2.1. The concept of statistical observation. Forms of observation. Types of observation according to the frequency of conducting, the degree of coverage of population units and methods of obtaining information

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is the collection of data on socio-economic phenomena and processes organized according to a single program by registering their essential features in order to obtain primary statistical information.

There are forms of organization of statistical observation (reporting and specially organized observation); types of statistical observation by the time of registration of facts (current, periodic, one-time) and by coverage of units of observation (continuous and non-continuous observation); allocate sources for obtaining primary data (direct observation, documentary method, survey) and methods of data collection (expeditionary, self-registration, correspondent). The organization of statistical observation involves the solution of the following program and methodological issues:

concretization of the purpose and formulation of the tasks of statistical research;
drawing up an observation program and a program for developing the received statistical information;
restriction of the surveyed population (establishing its scope);
creation of a statistical basis (for sample observation of the sampling frame), determination of its unit and unit of observation;
the choice of the method of observation, for selective observation - the establishment of the optimal percentage of selection;
formation of a sample population;
collection and editing of primary information, including logical and arithmetic methods of control, based on the relationship between the related items of the questionnaire and the allowable values of statistical features provided by the respondents.

The organizational plan for statistical observation contains not only methodological, but also practical instructions for collecting and processing data. Knowing the general solution to a problem is not enough. It is necessary to take into account the qualifications of personnel, the cost of various operations and their possible effectiveness, since in practical activities the budget constraints of the survey and the timing of the survey must always be taken into account. The choice of the method of statistical observation is ambiguous.

The main factors to be considered in determining it are the following:

material and labor resources available to the organizer;
the composition of the statistical problems to be solved;
number of observation units;
the required accuracy of the results.

For example, methods of statistical observation in the study of entrepreneurship differ depending on the type of enterprises and the indicators observed. For small enterprises, selective methods of observation are used to a greater extent, for large and medium-sized enterprises - continuous methods; for individual enterprises operating without forming a legal entity - methods of assessment based on indirect data.

The number of observed indicators is more significant for large and medium enterprises and limited for small enterprises. For individual enterprises operating without forming a legal entity, a small number of the most important indicators are assessed. General economic indicators (values of production and sales, investments, etc.) and business activity indicators of enterprises are more suitable for sampling methods of observation, while output and sales indicators certain types production is preferably observed in continuous mode.

At present, to monitor the state of the country's economy and its individual sectors, the following system is envisaged for the formation of an information base of state statistics: once every 5-10 years, continuous surveys - economic censuses, in the intervals between which periodic sample surveys will be carried out on a wide range of problems.

State statistical observations are the collection of statistical data on socio-economic and demographic phenomena and processes in society based on state statistical methodology. The state statistical methodology includes a system statistical indicators, methods of their calculation, reporting and statistical documentation, the procedure for collecting, processing and summarizing statistical data. State statistical observations are carried out on the basis of data from primary accounting documents or by interviewing legal entities, their representative offices and branches, citizens, including those engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, about their activities, including the development, replication and distribution of reporting and statistical documentation required for conducting state statistical observations. State statistical observations can be federal and regional. State federal statistical observation is carried out by the federal executive body in the field of statistical activity and its territorial bodies using information received free of charge within the framework of the Federal Statistical Work Program. federal program of statistical work includes a list of measures for conducting official statistical accounting, information about the performers and the timing of its implementation. The federal program of statistical work is annually approved by the Government Russian Federation and financed from the federal budget. State regional statistical observations are carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, as well as unitary enterprises established by the federal executive body in the field of statistical activity or its territorial bodies. Statistical information obtained during official statistical accounting is the basis for the development of state forecasts and programs for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

2.2.Requirements for statistical data. The concept of observation error. Types of observation errors

In international practice, the concept of the quality of statistical data is established in terms of their adaptation to the needs of users. The components of such a definition of quality, along with comparability and reliability, are: relevance, timeliness, accessibility, interpretability. Based on practical need, reliability is usually described in terms of errors. To prevent errors of observation, their types and causes of occurrence are identified. Observation errors are divided into two types: registration errors and representativeness errors.

Mistakes registration- these are errors that are possible regardless of the type of observation, they can be random in nature and systematic (tendentious) in nature. Deliberate errors occur due to the deliberate distortion of data. Unintentional errors are usually random in nature and may be the result of low skill workers.

Mistakes representativeness inherent only in selective observation. The reason for their occurrence is that the sample population does not accurately reflect the composition of the entire studied population.

Comparability of statistical data is considered in different aspects:

comparability within one observation;
comparability of data from different observations;
comparability with data from past studies.

