"Use of indicators" - Use of indicators in state reports on the state of the environment in Turkmenistan. The Center maintains statistics on the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. SOE Indicators.
"Ecology of the city" - What diseases could you name caused by environmental pollution? We create teams! You know? Can the city be made safe? What can you suggest to improve the ecology of the city? What is ecology? Can the impact of the environment be changed? Ecologists: suggest actions to preserve biodiversity.
"Man and Nature" - How does the polar day affect health? Air pollution. Soil pollution. Aftermath of the earthquake in Mexico. Irrigation. Water management. Tornado in the north America. Storm. The influence of the sun. Volcanic eruption in the Hawaiian Islands. How does polar night affect health? Dams and reservoirs. Pollution.
"Chemistry of the environment" - Impact profile of a chemical product. Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Green chemistry and problems of sustainable development. Obtaining Crystal Meth. Catalytic processes (with as much selectivity as possible) are preferred over stoichiometric reactions. 10.
"Clean city" - We summed up. We learned: Hypothesis. How to make our city clean? We've done a study. We have learned to do: "What can we do to make the city cleaner?". The amount of household waste in our school. Conference "Clean city". We held an action: Plan of the project.
"Geographical environment" - Medical geography. Disclosure of the relationship of geography to the problems of human health. The lesson is sociological research. Cardiovascular diseases. Radioactive pollution of the natural environment. Noise pollution of the natural environment. Diseases of the psycho-emotional sphere. The natural state of the natural environment.
There are 13 presentations in total in the topic
1Gechekbaeva S.B. (Megion, MBOU "Secondary School No. 4")
1. Svetlena N.A. (N.A. Nevolina). Plants-dyes in folk life. 2009
2. Sokolov V. A. Natural dyes. M.: Enlightenment, 1997.
3. Journal "Chemistry at school" No. 2, No. 8 - 2002.
4. Kalinnikov Yu.A., Vashurina I.Yu. Natural dyes and auxiliary substances in chemical and textile technologies. A real way to improve the environmental friendliness and efficiency of the production of textile materials. Ros. chem. and. (J. Russian Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev), 2002, v. XLVI, No. 1.
5.http://www. /himerunda/naturkras. html
7. http://*****/ap/ap/drugoe/rastitelnye-krasiteli
8. http://puteshestvvenik. *****/index/0-3
9. http://sibac. info/index. php//35
Goal of the work: learn how and from what paints were made in ancient times, explore the possibilities of using natural dyes as an environmentally friendly material for dyeing fabrics and for obtaining watercolors.
Research methods: theoretical (research, study, analysis), empirical (chemical experiment). Practical work was carried out on dyeing fabric, using dyed fabric (sewing clothes for dolls), and making watercolors.
Data obtained: fabrics dyed with dyes derived from coffee, onion skins, carrots, cranberries, oranges. Cotton was used as a fabric for dyeing. From a large piece of dyed fabric, we made clothes for dolls: a skirt, a jacket, a belt and a bow.
For the manufacture of watercolors from the first experiment, the obtained dyes of three colors were used: yellow (carrot), raspberry (cranberry), brown (coffee). But in order for the paint to thicken, binders are needed. We used honey and flour. The resulting watercolor can be stored in a semi-liquid state for a long time. As a result, three colors of watercolors (yellow, brown, crimson) were obtained. Then they mixed brown paint with yellow and got a light brown paint. When mixing crimson paint with yellow, orange paint was obtained. Received watercolors of five colors (yellow, brown, light brown, raspberry, orange). From the eco-friendly watercolors we made, we drew a picture.
Conclusion: Based on the work done, we came to the conclusion that natural dyes, unlike artificial ones, are environmentally friendly, since flower petals, plant fruits, tree bark and other material can be used to obtain them. Natural dyes can be obtained at home, they are easy to use and easy to dye fabric.
Study plan
Problem: The role of paint is difficult to overestimate. Without bright colors, the world and objects would be very dull and dull. No wonder a person tries to imitate nature, creating pure and rich shades. Paints have been known to mankind since primitive times. I wanted to learn as much as possible about the world of dyes and explore the possibilities of using natural dyes as an environmentally friendly material for dyeing fabrics and for making watercolors. Now almost all dyes are produced in chemical plants. Dyes are added to food, dye fabrics, added to cosmetics, household chemicals. Therefore, more and more people are showing an allergic reaction. People are beginning to understand the dangers of using chemicals and are increasingly turning to nature. Return to natural sources - this is the relevance of my work.
Tasks:
1. Study the varieties of natural dyes and their properties.
2. Implement practical work for the isolation of natural dyes from plants.
3. Make natural paints without using chemical additives.
Hypothesis: dyes for coloring can be obtained from available natural raw materials (roots of the bark of flowers, fruits, leaves of the stems of various plants).
Method description:
1. Search and analysis of information on the topic "Natural dyes".
2. Search for material to extract dyes.
3. Isolation of natural dyes from plants and their application.
4. Preparation of watercolors.
The state of the problem under study. Choice of objects and research methods
The very first paints were multi-colored clays: red, white, yellow and blue. A little later, paints began to be made from minerals and plants. A decoction of onion skins, walnut shells, and oak bark gave a brown color. The bark of barberry, alder and euphorbia plants is yellow, and red paint was obtained from some berries. Interesting and unusual recipes of Russian artists were found in old handwritten lists. For durability and plasticity, eggs and milk protein - casein were added to the paint.
Until the nineteenth century, paints were even used, which were very unhealthy. In 1870, an analysis was made of the effect of paints on human health. Paints containing lead and arsenic turned out to be poisonous. It turned out that a very beautiful and bright emerald green paint is deadly, because. it contains vinegar, copper oxide and arsenic. There is even a version that Napoleon died, poisoned by arsenic fumes that came from wallpaper painted in emerald green.
It was very expensive to make really bright and resistant paint. For example, ultramarine (bright blue paint) was obtained from lapis, which could only be brought from Iran and Afghanistan. Purple dye was obtained from the shells of Mediterranean snails. It took about ten thousand shells to get 1 gram of paint! Due to such a high cost, purple was considered the color of luxury, royalty and wealth.
At present, almost all paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements. Therefore, some paints are poisonous. For example, red vermilion from mercury. For the industrial production of paints, mineral and organic pigments are used, mined from the depths of mother earth, or pigments obtained artificially. Watercolor paints are kneaded on the basis of natural gum arabic (vegetable resins), with the addition of plasticizers: honey, glycerin or sugar. This allows them to be so light and transparent. In addition, an antiseptic, like phenol, will definitely be included in the watercolor, so you still shouldn’t eat it. Watercolor was invented along with paper in China.
Plants have special coloring substances - pigments, of which about 2 thousand are known. In plant cells, the most common green pigments are chlorophylls, yellow-orange carotenoids, red and blue anthocyanins, yellow flavones and flavonols.
Many plant pigments are used as dyes: carrot roots give a yellow dye, beetroot - red, colored plant petals also give specific color.
There is a special group of pigments - anthocyanins (from the Greek "anthos" - flower, "cyanos" - blue), first isolated from blue cornflower flowers.
We studied plant pigments that are used as dyes and started dyeing fabrics.
As an object of study, we chose natural dyes obtained from coffee, carrots, cranberries, and onion peels. The subject of research is the staining process.
Fabric dyeing consists of three stages: extraction, i.e. extracting the dye, fixing (etching) and washing. Each material is dyed differently.
Dyeing methods depend on the type of fibers of the material to be dyed. The dyeing process consists in the absorption of dye by fibers.
To fix the natural dye, mordant fixatives are used. Without etching, the fabric after dyeing acquires in most cases a beige or light brown color. With different fixatives, the same vegetable dye gives a different color. To obtain light tones, alum is used, dark ones - chromium pickling, copper and iron sulfate. Sometimes salt, vinegar, birch ash, sauerkraut brine are used as fixatives.
Experimental part. Preparation of dyeing broths and dyeing of fabric
The purpose of the experiment: to prepare dyeing broths and dye the fabric.
Material used: onion peel, cranberry, carrot, coffee, salt, saucepan, wooden spoon, bowl.
Experience number 1. Coffee.
Pour a tablespoon of ground coffee with two glasses of water and bring to a boil. Then we put the prepared cloth in it, add a tablespoon of salt and cook for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, remove the fabric from the coffee water, rinse well in cold water and dry.
Conclusion: after brewing in coffee, the color of the fabric is brown.
Experience number 2. Onion peel.
Let's do it a little differently with onion skins. Pour it with two glasses of water, bring to a boil and boil the liquid for 15 minutes until we get colored water. Only now we can put a piece of fabric into the water, add a tablespoon of salt. Cook it together with onion peel for 10 minutes. We take out a piece of fabric from the water, rinse and dry.
Conclusion: we got the color of the fabric in a rich sandy shade.
Experience number 3. Cranberries.
Cranberries need to be crushed a little to extract more juice. Fill with water and boil, to fix the color, add a tablespoon of salt. We load the fabric. Leave for a few hours, stirring occasionally.
