federal state budgetary educational institution
higher education Saratov National Research
State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky"
Balashov Institute (branch)
Essay
on the topic: "Influence of man on environment»
Performed
Timaeva I.S.
Balashov, 2018
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….................... ...3-4
2. Human impact on nature……………………………………………………………..5
2.1.Positive impact……………………………………………………………..….6
2.2 Negative impact……………………………………………………………..…7-13
4. Everyone can help nature………………………………………………………..…..17
5. How can we keep ourselves and our loved ones safe? ................................................. .........18
6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...19
7. List of used literature………………………………………………………….…20
1. Introduction
Each of us, each of those who consider themselves a part of world humanity, must know what impact human activity has on the world around us and feel responsible for certain actions. It is man who is the cause of his own fears about nature, as a house that provides food, warmth and other conditions for his normal life. Human activity is a very aggressive and actively destroying (transforming) force on our planet. Man from the very beginning of his development felt himself the master of everything that surrounds him. But, as the proverb says: "Do not cut the branch on which you sit." One wrong decision and it may take tens or even hundreds of years to correct a fatal mistake. The natural balance is very fragile. If you do not seriously think about your activity, then this very activity will certainly begin to stifle humanity itself. This suffocation has already begun to some extent, and if it is not stopped, it will instantly begin to develop with incredible fast speed.
However, the first steps towards nature are already being taken, nature is beginning to be respected, cared for and maintained in elementary order. Although more and more pollution comes in, a huge number is eliminated, but this is not enough. Pollution should not be eliminated, but prevented.
We need a worldwide unification, a long, well-coordinated and purposeful activity of the driving and producing forces of the planet.
But, initially, in order to fight against the influence of man on surrounding nature it is necessary to find out the influence of human activity on separate sections of nature. This knowledge allows mankind to study the problem more deeply, to find out what causes the violation of the natural balance and the deterioration of the ecological state. Also, a deep study of the sections of nature allows you to develop optimal plans for correcting the situation on the globe in more than short time.
The solution to the problem of the environment - given the costs of research, the creation of new technologies, the re-equipment of production and the restoration, at least partial, of the destroyed natural systems- grows into perhaps the largest, most ambitious and expensive program.
Target:
1. To study the human impact on the environment.
2. Study the consequences of human activity on the environment.
3. Reveal the mistakes of mankind in order to take them into account in later life.
Tasks:
1. Show the real threat of human impact on the environment.
2. Give vivid examples of human influence on the environment.
2. Human impact on nature
Impact- the direct impact of human economic activity on the environment. All types of impact can be combined into 4 types: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect (indirect).
Intentional impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals, hydroelectric power stations), deforestation to expand agricultural areas and to obtain timber, etc.
Unintended impact occurs side by side with the first type of impact, in particular, open pit mining leads to a decrease in the level of groundwater, to pollution of the air basin, to the formation of man-made landforms (quarries, heaps, tailings). The construction of hydroelectric power plants is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect the environment: they cause an increase in the level of groundwater, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. When energy is received from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), the atmosphere, surface watercourses, groundwater, etc. are polluted.
Both intentional and unintended impacts can be direct or indirect.
Direct impacts take place in the case of a direct impact of human economic activity on the environment, in particular, irrigation (irrigation) directly affects the soil and changes all the processes associated with it.
Indirect impacts occur indirectly through chains of interrelated influences. Thus, intentional indirect impacts are the use of fertilizers and a direct impact on crop yields, while unintended ones are the impact of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.
2.1. The positive impact of man on nature
For the protection and preservation of natural resources, for a century now, nature reserves and sanctuaries. By prohibiting all human activity in such areas of the territory, states are able to carry through time the original views and landscapes created by nature. So, on the territory of the Caucasian Reserve of the Russian Federation there are mountains Elbrus and Kazbek, on the slopes of which there is snow all the time. And the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve is a truly amazing sight.
Intensive creation and use of irrigation systems. What are these systems? Irrigation available a set of measures that allows you to deliver water to the arid regions of our planet. by the most simple example Irrigation is watering beds in gardens and summer cottages. But if we talk about large volumes of land that need watering, today a number of technical structures have been invented that amaze with their architecture.
Beneficial human activities include invention of powerful cleaning structures for detention of organic and mineral waste. Found wide application in the industry, sewer constructions, production stations.
Optimal use of agricultural land belong to important tasks nature management today. Rational and efficient use of land includes a number of measures that can prevent depletion and pollution of the soil; preserve and enhance useful qualities and properties.
