Introduction
2.2. Detergency of synthetic detergents
4. Analysis of the modern range of synthetic detergents on the example of the Domovyonok store
4.1. . Factors shaping the range of synthetic detergents
4.2. Assortment analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
1.Classification and range of synthetic detergents
In accordance with the All-Russian classifier of products, synthetic detergents belong to subgroup 23 8110 and are divided into five types:
for washing products made of cotton and linen fabrics;
for washing products made of silk, wool, artificial and synthetic fabrics;
universal;
for soaking linen and household needs;
special purpose.
Synthetic detergents are classified by consistency, composition, purpose and method of application.
According to the state of aggregation (consistency), SMS can be powder (granular), solid, liquid and pasty.
The volume of production of powdered products is more than 80% of the total production of SMS. These are the most concentrated. They are convenient for the introduction of auxiliary components and for packaging. Powdered products are used by most consumers.
Detergents in tablets are less common, although they are convenient and quickly dosed, there are no allergic reactions to them. Depending on the number of layers, the tablets dissolve at different rates. Single-layer tablets dissolve faster, in multi-layer tablets, enzymes dissolve first - at low temperatures, then oxygen-containing bleaches - at high temperatures. This ensures greater washing efficiency.
The production of liquid detergents is less energy intensive and easier as they do not require drying. Liquid SMS does not cause allergic reactions, it is more economical in dosing. And the fact that their production is underdeveloped can only be explained by the lack of an effective washing effect for all types of fabrics. They do not contain bleaches, alkaline salts, enzymes, therefore they show a washing effect only in soft water and mainly for wool and silk.
The low demand for liquid SMS in our country can also be explained by bad advertising, ignorance of their advantages. Whereas in the US, liquid detergents account for over 40% of detergent production and are in high demand. This is due to the traditions of washing, water hardness, the design of washing machines - energy-saving, providing high-quality washing in small volumes of water at low temperatures. A novelty of the range are liquid detergents with increased viscosity - gels.
Paste products contain up to 40% water. Almost all additives can be included in their composition, with the exception of unstable chemical bleaches.
By purpose, we can talk about four groups of SMS: for washing items made of cotton, linen and mixed fabrics; for washing products made of wool, silk and synthetic fabrics; universal SMS and SMS of complex action.
According to the method of application (washing method), SMS is distinguished with high (non-standardized) foaming (for washing by hand and in activator-type washing machines) and with reduced foaming (for washing in automatic and semi-automatic washing machines).
According to the composition, synthetic detergents are without peroxide compounds and bioadditives (the simplest) and with bioadditives, with peroxide compounds, with peroxide compounds and bioadditives, for wool, fine fabrics and baby clothes, for colored fabrics and reducing pilling (the designation of such compounds includes the designation "color", and their use requires a special temperature regime. They contain polymer compounds that prevent the transfer of dyes from the fabric into the solution), flavoring (the packaging usually indicates what smell they give to the linen).
Powdered SMS meet almost all the requirements of modern laundry processing, cover all types of products, are effective in all household washing machines. In terms of composition, these are, as a rule, mixtures of anionic (for washing and soaking products made from cotton and linen fibers), nonionic (for synthetic fabrics) surfactants and auxiliary components.
SMS for washing products made of cotton and linen fabrics contain up to 25% surfactants, up to 20% alkaline electrolytes, up to 35% polyphosphates, alkylolamides, CMC, and sometimes bleaches. The pH of the cleaning solutions is from 10 to 11.5. Produced with peroxide salts for washing and bleaching - "Sarma", "Regular powder", "Emmy-classic", without peroxide salts with abnormal foaming for hand and machine washing - "Era", "Gloss", "Deni-extra", "Dosya", without peroxide salts for washing heavily soiled products (sugar derivatives, alkyl, cycloalkylsulfonates are used as surfactants) - "Lada", "Cotton M".
These preparations cannot be used for washing products made of woolen fabrics, since the increased alkalinity of the solution destroys the protein substance keratin, which makes up the fibers of woolen fabrics, which leads to a decrease in the luster and strength of the fabric.
On sale there were powders of domestic and import production for washing children's clothes - "Kids", "Karapuz", "Aistenok", "Emmy-baby". Most of these preparations are made on the basis of natural fatty soap and do not contain synthetic surfactants, enzymes, dyes and fragrances.
SMS for washing woolen, silk and synthetic fabrics does not contain sodium perborate and creates a softer environment (pH is 8.0 - 9.5). These are the preparations "Weasel", "Vorsinka", liquid SMS "Minute".
Universal SMS is suitable for washing products made from fibers of a wide variety of nature. Their versatility is ensured by the composition and differentiated washing conditions. The presence of alkali salts in the composition of universal SMS (pH equal to 9 - 10) does not have a negative effect on products made of protein and synthetic fibers, since at a temperature of 30 - 40 ° C, the activity of an alkaline substance is low. Items made of cotton and linen fabrics are washed using universal SMS at a higher temperature (60 - 80 ° C). Universal SMS are produced with bioadditives for soaking and washing, with peroxide salts for washing and bleaching.
The range of SMS in this group is the most diverse. These are the series of powders "Aist" - "Aist-universal", "Aist-bio", "Aist-ideal"; "Era" and "Era-automatic", "Crystal", as well as "Myth" and "Myth-universal", which can be used not only as a detergent, but also as a cleaning agent. Synthetic detergents of complex action include detergents for washing and simultaneous starching, disinfection, antistatic treatment of products.
Acid-resistant aldehydes, quaternary ommonium, phosphonium or arsonium salts are introduced into SMS of complex action to give disinfectant properties. A number of patents describe methods for obtaining antiseptic, disinfectant, bactericidal and other SMS, specially designed for washing dishes, cleaning various containers, hospital applications, as well as colored and multi-color SMS.
Liquid detergents are divided into SMS for washing items made of woolen, silk, synthetic and artificial fabrics in cold and warm water and universal detergents. Their range is limited. You can only name "Minute for woolen and silk fabrics", "Perla with lecithin", "Si dou without enzymes", "Akalde luxe - automatic", "Aral color - automatic".
Pasty detergents are intended for washing items made of cotton and linen fabrics, for washing items made of wool and fine fabrics in cold and warm water, for washing and tinting items from all types of fabrics, for washing heavily soiled items made of cotton, linen and mixed fabrics ( with reduced foaming), for washing heavily soiled clothing.
The domestic range of pastes includes only a few items - "Diana", "Snezhok", "Triel", which are intended for cotton and linen, wool and silk.