The reasons for the differences can be caused by organizational and methodological factors to change the data collection methodology, registration time, etc.

2.3. Tasks of statistical groupings. Grouping types. The concept of simple and multidimensional groupings. Distribution ranks

Grouping is the division of the total population into homogeneous groups of units. In accordance with the nature of the tasks to be solved, there are three types of groupings: typological; structural (variational); analytical (factorial). Typological grouping is the division of a heterogeneous population into groups of the same quality (private populations), which differ in the type of phenomena. Structural grouping is intended to study the composition of a homogeneous population according to some varying feature. Analytical grouping is a means of studying the relationship between features.

Grouping can be carried out on one or more grounds. If groups are formed on the same basis, the grouping is called simple. A grouping in which the population is divided into groups according to two or more features taken in combination is called combinational. The basis of the grouping can serve as a non-quantitative (attributive) and quantitative trait. Attributive signs express the properties of the phenomenon in the form of their name. Hence, the choice of a grouping attribute sometimes predetermines the number of groups. Thus, when grouping the population according to sex, only two groups are possible, but when studying the occupational composition of workers, several groups can be formed, taking into account different professions.

On the whole, the attributive nature of the attribute does not remove the question of the number of distinguished groups, since with an abundance of values of attributive variants, an excessive fragmentation of the phenomenon under study is created. The differentiation of groups and subgroups according to quantitative grouping characteristics, as a rule, is associated with the formation of intervals according to these characteristics. Only when a discrete attribute changes within small limits does the grouping coincide with the value of the attribute (for example, families - by the number of members, etc.). Group intervals are the quantitative values of the trait, on the basis of which the studied phenomena are divided into groups. The difference between the upper and lower limits of the interval is its value. Intervals are equal (when their value is the same in all groups) or unequal (when their value varies from one group to another).

Equal intervals are used in those cases where the change in the attribute occurs within relatively narrow boundaries and is more or less uniform. They make it possible to apply mathematical methods of analysis more widely. Unequal intervals are sometimes applied as progressively increasing or decreasing. Their use in the study of socio-economic phenomena is determined by the fact that for most of them, the quantitative change in the size of a feature is of different importance in the higher and lower groups. Thus, the difference in turnover is 10 thousand rubles. for small shops it is essential, but for large ones it is insignificant.

And, finally, grouping intervals can be closed (indicating the lower and upper boundaries) and open (indicating one of the boundaries). Open intervals apply only to extreme groups.

To achieve uniformity in the processing of statistical data, classifications are often used in statistical practice. Classification is considered as a kind of typological grouping, which is a systematized distribution of phenomena and objects into certain groups, classes, categories based on their similarities and differences. At present, in order to group objects characterized by big amount features, multidimensional grouping methods or multidimensional classification methods are widely used.

In essence, the principle of similarity and difference of units of the population, implemented in the typological grouping, is preserved here. Similarity is the homogeneity of units in groups, difference is their significant divergence in groups. In other words, firstly, objects that are similar to each other in some respect are combined into one class, and, secondly, the degree of similarity among themselves for objects belonging to the same class must be greater than the degree of similarity among themselves for objects, belonging to different classes. In the typological grouping, the concepts of "similarity" and "degree of similarity" are not formalized, on the contrary, in the procedures of multidimensional classification they are formalized and expressed by a number of functional relationships. In the case of multidimensional classification, when distributing units into homogeneous groups, all grouping characteristics are simultaneously used, i.e., a polythetic approach to the formation of groups is implemented. Objects are grouped into one class according to the chosen type of their similarity measures (connection coefficients, distance indicators, similarity coefficients).

The systematization of statistical observation materials can be represented in the form of distribution series. The distribution series is called the ordered differentiation (distribution) of population units into groups according to the studied varying attribute. The distribution series is a simple (i.e., based on one grouping feature) structural grouping. Depending on the type of characteristic underlying the grouping, there are attributive and variation distribution series. Distribution based on descriptive features, i.e., features that do not have a numerical expression, forms an attributive series of distribution. For example, the distribution of economic entities by organizational and legal forms, by types economic activity, by form of ownership. Based on the results of the 2002 population census, distribution series were published that characterize the national composition of the population, the number of immigrants in individual countries, the number foreign citizens having citizenship of the main countries of the CIS and other countries. A distribution series formed according to a quantitative characteristic is called a variation series.

2.4. Summary tasks. The concept of a statistical indicator. Absolute indicators, their types. Relative indicators, their types

Statistical summary is a generalization (combination) of the values of the characteristics of the units of the population based on the construction of the indicators necessary for the analysis. The attribute reflects the qualitative content of the indicator. The indicator acts as a measure that characterizes in a generalized form certain properties of the object under study.