2.2. Negative influence man to nature.
Impact of mining on the environment - manifests itself in a variety of ways in direct and indirect impact on natural landscapes. The greatest violations of the earth's surface occur with open-pit mining, which in our country accounts for more than 75% of mining production.
Currently, the total area of land disturbed during the extraction of minerals (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as occupied by mining waste, has exceeded 2 million hectares, of which 65% is in the European part of the country . In Kuzbass alone, more than 30 thousand hectares of land are currently occupied by coal pits, in the area of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) - no more than 25 thousand hectares of fertile land.
It is estimated that when mining 1 million tons of iron ore, up to 640 hectares of land are disturbed, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mining contributes to the destruction of vegetation cover, the emergence of man-made landforms (quarries, dumps, tailings, etc.), deformation of sections of the earth's crust (especially in the case of underground mining).
Indirect impacts are manifested in changes in the groundwater regime, pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and waterlogging, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among the air pollutants, dust and gas pollution are primarily distinguished. It has been calculated that about 200,000 tons of dust are produced annually from underground mine workings; coal production in the amount of 2 billion tons per year from about 4,000 mines in various countries world is accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m carbon dioxide. In our country, when developing coal deposits by underground method, significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air basin are also recorded: annually in the Donbass (364 mines) and in Kuzbass (78 mines), 3870 and 680 million m 3 of methane and carbon dioxide are emitted, respectively. 1200 and 970 million m3.
Mining negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are heavily polluted with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year, about 2.5 billion m 3 of polluted mine water is pumped to the surface from coal mines. In open pit mining, high-quality fresh water. In the quarries of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, infiltration from tailings impedes a decrease in the level of the upper aquifer of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to a rise in the groundwater level and swamping of the adjacent territory.
Mining production also negatively affects the bowels of the Earth, since they bury industrial waste, radioactive waste (in the USA - 246 underground disposal sites), etc. In Sweden, Norway, England, Finland, oil and gas storage facilities are arranged in mine workings, drinking water, underground refrigerators, etc.
Impact on the hydrosphere- Man began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic transformations of the waters of the continents have already reached global proportions, violating the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers. the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of irrigated land, watering of arid territories, urbanization, pollution of fresh water by industrial and municipal wastewater. At present, there are about 30,000 reservoirs in the world, which are under construction, with a volume of water exceeding 6,000 km 3 . But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2,442 large reservoirs in the world, with the largest number in North America - 887 and Asia - 647. former USSR 237 large reservoirs were built.
In general, while the areas of reservoirs in the world make up only 0.3% of land, but at the same time they increase river flow by 27%. However, large reservoirs have a negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime, their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land, and lead to secondary soil salinization.
In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in the former USSR), with a surface area of 15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but of this amount, 60–70% are flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. IN last years in our country, schemes have been drawn up for improving the natural and technical condition and beautification of some large reservoirs and canals. This will reduce the degree of their adverse impact on the environment.
Impact on animal world – animals together with plants play an exceptional role in migration chemical elements, which underlies the relationships existing in nature; they are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. However, human economic activity has greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth. Animals such as the tarpan, aurochs, marsupial wolf, European ibis, and others have disappeared. The fauna of the oceanic islands has especially suffered. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the continents, the number of endangered and rare species of animals (bison, vicuña, condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals as the rhinoceros, tiger, cheetah, and others has declined threateningly.
In Russia at the beginning of this century certain types animals (bison, river beaver, sable, muskrat, kulan) became rare, therefore, reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population, increase the number of the Amur tiger, polar bear.
However, in recent years, the animal world has been adversely affected by the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the oceans and other anthropogenic factors. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of, first of all, birds of prey (peregrine falcon, kestrel, white-tailed eagle, eagle owl, long-eared owl), larks, rooks, pheasants, partridges, etc. die. A similar picture is observed in many Western European countries . Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many animal species need further protection and reproduction.
Impact on the earth's crust - Man began to interfere in the life of the earth's crust, being a powerful relief-forming factor. Man-made landforms arose on the earth's surface: swells, excavations, mounds, quarries, pits, embankments, waste heaps, etc. Cases of the earth's crust sagging under major cities and reservoirs, the latter in mountainous areas have led to an increase in natural seismicity. Examples of such artificial earthquakes, which were caused by the filling of basins of large reservoirs with water, are found in California, the USA, and on the Hindustan Peninsula. This type of earthquake has been well studied in Tajikistan on the example of the Nuker reservoir. Sometimes earthquakes can be caused by pumping out or pumping waste water with harmful impurities deep underground, as well as intensive oil and gas production at large fields (USA, California, Mexico).