Conclusion: after boiling, the color of the fabric turned out to be pink.
Experience number 4. Carrots.
Cut the carrots into small cubes, fill with water and boil, add a tablespoon of salt to fix the color. We load the fabric. And leave for several hours, stirring occasionally.
Conclusion: after boiling, the color of the fabric turned out to be pale orange.
Experience number 5. Orange and lemon.
Grate orange with lemon, fill with water and boil, add a tablespoon of salt to fix the color. We load the fabric. And leave for several hours, stirring occasionally.
Conclusion: after boiling, the color of the fabric turned out to be yellow.
Experience number 6. A mixture of cranberries and carrots.
Mix two dyes from cranberries and carrots.
Conclusion: turned out to be a pink dye.
Note: before dyeing, the fabric must be moistened with water, otherwise the color will be uneven. The fabric must be completely immersed. When dyeing, the fabric was constantly “translated”. "Translate" the fabric with a quiet boil should be a glass or wooden stick. Dyeing should be done slowly so that the color is uniform.
From dyed fabrics, we sewed a skirt, a jacket, a belt with a bow for the doll.
Preparing watercolors
Purpose: to prepare watercolor paints using the obtained natural dyes.
Material used: honey, flour, natural dyes (anthocyanin solutions).
In the preparation of watercolors, solutions of anthocyanins can be used. But in order for the paint to thicken, binders are needed. We used honey and flour. Honey gives watercolor softness and helps to keep the paint in a semi-liquid state for a long time. Paints must be evaporated in a water bath.
For the preparation of watercolors from the first experiment, the obtained dyes of three colors were used: yellow (carrot), raspberry (cranberry), brown (coffee). As a result, three colors of watercolors (yellow, brown, crimson) were obtained. Then they mixed brown paint with yellow and got a light brown paint. When mixing crimson paint with yellow, orange paint was obtained.
Conclusion: Received watercolors of five colors (yellow, brown, light brown, raspberry, orange).
From the resulting environmentally friendly watercolor paints, a drawing was drawn.
conclusions
Natural dyes can be obtained from plant pigments.
Natural dyes can be used to dye fabrics and make watercolors. Natural dyes, unlike artificial ones, are environmentally friendly, since flower petals, plant fruits, tree bark and other material can be used to obtain them.
Natural dyes can be obtained at home, they are easy to use and easy to dye fabric.
Bibliographic link
Karpova M.V. INFORMATION AND RESEARCH PROJECT "NATURAL DYES" // International School scientific bulletin. - 2018. - No. 2. - P. 110-116;URL: http://school-herald.ru/ru/article/view?id=489 (date of access: 01/07/2020).
Morozova Olga
The relevance of research. In recent years, the education system has paid close attention to security issues. educational process, including the safety of the workplace, as their favorable condition becomes a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of the activities of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is important to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of study classrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable adverse factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact negative impacts on the health of students and teachers
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Budgetary institution of vocational education
Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region- Ugra
Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College
Research on the topic of:
"Environmentally friendly school"
Performed:
2nd year student
Morozova O.I.
Leaders:
Sbitneva E.A. biology teacher
Nigmatullina A.R. Ecology teacher
Nizhnevartovsk, 2017
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….3
- College as a heterotrophic system. Real and possible.4
- Construction and finishing materials in the college. Benefits and harms.8
- The microclimate of the college and its characteristics ……………..……….10
2. Methodology and research results …………………………………………………………12
2.1 Determination of the light factor ………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2 Depth factor …………………………………………...12
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the office ………………….……13
2.3.1 Measurement of air temperature …………………………………..13
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement ………………………………………………………………………………13
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..15
List of used literature ……………………………………16
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research. In recent years, the education system has paid close attention to the safety of the educational process, including the safety of the workplace, since their favorable condition has become a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is relevant to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for a further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of studyclassrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact of negative impacts on the health of students and teachers.
Research objectives:
- Inspect the college classrooms for the presence of building and finishing materials used in its construction and interior decoration, which can adversely affect the human body
- Examine the natural light in the office. To analyze the data of measurements of illumination in classrooms, with calculated data for compliance with SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions"
- To measure and evaluate the parameters of the microclimate of the office.
- Monitor the electromagnetic radiation of the college classrooms
Practical significance -learn how to use the acquired knowledge to predict further changes in the human environment and design solutions environmental issues in college in accordance with the norms of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions."
- College as a heterotrophic system. real and possible.
"Eco" means home, our habitat. And the sphere of habitation is, first of all, our apartment and school office. The well-being, attention, development of fatigue and the general state of health of students largely depend on the quality of the environment in the classrooms. Human health depends on many factors:
Biological (hereditary) -20%
Human lifestyle -50 - 55%
Ecological - 20 - 25%
Health organizations - 10%
One of the environmental factors influencing a person is the visual environment. The color scheme, illumination, the location of individual interior items, wall decoration, landscaping - all this creates a favorable and unfavorable environment.
College as a system exists at the expense of energy and resources coming from outside, and its main inhabitants are students and teachers.
Every ecosystem is characterized by the presence of autotrophs. Autotrophs in college are represented by indoor plants. As you know, plants play not only an aesthetic role, but also a hygienic one, namely: they improve mood, moisturize the atmosphere and release useful substances into it - phytoncides that kill microorganisms.All plants significantly improve the indoor climate, and some have strong healing properties.In our college we have that minimum of plants that anyone who cares a little about himself and his family would like to have. Plants in the workplace have a positive effect on the creative process and the ability to concentrate.
Having studied the material on the influence of indoor plants in the college and their healing effect, we summarized the data and compiled several tables.
"The main groups of plants according to their impact on the environment"
plant group | Kinds | Meaning |
Filter feeders | Chlorophytum | Absorbs formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene from the air. |
dieffenbachia | Purifies the air of toxins coming from the roads; absorbs formaldehyde, xylene, trichlorethylene, benzene |
|
Dracaena | Absorbs benzene, xylene, trichlorethylene, formaldehyde from the air. |
|
Aloe | Absorbs formaldehyde from the air. |
|
absorbs about 10 liters per day carbon dioxide, releasing 2-3 times more oxygen. Pollution neutralizes not only the leaves, but also the earth |
||
ficuses | effectively purify the air from toxic formaldehydes, and they not only bind toxic substances, but also feed on them, turning them into sugars and amino acids. filter from the air evaporation products of benzene, trichlorethylene, pentachlorophenol |
|
Ivy | successfully cope with benzene: |
|
Vacuum cleaners | Asparagus | absorbs heavy metal particles. |
Aloe tree | Absorbs dust, formaldehyde and phenol from new furniture |
|
Dracaena |
||
Chlorophytum |
||
ficus |
||
Ivy |
||
Ionizers | Cereus | Improve the ionic composition of the air, fill the atmosphere with negatively charged ionsoxygen. But it is these ions that supply energy to the human body. |
Pelargonium |
||
Conifers |
||
Ozonators | ferns | Give off ozone |
Phytoncidal | Lemon | Phytoncidal properties are very strong |
Geranium (pelargonium) | Phytoncidal properties are not very strong, however, in the presence of geranium, the number of colonies of the simplest microorganisms is reduced by approximately 46%. |
|
Aloe | Significantly reduces the number of protozoa in the air (up to 3.5 times) |
|
ficuses | some bacteria die faster from antibacterial properties than from garlic phytoncides. |
|
Asparagus |
||
Chlorophytum | it also has a significant bactericidal effect, in 24 hours this flower almost completely purifies the air of harmful microorganisms |
"Special plants and their effect on the human body"
plant name | Impact on the human body |
Aloe (agave) | |
Geranium | Helps with stress, neurosis |
Golden mustache ("homemade ginseng") | Energy donor with high medicinal properties |
Cactus | Protects against electromagnetic radiation. The longer the needles, the stronger the protection. |
Kalanchoe | Helps to cope with despondency, protects against a breakdown. |
ficus | Gives resistance to anxiety, doubts, worries |
Chlorophytum | Purifies the air. But it has poor bioenergetic properties, so it is better not to place it near or in the workplace, especially close to the head. |
cyperus | Absorbs human energy. At the same time, it perfectly cleans and moisturizes the air. |
"Plants whose volatile secretions have a medicinal effect"
plant type | Therapeutic action |
monstera attractive | Favorably affects people with disorders of the nervous system, eliminates headache and heart rhythm disturbance |
Pelargonium | Favorably affects the body with functional morbidity of the nervous system, insomnia, neurosis of various etiologies, helps to optimize blood circulation |
Rosemary officinalis | It has an anti-inflammatory and calming effect, stimulates and normalizes the activity of the cardiovascular system, increases the body's immunological reactivity. Indicated for diseases of the respiratory system, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma |
Laurel noble | It has a positive effect on patients with angina pectoris, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, and is useful for mental fatigue when cerebral blood flow is disturbed. |
Lemon | The smell of lemon leaves gives a feeling of cheerfulness, improves general condition, eliminates heaviness in the chest, reduces heart rate, lowers blood pressure |
1.2 Building and finishing materials in college. Benefit and harm
Energy in the college, as well as in the city system, comes from outside - in the form of electricity, hot water. As with any system in the college ecosystem, it is important to keep track of resource consumption, especially electricity.
