Why is the 17th century called the "rebellious" century? The name comes from the word "revolt". Indeed, the 17th century in Rus' is “replete” with riots, peasant and urban uprisings.

General characteristics of the 17th century

Each new age brings new order". The 17th century in Russia is not an exception. During this, according to contemporaries, "troubled" period in Rus', the following events took place:

• The end of the reign of the Rurik dynasty: after the death of Ivan the Terrible, two of his sons, Fedor and Dmitry, claimed the throne. The young Tsarevich Dmitry died in 1591, and in 1598 the "feeble-minded" Fyodor died;
• The reign of "unborn" sovereigns: Boris Godunov, False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky;
• In 1613, a new tsar, Mikhail Romanov, was elected at the Zemsky Sobor. From this moment begins the era of the reign of the Romanov dynasty;
• In 1645, after the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, rises to the throne, who was nicknamed "the quietest king" for his gentle character and kindness;
• The end of the 17th century is characterized by a real "leapfrog" of succession to the throne: after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his eldest son Fyodor ascended the throne. But after six years of reign, he dies. The heirs Ivan and Peter were minors, and in fact the control of a large state passes to their older sister, Sophia;
• After a series of uprisings, famine and turbulent years of the reign of "unborn" kings, the reign of the first Romanovs is marked by relative "calm": there were practically no wars, moderate transformations were carried out inside the country;
• During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the church, previously independent, began to obey the state and pay taxes;
• The events of the 17th century also include the reform of Patriarch Nikon, which introduced changes in the conduct of church rites, led to a split in Orthodox Church, the emergence of the movement of the Old Believers and, in the future, the brutal suppression of dissent;
• The dominant position was occupied by the feudal system. At the same time, the first rudiments of capitalism appeared;
• Serfdom was formalized: peasants were the property of the landowner, which could be sold, bought and inherited;
• Strengthening the role of the nobility: the nobleman could not be deprived of the estate;
• The urban population was recognized as a special estate: on the one hand, it was independent, and on the other hand, it was attached to the cities (townspeople) and forced to pay a “tax” - monetary and in-kind duties;
• Increase in direct taxes;
• Restriction of Cossack liberty;
• In 1649, the Council Code was published - the main set of laws that applies to all industries and areas government controlled from the economy to the state system;
• The country's economy is based on agriculture;
• Development of new territories in Siberia, the Volga region and on the southern borders of the state.

Rice. 1. Red Square in the second half of the 17th century in the painting by Vasnetsov

Riots of the "rebellious age"

All the events of the 17th century briefly listed above led to a deterioration in the economic and social situation of the Russian population, and as a result, to a massive increase in discontent.

Internal contradictions, frequent change of power, "adventurous" innovations, impoverishment of the population, hunger, economic backwardness are the main reasons for the growing "fermentation" among the townspeople and the rural population.

Below, everything was constantly smoldering, and only a spark was needed to kindle a big fire - popular movements. However, each rebellion needed its own spark - a specific reason. The following table presents the largest uprisings of the “rebellious age” in Russia, describing the main reason, indicating the date, participants in the movement, outlining the course of the uprising and summing up.

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Rice. 2. Copper coins of the 17th century

Table "Rebellious Age"