The greatest impact on earth's surface and subsoil is provided by mining, especially with open pit mining. As noted above, with this method, significant areas of land are withdrawn, the environment is polluted with various toxicants (especially heavy metals). Local subsidences of the earth's crust in areas of coal mining are known in the Silesian region of Poland, in Great Britain, in the USA, Japan, and others. Man geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust, extracting lead, chromium, manganese, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, and others in large quantities.
Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydraulic structures. By 1988, more than 360 dams (150–300 m high) had been built all over the world, of which 37 were built in our country. Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station marked cracks up to 20 m long). Most of the Perm region annually settles by 7 mm, since the bowl of the Kama reservoir presses against the earth's crust with great force. The maximum values and rates of subsidence of the earth's surface, caused by the filling of reservoirs, are much less than during oil and gas production, large pumping of groundwater.
For comparison, we point out that the Japanese cities of Tokyo and Osaka, due to the pumping of groundwater and the compaction of loose rocks, have sunk by 4 m in recent years (with an annual precipitation rate of up to 50 cm). Thus, only detailed studies of the relationship between natural and anthropogenic relief-forming processes will help to eliminate the undesirable consequences of the impact of human economic activity on the earth's surface.
Climate impact- in some regions of the globe in recent years, these impacts have become critical and dangerous for the biosphere and for the existence of man himself. Every year, as a result of human economic activity all over the world, the ingress of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to: sulfur dioxide - 190 million tons, nitrogen oxides - 65 million tons, carbon oxides - 25.5 million tons, etc. In addition, more than 700 million tons of dusty and gaseous compounds are emitted during the combustion of fuel annually. All this leads to an increase in the concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in the atmospheric air: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, freons, etc. They have a significant impact on the global climate, causing Negative consequences: "greenhouse effect", depletion of the "ozone layer", acid rain, photochemical smog, etc.
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to global warming climate: the average air temperature has increased by 0.5-0.6 0 С (compared to the pre-industrial period), and by the beginning of 2000 this increase will be 1.2 0 С and by 2025 it may reach 2.2–2 .5 0 C. For the Earth's biosphere, such climate change can have both negative and positive environmental consequences.
The former include: the rise in the level of the World Ocean (the current rate of rise of water is approximately 25 cm per 100 years) and its negative consequences; disturbances in the stability of "permafrost" (increased thawing of soils, activation of thermokarst), etc.
Positive factors include: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many crops, and in some regions - on forestry. In addition, such climate change may have an impact on river flow major rivers, and hence for water management in the regions. A paleogeographical approach (taking into account the climates of the past) to this problem will help predict changes not only in climates, but also in other components of the biosphere in the future.
Impact on marine ecosystems- it manifests itself in the annual influx of a huge amount of pollutants into the water area (oil and oil products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.). All this ultimately causes the degradation of marine ecosystems: eutrophication, a decrease in species diversity, the replacement of entire classes of bottom fauna with pollution-resistant ones, mutagenicity of bottom sediments, etc. The results of the ecological monitor of the seas of Russia made it possible to rank the latter by the degree of ecosystem degradation ): Azov - Black - Caspian - Baltic - Japanese - Barents - Okhotsk - White - Laptev - Kara - East Siberian - Bering - Chukchi Seas. Obviously, the negative consequences of anthropogenic impact on marine ecosystems are most pronounced in the southern seas of Russia.
For solutions environmental issues of the seas, within the framework of a special program for the integrated ecological monitoring of the ocean, extensive studies are already being carried out with the aim of predicting the state of the natural environment in the basins of the southern seas.
Radiation:
Radiation... This word exudes coldness and devastation, hospital sterility and fear of the unknown. accident on nuclear power plant Fukushima and the Chernobyl disaster are the darkest, but far from the only pages in the black book of radioactive contamination. I don’t want to believe, but the problem of radiation affects everyone to one degree or another. Air and water, foodstuffs and children's toys, jewelry and antiques, medical examinations - all this can become a source of radiation. As one of the researchers of the problem of radioactivity bitterly noted, we bathe in a sea of radiation, we carry it in ourselves.
If you look into a physics textbook, radioactivity is the instability of the nuclei of some atoms. Because of this instability, the nucleus decays, accompanied by the release of the so-called ionizing radiation, that is, radiation. The energy of radioactive radiation is great, it affects the cells of the body. There are several types of radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, neutrons, and X-rays. The first three are the most dangerous for humans.