Special requirements are imposed on the composition of liquid and pasty detergents: they must be sufficiently concentrated, have a high content of surfactants, be transparent and not delaminate. As the basis of such detergents, a mixture of surfactants is used - alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylsulfonates, nonionic surfactants. Transparency and stability are provided by the addition of ethyl alcohol, carbamides, dialkylolamides. An important component of liquid SMS are hydrotropic additives - xylene sulfonates, sulfonated dodecylphenyl oxide, sodium salt of sulfonated oleic acid. They, acting as solubilizers, increase the solubility of the main components, lower the cloud point of CMC, and improve the presentation of the product.
To prevent degreasing of the skin of the hands and improve the plasticity of pasty detergents, monoglycerides, mono- and diethanolamides are introduced into them. fatty acids, glycols.
Detergents for washing in cold water (5 - 35 ° C) are also in demand on the SMS market, since products made from synthetic fabrics and some types of wool tend to shrink if washed at a temperature of 50 - 70 ° C. When washing in cold water, the discoloration of fabrics is reduced, the energy and time spent on heating water are reduced. The novelties of the range are pastes: "Kroshka" - for washing children's linen and products made of fine fabrics, wool and silk; "Lily of the valley-universal", "Lassil" - for washing heavily soiled linen and cotton linen. OMV liquid is used for washing any linen, removes grease stains, ballpoint pen pastes, effectively cleans cuffs and collars. Pastes "Fleece", "Bio", "Bio-Mig", "Bio-S", "Palmira" are well realized.
There have been trends towards improving the quality of SMS due to the introduction of new types of surfactants, complexing agents, bleaches, stabilizers, enzymes and other components, effective activators of perborate decomposition, which means that more effective, economical, environmentally "soft" SMS of complex action will be created. , allowing to significantly reduce the cost of labor and energy in their production and use. Powdered detergents have become widespread high density- compact. Their advantage is that the consumption of SMS is reduced by 30%, packaging materials are saved and the washing ability is improved. An example is the washing powder "Compact", concentrated and pressed.
The basis of the assortment of SMS in most countries of the world is still made up of powder preparations. However, they adversely affect humans - they are quite strong allergens, and the traditional surfactants used in them have the ability to accumulate. Therefore, from a safety point of view, liquid SMS are more effective.
The disadvantage of liquid detergents is the lack of a bleaching system, so a bleaching enhancer (sodium perborate or percarbonate and sodium sulfate) is introduced into the washing solution or new formulations of liquid detergents with a stable bleaching system are being developed. Now, in most economically developed countries, the use of enzymes in liquid detergents is approaching the figure achieved for powders. However, there are still no new-generation imported SMS on the Russian market.
In the volume of production of enterprises of the Russian Federation, powdered SMS make up more than 80%. Naturally, the assessment of the competitiveness of domestic SMS is based on them. According to the main consumer criteria, most of the domestic products are not inferior to imported ones, but lose in terms of smell and appearance.
Domestic manufacturers continue to work on expanding the range of detergents with effective bleaching properties at low temperatures (30 - 50°C), enzyme-containing SMS, pre-soaking agents at a temperature of 15 - 20°C and washing at a temperature of 30 - 60°C.
The creation of highly effective SMS compositions with predetermined properties becomes available for those enterprises that have created and well equipped research centers (Moscow SMS plant "Pemos", LLC "Novomoskovskbytkhim" and others). They are for last years almost completely updated the range of products. The Sterlitamak joint-stock company "Soda" (Bashkortostan) is actively promoting its products, producing a highly effective powder "Luch" of various modifications.
Lump detergents have proven themselves well for washing in conditions of limited water resources, leisure, business trips, tourism and at home, as they allow you to effectively process washed items. Washing by hand a small number of products in a small volume of washing solution is still relevant, despite the rapid growth in the production of washing machines and the improvement of their designs. It is for her that SMS in lumpy commodity form is extremely effective.
2. Factors that shape the quality of synthetic detergents
2.1. Raw materials used for the manufacture of synthetic detergents
Currently, the chemical industry produces a large number of different synthetic detergents (washing powders). Of greatest practical importance are compounds containing a saturated hydrocarbon chain of 10...15 carbon atoms, one way or another associated with a sulfate or sulfonate group, for example
Compared to fatty soap, the production of synthetic detergents is based on cheap raw materials - paraffin, oil and gas processing products. The production of a wide range of synthetic detergents makes it possible to obtain products that take into account the properties of the washed products and the nature of water hardness.
Synthetic detergents are easily dosed, dissolve well in water at room temperature, do not require preliminary softening of water and well wash pollution in water of any hardness, including sea water. Synthetic detergents exhibit a washing effect at a relatively low temperature (20-30 ° C), they wash the fabric well in a neutral, acidic and alkaline environment, but they themselves do not increase the alkalinity of the solution. As a result, the freshness of the color is well preserved and the wear of fabrics is reduced. Washing with synthetic detergents is less laborious than with fatty soap; their consumption is also significantly lower when a washing effect is achieved, the same as with fatty soap. So, when using fatty soap, the best concentration of the washing solution in soft water is 0.2-0.3%, and synthetic detergents - 0.05-0.2%.
However, synthetic products containing alkylarylsulfonates as detergents cause irritation to the skin of the face and hands. Some sulfonols are difficult to bioavailable, i.e. are not decomposed by bacteria into simple, easily digestible and harmless products. They pollute water bodies and cause the death of animals and plants.
Synthetic detergents usually represent a rather complex composition, since they include various additives: optical brighteners, chemical brighteners, enzymes, foaming agents, softeners.
Optical brighteners
After several washes, products made from white fabrics turn yellow or gray. To eliminate emerging shades, optical brighteners are also introduced into synthetic detergents. Their action is that they absorb ultraviolet light (with a wavelength of ~360 nm) and re-emit the absorbed energy by fluorescence in the blue region. visible spectrum(at 430...440 nm). The resulting "blue" of the product compensates for the yellowing and makes the product visually whiter. The action of optical brighteners resembles the action of blue, which has long been used to rinse clothes after washing. Household blue or ultramarine is a natural mineral lapis lazuli, also called lapis lazuli. In a monolithic form, it is used as an ornamental stone, and its very fine powder was used as blue in the distant past. In 1828, ultramarine was obtained artificially in the laboratory. To do this, a mixture of kaolin, soda and sulfur was calcined in a strong air stream. The composition of ultramarine is expressed by the formula Na 6 Al 4 Si 6 S 4 O 24, but its structure has not yet been elucidated. A substitute for ultramarine in everyday life is a powder of white clay (kaolin) or chalk with blue organic dyes (organic blues) previously applied to their surface.