Currently, the safety of the built environment - the place where many people spend most of their lives - is becoming increasingly important. Building and finishing materials used in the college are very hazardous to health. So over the past few decades, many new materials have firmly entered everyday life, from pressed boards to plastic and artificial carpeting.
Materials used in the construction and finishing works in the college:
Material name | The degree of harmful effects on the human body |
Tree | environmentally friendly material |
iron fittings | environmentally friendly material |
Glass | environmentally friendly material |
water-based paint | All water-based paints, without exception, do not emit toxins and do not affect the human body in any way. They do not even have a pungent odor inherent in paints based on alkyd resins and solvents. |
Oil paint | Toxic effect heavy metal and organic solvents. |
Plastic panels | |
Linoleum flooring | PVC and plasticizers can cause poisoning. |
Energy-saving, fluorescent lamps |
Polymer linoleum has the main danger to human health - these are toxic resins that are used in production. Even in the finished product, they can be released into the atmosphere and are dangerous. PVC - emits, at normal room temperature and, especially in sunlight, volatile unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, hydrogen chloride and an extraneous odor. Also, phenol formaldehyde is often found in the composition of linoleum, which harms the respiratory system, causes nausea, headaches and can cause the development of malignant neoplasms.
Energy saving light bulbs contain highly toxic Chemical substance, which is very dangerous - mercury. Mercury vapor can cause poisoning due to the fact that it is poisonous. Mercury contains compounds such as mercury cyanide, calomel, sublimate - they can cause severe harm to the human nervous system, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. The spent energy-saving and fluorescent lamps are disposed of by the college in the company Kommunalnik LLC, Nizhnevartovsk
All premises with a permanent stay of people should, as a rule, have natural lighting. During the assessment of the interior decoration of the classrooms, the following building materials were observed that may adversely affect the health of students and teachers: plastic panels were observed in the classrooms: 313, 306 a, 301; the college's small hall is covered with linoleum. The college gym is painted with oil paint, which has a toxic effect. Almost all college classrooms are painted with water-based paint, which is an environmentally friendly building material.
1.3 The microclimate of the college and its characteristics.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards is especially important in our time. Especially in educational institutions. Visiting the place of study every day and spending most of their time in these buildings, students rarely think about health problems.
Temperature, humidity, air ventilation are components of the microclimate. A favorable microclimate is one of the conditions for comfortable well-being and productive work.
Illumination is the luminous flux incident on a unit area of a given surface. Illumination is a characteristic of the illuminated surface, and not of the emitter. In addition to the characteristics of the emitter, illumination also depends on the geometry and reflective characteristics of objects surrounding a given surface, as well as on the relative position of the emitter and the given surface. Illuminance refers to how much light falls on a particular surface. Illumination is equal to the ratio of the luminous flux that fell on the surface to the area of this surface. The unit of measure for illumination is 1 lux (lx). 1 lux = 1 lm/m2.
First of all, the state of the visual analyzer - the eyes - depends on the illumination of school classrooms. Vision gives us the most information about the world around us (about 90%). In low light, visual fatigue quickly sets in, and overall performance decreases. So, during a three-hour visual work at an illumination of 30-50 lux, the stability of clear vision decreases by 37%, and at an illumination of 200 lux it decreases only by 10-15%, so the illumination of the room should correspond to the physiological characteristics of the visual analyzer. Proper lighting protects our eyes, creates the so-called visual comfort. Insufficient illumination causes excessive eye strain, high brightness also tires and irritates the eye. In classrooms, lateral left-hand lighting should be designed.
The illumination of classrooms and offices is influenced by the reflection coefficient of the surface of walls, ceilings and school furniture. It has great importance their coloration. Therefore, the desks are painted in bluish gray or light brown.
Light coefficient - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor. However, this coefficient does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features of the building and other factors affecting the intensity of lighting. So, the intensity of natural lighting largely depends on the arrangement and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by nearby buildings, green spaces.
Air temperature has a great influence on human heat exchange. The influence of high air temperature has a very negative effect on such functions of higher nervous activity as attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, the ability to switch, and disrupt the mental activity of the body.
Particularly harmful to health are rapid and sharp fluctuations (decreases) in air temperature, since the body does not always have time to adapt to them. As a result, they can experience the so-called colds.
Various heating systems are used to maintain optimal microclimate conditions in the premises. The most widely used central low-pressure water heating with a water temperature of the heat carrier for educational institutions is 95 degrees Celsius. Clean air in the premises is achieved proper organization ventilation of classrooms during breaks. Cross-ventilation is recommended prior to the start of classes.
Air humidity should not exceed 40-60%.
Humidity is determined by the content of water vapor in it, it shows the degree of saturation of the air with moisture vapor. There are absolute, maximum and relative humidity. Normal relative humidity in educational institutions is 30-60%.
2. Methodology and research results
2.1 Determining the light factor
To assess natural lighting, a geometric method of lighting normalization was used - the determination of the light coefficient.
Equipment: tape measure or measuring tape.
Progress. In the examined room, using a tape measure or centimeter tape, measure the glazed surface of all windows (without frames and bindings) and calculate its area in m 2
. Take a measurement and determine the floor area in m 2
.
Calculate the light factor according to the formula:
SK \u003d So / Sp,
where CK is the luminous coefficient, So is the area of the glazed surface of the windows, Sp is the floor area.
The value of the light coefficient is expressed as a ratio or fraction, where the numerator is always one, the denominator is the resulting quotient.
Light coefficient in classrooms 1:4-1:6.
2.2 Burial factor
Deepening coefficient (KZ) - the ratio of the distance from the floor to the upper edge of the window to the depth of the room, i.e. to the distance from the light-bearing wall to the opposite wall. When calculating the short circuit, both the numerator and the denominator are also divided by the value of the numerator. The recommended depth ratio for classrooms is 1:2.
room | Light coefficient | Depth factor |
|||
Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
|||
Cabinet Biology (102) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Mathematics room (202) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Physics room (309) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Informatics cabinet (404) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Dining room | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Gym | 1/4 – 1/6 | ||||
All classrooms have optimal lighting conditions, which corresponds to the norm.
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the cabinet
2.3.1 Air temperature measurement
Equipment and materials: dry thermometer.
Measurement of air temperature.
- Take thermometer readings at a height of 1.5 m from the floor at three points diagonally: at a distance of 0.2 m from the outer wall, in the center of the room and at a distance of 0.25 m from the inner corner of the cabinet. The thermometer is set for 15 minutes at each point.
- Calculate the average room temperature. Determine the vertical temperature difference by measuring at a distance of 0.25 m from the floor and ceiling.
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement
Equipment: aspiration psychrometer, ball catathermometer, electric stove, chemical beaker with water, stopwatch, dry thermometer.
- Moisten the end of the wet bulb thermometer wrapped in cloth with distilled water.
- Turn on the fan.
- 3-4 minutes after the start of the fan at a height of 1.5 m from the floor, take the readings of dry (t) and wet (t1) thermometers.
- Calculate the absolute humidity according to the formula:
K \u003d F - 0.5 (t-t 1) B: 755
where K is absolute humidity, g/m³;
f - maximum humidity at the temperature of the wet bulb (determined according to the table attached to the device);
t - dry bulb temperature
t1 - wet bulb temperature
B - barometric pressure at the time of the study.
- Calculate the relative humidity of the air using the formula: R= K: F 100, where R is the relative humidity, %; K – absolute humidity, g/m³; F - maximum humidity at dry bulb temperature (according to the instrument table).
Room microclimate indicators
Cabinets | Temperature, ° С | Relative humidity, % |
||
Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
||
Biology (102) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Mathematicians (202) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Physics (309) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Informatics (404) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Canteen | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
||
Gym | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
||
The data in the table show that the air temperature in the dining room does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" and this temperature is below the limit level, and if you stay in this room without movement for a long time, the body can cool down, which will lead to colds.
The air temperature in the rest of the rooms meets the requirements of SanPiN.
The table shows that the air humidity indicators comply with SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" in the biology room and in the dining room.
In the rest of the rooms and rooms, the air humidity does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions", it is below the maximum permissible levels, but the adverse effect of dry air is manifested only in extreme dryness (at a relative humidity of less than 20%), the effect of excessively dry air on physiological processes in the human body is not as dangerous as the influence of moist air.
Conclusion
Often it seems to us that we are faced with environmental pollution only on the street, and therefore we pay little attention to the ecology of our college. But college is not only a shelter from the unfavorable conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor influencing a person, which largely determines the state of his health. The quality of the college environment can be affected by:
Outside air;
Products of incomplete combustion of gas;
Substances that occur during the cooking process;
Substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.;
Household chemicals and hygiene products;
Houseplants;
Compliance with sanitary standards of training (number of people);
electromagnetic pollution.
