On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world trip.
The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.
During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge areas in North America were visited and annexed to Russia, which received the name of Russian America.
Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur wealth of these places penetrated St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way was kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for the summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to cut long ropes into pieces and, after delivery to the place, fasten them again; they did the same with chains for anchors, sails.
In 1799, the merchants united to create a large trade under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the trade. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel expenses.
Kruzenshtern's project was to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point for selling furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To carry out the project, it was necessary to take big Adventure and explore this new path for Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.
preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was relatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.
Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited.
Kruzenshtern drew Special attention to prepare and equip the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland, for other countries its ports remained closed.
CHRONICLE ROUND THE WORLD RUSSIANS 1806-1821 / The Union of Round-the-World Explorers of Russia
CHRONICLE ROUND THE WORLD RUSSIANS 1806-1821
The first three decades of the 19th century were marked by numerous Russian circumnavigations, most of which were caused by the presence of Russian possessions in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska and the coasts of North America bordering it.
These trips around the world were accompanied by the largest geographical discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. Already during the first seven Russian voyages around the world - I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" (1803-1806), V.M. Golovnin on the sloop "Diana" (1807-1809) , M.P. Lazarev on the ship "Suvorov" (1813-1816), O.E. Kotzebue on the brig "Rurik" (1815-1818), L.A. Gagemeister on the ship "Kutuzov" (1816-1819), 3 .I. Ponafidina on the ship "Suvorov" (1816-1818) and V.M. Golovnina on the sloop "Kamchatka" (1817-1819) - vast areas were explored Pacific Ocean and numerous discoveries of new islands have been made.
This was followed by expeditions led by naval officers F.P. Wrangel, M.N. Vasiliev, G.S. Shishmarev, F.P. Litke and others. All of them were carried out on ships of the navy.
And the second great voyage of the Russians in 1806-1810. made the sloop "Neva" under the command of Leonty Gagemeister (who later was the manager of the Russian-American Company). It passed from Kronstadt to Novoarkhangelsk, the capital of Russian America, around Africa, across the Indian Ocean, south of Australia (with a call at its Port Jackson (now Sydney) and across the Pacific Ocean. The route of this transition was called the "Gagemeister path".
In 1807-1811. VM Golovnin circumnavigated the world on the sloop "Diana". It was like a detective story. The sloop was captured by the British and fled from them under the cover of night darkness. Voyage of Lieutenant V.M. Golovnin on the sloop "Diana" in 1807-1809. remarkable scientific results. He compiled an accurate map of the South Kuril Islands, made a detailed description of the entire Kuril chain, which, along with hydrographic elements, provides extensive information about nature, climate, inhabitants, and crafts. Later Golovnin was captured by the Japanese, and in 1817-1819. led another round-the-world trip on the sloop "Kamchatka".
Meanwhile, Kruzenshtern developed a project for a new Russian round-the-world expedition in order to find the Northwest Passage - the path from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean north of the American continent. The expedition was also supposed to explore the coast of Alaska, determine the true position of many islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean and search for new lands there. Expenses for the expedition were taken over by Count H.P. Rumyantsev. Especially for her, a small 3-gun brig "Rurik" was built. The commander of this ship in 1814 was appointed 26-year-old lieutenant Kotzebue.
In 1815-1818. O.E. Kotzebue on the brig "Rurik" in the next Russian round-the-world trip discovered a number of new lands in the Pacific Ocean (in the Tuamotu archipelago, in the ridge of the Marshall Islands, as well as a bay in the west of Alaska, named after Otto Kotzebue).
Expedition of Kotzebue on the "Rurik" (1815-1818) - his second circumnavigation(and there were three in total) - was a significant milestone in the history of discoveries and research in the Pacific Ocean. Kotzebue discovered several atolls in the Polynesian Tuamotu archipelago, and also specified the coordinates of some other islands of this archipelago discovered by navigators of the 16th-18th centuries. Even more important discoveries were made by his expedition in Micronesia. Here, Kotzebue discovered the eastern ridge of the Marshall Islands (the Ratak chain) and mapped most of the atolls included in it, and learned from the Rataks about the existence of a western ridge (the Ralik chain) in this archipelago. The inconsistent reports of Spanish sailors, who may have seen in the 16th century. some islands of the Ratak chain were still buried in the archives in Kotzebue's time, and the atolls in the southern part of this chain, probably discovered in 1788 by the English captains Marshall and Gilbert, were very inaccurately mapped.
But this does not exhaust the significance of the work of the expedition in the oceanic island world. Kotzebue and A. Chamisso, who was on the Rurik, enriched science with the first, very thorough and detailed descriptions of the inhabitants of the Marshall Islands. Valuable ethnographic observations were also made during the expedition's stay in the Hawaiian and Mariana Islands. Having become acquainted with the Polynesian and Micronesian languages, Chamisso came to the conclusion that they were related to the Malay ones and thus put forward solid arguments in favor of the theory of the Asian origin of the Polynesians (to which he included the Micronesians). It should also be borne in mind that Kotzebue and his companions were the first to express correct ideas about the origin of the atolls. These thoughts and assumptions were taken into account by Charles Darwin when creating a scientific theory of the development of coral islands.
In the summer of 1816, the Rurik entered the Bering Strait, embarking on the most important, but at that time hardly achievable task of the expedition - to pass from the Pacific to the Atlantic along the northern route around the coast of North America. Walking along the northwestern coast of Alaska, the Rurikists described it for more than 300 miles, and Kotzebue Bay, Shishmareva Bay and Sarychev Island were discovered. The participants of the expedition have priority in the ethnographic study of the Eskimos who lived along the shores of the Gulf of Kotzebue and on the island of St. Lawrence. Kotzebue and his companions discovered fossil ice outcrops on the coast of the bay named after him and left a description of this natural phenomenon- one of the first in the world science.
Kotzebue intended to continue exploration off the coast of Alaska next summer. But on April 13, 1817, on the way to the island of Unalashka, the "Rurik" got into a severe storm, during which the head of the expedition was seriously injured. A huge, menacingly foaming shaft, rolling across the deck, knocked the captain off his feet; he hit his chest sharp corner superstructure and lost consciousness. When he woke up, Kotzebue felt a strong pain in his bruised chest, and before arriving at Unalaska, he hardly got out of bed. During this call, the crew repaired, as far as possible, the damage caused to the brig by the raging elements, and although the pain in his chest did not subside, Kotzebue decided to continue sailing north.
In July 1817, "Rurik" approached the island of St. Lawrence.
The Bering Sea to the north of it was still covered with ice, blocking the ship's path. Meanwhile, the captain's health deteriorated sharply. “The cold upset my chest to such an extent,” said Kotzebue, “that I felt a strong constraint in it, and finally chest convulsions, fainting and hemoptysis followed.” The expedition doctor resolutely declared that the captain could no longer remain in the Arctic latitudes. After much hesitation, Kotzebue notified his companions in writing that illness was forcing him to return to Unalaska. “The minute in which I signed this paper,” the navigator recalled, “was one of the saddest in my life, because with this handwriting of the pen I refused the most ardent desire that had long been nourished in my heart.” From Unalashka, "Rurik" set off on his way back to his native shores ...
In 1817-1819. Captain 2nd rank V.M. Golovnin on the sloop "Kamchatka" makes a round-the-world voyage with a call to Kamchatka and Russian America. In this voyage, he pays the main attention to the definition of those islands and places of Russian possessions, "which have not yet been determined by astronomical methods." V.M. Golovnin made a description of the shallow coast of the northwestern coast of America, which James Cook could not approach in his time, and also carried out numerous studies in the Pacific Ocean.