Due to the complexity of the phenomena studied by statistics, it is necessary to clearly define the functions and rules for constructing indicators, which, to a certain extent, will eliminate uncertainty when choosing the type of indicators for solving various kinds of specific problems. From these positions, it is expedient to classify indicators, which is carried out for a number of reasons. So, according to the method of generalizing the initial data, the indicators are divided into two groups: absolute values (volumetric, quantitative, extensive); relative and average values (derivative, qualitative, intensive). Absolute values are indicators that express the volumes, sizes and levels of social phenomena and processes. Relative value is an indicator that is a measure of the ratio of two compared statistical characteristics.

The comparison can be made in time, in space or with planned data; there can be a comparison of a part and a whole, separate parts of a whole among themselves. Accordingly, the following types of relative values are distinguished: relative values of dynamics, spatial comparison, plan task, plan fulfillment, structure, coordination, intensity. The relative values of the dynamics, the target and the implementation of the plan are interconnected by the following relationship: the relative value of the dynamics is equal to the product of the relative values of the target and the implementation of the plan.

In cases where the plan is given as a relative value compared to the level of the previous period, its implementation is determined from the ratio of the relative value of the dynamics to the relative value of the target.

2.5. Characteristics of the structure of the population. Generalizing indicators of structural differences

Statistical analysis of the structure includes the study of structural shifts in dynamics and the assessment of differences in the structure of two populations. The solution of these problems is carried out with the help of generalizing indicators of structural changes. The simplest and most common indicators of structural shifts include the linear coefficient of absolute structural shifts, the quadratic coefficient of absolute structural shifts, and the difference index. The calculation of these characteristics is based on relative indicators the structure of the set of units - shares or specific gravity. The linear coefficient of absolute structural shifts and the quadratic coefficient of absolute structural shifts show how many points the compared shares deviate on average. In the absence of differences in the composition of the population, these indicators are equal to zero. There is no upper limit of change. The index of differences varies from zero to one: the closer its values are to one, the more significant are the changes in the population structure.

2.6. The concept of systems of statistical indicators

The complexity and interconnection of the phenomena studied by statistics determine not only the diversity of indicators, but also the need for their joint use in the form of objectively isolated systems. There are systems of indicators that are logically interconnected according to the goal of the study, a system of indicators that are connected by a rigidly determined relationship or a stochastic relationship, a system of indicators that have a hierarchical structure.

2.7. Presentation of statistical data: tables, graphs

The most common and effective form of presentation of statistical data are tables and graphs.

There are types of tables that contain data on the population as a whole, or a list of all units of the population, as well as tables in which the object of study is divided into groups according to one or several characteristics. Graphs are distinguished for the following reasons:

according to the method of construction and tasks of the image;
in the form of a graphic image.

According to the method of constructing graphics, they are divided into diagrams and statistical maps. The most common way of graphical representation of data are various types of diagrams: comparison diagrams, structural diagrams, dynamics diagrams. Statistical maps (cartograms and cartograms) are used to display indicators that characterize the location of the phenomenon under study in a certain area.

According to the shape of the graphic image, the following types of statistical graphs are distinguished: planar; linear; voluminous.

Availability of funds software allows you to use different chart options. So, for example, the Excel program contains the following types of standard charts: histogram (bar chart in the form of rectangles elongated vertically, displays the values of various categories of population units); bar chart (a bar chart in the form of rectangles arranged horizontally also reflects the values of various categories of units); dot (allows you to compare pairs of values); broken line graph with markers marking data points (line chart); circular (displays the contribution of each value to the total amount); circular (similar to circular, but can display multiple data series); exchange (displays a data set of three values: the most high rate, lowest rate, closing rate); bubble (displays a set of three values on the plane, but the third value displays the size of the bubble); a histogram in the form of cylinders, cones, etc. The Excel program also provides for the construction of graphs when switching to a logarithmic scale. The logarithmic scale is used for large changes in indicators. If we turn to logarithms, then the extreme values \u200b\u200bof the indicator (minimum and maximum) will differ within narrower limits, since log1=0; log100=2 etc.

