Brainstorming is a method that is incredibly popular today. It can help you find alternative solutions. challenging tasks. In addition, it allows the individual to reveal his inner potential. This method is most often used in large teams at meetings when you need to come to a specific decision.

Brainstorming is a method that implies that all participants in the process will show pronounced activity. The situation when employees of one enterprise express their individual opinion in turn allows everyone not to stand aside and be heard. In the conditions of modern reality, when the boss often does not have the opportunity to devote time to each employee, this method is just a godsend.

History and description

The method of brainstorming (brainstorming) first appeared in 1930, and it was described much later - in 1953. The author of this concept is the American researcher Alex Osborne. At one time, this scientist defended free speech and recommended his method mainly for the correct planning of any entrepreneurial activity. Brainstorming is still used by leading businessmen to organize and conduct business. Its usefulness is noted: labor productivity is growing, profits are increasing, new ideas appear as if by themselves.

The essence of the brainstorming method is as follows: managers and employees gather in the meeting room. The general task to be solved during the meeting is voiced. Each of the participants has the opportunity to openly express their point of view, challenge the partner's concept, discuss the results, and make additional assumptions. From the outside, it seems that colleagues deliberately oppose different concepts to each other in order to reach a new understanding of the essence of things.

direct brain attack

This is the most common option that allows you to quickly solve an urgent problem. Direct brainstorming implies that during the process the most significant and relevant issues related to the implementation of certain projects, the development of activities, etc. will be discussed. Not many modern leaders realize that it is possible to hold regular meetings, planning meetings and various gatherings, using creativity. One has only to add a little variety to the boring course of professional everyday life, as employees begin to generate stunning ideas themselves. The leader can only wonder where all this potential has been hiding so far. The use of this method allows you to improve relationships in an established team, overcome various psychological barriers and barriers.

Reverse brainstorming

It is used in the case when a certain concept turned out to be unprofitable for some reason, reached a dead end, and it is urgently required to develop a new one. This implies that the participants in the process will actively challenge each other's thoughts. Disputes and polemics are allowed here. Reverse brainstorming is useful when there are unresolvable contradictions in the enterprise that require radical intervention.

Employees can express whatever they really think, their freedom is not limited by anything. It is hardly possible to find something as effective and efficient as the method of reverse brainstorming. Description of the problem, focused attention to details of several people at once will allow timely and with the best side approach the issue.

individual brainstorming

It can be applied in the case when a person urgently needs to reach a specific result, but for some reason he professional crisis. Brainstorming is a method that can be used creative person in moments of temporary loss of productivity. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it effectively acts even on one person who is alone with his own thoughts. You can have internal dialogues with yourself and come up with bold, unexpected solutions. The result of such actions will soon pleasantly surprise you. All that is required is to allow yourself to think in a limited time frame (say, a few minutes), with a specific, well-defined task in front of you. Unfortunately, many people from childhood get used to thinking in common stereotypes. Brainstorming methods allow you to overcome the stereotyped perception of the world and reach a higher level of worldview.

Carrying out technology

This concept includes three main periods. They must be carried out consistently and with great care.

1.Formulation of ideas. On this stage the goal is formulated, the necessary information is collected. Participants in the process should be aware of what kind of information they are offered for consideration. All voiced ideas, as a rule, are fixed on paper so as not to miss anything important.

2. Formation of a working group. Participants are divided into idea generators and experts. The first are people with a developed creative orientation, imagination. They offer non-standard ways as a solution to the problem. Experts discover the value of each idea put forward, agree with it or not, motivating their choice.

3. Analysis and selection of proposals. Criticism and active discussion of proposals are appropriate here. First, the generators of ideas speak out, after that the floor is given to the experts. Proposals are selected based on inference and creativity. Any non-standard approach is welcome and therefore considered with particular interest.

The leader must control the process, observe the progress of the discussion of the problem. In the event of a dispute, he will certainly clarify, clarify the details, direct further development thoughts.

Additional terms

Despite the emerging desire of young and promising leaders to immediately start using this psychological tool, a competent approach is required here. You can not use it too often, otherwise it will lose the element of novelty and will be perceived by employees as something ordinary and everyday. One of the main conditions for conducting is the surprise of use. Participants should not specially prepare for the meeting, think over the moves used.

The leader needs to know the general direction of the conversation, but he will not be able to determine in which direction the discussion will go in any case. Topic brainstorming techniques are great because they allow you to openly express your point of view. At the same time, people may not be attached to the consequences of what was said.