Starting to work on this topic, we did not think that the microclimate in the premises can have such a huge impact on human health. For example, that sufficient lighting has a tonic effect, creates a cheerful mood, improves the course of the main processes of the higher nervous system, and a lack of lighting depresses nervous system, leads to a deterioration in the performance of the body, impairs vision. Comparing the measurement results with the maximum permissible levels established in the sanitary norms and rules, we came to the conclusion that the audiences we studied in our college correspond to the current norms and rules. Basically, the lighting standards in our classrooms are observed. The temperature in the dining room does not comply with sanitary standards and rules, but these deviations are insignificant and do not lead to serious consequences.
List of used literature
- Ashikhmina, Yu. E., School environmental monitoring. - M .: "Agar", 2000.
- Velichkovsky, B. T., Kirpichev, V. I., Suravegina, I. T. Human health and the environment: tutorial. - M .: " New school", 1997.
- Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises. Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. Ministry of Health of Russia Moscow 1997.
- Kitaeva, L. A. Decorative - medicinal plants// Biology at school. - 1997. - No. 3
5. Kosykh A.V. Materials Science. Modern building and finishing materials: Educational and methodological manual. 2000.
6. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: textbook for secondary schools and colleges. M.; FAIR PRESS, 2000
7. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189 Moscow "On approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions""
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Introduction.
The presence of energy has always been necessary condition meeting basic human needs, increasing life expectancy and raising living standards. A correct assessment of the scale of the future energy industry and the place in it of various energy sources is necessary to solve the problems of energy supply, without which further economic growth of both the world as a whole and its individual regions and states is impossible. The scale and nature of human impact on nature today are such that they threaten the very existence modern man. He simply may not have time to adapt to changes in nature, with such a speed they begin to occur. Energy, which provides human life, has a significant impact on the environment.
With the development of science and technology, new ways are emerging for the most rational use of the country's natural resources. Known methods of generating energy require expensive equipment and depend on the territorial factor - energy can be obtained with their help only in certain places. One of the "forgotten" types of raw materials is biogas, which was used back in Ancient China and re-discovered in our time. Raw materials for biogas production can be found in almost any area where agriculture is developed, primarily livestock breeding, the costs of creating installations for biogenerators are relatively low, and the production itself is environmentally friendly. For processing, cheap agricultural waste is used - animal manure, bird droppings, straw, wood waste, weeds, household waste and organic garbage, human waste.
Target: Creation of an "eco-house" project, which will be able to fully provide itself with energy and warmth.
Tasks:
To study the properties of biofuel and its derived products;
Create your own portable biogenerator at home.
Consider the positive and negative aspects of the "eco-house", its design and provision of heat and energy;
Consider the cost of integrated generation of heat and electricity.
Relevance:
The technology for building domed houses has existed for more than 30 years - since the construction of the first domed house in Alaska by its inventor Huth Haddock. Until recently, these prefabricated prefabricated houses were still little known and inaccessible to the consumer. The situation changed dramatically when the Japanese became interested in the project and in practice proved its extreme attractiveness for business and private developers. However, there is no project combining a tea house and a domed house. Although, in our opinion, such buildings are very convenient for summer cottages and hotel complexes (hostels).
In autumn, according to tradition, the fallen leaves are burned by the janitors. These days it's just impossible to go out, everywhere this disgusting smell of smoke. But in other countries, they are trying to get some use out of fallen leaves. For example, in Japan, they plan to use them to heat tea houses or even outdoor cafes.
Fallen leaves from trees can make excellent compost. The main thing is not to be lazy and come up with a way to use it. And while our janitors are still making our lives hell by burning these leaves, in Japan they have learned how to heat the room with the help of fallen leaves. Tokyo-based architecture firm Bakoko has created teahouses for parks that will be heated using fallen leaf compost.
Along the perimeter of these structures there will be several containers where the Japanese janitors will put the leaves. There they will rot, decompose and produce heat in the process. Thanks to a specially designed circulation system, hot (up to 120 degrees Celsius) air will be supplied to a kind of fireplace in the center of the house. And the people gathered inside will warm up from it. In addition, in this way it is also possible to heat the open terraces of cafes, places of mass gatherings of people, private houses with their own gardens and even stadiums. The main thing is to be able to use what nature gives us, and not thoughtlessly destroy it.
, composite material ease
The problem is that materials such as concrete and brick are quite expensive. To solve it, we combined the shape of a domed house with an eco-arbor, without a complex foundation. Instead of foam, we want to use a composite material (more durable, environmentally friendly).
Hypothesis: The resulting project "Eco-houses", which has a number of advantages, can be used in construction as country houses, camp sites.
Chapter 1. Biogas, its characteristics.
1.1 From the history of the origin and study of biogas
Individual cases of the use of biogas were known already BC. in India, Persia, Assyria. In the 17th century, Jan Baptiste Van Helmont discovered that decomposing biomass emits flammable gases. In 1764, Benjamin Franklin described an experiment in which he succeeded in setting fire to the surface of a marshy lake. Alessandro Volta in 1776 came to the conclusion that there is a relationship between the amount of decomposing biomass and the amount of gas released. In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy discovered methane in biogas. Scientific research biogas and its properties began only in the XVIII century. Russian scientist Popov studied the effect of temperature on the amount of gas released. It was found that already at a temperature of 6°C, river sediments begin to release biogas, and with increasing temperature, its volumes increase.
After establishing the presence of methane in swamp gas and discovering it chemical formula European scientists have taken the first steps in the study of the field practical application biogas. In 1881, European scientists conducted a series of experiments on the use of biogas for space heating and street lighting. From 1895, the city of Exeter used gas from fermentation to fuel its street lamps. Wastewater. In Bombay, the gas was collected in manifolds and used as fuel in various engines. German scientists in 1914-1921 improved the process of obtaining biogas, which consisted in the use of constant heating of containers with raw materials. During the First World War, there was a shortage of fuel, which prompted the spread of biogas plants throughout Europe.
One of milestones in the development of biogas technologies were experiments on combining various kinds raw materials for installations in the 30s. XX century. In 1911, a plant was built in Birmingham to disinfect the city's sewage, and the biogas produced was used to generate electricity. During the Second World War, to replenish rapidly depleting energy reserves in Germany, developments were made to obtain biogas from manure. At that time, about 2,000 biogas plants were in operation in France, and their experience was spread to neighboring countries. In Hungary, for example, as noted by Soviet soldiers who liberated the country, manure was not piled up, but loaded into special containers, from which combustible gas was obtained. After the war, cheap energy sources (natural gas, liquid fuels) replaced installations. They returned only in the 1970s. after the energy crisis. In the countries of Southeast Asia with a high population density, a warm climate necessary for the efficient operation of plants, the development of biogas plants formed the basis of national programs. To date, biogas technologies have become the standard for wastewater treatment and waste processing in many countries around the world.
1.2 Composition of biogas.
Biogas is obtained as a result of anaerobic, that is, occurring without air, fermentation of organic substances of various origins ( see Appendix 1). "Methane fermentation" occurs during the decomposition of organic substances as a result of the vital activity of two main groups of microorganisms. One group of microorganisms commonly referred to as acid-producing bacteria or fermenters. It breaks down complex organic compounds(fiber, proteins, fats, etc.) into simpler ones. At the same time, primary fermentation products appear in the fermented medium - volatile fatty acids, lower alcohols, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, acetic and formic acids, etc. These less complex organic matter are a source of nutrition for the second group of bacteria - methane-forming bacteria, which convert organic acids into the required methane, as well as carbon dioxide, etc.
This complex complex of transformations involves a great variety of micro-organisms, according to some sources - up to a thousand species, but the main one is still methane-forming bacteria. Methane-forming bacteria multiply much more slowly and are more sensitive to environmental changes than acid-forming microorganisms - fermenters, therefore, at first, volatile acids accumulate in the fermented medium, and the first stage of methane fermentation is called acidic. Then the rates of formation and processing of acids are aligned, so that in the future the decomposition of the substrate and the formation of gas proceed simultaneously. And of course, the intensity of gas release depends on the conditions that are created for the life of methane-forming bacteria.
Both acid-forming and methane-producing bacteria are found ubiquitously in nature, in particular in animal excrement. It is believed that cattle manure contains a complete set of microorganisms necessary for its fermentation. And this is confirmed by the fact that the process of methane formation is constantly going on in the rumen and intestines of ruminants. Therefore, it is not necessary to use pure cultures of methane-producing bacteria for biogas production in order to induce the fermentation process. It is enough to provide suitable conditions for the bacteria already present in the substrate for their vital activity. So, biogas is income from waste.
Composition of our biomass: chicken manure - 50%, peeling vegetables and fruits - 40%, sawdust and sludge from cleaning devices - 10%
1.3 Biogas plants.Biogas plants are called bioreactors, as a reaction takes place in it, the result of which is biogas. The process of obtaining gas goes through several stages:
At the beginning of the process, raw materials are loaded into the bioreactor.