A special place in the series of geographical discoveries of Russian sailors in the first third of the 19th century. occupied by the expedition of the sloops "Vostok" and Mirny" under the leadership of Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen in 1819-1821. The ships left Krondstadt in the summer of 1819 with the task of conducting research "in the possible vicinity of the Antarctic Pole." Throwing a retrospective look at the problem of the existence of Antarctica, it must be said that the hypothesis "Terra Australis incognita" (unknown Southern land) was born by the geographers of antiquity and was divided in the Middle Ages. Her search was unsuccessfully carried out by the Portuguese B. Dias (1487-1488), F. Magellan (1520), the Dutchman A. Tasman (1644), the Englishman D. Cook (1772-1775). The latter, after his futile searches, even declared: "... I can safely say that not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did. The lands that may be in the south will never be explored."
However, the Russian sailors of the sloop "Vostok" (commander captain 2nd rank F.F. Bellingshausen) and the sloop "Mirny" (commander lieutenant MP Lazarev) refuted D. Cook. Following a course to the south, maneuvering in dense fog and often near icebergs, on January 16, 1820, Russian sailors in the area of 69 0 21 "S 2 0 14" W. made a great geographical discovery - they discovered the sixth continent of our planet Antarctica (now the land to which the ships approached is called the Princess Martha Coast). October 31, 1820 "Vostok" and "Mirny" again, after repairs in Australia, went to the Antarctic, this time to the Western Hemisphere. Again maneuvering among the ice and icebergs, the sloops crossed the Antarctic Circle twice and on January 9, 1821 discovered the island, which was named after Peter I. On January 17, the sailors saw a mountainous coast, which they called Alexander I Land.
During the two-year voyage in the southern hemisphere, the ships circled the Antarctic continent, approaching it four times. A number of new lands were discovered in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in particular the islands: Annenkov, Peter the Great, Alexander 1 Land, Russians (part of the Tuamotu archipelago), the Traverse Island group, etc. For a hundred days, navigation took place south of the Arctic Circle among icebergs and ice. In total, Vostok and Mirny were at sea for 751 days.
Let us now dwell in more detail on this expedition.
It is difficult to say who had the first thought about it and who was its initiator. It is possible that this idea originated almost simultaneously with several of the most prominent and enlightened Russian navigators of that time - Golovnin, Kruzenshtern and Kotzebue. Among the archival documents there is a note "A Brief Review of the Plan of the Proposed Expedition", which does not have a signature, but, judging by the references to the experience of the brig "Rurik" that had just returned from the circumnavigation of the world (came to St. Petersburg on August 3, 1818), written by the commander of the latter - Lieutenant O.E. Kotzeb. According to some information, it can be assumed that Kotzebue's note is the earliest of all, and it provides for the sending of only two ships from Russia, and their separation was planned near the Hawaiian Islands, from where one of the ships was supposed to cross the Pacific Ocean to the west - to the Bering Strait, the second - to the east, in order to try to get closer to the South Pole.
On March 31, 1819, Kruzenshtern sent his extensive note on 14 pages to the Minister of Marine from Reval, with a cover letter. In a letter, Kruzenshtern states that with his "passion" for this kind of travel, he himself would ask to be put at the head of the expedition, but this is prevented by a serious eye disease, and that he is ready to draw up detailed instructions for the future head of the expedition. In his note, Kruzenshtern refers to two expeditions - to the North and South Poles, each of which includes two ships. However, he pays special attention to the expedition to the South Pole, about which he writes: “This expedition, in addition to its main goal - to explore the countries of the South Pole, should especially have in the subject to believe everything that is wrong in the southern half of the Great Ocean and replenish all those in it. shortcomings, so that it can be recognized as, so to speak, the final journey in this sea.
First, the Russian government appointed Kruzenshtern's closest assistant on the round-the-world expedition on the Nadezhda ship, Captain-Commander M.I. Ratmanov, as the head of the first division, and captain-lieutenant M.N. Ratmanov, who shortly before his appointment was shipwrecked at Cape Skagen on his return from Spain, was in Copenhagen, and his health was in a state of disarray. He asked on this occasion not to send him on a long voyage, and, in turn, nominated F.F. Bellingshausen.
At the request of the government, both expeditions were equipped in a very hasty manner, as a result of which they included not sailing ships specially built for sailing in ice, but sloops that were under construction, intended for departure on ordinary round-the-world voyages. The first division consisted of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", the second of the sloops "Otkritie" and "Benevolent".
Both Bellingshausen and Lazarev subsequently repeatedly complained about the fact that two completely different types of ships were included in both divisions, differing significantly from each other in speed.
The general course of the expedition and its results were as follows.
The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" left Kronstadt on July 4, 1819, from July 14 to 19 they stayed in Copenhagen, from July 29 to August 26 - in Portsmouth. During a monthly stay in English port chronometers, sextants, telescopes and other nautical instruments were obtained, which at that time were not yet manufactured in Russia. Here the stock of provisions was replenished with canned food and some special products. Further, the detachment, leaving Portsmouth on August 26, headed for the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, after a short call (from September 15 to 19) in Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands, crossed Atlantic Ocean from east to west and entered the roadstead of Rio de Janeiro to rest the crew before a tiring and difficult voyage in Antarctica, to prepare sloops for stormy trips and to take provisions. In Rio de Janeiro, the sloops stayed from 2 to 22 November.
According to the instructions received, the expedition was to begin its research work from the island of South Georgia and the "Sandwich Land" discovered by Cook (South Sandwich Islands), the nature and size of which were not last determined. On December 15, Russian navigators saw the pointed peaks of the island of South Georgia and the small island of Willis. The sloops, passing along the southern coast of South Georgia, put this coast on the map, and a number of geographical points received Russian names in honor of the expedition members - Capes Paryadina, Demidov and Kupriyanov, Novosilsky Bay, and the newly discovered island received the name of the second lieutenant of the sloop who first saw it " Mirny" Annenkov.
Further, the expedition headed to the notorious "Sandwich Land". On the way to this "Earth", on December 22, the first major discovery was made - a group of islands called by Bellingshausen, by the name of the then Russian naval minister, the islands of the Marquis de Traverse, and individual islands were also named after the names of the expedition members: Zavadovsky Island, Ostrov Leskov and Kherson Island (after the Decembrist uprising, the tsarist government renamed it Vysoky Island, due to the fact that Lieutenant Kherson took an active part in this uprising). On December 29, the expedition approached the "Sandwich Land" area and discovered that the points that Cook considered her capes were in fact separate islands. Bellingshausen showed exceptional tact, retaining for the islands discovered by Russian navigators the names that Cook gave to the capes, and for the entire group - the name of Sandwich; on this occasion, he writes: "Captain Cook first saw these shores, and therefore the names given to them must remain indelible, so that the memory of such a bold navigator may reach to later descendants. For this reason I call these islands the South Sandwich Islands." From the group of South Sandwich Islands, Bellingshausen and Lazarev rushed south, making the first attempt to go as far as possible straight along the meridian to the south, in accordance with the instructions of the Minister of the Navy, which stated that after passing east of "Sandwich Land", Bellingshausen should go down to the south and "continue his explorations to the farthest latitude that he can reach" and that he should "use all possible diligence and the greatest effort to reach as close as possible to the pole, looking for unknown lands, and will not leave this enterprise except in the face of insurmountable obstacles." Further, the instructions stated that "if under the first meridians, under which he will descend to the south, his efforts remain fruitless, then he must resume his attempts under others, and without losing sight of the main and important goal for which he will be sent, repeating these attempts hourly, to discover the lands, and to approach the south pole.
As you can see, the instructions made exceptionally strict and severe requirements for the expedition, and Bellingshausen and Lazarev resolutely and boldly tried to fulfill them.