But not only the strength of radiation is important for health, but also the time of exposure. And even a weak source of radiation, for example, weakly radioactive objects, with long-term constant contact, affect a person. The worst thing is that for the time being you will not even suspect about this influence - after all, radiation is invisible to the naked eye, it has no color or smell. An insidious invisible enemy can penetrate through the intestines, lungs or skin. And if there is no household dosimeter (a special device for measuring radiation levels) at hand, we can only guess what exactly is dangerous.
Soil - we do not suspect the existence of radioactive dumps in the city, while in the capital, more than a thousand sources of radiation have been discovered. Many years ago, these wastes were taken out of Moscow, but with the expansion of the territory, they ended up in residential areas. A few years ago, at the site of the proposed construction of a house in Moscow, two dozen foci were discovered with a radiation power that exceeded the norm by as much as 150 times. Owners of country houses and "hacienda" risk no less - complaints of malaise after rest are often associated with contaminated soil.
Products - ruddy apples, sweet pears, ripe strawberries, meat, poultry, gifts of the forest - every year specialists detect and seize tons of contaminated products in city markets. According to research, up to 70% of the radiation that accumulates in the body comes from food and water.
Today, environmental protection comes to the fore. The consequences of insufficient attention to the problem can be catastrophic. It is not only about the well-being of mankind, but about its survival. It is especially alarming that the degradation of the natural environment may be irreversible.
The need to develop a new ecological concept of the noospheric path of development is dictated by the following reasons:
1. Until recently, there was no state policy in the field of ecology. This state of affairs becomes unacceptable during the period of transition to market relations, when environmental and economic interests come into sharp conflict.
2. The conditions of human survival dictate his transition to the noospheric path of development. For the first time, the term "noosphere" was introduced by Academician V.I. Vernadsky, understanding by this the reasonably controlled development of man, society and nature, the transition of all mankind into new era- noosphere. The foundation of noospheric development is the understanding that a person is a part of nature and is obliged to obey its laws. The transition to noospheric development is the only way to save modern civilization from destruction.
3. There is a need to bring the norms of environmental law in line with the norms of international law, which implies the development and perception by science and law of the most effective international concepts and ideas in the field of environmental protection.
4. The main provisions of the new environmental concept should become the basis for constructive interaction between public authorities and local governments, entrepreneurs and public associations to ensure a comprehensive solution to the problems of balanced economic development and improvement of the environment. These provisions should form the basis for the development of a long-term state policy that ensures sustainable economic development countries while maintaining the environmental safety of society.
The protection of the human environment, as one of the most important areas of the ecological concept, is closely related to the idea of creating favorable environmental conditions for human life, work and recreation. This is also one of the main objectives of environmental protection activities. At the same time, the right of citizens to a favorable environment is ensured:
Creation of favorable conditions for their life;
Providing an opportunity to participate in the discussion of decisions being prepared, the implementation of which may have an adverse impact on the environment;
Implementation of state measures to prevent environmentally hazardous activities, prevent and eliminate the consequences of accidents, natural disasters;
Providing reliable information about the state of the environment;
Improving the quality of food;
The ability to demand in court the cancellation of decisions on the placement, design, construction, reconstruction and operation of environmentally hazardous facilities;
Other guarantees of citizens.
There are several main provisions of the mechanism for implementing the ecological concept:
1. A constant and steady increase in the share of state budget funds allocated to environmental protection and natural resources, which contributes to increasing the level of resilience of ecosystems natural areas and provides people social groups and society as a whole the right to live in a clean natural environment.
2. Phased formation ecological mechanism for protecting the environment and natural resources, ensuring their sustainable reproduction.
3. Gradual formation of a regulatory and legal mechanism that correlates the development of all spheres of social production, its branches, individual enterprises and all members of society with the real state of natural resources and environmental conditions.
Thus, the solution of issues of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection based on the wide awareness of the population about the state of nature, the economy, health care in the organizing activities of all public authorities and public organizations help save our planet from human impacts on the environment.