Chemical bleaches
When washing fabrics, it is necessary not only to remove dirt, but also to destroy the dyed compounds. Often they are natural dyes from berries or wines. This function is performed by chemical bleaches. The most common bleach is sodium perborate. Its chemical formula is conventionally written as NaBO 2 ·H 2 O 2 ·3H 2 O. It can be seen from the formula that hydrogen peroxide, which is formed as a result of the hydrolysis of perborate, serves as a bleaching agent. This chemical bleach is effective at 70°C and above.
Whitening Enzymes
Stains of protein substances and blood are difficult to wash off and are poorly discolored by chemical bleaches. To eliminate them, special enzymes are used, which are introduced as an additive to washing systems. Enzymes work when products are soaked in cold water before washing with hot water. However, they can also be effective directly in the washing process.
Foam concentrates
Among housewives, there is an outdated opinion that abundant lather is necessary for successful washing of fabrics. However, this view is only valid for soap-based powders. In the case of synthetic detergents, there is no direct relationship between washing and foaming ability. There are compositions that have good washing properties, but almost no foam is given. When using washing machines, abundant foam is sometimes undesirable. Therefore, there are foaming agents for every taste. Foam enhancers include amino alcohol C 11 H 23 CONHCH 2 CH 2 OH and amine oxide.
Softeners
When washing with synthetic detergents and then drying, fabrics (towels, diapers, etc.) can become hard to the touch. To eliminate it, softeners are used. This is achieved by rinsing in water with the addition of special compounds. The best known softeners are quaternary ammonium compounds. The composition of softeners, which are available in the form of a solution or paste, also includes optical brighteners and perfume. Washing and dry cleaning of fabric products are chemical processes.
2.2. Detergency of synthetic detergents
The washing power of modern SMS is not determined by the abundance of foam. What's more, there are surfactants that don't foam at all and yet are excellent at removing dirt. In practice, foam is needed only when hand washing things made of thin fabric, knitted things and some others that are washed without wetting much, so that they do not lose their shape when dried. Abundant and stable foam in detergent solutions greatly complicates washing in washing machines. Firstly, due to the foam, the mechanical effect on the fabric is reduced, which is necessary to remove dirt, and secondly, with abundant foam, the washing solution can overflow. Therefore, for washing in washing machines, low-foaming products containing foam stabilizers are produced. When washing with such means, the amount of foam is small and, most importantly, does not depend much on temperature (and, as you know, when using many conventional detergents, the foam is greater, the higher the temperature of the washing solution).
The word “automatic” is often added to the name of detergents intended for washing in washing machines (for example, “Tide-automatic”, “Stork-automatic”). They can, of course, be washed by hand.
There are other functional additives: chemical bleach decomposition activators, hydrotropes - substances that improve the solubility of components, complexons - substances that bind iron salts, etc.
So, commercially available detergents of various properties, purpose, can be powdered, liquid, in the form of pastes. From the variety of these tools, you need to choose the one that suits you best.
In everyday life, not to mention industry, various objects and objects are subjected to washing. Pollutants are very diverse, but most often they are slightly soluble or insoluble in water. Such substances, as a rule, are hydrophobic, since they are not wetted by water and do not interact with water. Therefore, various detergents are needed. If you try to give a definition, then washing can be called the cleaning of a contaminated surface with a liquid containing a detergent or a system of detergents. The main liquid used in everyday life is water. A good cleaning system should perform the dual function of removing contaminants from the surface being cleaned and transferring it to an aqueous solution. This means that the detergent must also have a dual function: the ability to interact with the pollutant and transfer it to water or an aqueous solution. Therefore, the detergent molecule must have hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. Phobos - in Greek means fear, fear. So, hydrophobic means afraid, avoiding water. Phileo - in Greek - love, and hydrophilicity - loving, holding water. The hydrophobic part of the detergent molecule has the ability to interact with the surface of the hydrophobic pollutant. The hydrophilic part of the detergent interacts with water, penetrates into the water and carries with it the contaminant particle attached to the hydrophobic end.
3. Consumer properties and quality indicators of synthetic detergents
The consumer properties of SMS characterize both the detergent and the efficiency of the washing process. The range of consumer properties includes social, functional, ergonomic, environmental, aesthetic properties and their indicators, as well as reliability indicators.
1. Social properties
The social purpose of SMS determines the compliance of the produced assortment with the needs of consumers. It is known that it is much easier to wash clothes with a synthetic detergent than with ordinary laundry soap. This saves time for housekeeping, which means it allows you to meet other needs of family members.
2. Functional properties
Functional properties are characterized by washing ability and versatility, the possibility of reusing the washing solution (number of washes).
Detergency is the ability of CMC to restore the cleanliness and whiteness of a contaminated surface. A detergent surfactant reduces the surface tension of water molecules. With its hydrophobic hydrocarbon part, the surfactant is attracted to dirt particles, which usually have a fatty or mineral nature, and with its hydrophilic part, to water molecules. At the same time, water wets pollution better, the connection between dirt particles and the fabric weakens. Particles of dirt are enveloped in a film of detergent due to the phenomenon of adsorption, turn into a micelle and, with a slight mechanical action, pass into a solution. The wetting ability of SMS depends on the nature of the detergent, the branching of the hydrocarbon chain and its polarity.
The washing ability is also characterized by emulsifying (when removing contaminants of a fatty nature) or suspending (when removing contaminants of inorganic origin) ability. Emulsifying (suspending) ability characterizes the effectiveness of surfactants at the stage of grinding the oil (inorganic) components of contaminants when they are separated from the surface to be cleaned and the formation of a stable emulsion at the end of the washing process. A protective surfactant adsorption layer on the surface of dirt particles prevents them from sticking together. This indicator is determined by the nature of the detergent, as well as the presence of electrolytes in the solution.
SMS also have foaming ability. Foam retains dirt, preventing their re-deposition on the surface of the fabric. The change in foaming ability is achieved by the selection of detergents, the introduction of special regulators, since foaming is a positive factor in hand washing, and negative in machine washing.
The dissolving (solubilizing) ability of SMS in relation to organic compounds (gasoline, toluene, benzene, etc.), which are usually insoluble in water, suggests that the hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) part of the detergent adsorbed on the surface of pollution particles, according to the principle: similar dissolves in a similar, absorbs a non-polar organic compound, dissolves it.