Brainstorming method: reviews

Participants of this concept note that with its use any meetings are more interesting and productive. The method is reminiscent of the simultaneous inclusion of several "light bulbs" that light up in their heads at the same time. different people. Brainstorming allows you to take into account not only the judgments of specialized specialists, but also related industries. In other words, it covers many spectrums, helps to consider the same situation from different angles. In addition, after the introduction of the method, relations in the team become more open and trusting.

Involvement in the process

Usually at meetings and planning meetings there is a “one-man theater”. One boss is speaking, and subordinates are forced to listen to long monotonous lectures and agree with him. This is incredibly tiring and unnerving for the latter. The personality of employees is suppressed, it turns out to be squeezed into the narrow framework of official duties. Sometimes employees, for one reason or another, prefer not to voice the ideas that arise in their heads, do not strive for self-expression.

As a result, the motivation to work “with a twinkle” is lost, putting the soul into the process. The brainstorming method allows you to remove psychological clamps and barriers, makes it possible to manifest the individuality of employees. Being psychologically involved in the process, a person increases his productivity.

Creativity

Agree, this concept cannot be called everyday and often used. Most of all, it is resorted to when the issue requires some kind of ambiguous solution. The method has become widespread in creative teams, where there is a need to move away from the ordinary and immerse yourself in the decision As a rule, a positive result does not take long to wait.

There are a large number of such concepts that imply different meanings. This is where brainstorming comes in handy.

Grade 11

The technology for introducing the concept of Alex Osborne can be used to organize classes for graduates. At the senior level, students are often offered tasks that contribute to the awakening of non-standard ideas. This is a very useful acquisition, since it takes into account individual characteristics personality, develop existing abilities, strengthen the necessary skills. The more freedom will be provided for the implementation of the thoughts that arise in the head, the more courageous the undertakings of young researchers can become. The method provides that students themselves will strive to achieve the goal. Feedback from the participants is purely positive, as teenagers appreciate the attentive attitude towards them.

Instead of a conclusion

Brainstorming is a method that has gained popularity relatively recently. More and more leaders choose to use a non-standard approach in solving everyday moments.

The second common method of conducting examinations is brainstorming method. This method, also known as "brainstorming", "conference of ideas", was proposed by the American scientist A. Osborne in 1955.

The main focus of the method is to identify new ideas and solutions. For this purpose, the organizers of the examination create an atmosphere that is most conducive to the generation of ideas (benevolence, support), freeing the expert from excessive constraint. The problem under discussion should be clearly defined.

The brainstorming method is characterized by an open expression of the opinions of specialists (at a special meeting) on solving a specific problem. In this case, two conditions must be observed: first, criticism of other people's opinions is prohibited; secondly, it is supposed to express any ideas on solving this issue without taking into account the momentary value or the possibility of implementation. All ideas expressed are recorded and, after discussion, are worked out in detail. At the same time, rational moments are revealed in each of the stated assumptions and solutions are formulated on the basis of their generalization. The advantage of the brainstorming method is the ability to make a decision in a relatively short time.

When implementing the method, the Pareto principle can be applied. After registration of ideas from their totality, each expert selects 20% of ideas that, from their point of view, deserve most attention. This selection is also fixed. Then those who received the most points are selected from their composition.

In the method of brainstorming, an essential role belongs to the organizer who conducted the examination. He knows about the ultimate goal of the examination, directing the discussion in the appropriate direction, but if the leader highlights only promising ideas from his point of view, the result of the examination will be less significant.

The application of this method eliminates the effect of conformism, i.e. adaptability, allows you to get productive results in a short time, involve all experts in an active creative process.

The best results of the brainstorming method are achieved in the development of new products, improvement of manufactured products and existing methods work, while assisting in marketing and sales, improving technical designs, as well as in building a goal tree.

The brainstorming method is based on the following principles:

1. Two groups of people are involved in solving the task - idea generators and experts. Idea generators unite people with creative thinking, imagination and knowledge of science, technology and economics. Experts are usually people with a large amount of knowledge and a critical mindset. Experts play the role of analysts.

2. When generating, there should be no restrictions. Any ideas are expressed, including obviously erroneous, playful, without any proof and feasibility study. The expressed ideas are usually recorded in the minutes, in a computer, on a dictaphone, etc. Thus, the basis of the method is the separation of the process of integrating ideas from the process of evaluating them.

3. The philosophical basis of the method is the theory of Z. Freud, according to which the human consciousness is a muddy and fragile layer over the subconscious. IN normal conditions human thinking and behavior are determined by the main consciousness, which is dominated by control and order: consciousness is "programmed" by habitual ideas and prohibitions. But dark elemental forces and instincts, raging in the subconscious, break through the thin crust of consciousness every now and then. These forces push a person to illogical actions, violation of prohibitions, to all sorts of irrational thoughts. The inventor has to overcome any psychological complexes and prohibitions, due to ideas about the possible and the impossible.