In a special installation, the raw materials are prepared, homogenized, and mixed.
Thanks to special bacteria, a process called anaerobic (oxygen-free) digestion takes place, the product of which is biogas.
The biogas is then sent for further use.
Waste raw materials can be used as a biofertilizer, which contains the necessary trace elements
The benefits of the installation are as follows:
Ecological. The installation allows to reduce the sanitary zone of the enterprise several times. Reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere;
Energy. By burning biogas without enrichment, it is possible to obtain electricity and heat;
Economic. The construction of a biogas plant will save on the costs of building treatment facilities and waste disposal;
The installation can serve as an autonomous source of energy for our remote regions. It is no secret that there are still interruptions in the supply of electricity in many areas. Perhaps this sounds a little utopian, the installation itself is not cheap, but the installation of such biogas plants would be a way out for residents of unsecured regions;
Biogas plants can be located in any region of the country and do not require construction and expensive gas pipelines.
Biogas obtained from plants can be used as fuel for internal combustion engines.
At home, a biogas plant can be an insulated sealed container with pipes for gas removal. The higher the outside air temperature, the faster the reaction in the reactor. For the reactor, you can take a barrel. Naturally, the larger the volume of the barrel, the more gas will be produced. When laying raw materials, it is necessary to leave a place for the gas to escape. A container, preferably round in shape, is attached to the barrel with the help of pipes and a pump for pumping out biogas, for assembly and storage. It happens that after the first filling of the reactor and the start of gas extraction, it does not burn. This is because the gas contains 60% carbon dioxide. It must be released, and after a few days the installation will stabilize. To prevent an explosion, it is necessary to release gas periodically. Up to 40 m 3 of gas can be received per day. The processed mass is removed through the discharge pipe by loading a new portion of the raw material. The waste mass is an excellent fertilizer for the earth.
Advantages of biogas power plants:- Disadvantages of biogas power plants:
solid and liquid wastes have a specific smell repelling flies and rodents;
the ability to produce a useful end product - methane, which is a clean and convenient fuel;
in the process of fermentation, weed seeds and some of the pathogens die;
during the fermentation process, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other ingredients of the fertilizer are almost completely preserved, part of the organic nitrogen is converted into ammonia nitrogen, and this increases its value;
the fermentation residue can be used as animal feed;
biogas fermentation does not require the use of oxygen from the air;
anaerobic sludge can be stored for several months without the addition of nutrients, and then when the raw material is loaded, fermentation can quickly start again.
a complex device and requires relatively large investments in construction;
required high level construction, management and maintenance;
the initial anaerobic propagation of fermentation is slow.
Stage 1: Delivery of processed products and waste to the plant. In some cases, it is advisable to heat the waste in order to increase their rate of fermentation and decomposition in the bioreactor.
Stage 2: Processing in the reactor. After the transfer tank, the prepared waste enters the reactor. A high-quality reactor is a sealed structure with heat and gas insulation, since the slightest ingress of air or a decrease in temperature will stop the fermentation and decay process. The reactor operates without access to oxygen, in a completely closed environment. Several times a day, with the help of a pump, new portions of the processed substance can be added to it. This device mixes the substance in the reactor at regular intervals.
Stage 3: Output of the finished product. After a certain time (from several hours to several days), the first results of fermentation appear. These are biogas and biological fertilizers. As a result, the resulting biogas enters the gas storage tank, undergoes drying and can be used like ordinary natural gas. In turn, biological fertilizers pass through a tank with a separator, where the separation into solid and liquid fertilizers takes place. Fertilizers do not require additional processing, therefore they are immediately used for their intended purpose. It should be noted that the trade in such fertilizers is a rather profitable business. The operation of the biogas plant is continuous.
Benefits of using a biogas plant.
A biogas plant is a truly magical device that allows you to get really necessary things from waste and manure. In particular, you can get:
-
Biological fertilizers
Electrical and thermal energy.
In everyday life, biogas can find the widest application. By their own physical properties, biogas is similar to methane. Therefore, almost all universal household equipment that runs on the fuel we are used to is perfectly suitable for functioning on biogas. The only difficulty may be that biogas, compared to natural gas, has a slightly worse ignitability, which causes little difficulty in regulating the latter. (For example, when installing a tap on a “small fire” in kitchen stoves (this is due to the different pressure of the two gases on the pipe walls)). Devices that actually work flawlessly on biogas are:
Burners for heating installations (these devices are used in the residential heating system for heating air in various dryers and air conditioners, and both conventional burners with atmospheric air intake and burners with blast are used)
Water heaters
Gas stoves with top burners and oven (our cookers).
Biogas can be used both in agriculture and in the household, the main types of energy consumption here are (see Appendix, table 2):
Domestic water heating
Heating of residential and non-residential premises
Cooking food
Food preservation
Biogas also has high anti-knock properties and can serve as an excellent fuel for internal combustion engines with positive ignition and for diesel engines, without requiring their additional re-equipment (only the adjustment of the power system is necessary). Comparative tests of scientists have shown that the specific consumption of diesel fuel is 220 g/kWh of rated power, and that of biogas is 0.4 m3/kWh. This requires about 300 g / kWh (m. b. - 300 g) of starting fuel (diesel fuel used as a "fuse" for biogas). As a result, diesel fuel savings amounted to 86%.
Chapter 2. The use of block houses in construction.
2.1. Japanese tea houses
Tokyo-based architecture firm Bakoko Design Development has created "dome" teahouses for parks that will be heated with leaf compost.
Design tea house consists of a number of large special form compost bins located in a circle around the body of the house, where the Japanese janitors will put the leaves. The top door opens for loading into the composter. Organic material is thrown there for composting. Ready compost can be unloaded through the door located at the bottom of each compost bin. There they will rot, decompose and produce heat in the process. A system of sealed pipes runs through all the containers, and due to the circulation of air inside the container, the decaying compost heats the pipes that heat the room.
Pipes are located under the table, visitors are comfortably seated on a circular bench around the heat source, and a transparent domed roof maximizes the house with diffused natural light.
Thanks to a specially designed circulation system, hot (up to 120 degrees Celsius) air will be supplied to a kind of fireplace in the center of the house. And the people gathered inside will warm up from it. In addition, in this way it is also possible to heat the open terraces of cafes, places of mass gatherings of people, private houses with their own gardens and even stadiums.
The design team is currently working on resolving some of the technical details such as good aeration of the compost, effective moisture control and reduction of specific odors. They plan to build a prototype house in the very near future.
According to Bakoko, this house design is best suited for organizing recreational points in large city parks, public and private gardens, and can also serve as an outdoor cafe. In general, the house can be installed anywhere where a continuous supply of organic waste as fuel can be arranged. In order not to be unfounded, I will give an example of the successful experience of Japanese students (no, they are not at all pioneers in this, but their creation clearly proves the viability of this idea).
Another version of the "eco-home" came up with Japanese students who used straw composting to heat the room. The straw is enclosed in transparent, acrylic boxes distributed along the perimeter of the walls of the house. The eco-house uses a simple, low-odor composting technique called bakashi. Their creation is heated up to 30 degrees Celsius, lasting for 4 weeks! Of course, this "living house" will require extra care, as the straw needs to be changed several times a year, but it's a fascinating concept to take advantage of the energy that is naturally generated.
2.4. Design technology for obtaining peat blocks and their practical significance
We decided to try to combine the acquired knowledge to create a new "eco-house". The shape of the house was suggested to us by the domed buildings. But instead of foam blocks, we want to offer another version of the wall plate. The guys from the senior classes have been experimenting with the manufacture of wall panels for several years. One of the variants of the plate was made according to the principle of a scientific group led by prof. Suvorova V.I. It consists of peat and foam chips. Highly dispersed peat with a consistency between creamy and closer to butter (from raw materials of medium decomposition, having a fibrous structure, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality products from it by pressing). All components are mixed, and the mass concentration of the components, the moisture content of the peat mass, and other parameters are determined empirically. Next, the resulting mass is vibrocompressed in a mold, under relatively low pressure to release loosely bound water, keeping in the mold until the plate dries at least to a moisture content of 55-60% (strength is gained during the drying process). Then the final drying can be carried out without formwork, preferably in room conditions, since during drying the board will shrink and there is a high probability of cracks. During drying, a complex process occurs, including the phenomena of shrinkage, compaction, structure formation, phase transitions of chemical transformations. Temperature will speed up drying, but may result in poor performance.
The bactericidal activity of such plates is such that, according to the conclusion of experts, Koch's tubercle bacillus, brucella and other pathogens, when touched with the material, die within a day. Peat, being an antiseptic, destroys them.