To eliminate inconsistencies and random differences in the interpretation of the obtained generalizing characteristics, it is recommended to follow the basic rules for the design of tables and graphs.

conclusions

The process of statistical research includes: observation (collection of primary data on population units); generalization of the collected data: their grouping, calculation of summary indicators; presentation and analysis of the results of generalization. Compliance with program and methodological requirements, logical and counting control determine the quality of statistical observation data. Grouping ensures the systematization of data, their generalization, reflects the composition of the population, creates the basis for calculating the system of indicators. Grouping and summary as methods of summarizing data are interrelated and complement each other. Calculation of summary indicators based on preliminary grouping of data significantly expands the possibilities statistical analysis. The statistical summary allows you to go to the indicators of the population as a whole and its individual parts. They divide the category of indicators of statistical properties of any mass phenomena (absolute and relative values, average values, variation indicators, indicators of the structure and nature of distribution, indicators of communication and dynamics), as well as the category of indicators of the properties of specific objects (economic indicators, demographic indicators, macroeconomic indicators). Method of construction and conditions of use various kinds indicators are discussed in the relevant sections of the statistics course. Common to all sections are the requirements for the presentation and presentation of statistical data in the form of tables and graphs.

Questions for self-examination

What are the objectives of statistical observation?
What types of statistical observation do you know?
What sources and methods of collecting statistical data can you name?
What are the forms of statistical observation?
What are the requirements for statistical data?
What is the classification of observation errors?
What are the objectives of economic censuses?
How is the state statistical observation organized?
What is the monitoring program and organizational plan?
What tasks does statistics solve using the grouping method?
What determines the method of constructing different types of groupings?
What distinguishes the multivariate classification technique?
How are distribution series subdivided and on what grounds can they be constructed?
In what units of measurement are absolute statistical values expressed?
What are the advantages of a tabular form of data presentation?
What rules should be followed when using tables and graphs?
What types of relative values do you know and how are they calculated?
What are statistical graphs and what problem do they solve?
What indicators of the intensity of structural shifts can you name?
What is a system of statistical indicators?
What tasks does the statistical summary solve?

Bibliography

Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. General Theory of Statistics: Textbook / Ed. I.I. Eliseeva. – 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Finance and statistics, 2004.
Methodological provisions on statistics. Issue 1. - M., 1996.
Methodological provisions on statistics. Issue 3. - M., 2000.
Methodological provisions on statistics. Issue 4. - M., 2003.

Workshop name

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Workshop 2. Methods of observation, processing and analysis of statistical information. Statistical groupings

Presentations

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Lecture 2. Statistical observation

Concepts and requirements of statistical observation

Program-methodological and organizational issues of statistical observation

Statistical Observation Errors .

If an error is made in the collection of statistical data or the material turned out to be of poor quality, this will affect the correctness and reliability of both theoretical and practical conclusions. Therefore, statistical observation from the initial to the final stage must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.

Statistical observation - this is the first stage of any statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life, and the collection of mass data obtained on the basis of this accounting.

However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can talk about statistical observation only when, firstly, the facts being established are registered in special accounting documents and, secondly, statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that appear only in the mass process, in large numbers units of a collection. Therefore, statistical observation should be planned, massive and systematic.

The following requirements are imposed on statistical observation:

1) completeness and practical value of statistical data;

2) reliability and accuracy of data;

3) their uniformity and comparability.

Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, stock exchanges, firms.

The process of statistical observation includes the following stages:

Observation preparation;

Carrying out mass data collection;

Preparation of data for automated processing;

Development of proposals for the improvement of statistical observation.

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful training. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The preparation of a statistical observation is a process that includes different types works. First, it is necessary to solve methodological issues, the most important of which are the definition of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be registered; development of documents for data collection; the choice of the reporting unit and the unit to be observed, as well as the methods and means of obtaining data.

In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve organizational problems, for example, to determine the composition of the monitoring bodies; select and train personnel for monitoring; draw up a calendar plan of work for the preparation, conduct and processing of observation materials; replicate documents for data collection.

Conducting mass data collection includes work related directly to the completion of statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census sheets, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after filling in to the bodies conducting the observation.

Collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing subjected to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationship between indicators and qualitative features. On final stage observation analyzed the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms, and proposals are being developed to improve the observation.

Obtaining information in the course of statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.

However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can talk about statistical observation only when, firstly, the facts being established are registered in special accounting documents and, secondly, statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that appear only in a mass process, in a large number of units of some aggregate. Therefore, statistical observation should be planned, massive and systematic.

The following requirements are imposed on statistical observation:

1) completeness and practical value of statistical data;

2) reliability and accuracy of data;

3) their uniformity and comparability.

Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, stock exchanges, firms.

The process of statistical observation includes the following stages:

Observation preparation;

Carrying out mass data collection;

Preparation of data for automated processing;

Development of proposals for the improvement of statistical observation.

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful training. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The preparation of a statistical observation is a process that includes various types of work. First, it is necessary to solve methodological issues, the most important of which are the definition of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be registered; development of documents for data collection; the choice of the reporting unit and the unit to be observed, as well as the methods and means of obtaining data.