For this purpose, the Russian expedition in the first period of its voyage, from January to March, i.e. during the summer of the southern hemisphere, made a total of five "attempts", namely: 1) from January 4 to 5, 1820, to the south latitude of 60 ° 25 "20"; 2) from January 5 to 8 - 60 ° 22 "; 3) from January 10 to 16, and on January 16 it was almost close to the mainland of Antarctica, only 20 miles from it, in latitude 69 ° 21" and longitude 2 ° 14 "(near the coast, which is now called Princess Martha's Land) and 4) from January 19 to 21, when the expedition again reached latitude 69 ° 25" and was again in close proximity to the mainland, at a distance of less than 30 miles from it; 5) from 1 to 6 February, when latitude 69°7"30" and longitude 16°15" were reached.
If not for the bad visibility conditions, then on January 16, Bellingshausen and Lazarev would have been able to give absolutely accurate information about the lands of the Antarctic continent. The author of the preface to English translation Bellingshausen's book, published in 1945, the Antarctic explorer Frank Debenham writes on this occasion: Bellingshausen "saw the mainland, but did not recognize it as such", and further - "it was impossible to give a better description of hundreds of miles of the Antarctic continent, as we now we know." For the second time, the expedition was close to the mainland on January 21. In his preliminary report sent to Russia from Port Jackson, Bellingshausen characterizes his impressions of the ice that he saw in front of him at a very close approach to the mainland, from February 5 to 6: "Here behind the ice fields fine ice and islands are visible to the mainland of ice, whose edges are broken off perpendicularly and which continues as far as we see, rising to the south like a coast. "Many of the expedition officers were sure of the proximity of the coast. Thus, midshipman P. Novosilsky wrote in his brochure about the case of a close approach of sloops to Antarctica on February 5 (in the area subsequently named Princess Ragnhilda's Land): "On February 5, with a strong wind, the silence of the sea was unusual. Numerous polar birds and snow petrels hover over the sloop. This means that there must be a shore or immovable ice near us."
Only exceptional honesty and insistence on the reliability of the discovery did not allow Russian sailors to claim that they actually saw the low part of the mainland, and not the ice fast ice. During this period, Russian ships crossed the Antarctic Circle three times.
In early March, due to unfavorable weather and the need to stock up on fresh provisions and firewood and give rest to the personnel, Bellingshausen decided to leave the high southern latitudes, head to Port Jackson for a long stop and after that, according to the instructions, go for the duration of the winter of the southern hemisphere to explore the Southeast Pacific. Wanting to explore a wider strip of the Indian Ocean along the way, Bellingshausen ordered the Mirny sloop to follow a more northerly course to Port Jackson. On March 5, the sloops were separated, and on March 30, 131 days after leaving Rio de Janeiro, the Vostok sloop anchored in the roadstead in Port Jackson, where the Mirny sloop also arrived a week later.
A month later, on May 7, 1820, both sloops weighed anchor and headed through the Cook Strait to the area of the Tuamotu Islands and the Society (Partnership) Islands, as recommended by the instructions. To the east of the island of Tahiti, in June 1820, a Russian expedition discovered a whole group of islands, which Bellingshausen called the islands of the Russians (among them are the islands of Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Yermolov, Miloradovich, Greig, Volkonsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Osten- Saken, Moller, Arakcheev). After that, the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" visited the island of Tahiti, where they stayed from July 22 to 27, and then headed back to Port Jackson for rest, repairs and acceptance of various supplies before a new trip to Antarctic waters. On the way to Port Jackson, the expedition discovered a number of other islands (Vostok, Alexander Nikolaevich, Ono, Mikhailov and Simonov).
On September 9, 1820, the sloop Vostok returned to the hospitable Port Jackson, and the next day the slower Mirny arrived there. Here Bellingshausen and Lazarev proceeded to repair both ships as thoroughly as possible, especially the Vostok sloop, which had weaker hull mounts.
The expedition stayed in Port Jackson for almost two months, and on October 31, 1820, it again went to sea to reach high latitudes in other sectors of the Antarctic that it had not yet visited. On the way to the south, on November 10, the sloops approached Macquari Island (or, as Bellingshausen calls it, Macquaria); the island was put on the map and Bellingshausen, Lazarev, the artist Mikhailov and several officers went ashore to explore it.
From the end of November, the expedition resumed its attempts to reach the mainland of Antarctica. There were five “attempts” to penetrate possibly further south during this period (November 30, December 1, December 14, December 29, 1820 and January 9-16, 1821), and three times the ships penetrated beyond the Antarctic Circle. However, in this sector of the Antarctic, the mainland does not reach the Antarctic Circle, and only the fourth "assassination attempt" was crowned with success: on January 9, 1821, the island of Peter I was discovered, and on January 16, the coast of Alexander I, about which Bellingshausen writes: "I call the acquisition this shore because the remoteness of the other end to the south disappeared beyond our vision. On January 20, Bellingshausen went to New Shetland, the discovery of which he learned while still in Australia from the Russian ambassador to the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro. On January 24, the expedition saw the land and, until January 27, explored its southern coast, discovering that it was a group of a dozen large islands and many smaller ones. All the South Shetland Islands were put on the map and all of them were given Russian names (Borodino, Maly Yaroslavets, Smolensk, Berezino, Polotsk, Leipzig, Waterloo, Vice Admiral Shishkov Island, Admiral Mordvinov Island, Captain Commander Mikhailov Island, Counter- Admiral Rozhnov, Three Brothers). After exploring the South Shetland Islands, the expedition headed back to Russia. From February 27 to April 23, the sloops stood in Rio de Janeiro, where they were again carefully repaired. On the way back, only one short stop was made in Lisbon (from 17 to 28 June) and, in addition, the sloops waited out the night from 15 to 16 July at anchor in the Copenhagen roadstead. Finally, on July 24, 1821, the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" anchored in the Small Kronstadt roadstead, in those places from which they set off on their glorious and dangerous journey more than two years ago.
The voyage of the expedition lasted 751 days (including 527 sailing days and 224 anchoring days); She covered nearly 50,000 nautical miles. The results of the first Russian Antarctic expedition are as follows.
Firstly, the expedition completed the main task - discovered the mainland of Antarctica and thereby approved the priority of Russia in this regard. In total, she rediscovered 29 previously unknown islands, including 2 in Antarctica, 8 in the southern temperate zone, and 19 in the hot zone.
Secondly, the expedition carried out an enormous amount of scientific work. The essential merit of the expedition was the precise determination geographical coordinates islands, capes and other places and compiling a large number cards, which was a favorite specialty of Bellingshausen himself. One must be surprised at the exceptional accuracy of the observations of both Bellingshausen and Lazarev themselves, as well as other officers of the expedition, and especially the astronomer Simonov. These definitions have not lost their significance so far and differ very little from the latest definitions, produced on the basis of more accurate methods and more advanced nautical instruments. The map of the South Shetland Islands was the most accurate until very recently, and the sketches of the islands made by the artist Mikhailov are still used in English sailing directions; Lazarev measured the heights of the mountains and islands with particular accuracy. The astronomer Simonov made systematic observations on the change in air temperature, the navigator - on the elements of terrestrial magnetism. The expedition carried out many important oceanographic studies: for the first time, water samples were taken from the depths with the help of a primitive bathometer prepared by ship equipment; experiments were made with lowering the bottle to a depth; the transparency of water was determined for the first time by lowering a white plate to the depth; the depths were measured, as far as the length of the existing lotline allowed (apparently, up to 500 m); an attempt was made to measure the water temperature at depth; the structure was studied sea ice and freezing of water of different salinity; for the first time, the deviation of compasses was determined at various courses.
The expedition collected rich ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections brought to Russia and transferred to various museums, where they are still kept.
Of great interest are some personal scientific observations of F.F. Bellingshausen. He solved many complex physical and geographical problems. Thus, long before Darwin, Bellingshausen quite correctly explained the origin of coral islands, which was a mystery before him, he gave a correct explanation of the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, challenging the opinion of such an authority in the field of geographical science of his time as Humboldt; In the theory of ice formation, Bellingshausen has many correct ideas that have not lost their significance to this day.