4. Everyone can help nature
Tomorrow may be too late, so today, now, each of us must ask ourselves how to help nature. The result depends on the contribution of everyone. In the beginning, you need to learn how to save electricity and heat. Turn off unnecessary electrical appliances, do not forget about the light, insulate windows for the winter, this will help reduce the load on boiler rooms, which will lead to a decrease in the amount of fuel burned. Most waste has a significant decomposition time. Do not take garbage to the forest and other places chosen by local "nature lovers". Dispose of garbage in a specially designated place (official city dumps, garbage containers). Do not forget that many wastes can be recycled (plastic, paper, metal, glass). If there are containers for various kinds of waste, do not be too lazy to separate them. Waste paper and ferrous metal can be handed over to collection points. Nature is very vulnerable, even improper mushroom picking can lead to damage to the mycelium. When picking mushrooms, do not pull them out, carefully cut them with a sharp knife. I think it's not worth talking about the danger to the fauna of reservoirs when fishing with "poaching" methods. When using chemistry, electric fishing rods, explosive devices, only a small part of the ruined fish will fall into our hands, most of it will not emerge (and this is not to mention the harm to other organisms that will be doomed to death). Fishing with a rod, in my opinion, will bring much more pleasure, and will not harm nature. The main thing is love. How a person helps nature today depends on how he will live tomorrow. It is time to change and begin to realize that man is not the center of nature, whose calling is its complete destruction, but its child, who is given the gift not only to destroy, but also to create. Remember, in order to help nature, you need to start loving it, because the one you love will try to do only good, even denying yourself some comforts.
5. How can we keep ourselves and our loved ones safe?
For this you need:
Physical activity that enhances metabolism. For example, running stimulates blood circulation. Blood penetrates deeper into the tissues, makes them move, as a result, harmful substances are removed from the body naturally.
2. Sweating. For example, in the sauna. Then all harmful deposits come out. Salts are washed out of the tissues, harmful substances, toxins, radionuclides are released. The sauna is especially useful immediately after exercise.
Attention! To maintain the water balance in the body, immediately after sweating, drink natural juices, red wine (they contain antioxidant vitamins). Especially useful is a drink containing a complex of antioxidant vitamins - a mixture in equal proportions carrot, beet and apple juices. Tea brewed with herbs also cleanses the body. Regular food after the sauna should be supplemented with plenty of fresh vegetables.
3. Nutrition. Food should be varied and rich in vegetables and fruits. The exact mode of taking vitamins, minerals, oils should be observed.
6. Conclusion
Human impact on the environment and vice versa is undeniable. Today, the main problem of mankind is the pollution of the atmosphere, soil and water bodies. Some areas of our country are so polluted that it becomes simply dangerous for a person to live in them. Blame the work of enterprises. Only a small number of industries comply with environmental standards. Emissions to the atmosphere, rivers and lakes are produced everywhere. Some wastes cannot be recycled and are buried in the ground, where they also begin to affect the natural balance.
The scientific understanding of the relationship "man - nature" involves understanding, on the one hand, the unity of the constituent components given relationship, and on the other hand, their differences, due to the social, different from the natural, essence of man. A person realizes himself not only as a subject, but also as an object of living nature. And this, according to ecologists, is a necessary prerequisite for the prosperity of mankind. First of all, because in the conditions of ever-increasing manifestation of the undesirable - "reverse" side of human activity in the biosphere, the question of satisfying the actual ecological needs of man becomes especially acute. And more and more often now, as an object of research, a person is in the field of view of the natural and technical sciences. Speaking about the ecological well-being of a person, it is impossible not to touch upon the issue of protecting human health. After all, an environmentally sound attitude to nature is the main guarantee here.
I believe that it is necessary to pay special attention to the creation of hazardous waste processing facilities in our country. There are very few such enterprises now, and they cannot cope with all emissions. In addition, there are searches and implementation of alternative ways to get energy and fuel. A lot of human diseases are due to environmental pollution. Particularly affected are the organs responsible for the immune system, the digestive and respiratory systems. To avoid this, we need to monitor the state of the environment in which we live.
7. List of used literature:
1. Abatov, A.A. Social science [Text] / A.A. Arabatov. - M.: Ex-Press, 2002. - 232 p.
2. Belov, S.V. Social science [Text] / S.V. Belov. - M.: graduate School, 2004. - 328 p.
3. Bondarenko, A.P. Social science [Text] / A.P. Bondarenko. - M.: UNITI, 2000. - 266 p.
4. Wozniak, V.Ya. Ecological improvement of the economy [Text] / V.Ya. Wozniak. - St. Petersburg: MANEB, 2005. - 374 p.
5. Korableva, A.I. Environmental safety [Text] / A.I. Ship. - Rostov-on-Don, 2005. - 416 p.
6. Lavrov, S.B. Global problems of our time [Text] / S.B. Lavrov. - M.: Infra-M, 2000. - 253 p.
7. Novikov, V.N. Ecology of nature conservation [Text] / V.N. Novikov. - M.: Higher school, 2004. - 246 p.
8. Romanov, V.V. Ecosystem pollution assessment [Text] / V.V. Romanov. - Tver: TGTU, 2003. - 114 p.
9. Fedorenko, E.V. Social science [Text] / E.V. Fedorenko. - M.: Center, 2001. - 184 p.
8 Reply. Negative impact on the environment, key indicators and characteristics.
negative impact on the environment- deterioration of its quality indicators and condition in general, due to economic and other human activities.
