1. According to the plan for describing the geographical position of the ocean in the textbook appendix, describe the Pacific Ocean.

1. Located between: Eurasia, Australia, North and South America, Antarctica. Connected to all oceans.
2. Located on both sides of the equator, relative to the zero meridian - in the Western Hemisphere. They cross the Northern and Southern tropics and the Northern and Southern circles.
3. It is located in all climatic zones, except for the northern polar one.

2. On the nature of which continent does the Pacific Ocean have the greatest influence? Why?

On the nature of Australia, the climate of which is significantly influenced by ocean currents.

3. What is the reason for the differences between the natural aquatic complexes of the northern part of the Indian Ocean?

The northern part of the Indian Ocean lies in the tropical zone. Under the influence of the surrounding land and monsoon circulation, several aquatic complexes are formed in this belt, differing in the properties of water masses.

4. Why do the currents in the northern part of the Indian Ocean change their direction according to the seasons of the year?

This is due to the monsoon type of atmospheric circulation (monsoon climate).

5. The Atlantic Ocean is the most studied ocean on the planet. Using the text and drawings of the textbook, systematize your knowledge about the stages of its study.

6. Why is the average salinity of the waters Atlantic Ocean above the average salinity of the waters of the oceans?

In the Atlantic Ocean, salinity is distributed more evenly, which in general affects the greater salinity of the ocean as a whole.

7. Explain the relative poverty of the species composition of the organic world of the Atlantic Ocean compared to the Pacific.

Increased salinity, relative youth of the ocean, no coral reefs.

8. What are the reasons for the great pollution of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean?

Extraction of oil and other minerals on the shelf, development of shipping, a large number of cities on the coasts.

9. What territories are included in the Arctic?

Outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and North. America and almost the entire Arctic Ocean with all its islands (except for the coastal islands of Norway), as well as the adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

10. Name the most character traits nature of the Arctic Ocean.

1. Polar position;
2. Arctic air masses predominate;
3. The presence of ice;
4. The Arctic Ocean does not cool, but warms the territories of the Northern Hemisphere.

11. Which explorers of the Arctic Ocean do you know?

G. Sedov, F. Nansen, O. Yu. Schmidt, I. D. Papanin, R. Amundsen.

12. Which continent supplies more to the Arctic Ocean fresh water? Why?

Eurasia: carry their waters to the ocean major rivers, for example, Yenisei, Ob, Lena, etc.

13. In what direction is the movement of ice in the Arctic Ocean? Who proved it?

In the direction of the currents. F. Nansen.

14. Explain the statement: "The Arctic Ocean, oddly enough, does not cool, but significantly warms the vast expanses of land in the Northern Hemisphere."

This is due to the heat reserve in the waters of the Arctic Ocean, which is constantly replenished by the heat of the waters of the Atlantic (warm currents).

15. What parts of the Arctic Ocean are rich in organic life? Why?

In that part of the Arctic Ocean, on the surface or at some depth of which the influence of relatively warm Atlantic waters is felt (for example, the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea).

16. Name the species economic activity man in the Arctic Ocean.

Fishing, offshore oil and natural gas production, maritime transport.

17. What will happen to the nature of the Arctic Ocean if the flow of water from the Atlantic and the inflow of river waters are reduced?

The salinity of the ocean will increase, the seas will freeze.

18. Fill in the blanks.

Most deep sea trenches in quiet ocean. They are located rings, because Here there is a junction of lithospheric plates. This area is called the "Ring of Fire".

19. Determine the largest ports of the oceans:

a) Quiet - Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Singapore, Sydney.
b) Indian - Dubai, Mumbai, Chennai, Karachi.
c) Atlantic - Rotterdam, New York, Marseille, Hamburg.

20. Display on the map with conventional signs the types of economic activities of the population on the ocean shelf.

Geographical position Describe GP Pacific Ocean according to plan: 1. The area of ​​the ocean and its place among other oceans. 2. The location of the ocean relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles), the zero and 180th meridian. 3. Extreme points of the ocean, coordinates. Length in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east. 4. What continents is washed by the ocean. 5. Location in the hemispheres and climatic zones. 6. Oceans, seas that are part of the ocean 7. Location relative to the continents and other oceans. 8. Ocean currents.

SIZE Area with seas 178.620 million km², volume 710 million km³, average depth 3980 m, maximum m. The Pacific Ocean occupies half of the entire water surface of the Earth, and more than thirty percent of the planet's surface area.