Obtaining information in the course of statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.

Program-methodological and organizational issues of statistical observation

Any statistical research must begin with a precise formulation of its purpose and specific tasks, and thus the information that can be obtained in the process of observation. After that, the object and unit of observation are determined, a program is developed, and the type and method of observation are selected.

Statistical observations are most often pursued practical purpose- obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes.

The task of observation predetermines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that in the process of observation unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.

When preparing an observation, in addition to the goal, it is necessary to determine exactly what exactly is to be examined, that is, to establish the object of observation.

Object of observation - a set of socio-economic phenomena and processes that are subject to research, or the exact boundaries within which statistical information will be recorded.

For example, during a population census, it is necessary to establish which population is to be registered - cash, i.e. actually located in the area V moment of the census, or permanent, i.e. permanently living in the area.

The object of statistical observation is a certain phenomenon that is subject to observation. It is necessary to determine what is included in the object and what is not included. To establish the object of observation means to accurately determine the composition and boundaries of the population. For example, the object of the population census is the totality of all persons living in a given country, the object of observation in the study of the industry for the production of soft drinks is the totality of firms, companies, enterprises, etc., producing soft drinks.

In some cases, one or another qualification is used to delimit the object of observation. Qualification there is a limiting feature that all units of the studied population must satisfy.

Determining the objects of observation is a complex and responsible task, because various phenomena are closely related and mutually intertwined. It is not enough to indicate the object of study, it is necessary to give it a clear scientific definition that would allow us to distinguish this object from those adjacent to it. The definition of the object of observation should contain precise indications of its main features and properties. For example, it is not enough to say that the objects of observation are agricultural enterprises and farms, it is necessary to clearly define what forms of ownership they belong to (farmers, collective farms, etc.).

Therefore, the set of questions that need to be clarified in the object of observation must be precisely defined so that the results of the observation meet the goal.

Unit of observation is called an integral part of the object of observation, which serves as the basis for counting and has features that are subject to registration during observation.

So, for example, in a population census, the unit of observation is each individual person.

A unit of observation is a unit about which data are recorded that make up statistical study programs. In each specific statistical study of the objects of observation, as well as depending on the tasks that need to be resolved in the process of observation, it is determined how many units of observation should be examined (one or several). In a population census, for example, the unit of observation is the person; if families are also subject to study, then two units of observation are established: the individual and the family. The correct definition of the unit of observation is essential not only for the observation itself, but also for the subsequent stages of the statistical study.

The unit of observation should be distinguished from the unit of observation, i.e. the primary element of the object of statistical observation, the features of which are subject to registration and which is the basis of the kept account. For example, when accounting for pedigree livestock, the unit of observation is each agricultural enterprise (farm, collective farm, etc.), and the unit of the population is each animal; in the census of equipment, the unit of observation is each enterprise, and the unit of the population is the machine, etc.

Thus, the unit of observation is the source of information that is obtained as a result of observation, and the units of the population are the carrier of features to be observed.

It should be noted that the population unit and the attack unit may be the same. So, for example, in a population census, each resident of the country is the unit of the population and the unit of observation, but when studying the demand of the population for various products, the unit of the population will be each registered case of demand, both satisfied and unsatisfied; the unit of observation will be a trading company (enterprise, company, etc.). .d.) in which this observation is made. A clear definition of the population unit and the unit of observation is an important element of the scientific organization of statistical observation.

Every phenomenon has many different features. Collecting information on all grounds is impractical, and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential, basic for characterizing the object, based on the purpose of the study. To determine the composition of the registered features, an observation program is developed.

Observation program - this is a list of issues on which information is collected, or a list of signs and indicators to be registered.

The observation program is drawn up in the form of a form (questionnaire, form), in which primary information is entered. A necessary addition to the form is an instruction (or indications on the forms themselves), explaining the meaning of the question. The composition and content of the questions of the observation program depend on the objectives of the study and on the characteristics of the social phenomenon being studied.

There are some requirements for the program of statistical observation. The program should contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study, its type, main features, and properties. You should not include in the program features that are of secondary importance in relation to the purpose of the survey or whose values will obviously be unreliable or absent, for example, in primary accounting or if reporting units are not interested in presenting such information, since it is the subject of a trade secret.

Program questions must be precise and not ambiguous, otherwise the received answer may contain incorrect information, and also easy to understand in order to avoid unnecessary difficulties in obtaining answers.

When developing a program, one should not only determine the composition of the questions, but also their subsequence. A logical order in the sequence of questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes.

