Zhukovsky, performed a violin etude, and won first prize for his literary essay.

In 1830, Lermontov entered the philological faculty of Moscow University. "Petty arrogance" (as Skabichevsky says) prevented him from joining any of the three circles of radical students. “Everyone saw that Lermontov was disgusting, rude and impudent, and yet there was something alluring in his firm grief,” admitted fellow student Wistenhof.

Lermontov took an active part in the notorious scandal at Malovo in 1831 (when he pushed an unpopular professor out of the crowd from the auditorium), but was not formally reprimanded. Yuri Lermontov left Arsenyeva's house forever and died some time later. For some time, Michael seriously thought about suicide.

In his second year of study, Lermontov began to have serious skirmishes with several of his professors. He decided to leave, and in 1832 received a two-year diploma.

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