Name Its original name is "Great", and it was given by the Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who, exploring New World, September 30, 1513 crossed the Isthmus of Panama from north to south. Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean in the autumn of 1520 and called the ocean the Pacific Ocean, “because, according to one of the participants, during the transition from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands, for more than three months we never experienced the slightest storm.” Vasco Nunez de BalboaSeptember 30, 1513 Magellan F. Magellan Vasco Nunez de Balboa

The composition of the Sea: Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, East China, Yellow, South China, Javanese, Sulawesi, Sulu, Philippine, Coral, Fiji, Tasmanovo and others. The Amundsen, Bellingshausen, Ross Seas are now included in the Southern Ocean. By the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area of ​​the islands (about 3.6 million km²), the Pacific Ocean ranks first among the oceans. In the northern part of the Aleutian; in the western Kuril, Sakhalin, Japanese, Philippine, Greater and Lesser Sunda, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania; in the central and southern numerous small islands. Mark the islands and seas of the Pacific Ocean on the map.

Bottom relief The bottom relief is varied. In the east, the East Pacific Rise, in the central part there are many basins ( North Eastern, Northwestern, Central, Eastern, Southern, etc.), deep-sea trenches: in the north, the Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Izu-Boninsky; East Pacific Rise in the west, Mariana (with a maximum depth of the Mariana World Ocean m), Philippine, etc. ; in the east, Central American, Peruvian and others.

Currents Main surface currents: in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, warm Kuroshio, North Pacific and Alaska and cold California and Kuril; in the southern part, the warm South Trade Winds and East Australian and cold West Winds and Peruvian. The water temperature on the surface near the equator is from 26 to 29 ° C, in the subpolar regions up to 0.5 ° C. Salinity 30-36.5. Equator Salinity Mark the currents of the Pacific Ocean on the contour map.

Economic importance The Pacific Ocean accounts for about half of the world's fish catch (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, etc.). Production of crabs, shrimps, oysters. pollock, salmon, cod, sea bass, crab, shrimp, and oysters. Important sea and air communications between the countries of the Pacific basin and transit routes between the countries of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans run across the Pacific Ocean. Major ports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Singapore (Singapore), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), Los Angeles, Long Beach (USA), Wasco (Chile). BeachUSA HuascoChile The International Date Line passes through the Pacific Ocean along the 180th meridian.

The date line The date line runs here, between the Diomede Islands - Krusenstern Island (USA) (left) lives "yesterday", and Ratmanov Island (Russia) (right) - "today" the Diomede Islands

The degree of indentation of the coastline of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by ... a. strong dissection in the west and east b. strong dissection in the west and weak in the east c. weak dissection in the west and strong in the east of the city weak dissection in the west and east

Ocean area - 178.7 million square kilometers;
Maximum depth - Mariana Trench, 11022 m;
Number of seas - 25;
The largest seas are the Philippine Sea, the Coral Sea, the Tasman Sea, the Bering Sea;
The largest bay is Alaska;
The largest islands are New Zealand, New Guinea;
The strongest currents:
- warm - Northern Equatorial, Southern Equatorial, Kuroshio, East Australian;
- cold - West Winds, Peruvian, Californian.
The Pacific Ocean occupies a third of the entire earth's surface and half the area of ​​the oceans. Almost in the middle it crosses the equator. The Pacific Ocean washes the shores of five continents:
- Eurasia from the northwest;
- Australia from the southwest;
- Antarctica from the south;
- South and North America from the west.