The album of drawings compiled by the artist Mikhailov and consisting of 47 pages deserves special attention; among the drawings are sketches of islands, landscapes, types of local residents various countries, animals, birds, fish, plants, types of icy mountains, etc. Due to the fact that there were no naturalists in the expedition, Mikhailov tried to carefully sketch everything related to fauna and flora.
The expedition was greeted in Russia with great triumph, and great importance was attached to its discoveries. Only after more than 20 years, a new foreign expedition was sent to Antarctic waters. On this occasion, the leader of this English Antarctic expedition in 1839-1843. James Ross wrote: "The discovery of the most southern of the known continents was valiantly conquered by the fearless Bellingshausen, and this conquest remained with the Russians for a period of more than 20 years."
F.P. Wrangel circumnavigated the world three times. In 1820-1824. in the rank of lieutenant, he was the head of the Kolyma detachment of the expedition, which conducted a survey of the coast of North-Eastern Siberia. Midshipman F.F. Matyushkin and lieutenant colonel of the corps of naval navigators P.T. Kozmin took part in its work. Commanding the military transport “Krotkiy”, F.P. Wrangel made a round-the-world trip with a call to Kamchatka and Russian America. The scientific expedition on board made observations of ocean currents, water temperature, depths, and meteorological phenomena. According to the results of the voyage of the “Krotkiy” and the campaign of the Kolyma detachment, the expeditions were published scientific work, in particular "Journey along the northern shores of Siberia and the Arctic Sea."
F.P. Litke made two round-the-world voyages on military ships for scientific purposes. In 1821-1824, being the commander of the Novaya Zemlya brig, he described the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea, the western and southern shores of Novaya Zemlya. On the Senyavin sloop, Lieutenant Commander Litke explored the Caroline Islands in Micronesia, described a number of atolls, and discovered the inhabited Senyavin Islands. Off the eastern shores of Kamchatka, north of Petropavlovsk, he specified a number of coastal points using astronomical methods. He described the shores of the Chukotka Peninsula.
In 1823-1826. on the sloop "Enterprise" Captain Kotzebue made another round-the-world voyage for research purposes. This time, islands were discovered in the archipelago of Tuamotu, Samoa, and others. A number of oceanographic studies were carried out by the physicist E.Kh. Lenz (academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences), who participated in the expedition. In particular, he studied the vertical distribution of temperature, density and salinity of water in the oceans, investigated the transparency of water along the route of navigation, the daily variation of air temperature at different latitudes and other parameters of the World Ocean. E.H. Lenz discovered the existence of salinity maximum in the tropical zones of the oceans. In addition to oceanographic work, he also carried out gravimetric (“pendulum”) observations to determine the gravity field.
Kotzebue himself was a prominent research scientist. It was he who discovered fossil ice on the American mainland, suggested a hypothesis about the recent origin of the Bering Strait, and gave the first explanation of coral islands. Kotzebue paid much attention to obtaining new information on ethnography. He studied the languages and customs of the inhabitants of the visited countries.
In the future, the Russians made round-the-world trips many times.
The journey around the world of the scientists of the Russian Empire, Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern, was of the greatest importance for the country and its trade routes. It ran through the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and made it possible to study the ways of communication between the countries of the World.
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich was born on November 8, 1770 in the family of the German judge Johann F. Kruzenshtern. At the age of 12, Kruzenshtern went to school at the church, where he studied for 2 years, then entered the Naval Corps of Cadets. There he stayed until the year 88, until the war with Sweden began.
After the outbreak of hostilities, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the ship "Mstislav", where he went through a series of battles. After that, in 1790 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant for participation in victorious battles and excellent service. In 1993, together with Yuri Lisyansky, he was sent to England.
After 6 years of service in Great Britain, thanks to the experience gained there, he invited the emperor to sail around the world, for which he received approval.
After the expedition I.F. Kruzenshtern took up educational and state work. He became the director of the cadet corps, in which he studied himself. After his resignation, he received the rank of general and became a distinguished member of the University in Moscow and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He has also received many other honors. Krusenstern died in 1846.
Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich - a famous navigator and traveler, captain of the 1st rank and scientist. He was born on August 2, 1773 in the city of Nizhyn in the family of a church minister Fyodor Lisyansky.
During the period of study at the Marine cadet corps began to be friends with Kruzenshtern I.F. After studying at the age of 13, he was assigned to the ship Podrazhislav. Where he took part in many battles, and received the rank of lieutenant for numerous distinctions before the Motherland. In 73 he was sent to serve in the UK. There he received a shell shock after 4 years and returned to Russia in 1997.
On March 27 of the same year, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the Avtroil ship. Then he participated in a trip around the world, and from 1807 to 1808 he was the commander of the frigates Conception of St. Anne and Emgeiten. He went through a large number of battles and in 1809 he retired.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky completed their round-the-world trip, but the latter began to describe it only after leaving military service, and personal notes in the form of a journal were published in 1812, and in 1814 they were published in the capital of Great Britain. Yu.F. Lisyansky February 22, 1837
Preparing for a trip around the world
In 1799, the ruler Paul I was presented with a plan for sailing around the World by Kruzenshtern I.F. Its purpose was to organize the fur trade between Russian Empire and China. The approval was not received.
After the assassination of the ruler in 1801, the idea of such a trip was supported by the Russian-North American Company, created in 1799 to develop the territory of the Kuriles and Alaska. And in 1802 a permit was issued, Kruzenshtern became the head. 
During the voyage, it was planned to establish communication between Alaska and the European part of Russia. Also take luggage to Alaska, and then furs to China for the purpose of sale. Half of the travel expenses were paid by the company.
The ships decided to buy. In the UK, they bought 2 reliable flagships: Nadezhda and Neva. Kruzenshtern became the captain of the first, and the second sailed under the leadership of Lisyansky. 
Preparations for the expedition were carried out carefully. Within its framework, many medicines were purchased, mainly anti-scurvy drugs. The basis of the team was Russian military sailors. The ships were equipped with modern scientific instruments. The ships set sail under the Russian flag of the Navy - the Andreevsky banner.
History and route map
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky might not have made a round-the-world trip, since the idea of going around Earth appeared in the middle of the 18th century. Admiral of the Navy Golovin N.F. the expedition was even planned in 1787 under the command of Mulovsky G.I.
However, this it never took place due to the death of the captain in the war with Sweden in the battle of Eland on the ship Mstislav. Where the young Krusenstern served as midshipman. 
A couple of days before sailing, the route of the expedition was changed. An order was received to deliver N.P. Rezanov to the Japanese Embassy. with gifts and accompanying. They were placed on the ship "Nadezhda". Subsequently, it turns out that he was given the authority of the head of navigation. This appointment came as a surprise to its participants.
Europe and the Atlantic Ocean
The path began in 1803 from the bay of Kronstadt. After a stop in Copenhagen, both ships headed for the shores of England. Further the road lay to the south, to the Canary Islands.
The expedition arrived here in October, and a couple of weeks later the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet.
Pacific Ocean
During the journey on the "Nadezhda" there was a difficult situation due to disagreements between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern. The first was not satisfied with the leadership style. At the beginning of winter, the ships reached the coast of Brazil, rounded Cape Horn and ended up in the Pacific Ocean, the expedition got into a storm and the ships dispersed.
For such a case, the commanders had an agreement on meeting places, the first - on about. Easter, the second - Fr. Nuku Hiva (on the archipelago of the Marquesas Islands). Kruzenshtern's ship was carried away from the first meta to the west, and he sent him immediately to the second meeting point. "Neva" came to Fr. Paskha, where she stood for several days, and then headed towards Nuku Khiva. Here the ships met. 
At this time, the conflict intensified on Nadezhda, and the chamberlain insisted on changing the route, then the entire officer staff refused to obey him and completely followed the orders of Kruzenshtern. It was not possible to correct the situation even when Rezanov presented the order of the emperor.