However, even the totality of these properties is not sufficient to assess the detergency. It is usually determined by washing fabric samples previously contaminated with a standard pollutant in a household machine (OST 6-15-1574 - 87). The whiteness of the fabric is determined on special devices - leukometers.
The detergency index (M) must be at least 85% when determined by the formula:
M═ (Rc - Rz) / (Rn - Rz) *100%
Where Rc is the reflection coefficient of the washed fabric; Rz - reflection coefficient of contaminated tissue; Rn is the reflectance of the original white fabric before contamination.
Versatility is the suitability of SMS to perform the main function in relation to fabrics of various compositions at different water hardness, temperature and pH of the washing solution. SMS unlike soap in hard water loses its cleaning power only partially.
The temperature factor has recently become increasingly important for reducing energy consumption. The need to lower the washing temperature is also explained by the use of fabrics of mixed composition. The washing temperature is reduced to 36°C by selecting SMS formulations. For example, highly active enzymes (enzymes) are introduced into the recipe, the content of alkaline electrolytes is reduced.
As for the pH of the medium, anionic detergents are effective in an alkaline environment, and in a neutral and acidic environment they are deposited on the fabric. Cationic ones show a washing effect in neutral and slightly acidic environments, nonionic ones - in an environment with different meaning pH.
3. Ergonomic properties
When evaluating ergonomic properties, safety, ease of use and smell are taken into account.
Harmlessness can be assessed in relation to the person and the washed material. Some SMS can affect the skin, causing degreasing of the skin, and in severe cases, dermatitis. The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is prone to allergic reactions to SMS. Assessing the safety in relation to the material being cleaned means determining whether there is a negative effect of CMC on strength, color, etc. According to some reports, the loss of strength after washing can be from 3.7 to 18.7%.
The safety of SMS largely depends on the strict observance by consumers of those recommendations for the method of use, which are indicated on each product package. If the rinsing regimen is violated, a certain amount of SMS may remain on the fabric. In the process of repeated washing, textiles can be subjected to mineralization of the fibers. There is a deposition of magnesium and calcium salts, which affects the moisture conductivity of the tissue, and consequently, its hygiene.
All SMS are released to the industry in a ready-to-use form. For the convenience of consumers, the boxes indicate the method of washing, the dose of powder for wool, silk, synthetic, cotton, linen fabrics, recommendations for hand and machine washing. The ease of use of SMS is determined by solubility, the need to heat the cleaning solution, the presence in the container of devices for dispensing and opening funds, and for powder and granular materials also their flowability, which is defined by the standard as the cotangent of the slope angle of a cone-shaped pile of powder, which is poured using a special device.
The smell of SMS is usually consistent with the fragrances used. The more thoroughly the feedstock is cleaned, the less likely it is that an unpleasant odor will appear.
4. Environmental properties
The ecological properties of SMS are determined by their harmlessness in relation to the environment. The environmental impact is characterized by the bioavailability of CMC. Due to the presence of phosphorus compounds in detergents, especially those containing a benzene ring in their composition, they are able to accumulate in water bodies, causing the death of living organisms and difficulties in water purification.
At present, scientists around the world are studying the problem of biochemical degradation of SMS, and in all economically developed countries laws have been passed that allow the use of SMS that are at least 80% biodegradable. To assess the degree of biodegradability of SMS, a method based on the reduction of carbon bound into organic compounds has been developed. For this, a standardized wastewater treatment plant is used.
5. Aesthetic properties
The aesthetic properties of SMS are manifested in the nature of the packaging, its artistic and printing design, as well as in the tone and uniformity of the color of the detergent. The most attractive colors are orange, red, blue and black. The combination of contrasting packaging colors attracts the attention of consumers.
6. Reliability
The reliability of SMS is evaluated by its persistence and anti-resorption capacity of the cleaning solution. Preservability - this is determined by the stability of the consistency, degree of caking and color. CMC caking and anti-resorption capacity of detergent solutions are determined in the laboratory by measuring the force required to break the column formed from the detergent. The force under which the column collapses determines the caking of the powder. It depends on the hygroscopicity and moisture content of the SMS, which are important quality indicators.
Anti-resorption ability - the ability of detergents to keep dirt in solution. It is expressed as a percentage of the remaining whiteness of the washed fabric in relation to the original. Synthetic detergents are more hydrophilic than conventional fatty soaps. They form an adsorption layer with a lower structural strength and therefore have a lower antiresorption capacity. After repeated washings, white cotton fabrics acquire a grayish tint due to the repeated deposition of dispersed soils. This phenomenon is eliminated by the introduction of special protective colloids (for example, carboxymethyl cellulose) into the SMS composition. The anti-resorption ability depends on the class of surfactant, its molecular weight and the electrolytes that make up the detergent. Electrolytes (for example, sodium sulfate) reduce the anti-resorption capacity of CMC.
4. Analysis of the modern range of synthetic detergents on the example of the Domovyonok store
4.1. Factors shaping the range of synthetic detergents
The main factors determining the development of the SMS range are:
availability of raw materials and energy resources and their cost;
temperature and hardness of the water used;
assortment and quantity of products (fabrics, fibers) subjected to washing;
changing the design of washing machines;
washing traditions;
protection environment.
In accordance with this, a large-scale production of SMS in various commodity forms (powders, liquids, pastes, pieces) has been created in our country, intended both for washing at home and for laundries.
One of the most important characteristics of goods is assortment, which determines the fundamental differences between goods. different types and names.
Assortment of goods - a set of goods formed according to certain characteristics and satisfying diverse, similar and individual needs.
The range of consumer goods is divided into groups - by location, into subgroups - by the breadth of coverage of goods, into types - by the degree of satisfaction of needs, into varieties - by the nature of needs.
According to the location of the goods, the assortment is industrial and commercial. Trading assortment - a set of goods formed by a trade or public catering organization, taking into account its specialization, consumer demand and material and technical base. Unlike the industrial assortment, the trade assortment includes goods from different manufacturers.
Depending on the breadth of coverage of goods, the following types of assortment are distinguished: simple, complex, group, expanded, accompanying, mixed. According to the degree of satisfaction of needs, a rational and optimal assortment is distinguished. Depending on the nature of the needs, the assortment can be real, predictable and educational.
Formation of the assortment - the activity of compiling a set of goods that allows you to meet real or predicted needs, as well as achieve the goals defined by the management of the organization.