In the north, through the Bering Strait, it connects to the Arctic Ocean. In the southern part, the conditional boundaries between the three oceans - the Pacific and Indian, Pacific and Atlantic - are drawn along the meridians, from the extreme southern continental or island point to the Antarctic coast.
The Pacific Ocean is the only one that is located almost entirely within the boundaries of one lithospheric plate - the Pacific. In places of its interaction with other plates, seismically active zones arise that create the Pacific Ocean. seismic belt known as the Ring of Fire. Along the edges of the ocean, at the boundaries of the lithospheric plates, there are its deepest parts - oceanic trenches. One of the main features of the Pacific Ocean are tsunami waves that result from underwater eruptions and earthquakes.
The climate of the Pacific Ocean is due to its location in all climatic zones, except for the polar one. Most precipitation occurs in the equatorial zone - up to 2000 mm. Due to the fact that the Pacific Ocean is protected by land from the influence of the Arctic Ocean, its northern part is warmer than the southern.
Trade winds reign in the central part of the ocean. Devastating tropical hurricanes - typhoons, which are characteristic of monsoonal air circulation, are characteristic of the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Storms are frequent in the north and south.
There is almost no floating ice in the North Pacific, as the narrow Bering Channel limits communication with the Arctic Ocean. And only the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea are covered with ice in winter.
The flora and fauna of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by richness and diversity. One of the richest organisms in terms of species composition is the Sea of ​​Japan. The coral reefs of tropical and equatorial latitudes are particularly rich in life forms. The largest coral structure is the Great Barrier Reef (Great Coral Reef) off the east coast of Australia, home to tropical fish species, sea ​​urchins, stars, squids, octopuses… Many species of fish are of commercial importance: salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon, tuna, herring, anchovies…
In the Pacific Ocean, there are also ssavtsy: whales, dolphins, fur seals, sea beavers (found only in the Pacific Ocean). One of the features of the Pacific Ocean is the presence of animal giants: blue whale, whale shark, king crab, tridacna mollusk ...
The territories of more than 50 countries, in which almost half of the world's population lives, go to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
The beginning of the development of the Pacific Ocean by Europeans was laid by Ferdinand Magellan (1519 - 1521), James Cook, A. Tasman, V. Bering. In the XVIII- XIX centuries the expeditions of the English ship Challenger and the Russian ship Vityaz had particularly important results. In the second half of the 20th century, the Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl and the Frenchman Jacques-Yves Cousteau carried out interesting and versatile studies of the Pacific Ocean. At the present stage, specially created international organizations are engaged in the study of the nature of the Pacific Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth. He has the most large area- 178.68 million km². Here is the Mariana Trench - the deepest oceanic trench of the Earth, its depth is 11,022 m. And also, the Pacific Ocean is the oldest among all the earth's oceans. He became known to Europeans relatively late. It was discovered by the Spanish conquistador Vasco Nunez de Balboa in 1513. However, he and his squad, having passed through the American jungle, did not suspect that the body of water that they discovered was the greatest ocean on Earth. Balboa named it Mar del Sur or the South Sea. The real discovery of the Pacific Ocean was circumnavigation Ferdinand Magellan. In 1520, his ships rounded South America, and during all three months of the voyage, the ocean discovered by Magellan remained exceptionally calm. Obviously, for this reason, Magellan called it the Quiet. In fact, this is the most formidable ocean on the planet - the strongest storms and hurricanes occur here, many earthquakes occur, volcanoes erupt.

The Pacific Ocean has a complex bottom topography. At the base of the ocean is the Pacific Plate, as well as the adjoining Nazca, Cocos, Juan de Fuca, Philippine Plates, in the south - the Antarctic Plate, and in the north - the North American. Such a large number of plates leads to strong tectonic activity of the Pacific Ocean floor. On the borders of the Pacific plate is the so-called "Ring of Fire" of the planet with constant earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. As a result of the movement of plates in the ocean, thousands of continental and volcanic islands were formed, uniting into a whole independent part light - Oceania. There are no more islands and archipelagos in any other ocean of the Earth. At the very bottom of the Pacific Ocean there are about 10 thousand separate seamounts, mostly of volcanic origin, located a complex system mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches, as well as a number of large basins: Chilean, Peruvian, Northwestern, Southern, Eastern, Central.

The climate of the ocean is exceptionally diverse, since the Pacific Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica to the coasts of Alaska and Chukotka, all climatic zones of the Earth pass through it. The greatest amount of precipitation - more than 2000 mm falls in the equatorial zone, trade winds constantly blow from the tropics to the equator, in temperate latitudes - westerly winds. A colder and harsher climate is observed in the southern part of the ocean, which is covered with ice every winter off the coast of Antarctica. The Pacific Ocean is separated from the Arctic Ocean by land and the Bering Strait, and therefore the climate is milder in the north. The climate of the western shores of the ocean is predominantly monsoonal. In the Pacific Ocean, the strongest hurricanes are formed, which are commonly called Typhoons (pictured). They form in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and fall on the coast of Eurasia: Indonesia, the Philippines, China, and Japan. Precipitation in the ocean, in general, prevails over evaporation, so the salinity of the water is somewhat lower than in other oceans.

organic world The Pacific Ocean is very rich. Half of the total mass of living organisms of the oceans lives in it. This is due to its vast area and diversity. natural conditions. Life reaches the greatest diversity here in equatorial and tropical latitudes on the shelf - in coral reefs. Subpolar waters off the coast of Russia are rich in commercial fish: pollock, herring, flounder. Salmon and king crab are harvested in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Off the coast of Australia is a unique natural complex- Great Barrier Reef. In size, it is comparable to the Ural Mountains and is completely formed by living organisms - corals.

About 50 countries are located on the Pacific coast, in which almost half of the total population of the Earth lives. That is why the ocean is of great commercial importance, half of the world's fish catch falls on its territory. Minerals are also being developed on the shelf; the most important transport routes pass here.

Great Barrier Reef