From the Marquesas Islands, the ships sailed to the northwest and by the end of May they were in Hawaii, where the separation of routes took place: Lisyansky headed north to about. Kodiak, and Ivan Fedorovich - to the north-west to the shores of Kamchatka.
To fulfill the order and deliver the ambassador to Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov tried to punish Kruzenshtern with the help of commandant Koshelev P.I., but the latter managed to eliminate the conflict and reconcile its participants.
In November, the Nadezhda had already arrived at the shores of Nagasaki, having stood there for many months, the crew returned to Petropavlovsk. The path lay through the Korea Strait in the Sea of Japan and the La Perouse Strait in the Sea of Okhotsk. On September 23, the ship sailed from the coast and followed into the South China Sea, and on November 8 off the coast of Macau. 
"Neva" in July 1804 came to about. Kodiak and spent more than a year there, then heading to Macau. On the way, the ship passed Hawaii, where they ran aground near an unknown island, which later received the name of Lisyansky.
Having refloated, the ship in November bypassed Formosa from the south side and entered the South China Sea. Here Kruzenshtern and his team were already waiting for them. A more detailed route can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig.1. The route of the round-the-world travel of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.
Count Fyodor Tolstoy
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky traveled around the world in the company of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went with the team of Ivan Fedorovich to sail on the Nadezhda. It is not known for certain how he managed to get there.
According to a relative, Marya Kamenskaya, he joined the expedition under the guise of his cousin, his namesake, Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, who refused to travel due to seasickness. Perhaps the count did this to avoid punishment in the Preobrazhensky regiment.
On the way, Tolstoy was not burdened with official duties and led a free life, sometimes making unpredictable actions. Often he became the instigator of quarrels with both ordinary crew members and the captain. He also made cruel jokes towards those who did not like him.
For example, he got drunk the priest who accompanied the ship under the command of Lisyansky, and glued his beard to the deck and sealed it with a seal. I had to cut my beard to get out.
Or one day, when Krusenstern was not there, the count snuck into his cabin along with the orangutan that was on board, found the traveler's notes there and taught the monkey how to fill paper with ink. After leaving the pet alone, and he destroyed all the papers. 
This behavior became the reason for the repeated imprisonment of Tolstoy. Ultimately, Kruzenshtern dropped him off during a stay in Kamchatka. The further path is known only from the words of the count. He reached Sitka and stayed there for several months. Then he visited Far East, the Volga region, in Siberia and the Urals. His journey ended in Petersburg in August 1805.
Kamchatka
July 14, 1804 "Nadezhda" entered the Avacha Bay. At that time no more than 200 souls of the population lived in Petropavlovsk. General Koshelev, the governor of Nizhnekamchatsk, which at that time was the capital of the peninsula, also arrived here. He assisted a crew member in repairing the ship's damage and helped prepare for a visit to Japan.
An artist and a doctor also went ashore here. And Tolstoy was forcibly disembarked due to scandalous behavior. After 47 days, on August 30, the ship continued its journey and sailed in the direction of Japan.
Here "Nadezhda" returned after the Japanese "captivity". Although Kruzenshtern received a strict ban on this, he headed along the coast in the West and even plotted the route on the map. This is where his tough, battle-hardened character comes into play. He felt confident at sea. Several times the ship landed on the shore, here it was possible to establish contact with the inhabitants of the local island of Hokkaido - the Ainans.
In the spring of 1805, the ship arrived in the Sakhalin Aniva Bay, where the command of the Japanese administration was. The study of these places was prevented by Rezanov, who insisted on a speedy sailing to Kamchatka, where he could report on the results of the embassy visit.
On June 5 of this year, the team returned to Petropavlovsk, where the ambassador went ashore and sent a report to the emperor, while he himself went to Alaska on a ship with a merchant. Exactly one month later, Krusenstern resumed his journey and headed for Sakhalin. He didn't manage to bypass it completely. At the end of August, the ship again landed at Avacha Bay, where preparations were made for the road to Macau.
Japan
Japan is a fairly isolated country where foreigners were banned from entering and any ships in their ports were perceived as hostile. This allowed the Japanese to preserve the originality of their culture, to protect the country from colonization and commercial expansion.
Trade was conducted only with merchants of the East India Company in the port of Nagasaki. For this reason there was no accurate maps, and Kruzenshtern walked at random, taking pictures of the coast of Japan along the way. 
October 8, 1804 the ship arrived at the shores of Nagasaki. There were several Japanese on board, who ended up there due to the wreck of their ships. They also acted as translators. Immediately, a representative of Japan arrived on the ship to obtain information about who sailed and why. After this meeting, Kruzenshtern was allowed to enter the harbor with the help of a Japanese pilot.
The team had to stand here for almost six months. The Emperor of Japan did not accept Rezanov's gifts and did not agree to enter into negotiations. All this time, the Japanese supplied the Russian with food. They also equipped them for the journey with everything necessary, but forbade the return journey through the western shores of Japan. April 5, 1805 "Hope" went back after the failure of the diplomatic mission.
Journey of the Neva
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, almost at the very beginning of their round-the-world trip, parted at sea due to a storm. On July 10, 1804, the Neva under the command of Yuri Fedorovich moored to the shores of the first permanent residence of Russians in America, Kodiak Island.
The ship entered the harbor from the south side, called St. Paul. This place was the administrative center. Here the team learned that the Arkhangelsk fortress, located in Sitka Bay, was attacked by local Indians. The fortress was completely burned, and the population was slaughtered. 
Here Lisyansky received a message from the Russian ruler A.A. Baranov, who arrived to recapture the fortress, asking for help. A month later, on August 15, after repairing the damage and unloading, the ship set off for the shores of Sitka.
The road took 5 days, and on August 20, the Neva was already in place. Together, Baranov and Lisyansky developed a plan of operation, where the sailors and armament of the ships played a major role in restoring relations with the Indians. Later, not far from the fortress, a settlement was founded - Novoarkhangelsk. And on November 10, the ship went back to Kodiak. 
Also, 5 days later, the Neva entered the harbor of St. Paul, where it stayed for the winter. Six months later, the ship, having filled the holds with food, water and furs, rushed in the direction of Sitka to load the furs that Baranov had collected.
On the 20th of June 1805, when the ship arrived, peace with the natives already reigned in the new settlement, and the houses were rebuilt. Having loaded the prepared furs, Lisyansky sailed towards Macau on September 2.
China
On November 20, 1805, Krusenstern had already arrived in Macau, where he waited for the Neva until December 3. This is a colony of the Portuguese on the shores of China. Here they had to stay for more than 2 months. The atmosphere was not the most friendly, we had to adapt to local customs.
But the commanders showed their abilities and won the fight against the merchants and exchanged furs for a popular European product: tea, porcelain, and so on.
Return
January 31, 18006 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" began their journey home. It took place in the Sunda Strait, which led to the Indian Ocean on February 21. In April, the ships again dispersed near the Cape of Good Hope, but the captains had an agreement, in which case, to meet off the coast of about. Saint Helena.
So lay the route of the first round-the-world trip under the leadership of Krusenstern and his assistant Lisyansky "Hope" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern I.F. arrived on the island on May 3, 1806. Here the commander learned about the war with the French and decided, without waiting for Lisyansky, to sail north through the northern coast of England in order to avoid meeting the French fleet in the English Channel.
At this time Lisyansky Yu.F. decided to walk from the Chinese coast to the European without stopping at the ports. The ship no longer had excess cargo, and the holds were filled with provisions. "Neva" passed the banks of about. Saint Helena and her team did not know about the military actions of France, so they boldly headed for the English Channel, and then landed off the coast of Great Britain.
After standing there for 2 weeks, on July 13, Lisyansky headed for Russia, and on August 5 he was already in place. Kruzenshtern arrived only on 19 August.