The formation of the assortment cannot be abstracted from a specific organization and must be based on pre-selected goals and objectives that determine the direction of development of the assortment. This determines the assortment policy of the organization.
Assortment policy - goals, objectives and main directions for the formation of the assortment, determined by the management of the organization.
The purpose of the organization in the field of assortment is the formation of a real and / or predicted assortment that is as close as possible to the rational one in order to meet various needs and obtain the planned profit.
To do this, the following tasks must be solved:
real and perceived needs for certain goods are established;
the main indicators of the assortment are determined and an analysis of its rationality is given;
the sources of commodity resources necessary for the formation of a rational assortment have been identified;
the material possibilities of the organization for the production, distribution and / or sale of individual goods were assessed;
the main directions of assortment formation are determined.
The main directions in the field of assortment formation: reduction, expansion, stabilization, renewal, improvement, harmonization. These areas are interrelated and largely complement each other.
Table 4 shows the range of washing powders in the Domovyonok store as of September 15, 2010.
Table 4: The range of washing powders in the Domovyonok store as of September 15, 2010
|
Name |
Mass fraction, % |
|
From the data in Table 4, it can be seen that the range of washing powders in the Domovyonok store is represented by seventy-eight varieties. The largest mass fraction is accounted for by Ariel washing powder (23%). Least of all washing powders Aist and Laska (2.6% each). A large share falls on Myth powders (16.7%), Tide and Tix each (14.1%).
Table 5 shows the range of washing powders in the Domovyonok store as of September 30, 2010.
Table 5: The range of washing powders in the Domovyonok store as of 30.09.2010
|
Name |
Number of varieties, pcs. |
Mass fraction, % |
According to Table 5, we can conclude that there are still the most varieties of Ariel powder (24.8%), Myth powder 17.6%, and the least Aist and Losk powders (3.5% each). In general, the range has expanded, because there are more varieties (there was a supply of goods). A new Bio Max powder appeared, the share of which was 2.4%.
Table 6 shows how many powders are in the Domovyonok store as of September 15, 2010.
Table 6: The number of goods in the store "Domovenok" on 15.09.2010
|
Name |
Quantity, pcs. |
Mass fraction, % |
Table 7 shows the number of powders in the Domovyonok store as of September 30, 2010.
Table 7: The number of goods in the store "Domovenok" on 30.09.2010
|
Name |
Quantity, pcs. |
Mass fraction, % |
From tables 6 and 7 it can be concluded that the number of powders increased from 645 to 667 pcs.
4.2. Assortment analysis
The assortment indicator is a quantitative expression of the properties of the assortment, while the number of types and names of goods is subject to measurement.
Range breadth- the number of types, varieties and names of goods of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups.
This property is characterized by two absolute indicators - the actual and base latitude, as well as a relative indicator - the latitude coefficient.
Base latitude (Shb) - latitude taken as a basis for comparison In this case, base latitude Bb = 645 (this is the number of species, varieties and names of goods of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups at the first moment of observation).
Actual latitude (SHd) - the actual number of species, varieties and names of goods available.
Actual latitude Wd=667 (from tables 6 and 7 it can be seen that there was a new arrival of goods in the store).
The latitude coefficient (Ksh) is expressed as the ratio of the actual number of species, varieties and product names of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups to the base one.
Ksh \u003d (Shd / Shb) * 100%;
Ksh \u003d (667/ 645) * 100% \u003d 103.4%
Latitude can serve as an indirect indicator of the saturation of the market with goods: the greater the breadth, the greater the saturation. Latitude indicators are applied depending on the saturation of the market, as well as on the state of demand. In conditions of shortage, when demand exceeds supply, it is more profitable for the manufacturer and seller to have a narrow range of goods, since a large latitude requires additional costs for the development and production of new goods. In addition, the production of a variety of goods requires more extensive purchases of raw materials, expansion of production facilities, new types of packaging, and labeling. In trade, for a wide range of products, additional floor space is required for displaying goods, in addition, transportation costs increase.
In a saturated market, manufacturers and retailers strive to meet a variety of needs. When demand exceeds supply, commercial efforts are required to create consumer preferences, which is achieved, among other means, by increasing the breadth of the assortment. Breadth acts as one of the criteria for the competitiveness of firms.
Thus, for manufacturers and sellers, expanding the range is a measure that is more forced than desirable.
The wider the range, the more varied needs can be met. On the other hand, with an ultra-high breadth of assortment, it is difficult for the consumer to navigate in this variety, which makes it difficult to choose the right product. Therefore, breadth cannot serve as the only indicator of the rationality of the assortment.
Completeness of the range- the ability of a set of goods of a homogeneous group to satisfy the same needs.
Completeness is characterized by the number of types, varieties and names of goods of a homogeneous group. Completeness scores can be real or baseline.
The actual completeness indicator (Pd) is characterized by the actual number of types, varieties and names of goods of a homogeneous group, and the base (Pb) - by the regulated or planned number of goods.
In this case, the basic completeness is taken as the actual number of types, varieties and names of goods of a homogeneous group at the first moment of observation. Thus, the basic indicator of completeness Pb=78.
The actual indicator of the completeness of the assortment of washing powders is Pd = 85, because the store has received new varieties of powders.
Kp \u003d (Pd / Pb) * 100%
Kp \u003d (85/78) * 100% \u003d 109%
The indicators of the completeness of the assortment are of the greatest importance in a saturated market. The greater the completeness of the assortment, the higher the likelihood that consumer demand for goods of a certain group will be satisfied.
The increased completeness of the assortment can serve as one of the means of stimulating sales and satisfying a variety of needs due to different tastes, habits and other factors.
At the same time, increasing the completeness of the assortment requires trade workers to know the commonality and differences in the consumer properties of goods of different types, varieties and names in order to inform consumers about them.
It should be noted that an excessive increase in the completeness of the assortment can also make it difficult for the consumer to choose, so the completeness should be rational.
Novelty (updating) of the assortment- the ability of a set of goods to satisfy changing needs through new goods.
Novelty is characterized by actual renewal - the number of new products in general list(H) and the degree of renewal (Kn), which is expressed as the ratio of the number of new products to the total number of product items (or actual breadth).
The number of new products in the general list H = 2 (one new Bio Max powder was imported (two varieties)
Degree of renewal of goods:
Kn \u003d (N / Shd) * 100%;
Kn \u003d (2/667) * 100% \u003d 0.3%.
The degree of renewal of goods in the store "Domovyonok" is very small. Renewal is one of the directions of the assortment policy of the organization, it is carried out, as a rule, in a saturated market.