To types negative impact the environment includes: emissions of pollutants and other substances into the atmospheric air; discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into surface water bodies, groundwater bodies and catchment areas; pollution of bowels, soils; disposal of production and consumption waste; pollution of the environment by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences; and other types of negative impact on the environment.
9 Reply. The concept of "Harmful to the environment" (environmental harm), characteristics and main indicators.
harm to the environment(environmental harm ) - negative changes in its state, expressed in pollution of the natural environment, depletion of natural resources, destruction of natural ecosystems, disruption of metabolism and energy, harmonious development of society and nature.
Environmental harm- this is any deterioration in the state of the environment that occurred as a result of a violation of legal environmental requirements, and any encroachment associated with it on material and intangible benefits protected by law, including human life and health, property of individuals and legal entities.
Environmental harm is expressed in the rupture of natural bonds in nature. Thus, it is impossible to compensate in monetary terms the damage caused to the environment (irreparable harm), and compensation for harm in kind is only possible partially, that is, such compensation is conditional, since natural objects have no value (relatively compensated harm). In the amount of money, only that which, as a rule, cannot be compensated in kind (actual reparable harm) is evaluated.
Types of environmental damage objects:
Environment - anthropogenic harm;
Human health - physiological harm;
The future generation of mankind is genetic harm.
10Answer. The concept of "Ecological safety of the environment" the main indicators and characteristics.
ecological safety of the environment- the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.
Environmental Safety- the state of protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state, from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural impacts on the environment.
The concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management that makes it possible to predict, prevent, and, in case of occurrence, eliminate the development of emergency situations.
Environmental security is implemented at the global, regional and local levels.
The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and tracking processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and its constituent areas. (for example, in the territory of biosphere reserves). Management of global environmental security is the prerogative of interstate relations at the level of the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other international organizations.
The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states. Control and management is carried out at the level of the government of the state and at the level of interstate relations (United Europe, the CIS, the Union of African States, etc.).
At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:
Ecologization of the economy;
Creation and implementation of new environmentally friendly technologies;
Maintaining the pace of economic development that does not impede the restoration of the quality of the environment and contribute to the rational use of natural resources.
The local level includes cities, districts, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, mining and defense industries, as well as control of emissions, effluents, etc. Environmental safety is managed at the level of administrations of individual cities, districts, enterprises with the involvement of the relevant services responsible for sanitary status and conservation activities.
Regulations environmental legislation have been operating in all regions of the Russian Federation since 2002. But in 2016, Federal Law No. 7 has undergone some changes. As follows from the legislative provisions, all jur. persons and individual entrepreneurs using NV objects (adversely affecting nature) in their management are required to replenish the State Treasury with appropriate deductions (NVOS). Payment for the negative impact on the environment is a mandatory annual contribution of users of natural resources, characterized as a cover for the damage caused to the nature and ecology of the country as a result of the use of NV objects in their management. The obligation to make mandatory contributions to the Treasury is established by Article 16 of the Federal Law No. 7.
The concept of compensation for polluting nature implies financial contributions by nature users to the country's budget, acting as compensation for damage from causing environmental damage. The payment is made once a year or every quarter, depending on the form of ownership of the company. The established contributions are aimed at encouraging legal entities. individuals and individual entrepreneurs to take appropriate measures to reduce the degree of adverse impact emanating from the use of NV facilities, including the erection of environmental structures. Federal Law No. 7 contains some generalized requirements for contributions for negative environmental impact, as well as the rules and frequency of their deductions (Article 16 of Federal Law No. 7). Reimbursements of users of natural resources are subject to transfer to the State Treasury of the Russian Federation.
Guided by the same article 16 of the Federal Law No. 7, it is customary to consider the following as an adverse effect:
- release of radioactive and other polluting components and compounds into the atmosphere by permanent resources;
- discharges of radioactive and other polluting substances into drains, as well as drainage channels;
- conservation and disposal of waste materials obtained in the course of production activities.