The main advantage of the brainstorming method is the ban on criticism. But the ban on criticism is at the same time a weakness of the method. To develop an idea, it is necessary to identify its shortcomings, and this requires criticism.

The whole attack process can be divided into six stages:

1. A group of experts is formed. Usually its number is 10-15 people.

The composition of the group implies their targeted selection:

a) from persons of approximately the same rank, if the participants know each other;

b) from persons of different ranks, if the participants are unfamiliar with each other (in this case, each participant is assigned a number and subsequently referred to by number);

c) the group may include specialists from other fields of knowledge who have high level erudition and understanding the meaning of the problem situation.

2. A problem note is drawn up.

For its preparation, a group of analysis of the problem situation is preliminarily formed. The note may contain the following information: composition of the causes of the problem situation, analysis of the causes and possible consequences problem situation, analysis of world experience in resolving such problems (if any), classification (systematization) of possible ways to resolve the situation, formulation of the problem situation in the form of a central question with a hierarchy of sub-questions.

3. Generation of ideas.

The facilitator reveals the content of the problem note, reminds the brainstorming participants of the following:

a) statements must be clear and concise;

b) skeptical remarks and criticism of previous speakers are prohibited;

c) each participant can perform multiple times, but not in a row;

d) it is not allowed to read in succession a list of ideas prepared by the participant in advance.

One of the main tasks of the facilitator is to induce the mental receptivity of the participants, their will to purposeful thinking. The leader's work is expected to be active only at the beginning of the "assault". Soon enough, the excitement of the participants reaches a critical point and the promotion of new ideas becomes spontaneous.

After that, the role of the leader is reduced to the following:

a) focus the attention of the participants on the problem situation;

b) do not announce, condemn or stop the study of a single subject;

c) support and encourage participants who need it;

d) create a relaxed atmosphere, thereby facilitating the active work of experts.

The duration of a brainstorming session can be 20-60 minutes (depending on the activity of the participants). It is advisable to record the ideas expressed so as not to forget and be able to systematize them later.

4. Systematization of ideas expressed at the third stage (generation).

This work is assigned to the problem situation analysis group.

At this stage:

a) a nomenclature list of all the ideas expressed is compiled;

b) duplicate and additional ideas are identified, then they are combined with the main idea;

c) signs are distinguished by which ideas can be combined;

d) ideas are combined into groups according to the selected features;

e) a list of ideas is compiled by groups, in each group ideas are written down according to the rule from general to particular.

5. Destruction (destruction) of systematized ideas.

Each of the systematized ideas is studied for the possibility of its implementation. The participants in the assault put forward arguments that refute the systematized idea. In the process of destruction, a counteridea may appear. The process of destruction is carried on until the systematized idea is subjected to criticism.

6. Assessing criticisms and compiling a list of practically applicable ideas.

At this stage, a pivot table is compiled. The first column of the table - the stages of systematization of ideas, the second - criticisms that refute ideas, the third - indicators of the practical applicability of ideas, the fourth - counter-ideas.

Each criticism and counter-idea is then evaluated:

a) is deleted from the table if refuted by at least one indicator of practical applicability;

b) is not crossed out if it is not refuted by any indicator.

A final list of ideas is drawn up. Only ideas that are not refuted by critical remarks or counterideas are transferred to the list.

Brainstorming is often used when developing a goal tree. With the help of experts, the tree itself is obtained, as well as the coefficient of the relative importance of the goals.

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brainstorming method

The brainstorming method refers to intuitive and creative methods. It was developed in 1939 by the American Osborne, the founder of the Institute for Creative Teaching Methods, and a consultant in the field of advertising. The method is based on a group discussion of the problem under the guidance of a facilitator. Initially, the method worked well in the development of military equipment.

The main principle of the method is the uncontrolled generation and spontaneous interweaving of ideas by participants in a group discussion. One expressed idea is based on the previous one and generates the next one. As a result, a flow of ideas arises, chains of associations appear that can lead to an unexpected solution to the problem. Research has shown that, according to the principle of synergy, groupthink generates 70% more valuable new ideas than the sum of individual mindsets. Brainstorming is not an exercise in absurdity, but the purposeful work of a group seeking to come up with new ideas. Ideas expressed during the session are subject to revision. Some of them are discarded, and a new list is compiled, starting with good ideas.