The reasons that prompt the manufacturer and seller to update the range are: replacement of obsolete goods that are not in demand; the development of new products of improved quality is the average goal of stimulating their purchase by the consumer; design and development of new products that had no analogues before; expanding the range by increasing the completeness to create a competitive advantage for the organization.
The consumers of new products are the so-called "innovators", whose needs often change due to the desire to experience the novelty of objects. Often, new products satisfy not so much physiological as psychological and social needs.
It should be borne in mind that the constant and increased updating of the assortment for the manufacturer and seller is associated with certain costs and the risk that they may not be justified, for example, a new product may not be in demand. Therefore, updating the assortment should also be rational.
Conclusion
So after writing this term paper the following conclusions can be drawn:
The raw materials used for the production of synthetic detergents affect its consumer properties. So, if the formulation contains cationic surfactants, then the washing powder acts as a corrosion inhibitor, antistatic agent. And when cationic surfactants are combined with nonionic SMS, they acquire bactericidal properties.
In addition, detergents that use nonionic surfactants are highly biodegradable, and therefore more environmentally friendly, which is currently very important.
When alkaline electrolytes are introduced into the composition, we will get a powder for cotton and linen fabrics, and neutral salts for woolen, silk and synthetic fabrics. Universal products usually contain both alkaline and neutral salts.
To impart bleaching properties to SMS, bleaches are introduced into the formulation: chemical or optical. At the same time, colored fabrics cannot be washed with products containing chemical bleaches in order to avoid damage to the product.
In the presence of special bioadditives - protease, lipase, amylase - we will get a detergent that has the ability to remove impurities of protein origin and fatty substances.
From the foregoing, we can conclude that the raw materials used mainly affect such groups of properties as functional and safety.
In the course of the work, an analysis was made of the range of washing powders in the Kalinka-Malinka store. Based on the data of this analysis, we can say that in this store the assortment is quite wide, but there is practically no renewal of the assortment; Prokter & Gamble laundry detergents predominate. The largest share in the range of washing powders is occupied by Ariel, Myth, Tide powders, the smallest - Aist and Weasel. These powders are in great demand among buyers. The assortment of the store is designed for consumers with an average income.
Based on the above, the store can offer the following:
to update the assortment;
increase the number of suppliers of washing powders.
The formation of the assortment must be carried out according to the standards that provide for the requirements for the quality of goods. When forming the assortment in the store, one should also take into account the purchasing power and needs of people.
An economically justified and established assortment of goods for the store has a huge positive influence on economic indicators and on the operation of the store as a whole.
The trade assortment is inevitably formed under the influence of the industrial one, since the production capabilities of the manufacturer determine the composition of the offer. However, in a market economy, the production capabilities of the manufacturer cease to be the determining factor in the formation of the trade assortment.
List of used literature
Directions for improving the assortment synthetic detergents funds and increase competitiveness
Thesis >> MarketingThe need to increase the level requirements merchandising training of entry-level specialists, ... 2. Analysis of the assortment, expertise quality and storage synthetic detergents funds sold by the store "Lyubimy" 2.1 Characteristic store "Favorite" IP ...
Merchandising characteristic And expertise quality soft drinks domestic and
Thesis >> MarketingWORK ON THE TOPIC: COMMODITY CHARACTERISTIC AND EXPERTISE QUALITIES SOFT DRINKS DOMESTIC ... glasses with the addition of detergents funds and rinse with hot running... goods and services. Quality − synthetic indicator reflecting the total ...
Commodity research characteristics And expertise tiles
Abstract >> Culture and artAnd packaging GOST 25644-88 Facilities detergents synthetic powdered. General specifications... fundamental characteristics goods. Classification merchandising expertise. There are the following types merchandising expertise: quantitative, by quality, ...
Merchandising characteristic milk and cream (2)
Abstract >> Culture and art... Merchandising characteristic milk and cream…………………………………………………………... 12 2.1. Raw materials for production……………………………………………….. 12 2.2. Production, factors shaping quality... -sanitary expertise milk... synthetic ... detergents and disinfectants funds at...
Vakhnina O.N. Detergents and cleaners. - Yekaterinburg, 2008
Parshikova V.N. Commodity research and examination of household chemical goods. - M.: "Academa", 2008
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GOST 4.381-85 "SPKP. Synthetic detergents. nomenclature of indicators". - Standards Publishing House, 1985
GOST 25644-96 "Synthetic powder detergents. General technical requirements". - Standards Publishing House, 1996
detergents means Abstract >> Culture and artAND characteristic modern assortment synthetic detergents funds……………………………………………………… 8 1.3. Requirement for quality synthetic detergents funds……………....12 Chapter 2. Assortment, expertise quality synthetic detergents funds implemented...
Main purpose detergents - cleaning objects, in particular dishes, surfaces, fabrics and non-woven materials from contaminants of various nature. Use of laundry soap - for soaking, washing or boiling linen made of cotton and linen fabrics; for washing greasy dishes; residential care; for washing heavily soiled hands.
Detergents include synthetic detergents (SMC) and fatty detergents (household and toilet soaps). Toilet soap is used as a hygienic agent for the care of the human body, it is usually classified as a group of perfumery and cosmetic products.
Detergent action in these products, it is ensured by the high surface activity of soap or molecules of synthetic surface-active substances (surfactants) - the ability to reduce the surface and interfacial tension of water. Surfactant molecules are highly soluble in water, but at the same time they interact with fatty particles of pollution; soap molecules have a similar washing effect. This is ensured by the special structure of the surfactant and soap molecules, which have a dual, diphilic nature - a small polar group of the molecule and a long non-polar part that has an affinity for fats. In a solution, surfactants form spherical particles - micelles at a certain concentration, called the critical micelle concentration (CMC): the non-polar part of the surfactant faces the pollutant particle, and the polar part faces the water. It has been established that the greater the surface activity of a surfactant, the greater the tendency to micellization is characteristic of this surfactant and the lower the CMC. The difference between SMS and soap is their origin, production technology, chemical structure, CMC value and washing effect.
Laundry soap is a mixture of sodium (rarely potassium) salts of higher fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms: stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, etc., containing special additives and having a washing effect.
Soap has been a traditional cleanser for centuries. The first industrial production of soap has been known in Russia since 1670 - it is a liquid potassium "green" soap. Since 1800, the production of solid sodium soap began.