For the above types of negative impact on the environment, both Federal Law No. 7 and Government Decree No. 255 provide for a fee.
The procedure for filing a declaration-calculation for NV and the deadlines for paying contributions
The calculation of compensation is reflected in the NVOS declaration, which is submitted to the Rosprirodnadzor of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The document submission deadline is March 10 of the year following the reporting period. That is, the declaration-calculation for 2017, users of natural resources should be sent no later than March 10, 2018.
The document reflects the calculation of the mandatory reimbursement, the payment deadline for which is determined before March 1 of the year following the tax period. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the payment for negative impact has a different frequency, depending on the type of management. For example:
- Large businesses must pay quarterly. The payment deadline is the 20th day of the month following the reporting quarter.
- Small and medium-sized businesses make payments every 12 months. Deadline not later than March 1 of the year following the tax period.
- If the entity has only been registered at the start of entrepreneurial activity, regardless of its class of business, it must make payments for the negative impact on the environment in the current period based on the results of the past year, that is, before March 1 of the year following the reporting period.
The obligation to submit the calculation of the NVOS and pay it
According to the rules of environmental legislation, all legal entities are required to pay the NVOS and submit a declaration. persons and individual entrepreneurs performing their production activities using facilities that have an adverse impact on the environment. Taking into account the degree of environmental damage, the NV property is divided into categories, respectively, and the calculation of contributions for them will be excellent. The calculation method and the result obtained are reflected in the declaration.
It should be noted that objects belonging to category IV are not subject to the calculation of NVOS, that is, users of natural resources are completely exempted from paying the fee. This means that such objects have distinctive features in terms of causing environmental damage:
- do not produce radioactive emissions;
- the volume of pollution entering the atmosphere does not exceed 10 tons per year;
- the economic activity of the enterprise does not affect the clogging of wastewater.
The level of danger of objects is determined by Rosprirodnadzor after an appropriate assessment of the property of the enterprise.
As for all obligatory payments made to the budget, their own CBC for negative environmental impacts have been developed, which reflect the direction of budget funds.
For late filing of the declaration and payment of contributions, the legislation provides for penalties.
The amount of fines is set as follows
- officials - from 3,000 to 6,000 rubles;
- legal entities - from 50,000 to 100,000 rubles.
Contributions for NVOS
For enterprises making contributions to the budget for environmental damage, the relevant CSC codes are provided, the negative impact on the environment in 2018 will be transferred by users of natural resources according to the 20-digit codes given in the Letter of Rosprirodnadzor No. AC-06-01-36 / 6155 dated April 11, 2016 of the year.
Table. CSC for NVOS.
In conclusion, we note that the main task of legislators in relation to payment for NVOS is to encourage enterprises to preserve and restore environmental facilities. In addition, the calculation of the fee regulates the efficiency of the use of resource-saving sources.
What are the three forms of negative human impact on the environment mentioned in the text? Give examples of each of the forms of negative environmental impact indicated in the text.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
In our century, the solution of a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country, they have to be solved on the scale of our entire planet. Such a perception of the planetary nature of man's relationship with nature first arose in connection with the advent of atomic bomb and with the threat of the world nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it may arise, in a few hours could poison the entire globe and end the life of a person. This threat is what makes people refuse to use nuclear weapons.
Now the world population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to grow at the same rate (on average 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that for every square meter the entire surface of the globe will account for one person. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction must be interrupted long before that. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into is the most important global problem of the near future.
One of the most important global problems associated with energy, since the use of natural energy resources by people is the main factor determining the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in the energy sector is coal, and if its consumption stops at current level, then the coal reserves will be enough for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but per capita energy consumption grows at the same rate as in the last 100 years, then coal reserves will only last 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be foreseen for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will last within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet found natural reserves on a fivefold scale).
The depletion of raw materials of some important substances already threatens our generation. And therefore, the solution of issues related to the technical and economic aspect of the problem of "man and nature" should be considered urgent. But here the socio-political aspect immediately arises: due to the global nature, the solution of these issues is impossible on a national scale, it is realistic only with a broad international cooperation on the basis of the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.
The next problem - ecological - arises as a result of imbalance in nature due to environmental pollution on the same global scale. The difficulty in solving this problem lies in the fact that the global scale of technical processes at the current level of civilization began to change the environment around us in such a way - pollute the air, water and soil, destroy forests, change natural landscapes - that the biological balance that existed in nature until now can no longer be preserved, and this begins to lead to the death of fauna and flora, which are necessary for the existence of people.