Recognition and importance of travel
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky made a round-the-world trip to complete certain tasks, and it absolutely justified itself from an economic point of view. Thanks to the expedition, the merchants made a big profit. And its participants received recognition, fame and forever wrote off their names in history. 
All participants of the trip received awards from Emperor Alexander I:
- all officers were promoted by 1 rank;
- the command was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 thousand rubles;
- lieutenants received 1 thousand rubles each;
- midshipmen for 800 rubles. indefinite content;
- the lower ranks were given the opportunity to resign at will and 55-70 rubles. pension;
- all participants were awarded a medal issued especially for them.
The expedition lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806, on 2 ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F. As a result, their works describing the path were published. The journey was of great importance for both Russian history and her science.
Interesting facts about Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky and their joint journey
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were the greatest and interesting personalities, and life is interesting and filled with interesting facts and cases:
| Kruzenshtern Ivan Fyodorovich | Lisyansky Yury Fedorovich |
| He was very athletic, for example, it is known that he exercised even while traveling around the world, lifting 2 weights weighing 2 pounds. | named after Yu.F. Lisyansky many geographical objects are named: a strait, a bay, a peninsula, a river and a cape on the coast of North America, and others. |
| He loved animals, and his dog, a spaniel, was always there when he sailed. | During the expedition, he collected a unique collection consisting of elements of clothing, dishes, rocks, corals and much more. Subsequently, it became the property of the community of geographers. |
| He was generous: in the war with Napoleon in 1812, he donated a third of his property, 1 thousand rubles. | |
| Ivan is not a real name, before training in the cadet corps, the name Adam was changed to Russian - Ivan, so as not to cut the ear. And the middle name was borrowed from a friend, Yu.F. Lisyansky. | |
| Ivan Fedorovich and Yury Fedorovich were honored to personally meet with President George Washington during their visit to Philadelphia. | |
Traveling around the world Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern became a landmark in the history of Russia and the world as a whole.
It forever inscribed the names of scientists and travelers in world history and brought economic benefits and new knowledge to the country.
Article formatting: Svetlana Ovsyanikova
Video on the topic: Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. Trip around the world
In the footsteps of great travelers: Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky:
Respectively. Navigation has become an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it has made a significant contribution to the study of the oceans, many branches of the natural sciences and the humanities.
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From Kronstadt to Japan
The first half of the voyage was marked by the eccentric behavior of Fedor Tolstoy the American, who had to be landed in Kamchatka, and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Alexander I to Japan with diplomatic gifts as the first Russian envoy to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.
Having barely escaped trouble here, on May 20, Kruzenshtern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Peter and Paul port. On June 23 he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores; July 3 arrived at Cape Patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, according to which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth, go decided not to move forward.
The next day he anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, he went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, weathered several storms, and on November 15 came to Macau. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also moved. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.
Kruzenshtern's voyage was an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural Sciences many information about countries little known. Since that time, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels begins; In many ways, the management of Kamchatka has changed for the better. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and the cadet Otto Kotzebue himself later became the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world trip. Thaddeus Bellingshausen will lead a round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny and will approach the coast of Antarctica for the first time.
Memory
- In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins.
- 2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish the descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in translation into Russian the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary of 1795-1816 by Lieutenant Ermolai Levenshtern, unreleased or forgotten diaries and letters of Nikolay Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants of the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.
- In December 2013, a 4-episode documentary series “Neva” and “Hope” was released on the screens of the Rossiya-1 TV channel. First Russian swimming around the world”, project author Mikhail Kozhukhov
Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern
In the history of the first half of XIX century, a number of brilliant geographical research. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian round-the-world travel.
Russia in early XIX For centuries, it has been a leader in organizing and conducting round-the-world voyages and ocean research.
The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of lieutenant commanders I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky lasted three years, like most of the round-the-world voyages of that time. With this journey in 1803, a whole era of remarkable Russian round-the-world expeditions began.
Yuri Fyodorovich Lisyansky
Yu.F. Lisyansky received an order to go to England to buy two ships intended for circumnavigation. These ships, Nadezhda and Neva, Lisyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the exchange rate of that time. The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for the corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already counted three years from the date of its launch, and the "Neva" is only fifteen months old. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.
sloop "Hope"
Sloop “Neva”
In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettiwgton, and more. Chronometers were tested by Academician Schubert. All other instruments were Troughton's work. Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and orient the ship. Lisyansky took care to purchase a whole pharmacy of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased from England, including comfortable, durable clothing suitable for various climatic conditions for the team. There was a spare set of underwear and dresses. Mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered for each of the sailors. The ship's provisions were the best. The crackers prepared in St. Petersburg did not spoil for two whole years, just like saltonia, whose ambassador with domestic salt was produced by the merchant Oblomkov. The Nadezhda team consisted of 58 people, and the Neva of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, who turned out to be so many that everyone who wanted to participate in a round-the-world trip could be enough to complete several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the crew members participated in long-distance voyages, since in those days Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task that confronted the officers and the expedition team was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, and rise to 60 ° N. sh., to visit a number of little-studied coasts, where sailors could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the strength of its "officers and ratings" that it rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions of long-distance voyages. Of the foreigners in the expedition were naturalists Tilesius von Tilenau, Langsdorf and astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, the head of which recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts. The artist and scientists were with the Russian envoy to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board big ship— "Hope." "Hope" was commanded by Kruzenshtern. Lisyansky was entrusted with the command of the Neva. Although Kruzenshtern was listed as the commander of the Nadezhda and the head of the expedition for the Naval Ministry, in the instructions handed over by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, he was called the chief head of the expedition.
N.P. Rezanov
This dual position was the cause of the conflict between Rezanov and Krusenstern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly sent reports to the Directorate of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon by the highest order to command the expedition and that "it was entrusted to Rezanov" without his knowledge, to which he would never have agreed that his position "does not consist only in watching the sails", etc.
Great Ancestor Crusius
The Kruzenshtern family gave Russia several generations of travelers and sailors.
Ancestor of the Krusensterns, German diplomat Philip Crusius (1597-1676) in 1633-1635. headed two embassies of the Schleswig-Holstein Duke Frederick III to the Moscow Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the Persian Shah Sefi. Collected by Philip Crusius and embassy secretary Adam Olearius (1599-1671) travel notes formed the basis of the most famous encyclopedic work on Russia XVII V. - "Descriptions of a journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and back" by Adam Olearius.
Returning from Muscovy, Philip Crusius went to the service of the Swedish Queen Christina and in 1648 received the surname Kruzenshtern and a new coat of arms, crowned with a Persian turban in memory of his journey. In 1659, he became governor of all of Estonia (it then belonged to the Swedes). His grandson, Swedish Lieutenant Colonel Evert Philipp von Kruzenshtern (1676-1748), a participant in the Northern War, was taken prisoner near Narva in 1704 and lived in exile in Tobolsk for 20 years, and upon his return he bought out the mortgaged patrimonial estates Haggud and Ahagfer. The landowner of the Haggud, Vahast and Perisaar estates was Judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern (1724-1791), the admiral's father.
Ivan Fedorovich, the first "Russian" Krusenstern
In Haggud November 8, 1770 was born the most eminent representative family Kruzenshtern - Ivan Fedorovich. Biographers usually write that the maritime career for Ivan Fedorovich was chosen by chance and that there were no sailors in the family before him. However, Ivan Fedorovich's father could not help but know about his own cousin Moritz-Adolf (1707-1794), an outstanding admiral of the Swedish fleet.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846), having finished the Naval Cadet Corps ahead of schedule due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish War (1788-1790), successfully fought the Swedes on the Mstislav ship. In 1793, together with Yu.F. Lisyansky and other young officers were sent "for an internship" to England, where he served on the ships of the English fleet off the coast of North and Central America, sailed to Africa and India. In Philadelphia, both Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky met with American President George Washington. Returning to his homeland, in 1800 Kruzenshtern submitted a project for circumnavigating the world for trade and scientific purposes. The project was initially rejected - the unknown author did not have patronage, Russia, which was constantly at war with France, did not have enough funds, and the ministers believed that the country was strong in the land army and it was not appropriate for her to compete at sea with the British.