Raw material for production laundry soap are vegetable oils and animal fats, most often in the form of technical lard (fat) and soap stocks, which are obtained during the production of margarine and the purification of vegetable oils. Special additives - synthetic fat substitutes, resin and naphthenic acids (up to 6% in low-grade soap); rosin and sodium silicate are added to soap to give hardness and improve solubility. Fats are saponified with alkaline components - sodium hydroxide or soda ash when heated. To obtain high-quality soap, refined products can be used - pre-split fats or synthetic fatty acids.
The difference between toilet soap and laundry soap is not only in appearance and the presence of fragrances, but also in the difference in fatty acids that make up the soap in the form of sodium salts. Toilet soap is dominated by salts of fatty acids with a low number of carbon atoms and a low melting point: is it caprylic acid C? H 15 COOH (T pl 16 ° C), lauric acid
C and H 23 COOH (T PL 48 ° C), myristic C 13 H 27 COOH (T pl 57.5 ° C) and additives of palmitic acid C 15 H 31 COOH (T pl 62.9 ° C).
Laundry soap is dominated by salts of stearic acid C 17 H 35 COOH (T mp 69.3 ° C). A distinctive feature of soap is its high alkalinity, i.e. pH aqueous solution soap at least 9 and up to 11.
According to the cooking method soap is divided into glue (direct method) and sound (indirect method of cooking). glue soap represents the product of cooking fatty and alkaline components (soap glue) cooled in the form without additional purification. sound soap- soap “core” isolated from the product of alkaline saponification of fats due to special treatment - salting out of soap glue with electrolyte solutions, for example table salt. Such processing is carried out repeatedly, first there is a process of dissolving the core in hot water - grinding, then re-salting out. Heart soap is a cleaner product than glue soap; it contains less unsaponified fats, impurities, etc.
According to the degree of cleaning economic soap is ordinary and clarified (purified).
According to GOST 30266-95 “Hard laundry soap. General technical conditions” depending on fatty acid content(qualitative number) soap is divided into groups I, II and III. Each group, depending on the recipe, provides for the production of soap under various names (assortment by variety).
According to organoleptic indicators Soap should be firm to the touch, non-sticky, and free of coarse foreign inclusions. The smell is specific soapy. There should be no foreign odors - decomposition products organic matter, rancid fats, fishy and other unpleasant odors. Laundry soap can be uncolored (from light brown to dark brown) or colored (for example, white, bluish, yellow), may contain light fragrances (depending on the name).
Qualitative number soap is determined by the content (mass) of fatty acids isolated from soap, in terms of the nominal weight of a 100 g bar.
Disinfectant additives injected into soap to give it fungicidal (antifungal), bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties. Sodium silicate is added to harden the soap ( liquid glass), pine rosin.
Release form - solid (pieces various shapes), powder, ointment and liquid. Solid soap is produced in the form of bars with a nominal weight of 150 to 500 g or with a reduction in the nominal weight of a piece by no more than 30 g for individual trade names of improved form soap; without wrap.
Marking soap: each bar of soap should be clearly stamped with the trademark of the manufacturer; the abbreviated name of laundry soap indicating the group, for example: 72%, 70%, 65%; designation of the GOST 30266-95 standard. Transport marking - handling sign - “Keep away from moisture”.
Pack up laundry soap, depending on the mass, in packs of paper, paper bags or boxes (group packaging); in transport containers - non-separable wooden plank boxes (30 kg each), reusable (up to 15-25 kg) or corrugated cardboard boxes (weighing 20-30 kg). Cardboard boxes are pasted over at the joints of the valves with paper tape.
store solid laundry soap in dry, closed, well-ventilated areas (in warehouses with active ventilation) at a temperature not lower than -5 ° C and relative humidity not higher than 75%. The height of the stack is not more than 3 m, the distance between the rows is not less than 60 mm for air circulation. Warranty period of storage of laundry soap - 12 months. from the day of production.
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Presentation on the topic:
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Home ecology is the creation and maintenance of an optimal living environment. For this, the climate and landscape of the site, the orientation and placement of the house, the materials of the walls and ceilings, the air conditioning and ventilation system, sound and light comfort are taken into account. An apartment is an ecosystem that resembles a city in miniature. Like a city, it exists due to the influx of energy and resources, and its main inhabitants are people and animals. But an apartment is not only a shelter from the adverse conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor that largely determines the state of human health. The theory of the three shells of man will help to understand the biological role of the dwelling. The first shell is the skin, the second shell is clothes, the third walls and roof of the house, the floor and ceilings. All shells are exposed to the environment. According to the World Health Organization, the average citizen spends at least 80% of their lives indoors.
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Measurement of the ecology of apartments is carried out by special organizations. Specialists take air samples, examine the electromagnetic situation, measure the general radiation background, make a "diagnosis" and prescribe a "course of treatment" for the apartment. When all procedures are completed, an environmental certificate is issued. Thus, from what to expect a dirty trick in the apartment, you can find out in advance. And observe environmental hygiene. The quality of the environment in a dwelling is affected by: - outside air; - products of incomplete combustion of gas; -substances that occur during the cooking process; -substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.; - smoking products; -household chemicals and hygiene products; -houseplants; -compliance with sanitary standards of residence (number of people and pets); - electromagnetic pollution.
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A person's home is exposed to the environment. ambient air temperature; relative air humidity; warm or cold radiation of surfaces; air movement; electromagnetic radiation and radiation. From an environmental point of view, there are several types of pollution: chemical, biological, physical. According to some experts, there are apartments where the concentration of pollutants is 100 times higher than on the street. Who is guilty?
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Chemical pollution: This type includes harmful substances released from materials or getting from the street: phenol, formaldehyde, aromatic hydrocarbons, mercaptans, sulfur compounds, which eventually cause respiratory diseases and nervous system, damage to the heart and blood vessels, allergic reactions. Phenol and formaldehyde poisoning occurs by inhalation of their vapors and by absorption through the skin. The main source of phenol in the room is building and finishing materials, furniture made of chipboard (chipboard), laminate. Suspended ceilings may contain asbestos. Inhalation of asbestos dust can lead to severe lung damage and even cancer. When buying, you should make sure that there are protective layers on the materials used so that bare chipboard does not look anywhere. If furniture made of chipboard has been aged in a warehouse for six months, then there is nothing to worry about. If asbestos-containing materials are used, they must be isolated.