When a shortage of materials and energy resources begins to arise on a global scale and this begins to catastrophically affect the level of human well-being, then humanity will have no other choice but to start reducing weapons, since the risk of death from aggression will be less real than the danger of death from lack material resources. In addition, since the solution of global problems should take place with close international cooperation, people will begin to feel that they live in a common apartment and that all of humanity has only one common enemy: this is the upcoming global crisis, with which, forgetting all strife, we must begin fight together.
(according to P. L. Kapitsa)
Explanation.
A correct answer must contain the following elements:
Three forms of negative human impact on the environment in the text with examples;
1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);
2) deforestation (for example, deforestation of the Amazon);
3) change natural landscapes(for example, the reduction of the area of the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).
Types and degree of human impact on nature
Anthropogenic impacts - human activity associated with the implementation of economic, military, recreational, cultural and other interests, making physical, chemical, biological and other changes in the natural environment.
Human impact on nature can be classified in various ways. For example, divided into destructive, stabilizing and constructive; direct and indirect; intentional and unintentional; long and short term; static and dynamic; area and point; deep and surface; global, regional and local; mechanical, physical, chemical and biological, etc.
Destructive (destructive) impact – human activity leading to the loss by the natural environment of its qualities useful to man. For example, the reduction of rainforests to pastures or plantations, as a result of which the biogeochemical cycle of substances is disrupted, and the soil loses its fertility in two to three years.
Stabilizing effect – human activity aimed at slowing down the destruction (destruction) of the natural environment as a result of both human economic activity and natural processes. For example, soil protection measures aimed at reducing soil erosion.
constructive impact – human activity aimed at restoring the natural environment, disturbed as a result of human economic activity or natural processes. For example, recultivation of landscapes, restoration of the number of rare species of animals and plants, etc. Destructive impact can be called negative (negative), and stabilizing and constructive - positive (positive).
Direct (immediate) impact – change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (indirect) impact - change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with economic activity person.
Unintended Impact is unconscious when a person does not anticipate the consequences of his activity.
Intentional exposure is conscious when a person expects certain results of his activity.
Increasing use of natural resources due to population growth and development scientific and technological progress leads to their depletion and an increase in environmental pollution with production waste and consumption waste. That is, the deterioration of the natural environment occurs for two reasons: 1) reduction of natural resources; 2) environmental pollution.
Deforestation in the river basin (marked with crosses) leads to the drying up of small rivers - tributaries, a decrease in the level of groundwater , a decrease in soil moisture, a decrease in the water level in the river and lake. This, together with other factors, leads to a lack of water in the city, the death of fish, the development of cyanides (blue-green algae and other aquatic organisms) due to the increasing eutrophication of water bodies. The construction of a dam and an irrigation system for the purpose of accumulating water in the river and maintaining a normal moisture regime in the fields does not solve the problem of maintaining the groundwater level and stopping the lake from drying out. On the contrary, the consumption of water for evaporation in irrigation systems and from the surface of the reservoir exacerbates the lack of river runoff into the lake, delays solid runoff, and water backwater by the dam causes flooding of the area, including cities, and its swamping. Irrigation causes additional salinization of soils that require leaching, which means a greater consumption of irrigation water, with which organic matter and fertilizers are washed into the reservoir, which increases eutrophication.
It should immediately be noted that the higher the level of use of extracted natural resources, the lower the level of environmental pollution. Consequently, by solving the problem of rational use of natural resources, society, firstly, saves natural resources from depletion, and secondly, reduces environmental pollution.
The degree of human impact on nature. The depth of the environmental consequences of human impact on nature depends on several variables: population size, lifestyle and environmental consciousness. This relationship can be described by the formula:
Population X Life style
Environmental consequences = –––––––––––––––––––––––
Level of environmental awareness
The larger the population and the higher the lifestyle, the greater the depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution. And, conversely, the higher the ecological consciousness of the population, the less pronounced these negative processes.
In the absence of ecological consciousness, even a simple, "close to nature" lifestyle does not in itself lead to the absence of harmful effects on nature. An example of this is deforestation for crops and for the sake of firewood.
Thus, the most important condition for the further progress of mankind is the cessation of the growth of its population, a change in lifestyle and an increase in environmental awareness. Only by achieving population equilibrium, it is possible to further develop culture, technology, civilization as a whole.