The choice of observation time consists in solving two questions:

Establishment of a critical moment (date) or time interval;

Determination of the period (period) of observation.

critical moment established in order to obtain comparable statistical data. The choice of a critical moment or time interval is determined, first of all, by the purpose of the study.

The term (period) of observation is determined based on the amount of work (the number of registered signs and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information. It should be borne in mind that the distance of the observation period from the critical moment or time interval can lead to a decrease in the reliability of the information obtained.

Organizational matters statistical observation include the definition of the subject, place, time, form and method of observation.

At the stage of preparing the survey, it is necessary to find out how often it will be carried out, whether all units of the population or only part of them will be surveyed, how to obtain information about the object (by telephone interview, by mail, simple observation, etc.). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical observation.

In domestic statistics, three organizational forms (types) of statistical observation are used:

Reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);

Specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts, continuous and non-continuous surveys);

Registers.

Statistical reporting – this is the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities receive the necessary data from enterprises, institutions and organizations within a certain period of time in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their presentation and the reliability of the information collected. Thus, reporting is an official document containing statistical information about the work of an enterprise, institution, organization, etc.

Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts, events, produced as they occur, as a rule, on a special document called the primary accounting document.

For reporting, it is characteristic that, firstly, it is approved by state statistics bodies. Second, it is mandatory; legal force; documentary justification.

The current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises of all sectors of the national economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators varies depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.

Reporting deadlines include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types are current reporting.

By way of presentation information reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, postal.

Specially organized statistical observation is carried out in order to obtain information that is not in the reporting, or to verify its data. Most simple example such observation is the census. Russian practical statistics conducts censuses of the population, material resources, perennial plantations, uninstalled equipment, construction sites under construction, equipment, etc.

In addition to censuses, statistics also conduct other specially organized observations, in particular budget surveys, which characterize the structure of consumer spending and family income.

Register form of observation – it is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development, and a fixed end. It is based on the maintenance of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the unit of observation and evaluates the strength of the impact various factors on the parameters being studied. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged during the entire observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a pre-known update period. All indicators are stored until the completion of the observation of the unit of the surveyed population.

Organization and management registers are impossible without a solution following questions:

When to register and delete population units?

What information should be kept?

What sources should data be taken from?

How often to update and supplement the information?

In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and business registers.

Population register– a named and regularly updated list of the inhabitants of the country. The surveillance program is limited by common characteristics, such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage. As a rule, registers store information only on those variable features, the change in the values of which is documented.

Information is entered into the register for each person born and arriving from abroad. If a person has died or left the country for permanent residence, then information about him is removed from the register. Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing the place of residence, information on a unit of population is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are quite complex and the maintenance of the register is expensive, this form of observation is practiced in States with a small population and high culture population (mainly European countries).

The population register, like any register covering a significant set of units under observation, contains data on a limited number of features. Therefore, the maintenance of the register involves the conduct of specially organized surveys, including population censuses.

Register of enterprises includes all types of economic activity and contains the values of the main features for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration of the enterprise), its name and address, telephone number, legal form, structure, type of economic activity, number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise), etc.

Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of all forms of ownership (EGRPO) makes it possible to organize a continuous observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered in Russia, allows you to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of a change in the territorial, sectoral and other structures of the population.

The collection of data on units of observation is carried out in the process of their state registration and subsequent accounting. When an enterprise is closed, the liquidation commission notifies the register maintenance service of this within ten days.

Statistical information can be obtained by various ways , the most important of which are direct observation, documentary accounting of facts and questioning.

direct called such an observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, etc., establish the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form.

documentary way observation is based on the use of various kinds of documents as a source of statistical information, as a rule, of an accounting nature. With proper control over the establishment of primary accounting and the correct completion of statistical forms, the documentary method gives the most accurate results.

Survey – this is a method of observation in which the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent. It involves an appeal to the direct carrier of signs to be recorded during observation, and is used to obtain information about phenomena and processes that are not amenable to direct direct observation.

The following types of surveys are used in statistics: oral (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and attendance.

At oral(expeditionary) survey, specially trained workers (counters, registrars) receive the necessary information on the basis of a survey of the relevant persons and record the answers themselves in the observation form.

At self-registration the forms are filled in by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators distribute the forms of the questionnaire to them, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.

Correspondent method lies in the fact that information is provided to the monitoring bodies by a staff of voluntary correspondents.

This type of survey is the least expensive, but it does not give confidence that the material received is of high quality, since it is not always possible to check the correctness of the answers received directly on the spot.