The material has an amazing gas absorption capacity. It reduces the level of penetrating radiation up to five times, “breathes” like a tree, absorbing steam when it is in excess and returning it when it is deficient. In terms of strength, it has no equal, withstands a load of 8-12 kilograms per square centimeter. In terms of durability, "Geokar" is akin to stone or concrete structures. It is not only durable, lightweight, but also an excellent adsorbent. For example, the level of radiation in a room made of peat is reduced by five times.
2.3. Dome "eco-house"
Foam dome houses were first built in Japan. It was there that experts revealed the main properties of such a material, which make it possible to use it not only as an auxiliary tool, but also as the main material.
The proposed dome house is 1 00% savings on the supporting frame , composite material , thanks to the domed structure of the house, it safely takes on the functions of a supporting frame, ease and a small number of load-bearing structures, low heating costs.
Materials such as concrete and brick are quite expensive. To solve this problem, we combined the shape of a domed house with an eco-arbor, without complex foundations. Instead of foam, we want to use a composite material that was developed by a scientific group led by prof. Suvorova V.I. of the Department of Peat Business of TvGU. The cost of the house due to the composite material will increase, but it will become more durable, environmentally friendly and fit well into the surrounding landscape. And the biogas plant used for heating will satisfy the needs for heat and hot water. Energy will be given to us by a solar concentrator installed on the roof and a wind turbine. For example, to maintain a comfortable temperature in a standard house with a radius of 8-12 meters, a heater with a power of only 600 watts is enough.
The main advantages of such a house:
1. By and large, this is the only technology that allows you to make a strong and durable house quickly and without the help of professional builders.
2. Save money.
3.Multiple time savings, turnkey construction.
4. Lightness and a small number of load-bearing structures, allows you to build in remote and hard-to-reach places - this factor is very important for the arrangement of mountain tourist routes and bases.
5.High attractiveness for tourists and tenants, which is provided by the unusual shape of spherical houses.
6. Record low heating costs for round houses in winter. 7.Because the composite material is used in the construction of the house, excellent thermal insulation of the room is guaranteed, and due to its domed shape, the air circulates freely by convection without the formation of stagnant zones in the corners. Therefore, heating and air conditioning costs are significantly reduced. The Dome House is an incredibly energy efficient building. Due to the peat included in the building blocks, the plates have bactericidal properties, so the fungus is not terrible for such a house. The "thermos effect" will be reduced due to the properties of the composite board.
8. This building material is environmentally friendly and does not undergo chemical treatment. After formation, the blocks are sent to the drying chamber, but are not fired, which makes it possible to preserve the natural properties of this raw material.
9. Not only is the dome of the House one of the most stable forms in nature, unlike iron, it will never corrode, unlike wood, it will not rot, fungus or be attacked by insects. The residential dome concept offers a comfortable living space for a very long life.
10. Storm resistance. The aerodynamic properties of the dome with the effect of a wing successfully resist the pressure of strong winds.
11. The composite dome house is not only the most stable structure, but also extremely light in weight. The consequence of this is a small inertia during swinging. It is because of this lightness that the Dome House withstands the most severe earthquakes without any special consequences.
The problem of creating cheap and environmentally friendly housing has been and remains the object of research and innovation.
Chapter 3. Joint production of heat and electricity
With the combined generation of heat and electricity using a single generator, biogas is used as fuel in internal combustion engines that drive a generator to generate mains current (also called alternating current or three-phase current). Excess heat that appears during engine operation from the cooling system and exhaust gases can be used for heating. Of all the possible applications, the latter has received the most importance. After the entry into force of the EU Energy Law of April 1, 2004, it is for small producers that there is whole line benefits in paying for electricity from renewable energy sources. The price per generated kWh of electricity is currently fixed at 0.115 Euro/kWh as a base price. Electricity generation therefore has significant economic advantages over heating-only applications.
Example: biogas with a methane content of 60% has an energy value of 6 kWh/m³
The energy output from 1 liter of fuel oil is 10 kWh of energy; if hypothetically is 45 cents/l, then the cost of energy will be 4.5 cents/kWh
When used for thermal purposes with an efficiency of 90%, the cost of biogas will be:
6 kWh/m³ x 0.9 x 4.5 cents/kWh = 5.4 kWh/m³ x 4.5 cents/kWh = 24.3 cents/m³biogas
When used for the purpose of obtaining energy in generators for the generation of heat and electricity we can derive the following equation
(premise: 35% electrical efficiency, 11.5 cent/kWh electricity feed fee and 6 cent/kWh renewable energy bonus guarantee)
Power generation: 6 kWh/m³ x 0.35 x 17.5 cents/kWh = 36.75 cents/m³
Use of excess heat: 6 kWh/m³ x 0.50 x 4.5 cents/kWh = 13.50 cents/m³
Total use for electricity generation and excess heat use = 50.25 cents/m³
The comparison shows the economic benefits when used for power generation compared to using only for thermal benefit. For further assessments, other factors should also be taken into account, such as the cost of electricity generation (grid connection, generator, etc.) and use for thermal benefits (applications, combined heat and power, etc.). In addition, power generation has the great advantage of being able to guarantee the purchase of electricity at guaranteed prices, while for installations far away from settlements it is often difficult to find use for excess heat.
There are two possible different methods for electricity generation:
1. Production tailored to needs. In this case, the generation of electricity takes place according to the demand, which in particular also means that if required large quantity electricity, then more of it is produced.
2. uniform production. In this case, the engine preferably runs 24 hours a day, always with the same performance. The power of the engine is adjusted by means of a gas supply and a manual valve in such a way that, if possible, all the supplied gas is consumed and only a small amount of it does not accumulate.
Since at present there is no big difference between the electricity generated from biogas and directed to the grid, as well as the energy used from it, direct electricity generation without resorting to a large gas storage is usually chosen, i.e. uniform production. Only in some cases, when, for example, the supply of electricity during peak hours is paid for at a correspondingly higher electricity tariff, as offered by some municipalities or cities, is gas storage combined with a large generator capacity economically justified.
Which of the methods will cost more profitable, you have to decide in each individual case. For the future, it is desirable that EVUs enable the use of a third method, in which during peak hours (mainly during lunch and evening), the electricity generated is better paid than its supply at other times. Due to the ability to accumulate biogas and the ability to regulate its production over time, this method is relatively easy to implement and would have advantages for both parties.
The main thing is to be able to use what nature gives us, and not thoughtlessly destroy it.
Conclusion.
With the help of innovative materials, it is possible to make the construction of new houses cheaper and safer, and houses will be more affordable for consumers. It will also be possible to increase the construction area of houses: there can be houses in every corner the globe as they can be easily adapted to local conditions. In addition to economical energy savings, energy costs can be reduced by using compost bins, which will solve the problem of compost heaps and biological waste on sites.
Our project can change lives for the better: houses will become more environmentally friendly, they will be resistant to seismic activity due to the domed shape, in permafrost conditions they do not need to be built with a complex foundation, and also cheap at cost.
Such houses will help save energy, as long as we use exhaustible energy resources, they will give a new direction in construction. And, most importantly, they will be affordable for residents of our country. The houses themselves will look attractive at camp sites and summer cottages.
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Annex 1.
Rice. 1. The side of the container near the wall of the "eco-house"
Figure 2. Scheme of organic matter digestion
Appendix 2
Table 1. Main characteristics of biogas
Table 2. Consumption of biogas for a room with an area of 120 m 2
Table 3. Increase in biogas production when mixing different wastes
|
Biogas production (%) |
Production increase (%) |
|
|
Cattle + chicken manure |
||
|
bird droppings |
||
|
Cattle manure + chicken + pork (1:0.5:0.5) |
||
|
Pig manure |
||
|
Cattle+bird manure |
||
|
Cattle + pig manure |
||
|
Cattle manure |
||
|
Cattle manure + pine forests |
||
Appendix 3
Table 4. Observation diary of the obtained biogas study
|
The amount of gas per day in l (bottle volume 0.5 l) |
Gas monitoring |
||
|
0.25 l. ½ bottle |
The emitted jet of gas on the first day was slightly strong, but an unpleasant odor was already felt. |
||
|
0.3 l, 2/3 bottles |
The jet became a little stronger, but the expected flash did not occur. |
||
|
0.32 l, 2/3 bottles |
No particular changes were observed. |
||
|
0.50 l, ¾ bottle |
After moving the biomass bottle closer to the battery, the gas completely filled the entire provided volume. |
||
|
0.80 l, 1 ½ bottles |
Gas is accumulating much faster than in days gone by |
||
|
1 l, two bottles |
During the day, two full bottles were accumulated, the gas had to be lowered twice a day. |
||
|
1 l, two bottles |
No changes were observed. |
||
|
1.4l, 2 2/3 bottles |
The jet of gas blows out the flame of the candle, the gas builds up quickly, the pressure in the bottle is high, and there is still no flash. |
||
|
1.5l, 3 bottles |
There is still more and more gas. |
||
|
2l, 4 bottles |
The smell got much worse. |
||
|
2 ¼l, 4 ½ bottles |
No changes were observed. |
||
|
2.5 l, 5 bottles |
The humus has turned into one goo. |
||
|
3l, 6 bottles |
Gas is collected twice as fast. |
||
|
3.5 l, 6.5 bottles |
There was a flash. |
Appendix 4
Rice. 3. "Ecohouse"
Rice. 4. Ecohouse layout
Appendix 5
Rice. 5. Side containers for getting humus
Rice. 6. Biogas plant
Morozova O.I.