However, in July 1802, Emperor Alexander I approved the project, leaving Kruzenshtern to carry it out himself. The purchase of the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", provisions and all necessary goods was undertaken by the Russian-American company, created to develop Russian possessions in North America - in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak, Sitka and Unalashka. The company's industrialists hunted sea otters, fur seals, arctic foxes, foxes, bears and harvested valuable furs and walrus tusks.
Japanese question
In 1802, the emperor and the minister of commerce had the idea to send an embassy to Japan on the Nadezhda. In Japan, lying close to Kamchatka and Russian America, it was planned to buy rice for Russian settlements in the North. The Japanese embassy was offered to be headed by Chamberlain Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the organizers and shareholders of the Russian-American Company, its "authorized correspondent", Chief Prosecutor of the 1st Department of the Senate, Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Emperor Alexander clearly did not attach much importance to Rezanov's diplomatic mission. The ambassador, who himself was not a diplomat, received a completely unrepresentative retinue. When sailing from St. Petersburg, the ambassador was not given a soldier - a guard of honor. Later, he managed to "rent" from the Governor-General of Kamchatka P.I. Koshelev two non-commissioned officers, a drummer and five soldiers.
Embassy gifts could hardly interest the Japanese. It was unreasonable to bring porcelain dishes and fabrics to Japan, let's remember the elegant Japanese, Chinese and Korean porcelain and magnificent silk kimonos. Among the gifts intended for the Emperor of Japan were beautiful silver fox furs - in Japan, the fox was considered an unclean animal.
Rezanov was stationed on the main ship "Nadezhda" (under the command of Krusenstern); "Neva" was led by Yu.F. Lisyansky. A whole “scientific faculty” was sailing on the Nadezhda: the Swiss astronomer I.-K. Horner, Germans - doctor, botanist, zoologist and artist V.T. Tilesius; traveler, ethnographer, physician and naturalist G.G. von Langsdorf, MD K.F. Espenberg. There were also talented young people on the ship - 16-year-old cadet Otto Kotzebue, future leader of two round-the-world voyages - on the "Rurik" and on the "Enterprise" - and midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, the future discoverer of Antarctica.
The hardships of swimming
The Nadezhda was 117 feet (35 m) long and 28 feet 4 inches (8.5 m) wide, the Neva was even smaller. On board the "Nadezhda" were constantly 84 officers, crew and passengers (scientists and N.P. Rezanov's retinue). The ship was also overloaded with goods that were being transported to Okhotsk, provisions for two years; one gift for the Japanese occupied 50 boxes and bales. Due to crowding and overcrowding, the two highest ranks of the expedition - Kruzenshtern and Rezanov - did not have separate cabins and huddled in one captain's cabin, not exceeding 6 m2 with a minimum ceiling height.
On the ship, on dark tropical nights, they worked by candlelight; only an additional jersey was saved from the cold in high latitudes; there were only 3 latrines for 84 people; it was impossible to wash properly due to the constant lack of fresh water. And all this is either in the cold, or in the heat, or in a storm (“Nadezhda” suffered nine severe storms, when the ship almost died), then in the dead calm of the tropics. Exhausting pitching and swell constantly caused seasickness. The "Nadezhda" kept livestock to replenish the diet: pigs, or a pair of bulls, or a cow with a calf, a goat, chickens, ducks, geese. They all roared, mooed and grunted in the cages on the deck, they had to be constantly cleaned up, and the pigs were even washed once, thrown overboard and thoroughly rinsed in the Atlantic Ocean.
In October 1803, the expedition entered Tenerife (Canary Islands), on November 14 (26) Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time and celebrated Christmas on the island of Santa Catarina off the coast of Brazil, which amazed sailors with a rich flora and fauna. In Brazil, the Russians spent a whole month while the damaged mast was being changed on the Neva.
I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
After passing Cape Horn, the ships parted during a storm - Lisyansky explored Easter Island, and Kruzenshtern headed straight for Nuku Khiva (Marquesas Islands), where they met in early May 1804. During the transition from Brazil to the Marquesas Islands drinking water strictly standardized. Each received a cup of water a day to drink. There was not enough fresh food, the sailors and officers ate corned beef, the food was too monotonous.
In the harsh conditions of navigation, it was necessary not only to survive, but also to work. Officers had to keep watch in any weather, take trigonometric surveys, and sometimes do things themselves that the sailors did not know how or did not want to do. On their shoulders lay the management of loading and unloading, repairing sails and rigging, cranking and searching for leaks. They kept travel journals, studied themselves and taught young people. Naturalists continuously made stuffed fish and birds, preserved and dried marine animals in alcohol, made herbariums, drew and also kept diaries and described scientific observations.
The lieutenants stood on 3 watches: during the day twice for 3 hours and once at night for 4 hours. The sailors had 3 watches for 4 hours and one for 2 hours - from 12 noon to 16.00. Three hours a day were spent on astronomical calculations, an hour on writing a journal.
In Nuku Hiva, Russians, to their surprise, met two Europeans - the Englishman E. Robarts and the Frenchman J. Kabri (who had lived there for 5 years and married local women), who helped load the ships with firewood, fresh water, food and served as translators at communication with local residents. And perhaps they had the most exotic impressions from their acquaintance with Oceania - the Marquesas, Easter and Hawaiian Islands.
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Conflict in the Marquesas
The navigation was further complicated by the fact that Rezanov, as the head of the embassy, received, along with Kruzenshtern, the powers of the expedition leader, but announced this only when the ships were approaching Brazil, although he did not show any instructions. The officers simply did not believe him, the appointment of a land man as commander of a circumnavigation was so ridiculous. In the maritime charter, to this day, there is a rule that the captain of the ship in all cases and always is the captain of the ship, at least when crossing by sea.
On the Marquesas Islands, 9 months after sailing from Kronstadt, the confrontation between the officers and Rezanov turned into a quarrel. Kruzenshtern, seeing that pigs could be exchanged with the Marquesans only for iron axes, forbade them to be exchanged for native jewelry and clubs until the ship was supplied with fresh meat: after a difficult transition from Brazil, the crew members were already beginning to have scurvy. Rezanov sent his clerk Shemelin to trade marquis "rarities" for axes. Eventually the price of axes dropped and the Russians were only able to buy a few pigs.
In addition, Nuku Hiva at the beginning of the XIX century. was not a tourist paradise, but an island inhabited by cannibals. The prudent Kruzenshtern did not let the members of his team ashore alone, but only in an organized team under the leadership of officers. Under such conditions, it was necessary to observe the most severe military discipline, possible only with one-man command.
Mutual displeasure turned into a quarrel, and the officers of both ships demanded an explanation from Rezanov and the public announcement of his instructions. Rezanov read the imperial rescript he had and his own instructions. The officers decided that Rezanov compiled them himself, and the emperor approved them without reviewing them in advance. Rezanov, on the other hand, claimed that Kruzenshtern, even before leaving Kronstadt, saw his instructions and knew for sure that it was Rezanov - chief boss expeditions. However, if Kruzenshtern had not been firmly convinced that it was he who was leading the expedition, the project of which he himself proposed, he simply would not have set sail on such terms.
Navy historian N.L. Klado put forward the version that Rezanov presented Kruzenshtern in Kronstadt not instructions, but only the highest rescript, in which nothing was said about the order of subordination. To demand from the chamberlain to present instructions regarding his Japanese mission, Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern, junior both in rank and in age, clearly could not.
After the conflict in the Marquesas Islands, Rezanov locked himself in his half of the cabin and did not go out on deck, which saved him from the need for explanations.