Questionnaire method involves the collection of information in the form of questionnaires. A certain circle of respondents are given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either personally or by publication in the periodical press. The completion of these questionnaires is voluntary and is usually done anonymously. Usually, fewer questionnaires are received back than they are sent out. This method of collecting information is used for non-continuous observation. The questionnaire survey is used in surveys where high accuracy is not required, but approximate, indicative results are needed, for example, when studying public opinion about the work of urban transport, trade enterprises, etc.

Private method provides for the submission of information to bodies conducting surveillance in person, for example, when registering marriages, births, divorces, etc.

When choosing the type of a particular survey, it is necessary to take into account: with what accuracy it is necessary to conduct observations; opportunity practical application in one way or another; material possibilities.

Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following featured :

Time of registration of facts;

Coverage of population units.

By the time of registration of facts there is a continuous (current), periodic and one-time observation. At current observation changes in relation to the studied phenomena are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, marital status. Such an observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.

Data reflecting site changes can be collected through multiple surveys. They are usually carried out according to a similar program and tools and are called periodical. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are carried out every 10 years, registration of producer prices for individual goods, which is currently carried out monthly.

One-time examination gives information about quantitative characteristics any phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Re-registration is carried out after some time (undefined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. The 2006 Census of Agriculture is a one-time survey.

From point of view completeness of facts statistical observation can be continuous and non-continuous. Continuous observation represents a complete account of all units of the studied population. Discontinuous observation are organized as accounting for a part of the population units, on the basis of which a generalizing characteristic of the entire population can be obtained. Types of non-continuous observation include: main array method, selective observations, monographic descriptions.

Selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population under study that should be observed. At proper organization selective observation gives sufficiently accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study.

The size of the sample depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon under study. The sample population must represent all types of units that are present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.

The next type of non-continuous observation is main array method. With it, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population under study are examined, which, according to the main (for a particular study) feature, have the largest share in the population.

Monographic survey is a type of non-continuous observation in which individual units of the studied population are subjected to a thorough examination, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena. It is carried out in order to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.

A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even selective survey. Thus, during a monographic survey, individual units of the population are subjected to statistical observation, and they can represent both truly isolated cases and populations of small size.

Chapter 2. Statistical observation

2.1. Concepts and requirements of statistical observation

Quantitative characterization of socio-economic processes in direct connection with their qualitative essence is impossible without deep statistical research. The use of various methods and techniques of statistical methodology presupposes the availability of comprehensive and reliable information about the object under study, which includes the stages of collecting statistical information and its primary processing, information and grouping of observation results into certain aggregates, generalization and analysis of the obtained materials.

Statistical observation - this is the first stage of any statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life, and the collection of mass data obtained on the basis of this accounting.

However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can talk about statistical observation only when, firstly, the facts being established are registered in special accounting documents and, secondly, statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that appear only in a mass process, in a large number of units of some aggregate. Therefore, statistical observation should be planned, massive and systematic.

The following requirements are imposed on statistical observation:
1) completeness and practical value of statistical data;
2) reliability and accuracy of data;
3) their uniformity and comparability.

2.2. Program-methodological and organizational issues of statistical observation

Object of observation- a set of socio-economic phenomena and processes that are subject to research, or the exact boundaries within which statistical information will be recorded. For example, during a population census, it is necessary to establish which population is to be registered - cash, i.e. actually located in the area V moment of the census, or permanent, i.e. permanently living in the area.

In some cases, one or another qualification is used to delimit the object of observation. Qualification there is a limiting feature that all units of the studied population must satisfy.

Unit of observation is called an integral part of the object of observation, which serves as the basis for counting and has features that are subject to registration during observation.

So, for example, in a population census, the unit of observation is each individual person.

Observation program- this is a list of issues on which information is collected, or a list of signs and indicators to be registered. The observation program is drawn up in the form of a form (questionnaire, form), in which primary information is entered. A necessary addition to the form is an instruction (or indications on the forms themselves), explaining the meaning of the question. The composition and content of the questions of the observation program depend on the objectives of the study and on the characteristics of the social phenomenon being studied.

Organizational issues of statistical observation include the definition of the subject, place, time, form and method of observation.

2.3. Forms, types and methods of observation

In statistical practice, two organizational forms of observation are used - reporting and a special statistical survey.

Reporting- this is such an organizational form in which observation units provide information about their activities in the form of forms of a regulated sample.

The peculiarity of reporting is that it is mandatory, documented and legally confirmed by the signature of the head.

An example of the second form of observation is special statistical survey is the conduct of population censuses.

Depending on the tasks of statistical research and the nature of the phenomenon under study, facts can be taken into account:
- systematically, constantly covering the facts as they arise - this will be the current observation (reporting);
- regularly, but not constantly, but at certain intervals - this will be periodic observation (population census).