The relevance of research. In recent years, the education system has paid close attention to the safety of the educational process, including the safety of the workplace, since their favorable condition has become a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is relevant to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for a further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of study classrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact of negative impacts on the health of students and teachers
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Budgetary institution of vocational education
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra
Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College
Research work on the topic:
"Environmentally friendly school"
Performed:
2nd year student
Morozova O.I.
Leaders:
Sbitneva E.A. biology teacher
Nigmatullina A.R. Ecology teacher
Nizhnevartovsk, 2017
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….3
- College as a heterotrophic system. Real and possible.4
- Construction and finishing materials in the college. Benefits and harms.8
- The microclimate of the college and its characteristics ……………..……….10
2. Methodology and research results …………………………………………………………12
2.1 Determination of the light factor ………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2 Depth factor …………………………………………...12
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the office ………………….……13
2.3.1 Measurement of air temperature …………………………………..13
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement ………………………………………………………………………………13
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..15
List of used literature ……………………………………16
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research. In recent years, the education system has paid close attention to the safety of the educational process, including the safety of the workplace, since their favorable condition has become a prerequisite and one of the criteria for the effectiveness of primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. Most of the time a person spends within the walls of an educational institution. Now it is relevant to study the ecological state of the school ecosystem and human health, since for a further healthy life a person must know and follow a number of rules to avoid exposure to harmful environmental factors. According to experts from the World Health Organization, a person spends more than 80% of his time in a residential building, so the microclimate of the premises has a great influence on well-being, working capacity, and general morbidity of a person.
Object of study- BU "Nizhnevartovsk Social and Humanitarian College".
Subject of studyclassrooms, corridors, dining room, assembly hall.
Purpose of the study- identify favorable and unfavorable factors in the college ecosystem, eliminate or reduce the impact of negative impacts on the health of students and teachers.
Research objectives:
- Inspect the college classrooms for the presence of building and finishing materials used in its construction and interior decoration, which can adversely affect the human body
- Examine the natural light in the office. To analyze the data of measurements of illumination in classrooms, with calculated data for compliance with SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions"
- To measure and evaluate the parameters of the microclimate of the office.
- Monitor the electromagnetic radiation of the college classrooms
Practical significance -learn how to use the acquired knowledge to predict further changes in the human environment and design solutions to environmental problems in college in accordance with SanPiNa 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions."
- College as a heterotrophic system. real and possible.
"Eco" means home, our habitat. And the sphere of habitation is, first of all, our apartment and school office. The well-being, attention, development of fatigue and the general state of health of students largely depend on the quality of the environment in the classrooms. Human health depends on many factors:
Biological (hereditary) -20%
Human lifestyle -50 - 55%
Ecological - 20 - 25%
Health organizations - 10%
One of the environmental factors influencing a person is the visual environment. The color scheme, illumination, the location of individual interior items, wall decoration, landscaping - all this creates a favorable and unfavorable environment.
College as a system exists at the expense of energy and resources coming from outside, and its main inhabitants are students and teachers.
Every ecosystem is characterized by the presence of autotrophs. Autotrophs in college are represented by indoor plants. As you know, plants play not only an aesthetic role, but also a hygienic one, namely: they improve mood, moisturize the atmosphere and release useful substances into it - phytoncides that kill microorganisms.All plants significantly improve the indoor climate, and some have strong healing properties.In our college we have that minimum of plants that anyone who cares a little about himself and his family would like to have. Plants in the workplace have a positive effect on the creative process and the ability to concentrate.
Having studied the material on the influence of indoor plants in the college and their healing effect, we summarized the data and compiled several tables.
"The main groups of plants according to their impact on the environment"
plant group | Kinds | Meaning |
Filter feeders | Chlorophytum | Absorbs formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene from the air. |
dieffenbachia | Purifies the air of toxins coming from the roads; absorbs formaldehyde, xylene, trichlorethylene, benzene |
|
Dracaena | Absorbs benzene, xylene, trichlorethylene, formaldehyde from the air. |
|
Aloe | Absorbs formaldehyde from the air. |
|
absorbs about 10 liters of carbon dioxide per day, releasing 2-3 times more oxygen. Pollution neutralizes not only the leaves, but also the earth |
||
ficuses | effectively purify the air from toxic formaldehydes, and they not only bind toxic substances, but also feed on them, turning them into sugars and amino acids. filter from the air evaporation products of benzene, trichlorethylene, pentachlorophenol |
|
Ivy | successfully cope with benzene: |
|
Vacuum cleaners | Asparagus | absorbs heavy metal particles. |
Aloe tree | Absorbs dust, formaldehyde and phenol from new furniture |
|
Dracaena |
||
Chlorophytum |
||
ficus |
||
Ivy |
||
Ionizers | Cereus | Improve the ionic composition of the air, fill the atmosphere with negatively charged ionsoxygen. But it is these ions that supply energy to the human body. |
Pelargonium |
||
Conifers |
||
Ozonators | ferns | Give off ozone |
Phytoncidal | Lemon | Phytoncidal properties are very strong |
Geranium (pelargonium) | Phytoncidal properties are not very strong, however, in the presence of geranium, the number of colonies of the simplest microorganisms is reduced by approximately 46%. |
|
Aloe | Significantly reduces the number of protozoa in the air (up to 3.5 times) |
|
ficuses | some bacteria die faster from antibacterial properties than from garlic phytoncides. |
|
Asparagus |
||
Chlorophytum | it also has a significant bactericidal effect, in 24 hours this flower almost completely purifies the air of harmful microorganisms |
"Special plants and their effect on the human body"
plant name | Impact on the human body |
Aloe (agave) | |
Geranium | Helps with stress, neurosis |
Golden mustache ("homemade ginseng") | Energy donor with high medicinal properties |
Cactus | Protects against electromagnetic radiation. The longer the needles, the stronger the protection. |
Kalanchoe | Helps to cope with despondency, protects against a breakdown. |
ficus | Gives resistance to anxiety, doubts, worries |
Chlorophytum | Purifies the air. But it has poor bioenergetic properties, so it is better not to place it near or in the workplace, especially close to the head. |
cyperus | Absorbs human energy. At the same time, it perfectly cleans and moisturizes the air. |
"Plants whose volatile secretions have a medicinal effect"
plant type | Therapeutic action |
monstera attractive | Favorably affects people with disorders of the nervous system, eliminates headaches and heart rhythm disturbances |
Pelargonium | Favorably affects the body with functional morbidity of the nervous system, insomnia, neurosis of various etiologies, helps to optimize blood circulation |
Rosemary officinalis | It has an anti-inflammatory and calming effect, stimulates and normalizes the activity of the cardiovascular system, increases the body's immunological reactivity. Indicated for diseases of the respiratory system, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma |
Laurel noble | It has a positive effect on patients with angina pectoris, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, and is useful for mental fatigue when cerebral blood flow is disturbed. |
Lemon | The smell of lemon leaves gives a feeling of cheerfulness, improves general condition, eliminates heaviness in the chest, reduces heart rate, lowers blood pressure |
1.2 Building and finishing materials in college. Benefit and harm
Energy in the college, as well as in the city system, comes from outside - in the form of electricity, hot water. As with any system in the college ecosystem, it is important to keep track of resource consumption, especially electricity.
Currently, the safety of the built environment - the place where many people spend most of their lives - is becoming increasingly important. Building and finishing materials used in the college are very hazardous to health. So over the past few decades, many new materials have firmly entered everyday life, from pressed boards to plastic and artificial carpeting.
Materials used in the construction and finishing works in the college:
Material name | The degree of harmful effects on the human body |
Tree | environmentally friendly material |
iron fittings | environmentally friendly material |
Glass | environmentally friendly material |
water-based paint | All water-based paints, without exception, do not emit toxins and do not affect the human body in any way. They do not even have a pungent odor inherent in paints based on alkyd resins and solvents. |
Oil paint | Toxic effects of heavy metals and organic solvents. |
Plastic panels | |
Linoleum flooring | PVC and plasticizers can cause poisoning. |
Energy-saving, fluorescent lamps |
Polymer linoleum has the main danger to human health - these are toxic resins that are used in production. Even in the finished product, they can be released into the atmosphere and are dangerous. PVC - emits, at normal room temperature and, especially in sunlight, volatile unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, hydrogen chloride and an extraneous odor. Also, phenol formaldehyde is often found in the composition of linoleum, which harms the respiratory system, causes nausea, headaches and can cause the development of malignant neoplasms.