From the Marquesas Islands, both ships reached Hawaii, from where Lisyansky went to Russian America, where he helped the main ruler of the Russian colonies in America, A.A. Baranov to recapture the Sitka fortress captured by the Indians
"Neva" off the coast of Alaska
Landing from the "Neva" (battle with the Indians)
"Hope" arrived in Kamchatka (July 3/15, 1804) and N.P. Rezanov immediately wrote to the Governor-General of Kamchatka P.I. Koshelev, who was then in Nizhne-Kamchatsk. The accusations brought by Rezanov were so severe that the governor-general began an investigation. Realizing the insulting hopelessness of the situation. I.F. Kruzenshtern, with the determination of a man who is confident in his rightness, aggravates the situation to the limit, putting Rezanov in front of the need to publicly declare his position, and therefore, to bear responsibility for it.
The sustained position of Koshelev contributed to the conclusion of a formal reconciliation, which took place on August 8, 1804.
The further voyage to Japan was already proceeding calmly, there were no discussions about the authorities. The emperor did not give a move, agreeing that reconciliation in Kamchatka ended the conflict, and in July 1805, after the ship returned from Japan, the Order of St. Anna of the II degree was delivered to Kamchatka from him, and Rezanov - a snuffbox, showered with diamonds, and a gracious rescript dated April 28, 1805, as evidence of his goodwill towards both. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Kruzenshtern received the Order of St. Vladimir with a rescript putting everything in its place: “To our fleet, Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern. Having completed a journey around the world with the desired success, you justified the fair opinion about you, in which, by the will of OUR, you were entrusted with the main leadership of this expedition.
Japan, America, the legend of the "last love"
Kruzenshtern, having unloaded company goods in Kamchatka in the summer of 1804, went to Japan, then closed from the whole world, where the Nadezhda, while negotiations were underway with Japanese officials, was anchored near Nagasaki for more than six months (from September 1804 to April 1805
"Hope" off the coast of Japan
The Japanese treated the sailors quite friendly: the ambassador and his retinue were provided with a house and a warehouse for gifts to the Japanese emperor on the shore, the embassy and the crew of the ship were transported daily with fresh products. However, the Japanese government, forcing Rezanov to wait 6 months for an answer, finally refused to accept the embassy and trade with Russia. The reason for the refusal is still not entirely clear: either the orientation of the shogun and his entourage towards isolationist politics played a role, or the unprofessional diplomat Rezanov frightened the Japanese with statements about how great and powerful Russia is (especially compared to small Japan).
In the summer of 1805, Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk, and then went to the Sea of Okhotsk to explore Sakhalin. From Kamchatka, chamberlain Rezanov and naturalist Langsdorf went to Russian America on the galliot "Maria", and then on the "Juno" and "Avos" to California, where the chamberlain met his last love - Conchita (Concept Argüello). This story, for centuries, surrounded the name of Rezanov with a romantic halo, inspiring many writers. Returning to St. Petersburg through Siberia, Rezanov caught a cold and died in Krasnoyarsk in 1807.
Home...
"Nadezhda" and "Neva" met at the end of 1805 in Macao (southern China), where, having sold a load of furs, they bought tea, fabrics and other Chinese goods. Nadezhda, having entered St. Helena, Helsingor and Copenhagen, returned to Kronstadt on August 7 (19), 1806. The Neva returned two weeks earlier without entering St. Helena.
For most of the journey, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky walked away from the routes already explored and everywhere they tried not only to determine the position of the ship in the most accurate way, but also to correct the maps they had. Kruzenshtern was the first to draw up detailed maps Sakhalin, Japan, the southern coast of Nuku Khiva (Marquesas Islands), discovered several straits between the Kuril Islands, the Kamennye Traps Islands.
The merits of Kruzenshtern were highly appreciated by the world scientific community. Only one fact: in 1820, that is, during the life of Kruzenshtern, a book was published in London containing an overview of the main circumnavigations of all times and peoples, called "From Magellan to Kruzenshtern."
The first Russian round-the-world expedition strengthened Russia's positions in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and drew attention not only to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, but also to the polar regions north of the Bering Strait.
Legacy of the first circumnavigation
Although the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation in the first quarter of the 19th century. published a number of works and descriptions of their journey, many of them have long become a bibliographic rarity, and some have not yet been published and are stored in archives. The most famous published work of Kruzenshtern is "Journey around the world."
But not in any edition of the XIX century. there are no such picturesque details of the circumnavigation as in the diaries of the lieutenants of the Nadezhda E.E. Levenshtern and M.I. Ratmanova, In 2003, the translation of Levenstern's diary was finally published. Ermolai Ermolaevich Levenshtern recorded every day all the funny, funny and even indecent incidents on board the Nadezhda, all the impressions of landing on the shore, especially in exotic countries - in Brazil, Polynesia, Japan, China. The diary of Makar Ivanovich Ratmanov, senior lieutenant of Nadezhda, has not yet been published.
The illustrations are even worse. Along with the out-of-print atlases, there is a whole collection of drawings and sketches that has never been published and seen by few. This gap was partially filled by the album “Around the World with Kruzenshtern”, dedicated to the historical and ethnographic heritage of the participants in the circumnavigation. Comparison of the same objects, places in the drawings of different authors helped to identify geographical objects that were not named in the Kruzenshtern atlas.
Kruzenshtern's voyage introduced not only Russia, but also world science to mysterious Japan. Travelers carried out mapping of the Japanese coast, collected ethnographic materials and drawings. The Russians, while staying in Nagasaki, sketched a huge amount of Japanese utensils, boats, flags and coats of arms (Japanese heraldry is still almost unknown in our country).
The sailors first introduced scientists to two ancient "exotic" peoples - the Ainu (Hokkaido and Sakhalin) and the Nivkhs (Sakhalin). The Russians also called the Ainu "shaggy" smokers: unlike the Japanese, the Ainu had wild shocks of hair on their heads and "shaggy" beards sticking out in different directions. And perhaps the main historical and ethnographic significance of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world is that it captured (in reports and drawings) the life of the Ainu, Nivkhs, Hawaiians, Marquesas before those radical changes that were soon brought about by contacts with Europeans. The engravings of the participants in the voyage of Kruzenshtern are a real treasure for scientists and artists involved in Polynesia, and above all the Marquesas Islands.
Already since the 1830s. Russian engravings began to be replicated, they illustrated books on the islands of Polynesia, art, and most importantly, aboriginal tattoos. It is interesting that the Marquesas still use these engravings: they draw them on tapa (matter from the bark) and sell them to tourists. Particularly popular with marquis artists are Langsdorff's engravings "The Warrior" and "The Young Warrior", although they are very coarse compared to the originals. The "Young Warrior", a symbol of the Marquess' past, is very popular among both locals and tourists. It even became the emblem of the Keikahanui Hotel in Nuku Hiva, one of the many luxury hotels in French Polynesia.
From the expedition of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, the era of Russian ocean voyages began. Following Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, V.M. rushed to the ocean. Golovnin, O.E. Kotzebue. L.A. Gagemeister, M.N. Vasiliev, G.S. Shishmarev, F.P. Litke, F.P. Wrangel and many others. And just 12 years after the return of Kruzenshtern, Russian sailors F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev led their ships to the South Pole. This is how Russia ended the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
I.F. Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, created the Higher Officer Classes, later transformed into the Naval Academy. He abolished corporal punishment in the corps, introduced new disciplines, founded the corps museum with ship models and an observatory. In memory of Kruzenshtern's activities in the Naval Cadet Corps, his office has been preserved, and graduates, maintaining the tradition, put on a vest on the bronze admiral the night before graduation.
monument to I.F. Kruzenshtern in Leningrad
grave of I.F. Kruzenshtern
Modern barque "Kruzenshtern" (training ship for cadets)