Rice. 2.1. Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

From the point of view of the completeness of the coverage of facts, statistical observation can be continuous and incomplete. Continuous observation represents a complete account of all units of the studied population. Discontinuous observation are organized as accounting for a part of the population units, on the basis of which a generalizing characteristic of the entire population can be obtained. Types of non-continuous observation include: main array method, selective observations, monographic descriptions.

At direct account of the facts information is obtained by personal accounting of population units: recalculation, weighing, measurement, etc.

documentary way collection of statistical information is based on systematic records in primary documents confirming a particular fact.

In some cases, to fill in statistical forms, they resort to population survey, which can be produced forwarding, questionnaire or correspondent way.

There are various ways to form a sample population. This is, firstly, individual selection, including such varieties as actually random, mechanical, stratified, and, secondly, serial, or nested, selection.

1 . The word "statistics" (from lat. status- state) in the Middle Ages meant the political state of the state. This term was introduced into science in the 18th century. German scientist Gottfried Achenwahl. Actually, as a science, statistics arose in the second half of the 17th century. although statistical accounting existed already in ancient times. Two schools stood at the origins of statistical science - the German descriptive (school of state studies) and the English school of political arithmetic.

Statistical observation is the first stage of any statistical research, representing, scientifically organizational according to a single program, accounting for the facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life. However, not every collection of information is a statistical observation. One can speak of statistical observation only when statistical regularities are studied, i.e. those that manifest themselves only in a mass process, in a large number of units of some aggregate. Statistical observation is massive and systematic.

Statistical observation- this is mass (it covers a large number of cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data), systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including questions of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to improve the reliability of the data, which depends on the observation program, the content of the questionnaires, the quality of the preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists in the collection and registration of individual characteristics for each unit of the population.

The massive nature of statistical observation is manifested in the fact that during the observation it is necessary to obtain data from the maximum possible number of studied units of the population. The mass coverage of the population makes it possible to obtain the most accurate data characterizing the socio-economic phenomenon under study, to identify the existing patterns and relationships.

The regularity of the statistical observation is that. That any study is carried out according to a predetermined plan, which includes a number of issues related to preparatory work, direct collection of the necessary information and data processing.

The main purpose of statistical observation is the collection of statistical information on socio-economic phenomena and processes in order to obtain general characteristics.

3. Basic requirements for statistical observation:

completeness of statistical data;

reliability and accuracy of data;

uniformity and comparability of collected data. The reliability of statistical data is ensured by many conditions: the competence of the employee involved in systematic observation, the perfection of the tools (forms, instructions), the interest or readiness of the object, etc. reliability includes both the correspondence of the data to reality and the technical accuracy or validity of the measurement.

The completeness of statistical data is ensured by the spatial coverage of the units of the studied population. Also, completeness should be understood as the coverage of the most significant aspects of the phenomenon, since each phenomenon or set under study is quite complex and has different characteristics. When studying the dynamics of a phenomenon, completeness implies obtaining data for the longest possible periods. This is extremely important for assessing emerging trends, establishing cause-and-effect relationships, and predicting changes in an object over time.

Each phenomenon, set, studied in time or space, must be comparable. To do this, it is necessary to use uniform cost estimates, uniform territorial boundaries, i.e. strictly observe unity in methodology

4. Errors of statistical observation

Information obtained in the course of statistical observation may not correspond to reality, and the calculated values of the indicators may not correspond to the actual values.

The discrepancy between the calculated value and the actual value is called observation error.

Depending on the causes of occurrence, there are registration errors and representativeness errors. Registration errors are typical for both continuous and non-continuous observations, while representativeness errors are characteristic only for non-continuous observations. Registration errors, like representativeness errors, can be random and systematic.

Registration errors- represent the deviations between the value of the indicator obtained in the course of statistical observation and its actual value. Registration errors are random (the result of random factors - the lines are mixed up, for example) and systematic (they appear constantly).

Representativeness errors- occur when the selected population does not accurately reproduce the original population. They are characteristic of discontinuous observation and consist in the deviation of the value of the indicator of the studied part of the population from its value in the general population.

Random bugs are the result of random factors.

Systematic errors- always have the same direction to increase or decrease the indicator for each unit of observation, as a result of which the value of the indicator for the population as a whole will include the accumulated error.

Control methods:

Counting (arithmetic) - checking the correctness of the arithmetic calculation.

Logical - based on the semantic relationship between features.

5. Statistical accuracy observations- this is the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator, determined from the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value. The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities is called the observation error. Depending on the causes of occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.

Accuracy of data is the main requirement of observation.