Energy-saving light bulbs contain a highly toxic chemical that is very dangerous - mercury. Mercury vapor can cause poisoning due to the fact that it is poisonous. Mercury contains compounds such as mercury cyanide, calomel, sublimate - they can cause severe harm to the human nervous system, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. The spent energy-saving and fluorescent lamps are disposed of by the college in the company Kommunalnik LLC, Nizhnevartovsk
All premises with a permanent stay of people should, as a rule, have natural lighting. During the assessment of the interior decoration of the classrooms, the following building materials were observed that may adversely affect the health of students and teachers: plastic panels were observed in the classrooms: 313, 306 a, 301; the college's small hall is covered with linoleum. The college gym is painted with oil paint, which has a toxic effect. Almost all college classrooms are painted with water-based paint, which is an environmentally friendly building material.
1.3 The microclimate of the college and its characteristics.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards is especially important in our time. Especially in educational institutions. Visiting the place of study every day and spending most of their time in these buildings, students rarely think about health problems.
Temperature, humidity, air ventilation are components of the microclimate. A favorable microclimate is one of the conditions for comfortable well-being and productive work.
Illumination is the luminous flux incident on a unit area of a given surface. Illumination is a characteristic of the illuminated surface, and not of the emitter. In addition to the characteristics of the emitter, illumination also depends on the geometry and reflective characteristics of objects surrounding a given surface, as well as on the relative position of the emitter and the given surface. Illuminance refers to how much light falls on a particular surface. Illumination is equal to the ratio of the luminous flux that fell on the surface to the area of this surface. The unit of measure for illumination is 1 lux (lx). 1 lux = 1 lm/m2.
First of all, the state of the visual analyzer - the eyes - depends on the illumination of school classrooms. Vision gives us the most information about the world around us (about 90%). In low light, visual fatigue quickly sets in, and overall performance decreases. So, during a three-hour visual work at an illumination of 30-50 lux, the stability of clear vision decreases by 37%, and at an illumination of 200 lux it decreases only by 10-15%, so the illumination of the room should correspond to the physiological characteristics of the visual analyzer. Proper lighting protects our eyes, creates the so-called visual comfort. Insufficient illumination causes excessive eye strain, high brightness also tires and irritates the eye. In classrooms, lateral left-hand lighting should be designed.
The illumination of classrooms and offices is influenced by the reflection coefficient of the surface of walls, ceilings and school furniture. Their color is of great importance. Therefore, the desks are painted in bluish gray or light brown.
Light coefficient - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor. However, this coefficient does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features of the building and other factors affecting the intensity of lighting. So, the intensity of natural lighting largely depends on the arrangement and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by nearby buildings, green spaces.
Air temperature has a great influence on human heat exchange. The influence of high air temperature has a very negative effect on such functions of higher nervous activity as attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, the ability to switch, and disrupt the mental activity of the body.
Particularly harmful to health are rapid and sharp fluctuations (decreases) in air temperature, since the body does not always have time to adapt to them. As a result, they can experience the so-called colds.
Various heating systems are used to maintain optimal microclimate conditions in the premises. The most widely used central low-pressure water heating with a water temperature of the heat carrier for educational institutions is 95 degrees Celsius. The cleanliness of the indoor air is achieved by proper organization of ventilation of classrooms during breaks. Cross-ventilation is recommended prior to the start of classes.
Air humidity should not exceed 40-60%.
Humidity is determined by the content of water vapor in it, it shows the degree of saturation of the air with moisture vapor. There are absolute, maximum and relative humidity. Normal relative humidity in educational institutions is 30-60%.
2. Methodology and research results
2.1 Determining the light factor
To assess natural lighting, a geometric method of lighting normalization was used - the determination of the light coefficient.
Equipment: tape measure or measuring tape.
Progress. In the examined room, using a tape measure or centimeter tape, measure the glazed surface of all windows (without frames and bindings) and calculate its area in m 2
. Take a measurement and determine the floor area in m 2
.
Calculate the light factor according to the formula:
SK \u003d So / Sp,
where CK is the luminous coefficient, So is the area of the glazed surface of the windows, Sp is the floor area.
The value of the light coefficient is expressed as a ratio or fraction, where the numerator is always one, the denominator is the resulting quotient.
Light coefficient in classrooms 1:4-1:6.
2.2 Burial factor
Deepening coefficient (KZ) - the ratio of the distance from the floor to the upper edge of the window to the depth of the room, i.e. to the distance from the light-bearing wall to the opposite wall. When calculating the short circuit, both the numerator and the denominator are also divided by the value of the numerator. The recommended depth ratio for classrooms is 1:2.
room | Light coefficient | Depth factor |
|||
Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
|||
Cabinet Biology (102) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Mathematics room (202) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Physics room (309) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Informatics cabinet (404) | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Dining room | 1/4 - 1/6 | ||||
Gym | 1/4 – 1/6 | ||||
All classrooms have optimal lighting conditions, which corresponds to the norm.
2.3. Assessment of the parameters of the microclimate of the cabinet
2.3.1 Air temperature measurement
Equipment and materials: dry thermometer.
Measurement of air temperature.
- Take thermometer readings at a height of 1.5 m from the floor at three points diagonally: at a distance of 0.2 m from the outer wall, in the center of the room and at a distance of 0.25 m from the inner corner of the cabinet. The thermometer is set for 15 minutes at each point.
- Calculate the average room temperature. Determine the vertical temperature difference by measuring at a distance of 0.25 m from the floor and ceiling.
2.3.2 Relative humidity measurement
Equipment: aspiration psychrometer, ball catathermometer, electric stove, chemical beaker with water, stopwatch, dry thermometer.
- Moisten the end of the wet bulb thermometer wrapped in cloth with distilled water.
- Turn on the fan.
- 3-4 minutes after the start of the fan at a height of 1.5 m from the floor, take the readings of dry (t) and wet (t1) thermometers.
- Calculate the absolute humidity according to the formula:
K \u003d F - 0.5 (t-t 1) B: 755
where K is absolute humidity, g/m³;
f - maximum humidity at the temperature of the wet bulb (determined according to the table attached to the device);
t - dry bulb temperature
t1 - wet bulb temperature
B - barometric pressure at the time of the study.
- Calculate the relative humidity of the air using the formula: R= K: F 100, where R is the relative humidity, %; K – absolute humidity, g/m³; F - maximum humidity at dry bulb temperature (according to the instrument table).
Room microclimate indicators
Cabinets | Temperature, ° С | Relative humidity, % |
||
Measurement result | Measurement result | Sanitary and hygienic norm |
||
Biology (102) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Mathematicians (202) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Physics (309) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Informatics (404) | 20 – 25 | 60 – 70 |
||
Canteen | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
||
Gym | 20 – 25 | 60 - 70 |
||
The data in the table show that the air temperature in the dining room does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" and this temperature is below the limit level, and if you stay in this room without movement for a long time, the body can cool down, which will lead to colds.
The air temperature in the rest of the rooms meets the requirements of SanPiN.
The table shows that the air humidity indicators comply with SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" in the biology room and in the dining room.
In the rest of the rooms and rooms, the air humidity does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2. 1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions", it is below the maximum permissible levels, but the adverse effect of dry air is manifested only in extreme dryness (at a relative humidity of less than 20%), the effect of excessively dry air on physiological processes in the human body is not as dangerous as the influence of moist air.
Conclusion
Often it seems to us that we are faced with environmental pollution only on the street, and therefore we pay little attention to the ecology of our college. But college is not only a shelter from the unfavorable conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor influencing a person, which largely determines the state of his health. The quality of the college environment can be affected by:
Outside air;
Products of incomplete combustion of gas;
Substances that occur during the cooking process;
Substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.;
Household chemicals and hygiene products;
Houseplants;
Compliance with sanitary standards of training (number of people);
electromagnetic pollution.
Starting to work on this topic, we did not think that the microclimate in the premises can have such a huge impact on human health. For example, that sufficient lighting has a tonic effect, creates a cheerful mood, improves the course of the main processes of the higher nervous system, and a lack of lighting depresses the nervous system, leads to a deterioration in the body's performance, and worsens vision. Comparing the measurement results with the maximum permissible levels established in the sanitary norms and rules, we came to the conclusion that the audiences we studied in our college correspond to the current norms and rules. Basically, the lighting standards in our classrooms are observed. The temperature in the dining room does not comply with sanitary standards and rules, but these deviations are insignificant and do not lead to serious consequences.
List of used literature
- Ashikhmina, Yu. E., School environmental monitoring. - M .: "Agar", 2000.
- Velichkovsky, B. T., Kirpichev, V. I., Suravegina, I. T. Human health and the environment: a textbook. - M .: "New School", 1997.
- Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises. Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. Ministry of Health of Russia Moscow 1997.
- Kitaeva, L. A. Decorative - medicinal plants // Biology at school. - 1997. - No. 3
5. Kosykh A.V. Materials Science. Modern building and finishing materials: Educational and methodological manual. 2000.
6. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: textbook for secondary schools and colleges. M.; FAIR PRESS, 2000
7. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189 Moscow "On the approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10" Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions ""