The organizational conditions for the implementation of the method are quite numerous and strict in relation to both the participants and the leader:

1) the group includes 8–10 specialists from various areas;
2) the level of qualification of the participants should not differ greatly;
3) ideas are written down;
4) work is carried out according to the principle "the more ideas, the better";
5) there is an exchange of thoughts and a combination of ideas. Group members should try to develop the ideas of their colleagues, build one idea on top of another and try to combine some ideas in various combinations;
6) criticism is prohibited. The remarks "this has already been sold", "no one will buy this" or "this will not work" are prohibited;
7) the duration of the session is from 15 to 30 minutes;
8) there are no copyrights on ideas - any participant can develop the ideas of another participant;
9) the ideas expressed are not discussed immediately;
10) the facilitator encourages the expression of the most unexpected ideas;
11) the leader should not emphasize his awareness;
12) the leader should not subordinate people to his will.

One of the options for brainstorming - the "635" method - means that there are six participants, there are three proposals, five proposals are transmitted in a circle. Six participants submit in writing at least three proposals for solving the problem within 5 minutes. As a result, there are 18 original sentences, which vary five times from different points of view.

Other Idea Search Methods

Let's consider two methods of searching for ideas - the method of synectics and the method of systematized integration of solution elements.

Synectics method focused on finding unexpected, original solutions as a result of a group discussion of the problem. In translation, synectics means a combination of different and inconsistent elements. The method is also group. Members of the group are selected from different fields of activity. Each member of the group contributes a preconceived idea. When an interesting idea comes up, the leader directs the discussion to develop it. The difference between synectics and the brainstorming method is that a small number of ideas (two or three) are searched for, which are then considered in detail. The leader plays a key role in the discussion process.

Ideas are taken from various fields of knowledge. The manuals on the method note that, for example, when considering a snow removal system, it is useful to discuss how to move soil and remove leaf litter. Considering the construction, it is useful to discuss the structure of the bee hive. An example of the successful application of synectics in technology is the invention of the vertebral antenna. When designing a twenty-meter antenna that could be carried by one person and which, when assembled, would take up little space, the participants in the discussion remembered the backbone of a dinosaur. The idea was further developed, and as a result, an antenna was constructed from plastic parts, through which a cable was passed. By the way, a similar principle is applied in the design of the Ostankino TV tower.

One of the areas of application of synectics is the search for a new use of the product. This problem arises, in particular, in a situation where a product runs out of life cycle. Successful examples of new uses of goods are known, such as chewing gum, which was originally perceived as a kind of candy for children and a fashionable soothing "chewing gum" to introduce independent adult men, usually non-smokers, to the clan. Now chewing gum is positioned differently. In some countries, it is sold only in pharmacies. Consumers are guaranteed fresh breath and no cavities. The reader is invited to find examples of new applications for himself, which is quite interesting and exciting.

Method of systematized integration of solution elements allows you to integrate strengths many participants. Synergistic effects occur when many individual decisions must be made to make a complex decision. The method is implemented within the framework meetings consisting of 5-10 participants and lasts half a day.

The steps for applying the method are:

each participant develops a possible solution within 20 minutes;
each participant explains his decision;
all participants note the strengths in each decision;
the group tries to find an integrated solution by combining the advantages of the considered individual solutions;
the group is trying to find additional ideas by arbitrarily combining proposals not used in integrated solutions.

Delphi type method

Script Type Method

round table method

Group Decision Method Phases

Introductory - familiarization of participants with the problem being solved; establishing the order of conduct and discussion.

Nodal - the free expression of ideas and opinions, without fear of consequences.

Final - generalization and summing up. The final one is decision making.

Method of preparing and agreeing ideas about a problem or object in writing

Includes a description of development trends, the relationship between the characteristics of the solution, a list of possible states and hazards.

It makes it possible to assess the most probable course of events and the possible consequences of the decisions made.

Scenario Models:

Descriptive (fixing properties and parameters);

Exploratory (use of methods quantitative assessments);

Normative (systematization of problems by importance, time and resources).

Scenario development is a combination of predictive methods such as brainstorming, deduction, extrapolation, analogy, analysis, and synthesis. The main idea of the scenario is the assumption that events will continue to develop as before, that the trends that have emerged in the past will basically continue.

The purpose of the scenario is to study the conditions and find the moment when the enterprise under study begins to experience a crisis and begins to collapse under the influence of internal causes, even if there are no outsiders. external influences will not follow.

Iterative procedure for brainstorming

It is based on a consistent individual survey of experts and iterative reduction of opinions to a single one.

It is held in several rounds.

The results of processing questionnaires-tasks of the previous round are returned to the experts.