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Biological pollution: This type includes: mold fungi, various bacteria, viruses. Molds are the most common cause of allergies; in high concentrations, they suppress immune system. Molds are very fond of dampness, their favorite habitats are apartments on the first and last floors. The place where mold has appeared must be treated with either any chlorine-containing or special antifungal agent. Mushrooms are very willing to settle in the pile of the carpet, so it must be regularly cleaned in a dry cleaner. By the way, in the same place (and also in bed linen, on bookshelves, in old soft toys and among the yellowed pages of magazines and in other places where dust "lives" dust mites live - another allergy causative agent. The method of struggle is regular wet cleaning.
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In cities big problem recently there has been an increased electromagnetic field of industrial frequencies (50 Hz). Such a field is created by electrical cables, transformer substations, various industrial equipment, computers and office equipment, household appliances. The electromagnetic field is the promoter of all diseases. It interacts with the human electromagnetic field and partially suppresses it. Of course, the body adapts, but only to a certain extent. Electromagnetic radiation leads to heart problems, cancer, loosening of the nervous system and even mental disorders. But most often, electromagnetic smog simply weakens the body, reduces immunity, and all chronic diseases become aggravated in a person.
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Take a closer look at the wires from electrical appliances. How do they lie? A messy tangle that hasn't untangled since Flood? And right under the bed? And you wonder why you wake up in the morning with the same heavy head with which you went to bed in the evening! Wires lying randomly or coiled up create a large electromagnetic field. As a preventive measure, it is better to turn off all electrical appliances located near the bed, even the night light on the bedside table, and in no case charge the mobile phone at the head of the bed. Also, don't turn on too many appliances at the same time if you don't need everything at once. Don't fasten wires around the perimeter of the room, and especially behind the bed or sofa where you spend a lot of time. Cables from the Internet and telephone are an exception. These are very low power cables, and you should not be afraid of them.
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Microclimate: The microclimate consists of several parameters: humidity, temperature and air movement. If only synthetic materials are used, fresh air does not enter the room and humidity increases, and if some material (such as drywall) absorbs moisture, the air, on the contrary, becomes too dry. Plants are our home ecological agents: they restore a comfortable microclimate and fight all pests at once. Air conditioners, ionizers, ozonizers heal the air and improve the microclimate in the room. The best option- water-based cleaners.
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Risk groups: For children and pregnant women, the environmental safety of housing is of paramount importance. The course of pregnancy and the immunity of the expectant mother largely depend on the home microclimate. Older people are also quite sensitive to the environment, but the environmental factor simply exacerbates existing diseases. Any harmful discharge is either allergenic itself or exacerbates an existing allergy. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, taking care of the ecology of their own apartment is the number one task.
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What to do? It is necessary to ventilate the apartment more often, “vacuum” carpets and rugs, and do wet cleaning. It is necessary to purchase furniture, household items and materials for repairs, taking into account their environmental qualities. Observe the rules for the operation of gas and stove heaters. The time of using appliances such as hair dryers, electric shavers, microwave ovens, electric irons should be reduced to a minimum. Do not sit close to the TV screen or personal computer. Remove the alarm clock and telephone from the head of the bed. Get indoor flowers. Plug all appliances into grounded outlets only. When purchasing another household appliance, remember that the lower its power, the lower the level of its field, that is, harmfulness. Place equipment at a distance of at least one and a half meters from the place where you are constantly: sleep, rest or work. If possible, purchase equipment with automatic control and do not plug all the equipment into sockets at the same time.
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How to reduce negative impact mobile phone electromagnetic radiation? Limit yourself to essential calls and reduce call times. Children should only be allowed to use the phone in an emergency. Use wireless headphones(Bluetooth). Do not put the phone in your pocket or hang it on your belt when it is turned on. When using a mobile phone without headphones, wait for the connection, and then bring the phone to your ear. Do not use the phone in closed metal rooms (elevators). Do not make calls when the connection level is low in one bar. Buy Cell phones with a low absorption coefficient.
Returning home, we are sure that it is here that we are not threatened by any dangers. But many people forget that the ecology of the home is just as important as the ecology of the environment around us.
The impact of the environment on human health is very high. After all, the state of the environment affects our health. Scientists have long proven that the air in megacities is ten times worse than in small towns. Therefore, it is so important to monitor the ecology of the dwelling in which we live. The more comfortable the house is, the more pleasant it is to be in it.
Everyone knows that a wooden house is much better than a brick one, because it is built from natural materials. Especially, wooden houses by themselves maintain the optimal climate option inside. Also interesting is the fact that if your bed in the apartment is against the wall, and you can hardly fall asleep, then it is better to move it a little further away. This can be explained by the fact that the walls of apartments collect everything negative that is in the house. Moreover, their temperature is not always pleasant for you.
To find out how clean the air in your home is, you should conduct an environmental survey of the apartment. It will help to identify the content of various chemical elements. A water quality test will be carried out. Experts will check the level of noise and electromagnetic radiation in the house. Based on the results of such a survey, you can judge how safe your home is. Such examinations are very useful for you and your home. After all, we do not notice irritants in our apartment, they are invisible. But thanks to such tests, it will be possible to speak with confidence about what the situation is inside your home.
Therefore, if you are unreasonably often sick, you should take into account the article of the women's site site. After all, our illnesses are not always explained by viruses or influenza. It should be as careful and careful as possible about the ecology of the home.
You yourself are able to make your home more environmentally friendly and safe, for this you need to follow some rules, which we will now discuss.
- First, you need to try to ventilate your home as often as possible, especially children's rooms. After all, clean and fresh air will provide you with a healthy sleep and a clear head.
- Secondly, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature and humidity in the house. This will strengthen your immunity and will not make it suffer from various changes in the “weather” in your home.
- Lighting in the house should be similar to sunlight. This is necessary for your eyes, which can get tired of too bright or, on the contrary, dimmer light.
- Try to install as little as possible in your home devices that emit various sounds. The less noise, the more pleasant it will be in the house.
- Naturally, living plants and flowers can improve the ecology of a home. In addition to fresh air, they greatly decorate the interior of your home. It is always a pleasure to care for flowers, watch them grow and see the results of your care.
- In addition, you should use air fresheners as little as possible, they consist of non-natural products, which can cause allergies.
- When cleaning the apartment, try not to use household chemicals. Although this is not always possible to avoid, because we live in modern world. However, do not forget that all these products, during cleaning, we involuntarily inhale into ourselves and this does not bring any benefit to our body at all.
- If possible, do not abuse technology, it emits electromagnetic waves and harms, first of all, the human nervous system. Irritability appears, sleep and memory worsen, more and more often a person falls into depression.
Our Home is our fortress, where we spend most of our lives. Therefore, make it cozy and safe for your health.