The effectiveness of the method depends on the coordinator-organizer of the experts' work.

Developed in the USA in the 1950s.

It was named after the city of Delphi, which arose near the temple of Apollo (built in 880 BC), whose priests formed an expert council for predicting future events.

The group creative thinking procedure, more precisely, is a means of obtaining a large number of ideas from a group of individuals in a short period of time. It is considered normal if within 1.5 hours (two academic hours) the group produces up to a hundred ideas.

The concept of brainstorming has become widespread since the early 1950s as a "method of systematic training creative thinking", aimed at "discovering new ideas and reaching agreement among a group of people based on intuitive thinking."

Methods of this type are also known as:

brainstorming,

ideas conferences,

Collective idea generation (CGI).

Depending on the accepted rules and the rigidity of their implementation, there are:

Direct brain attack

exchange method,

Methods such as commissions, courts (when one group makes as many proposals as possible, and the second tries to criticize them as much as possible),

Brainstorming in the form of a business game.

phases of brainstorming.

1. Preparation

The first phase involves choosing a problem and working through it through individual reactive techniques.

For example:

a) the problem is “how to succeed in the modern market?”;

b) elaboration of the problem with the help of the questions proposed in the previous section;

c) the choice of the main way to solve the problem put forward;

d) testing all paths appearing in the field of consciousness. Such preparatory work allows the manager to assess the essence of the problem and draw a conclusion about the main directions of group work.

2. Formation of a creative group

Brainstorming will be most successful if the following conditions are met:

The group should consist of about ten people;

social status participants should be approximately equal;

There should be only a few people in the group who are knowledgeable about the problem at hand to allow full play to the imagination of the participants. Persons with special knowledge are undesirable. Their desire to comprehend the ideas expressed in accordance with the existing experience can shackle the imagination;

The discussion of the problem should take place in a comfortable and relaxed atmosphere. Participants must be in a state of "relaxation".

The leader must preside. He should refrain from putting pressure on participants;

The secretaries-observers are appointed in the group, who record the statements and behavior of the speakers.

3. Brainstorming procedure

There are three stages here:

1. Introduction

Lasts up to 15 minutes. The facilitator speaks about the essence of the method, explains the rules for the participants' actions. Announces a problem, such as "How to succeed in today's market?" Problems are written on the board. The facilitator explains the reason for putting forward the chosen topic, then asks the participants to suggest their own wordings, which are also written on the board.

2. Idea generation

Participants in the discussion express their ideas in free form, which are recorded on the board. For this, appointed secretaries or assistants are involved. As soon as there is a delay in coming up with new ideas, the facilitator asks the participants to reflect on the problem, look at the board. After a pause, a new flash of ideas usually begins. If this does not occur, the leader will give out forms with questions, the answers to which generate such an outbreak.

3. Questions

4. Conclusion

There can be two options here:

"Classic" version. The facilitator thanks the participants for the work done and informs that the ideas expressed will be brought to the attention of specialists who can evaluate them from the point of view of their application in practice. If brainstorming participants have new ideas, they can submit them in writing to the discussion leader. As you can see, this is not the best procedure for completing a brainstorm. In this regard, other options for the final part of the classes are also practiced.

Lightweight option. Evaluation of ideas is carried out by the brainstorming participants themselves. Various approaches are used here:

1. The participants in the discussion develop criteria for evaluating ideas. These criteria are written on the board, arranged in order of importance.

2. The ideas put forward are grouped according to the appropriate grounds, which are determined by the content of the ideas.

3. The most promising group of ideas is determined. Each idea in this group is evaluated according to the evaluation criteria.

4. Testing ideas with the opposite method: “How will this idea, if implemented, fail?”

5. The most "wild" ideas are determined, which they try to remake into practically possible ones.

6. Each participant, as it were, again does a "brain attack" for himself personally, creating something new on the basis of already fixed ideas.

7. The group selects the most valuable ideas, arranges them in order of importance and proposes them for implementation in practice.

8. Spread valuable ideas on how to succeed in the market by industry:

Planning and forecasting;

Marketing;

operational management of production;

Personnel Management.

Characteristic features of the brainstorming method. Brainstorming method, or brainstorming: essence, rules and stages of implementation. Script Type Method

History and description

direct brain attack

Reverse brainstorming

individual brainstorming

Carrying out technology

Additional terms

Brainstorming method: reviews

Involvement in the process

Creativity

Grade 11

Instead of a conclusion

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brainstorming method

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History and description

direct brain attack

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Additional terms

Brainstorming method: reviews

Involvement in the process

Creativity

Grade 11

Instead of a conclusion

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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brainstorming method

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