Event	date
Salt riot in Moscow		main reason - an increase in the salt tax on the initiative of Boris Morozov in 1646. As a result of the decree, the price of this irreplaceable product increases several times, and as a result, a decrease in salting of fish and hunger; Main contributors - townspeople, who were later joined by archers and nobles, dissatisfied with the abuse of royal entourage; The outbreak occurred at a time when Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from pilgrimage. The crowd stopped the tsar's carriage and demanded the resignation of the tsar's associates. In order to calm the people, the tsar promised to sort it out, but at that moment the unexpected happened - the courtiers accompanying the sovereign hit several people with whips, which provoked a rebellion. The rebellious people broke into the Kremlin. The main royal confidants were torn to pieces by the crowd - Pleshcheev, Trakhaniotov, clerk Nazaria. Boyar Morozov managed to be saved. Eventually the salaries of the archers were increased, judges were replaced, the price of salt was lowered, and the township reform was carried out.
Unrest in Novgorod and Pskov		main reason - Sending bread to Sweden to pay off the debts of the government, which threatened with famine; Main contributors - Metropolitan clerk Ivan Zheglov and shoemaker Elisha Grigoriev, nicknamed the Fox, who were the leaders of the rebels in Novgorod; market clerk Tomilka Vasiliev, archers Porfiry Koza and Iov Kopyto in Pskov. Unrest began in Pskov, and two weeks later rolled over to Novgorod. However, doubts arose among the leaders of the uprising, they failed to organize the defense of the cities and continued to hope for the arrival and help of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. As a result The rebellion was crushed and its instigators executed.
Copper riot in Moscow		main reason - the introduction of copper money at the price of silver, as a result of which the production of unsupported copper coins increased, food prices rose, peasants refused to sell their products for copper, famine set in the city and there was a surge in counterfeiting; Main contributors - peasants of suburban villages, artisans, butchers; A militant crowd of thousands went to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, demanding to extradite all the same tsarist confidants-traitors. After threats, the king ordered the archers and soldiers who came to the rescue to curb the rebels. As a result, about 7 thousand people were killed, 150 were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia. Eventually , despite the massacre, copper coins were still withdrawn from circulation.
Rebellion of Stepan Razin	1667-1671	main reason The uprising was the social stratification of the Don Cossacks into the "house-loving" - who acquired property thanks to the Russian Tsar and served him, and into the "goofy" (blame) - who had recently arrived and hunted by robbery. The latter hated nobles and boyars. Senka Razin - Don Cossack and leader of the uprising. The first campaigns of Stepan Razin- these are mainly attacks on caravans of ships with one goal - robbery. They were not of a social nature, except that the prisoners taken by him from ordinary peasants and workers were granted freedom. However, later successful campaigns turned Razin's small band of robbers into an army of about 7,000 people. The nature of the campaigns also changed: with the conquest of Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, the ambitions of the Cossack chieftain also increased. He announced that his army was supported by the allegedly surviving Tsarevich Alexei, the disgraced Patriarch Nikon, and he himself was the defender of the common people, intending to spread the Cossack orders throughout Rus'. However, he was soon defeated in Simbirsk, and subsequently the rebellion was brutally suppressed, and Razin himself was executed.
Streltsy rebellion or "Khovanshchina"		Can't single out one reason for the uprising . On the one hand - the dissatisfaction of the archers with the abuses of their superiors and the delay in salaries. On the other hand, there is a struggle between two clans - the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins. The fact is that after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, two young princes claimed the throne - Ivan and Peter, behind whom respectively stood the Miloslavskys with Princess Sophia, and the Naryshkins. At the Zemsky Sobor, it was decided to transfer the government into the hands of Peter. However, the opposing side took advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Moscow archers and with their help, supporting their demands, "pushed through" a compromise solution - to put two brothers in the kingdom at once under the regency of Princess Sophia. Main contributors - Moscow archers led by princes Khovansky; Streltsy and common people captured the Kremlin. During the uprising, the queen's brother Athanasius Naryshkin, famous boyars, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky were killed. Tsarevna Sofya, in gratitude for the help to Tsarevich Ivan, granted the archers the property of the murdered boyars and promised to pay salaries for 40 years. However, this did not pacify the rebels, and she became a hostage to their growing ambitions: Khovansky claimed an independent role and the overthrow of the Romanovs. As a result, he was captured and executed along with his son. The archers found themselves without a leader and were forced to surrender to the mercy of the princess; Eventually Sophia ruled for 7 years, and a new loyal ruler was appointed as the head of Streltsy - Shaklovity.

A common feature of all the riots of the 17th century in Russia was spontaneity and pronounced tsarist illusions. In other words, the "rebels" and their leaders did not think and did not take any action against the king. On the contrary, they believed in his absolute power and infallibility, and believed that the autocrat did not know what his subjects were doing - boyars, duma people, landowners, governors.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

All popular uprisings, except for the Streltsy rebellion, took place during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, paradoxically nicknamed the Quietest.

What have we learned?

The 17th century in the history of Russia, studied in the 10th grade, was remembered for "abundance" popular uprisings and riots. About what kind of century it was, with whom the popular movements are connected - with what names, the reign of which kings and which cities on the map of Russia, the detailed table “The Rebellious Age” tells.

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As soon as the need for him, as a commander, disappeared, he was removed from command. And to his own head: Richelieu conspired with the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, and a powerful Swedish army (not from international mercenaries, but national in composition, strong in a single language, religion and culture) invaded Germany. The Swedes are enthusiastically welcomed by the Protestant population, they win a number of victories. Wallenstein again becomes "relevant" for Vienna.
He is again at the head of the imperial troops. In the decisive battle of Lützen on November 16, 1632, the "Swedish lion" Gustav Adolf died a heroic death. However, for Wallenstein it was a Pyrrhic victory: having lost their leader, the Swedish troops joined the ranks of marauders and robbers who devastated the territory of Germany.
In 1633 34 Wallenstein enters into negotiations with French diplomats. He reveals to them his plans: the unification of Germany, the cleansing of its territory from the troops of mercenaries and foreigners, the policy of religious tolerance. For himself, Wallenstein would like to receive the Czech crown
Alas, he wants too much! And, above all, a strong Germany is by no means the lifelong dream of the Duke of Richelieu. The Austrians become aware of the negotiations.
On February 25, 1634, at Eger Castle, Wallenstein was killed along with three of his faithful bodyguards. The emperor authorized the murder. With his death, Germany lost the chance to become a great power, and the war resumed with renewed vigor.
In 1635, Catholic France openly entered on the side of the Protestants. Military operations are going on with varying success. The preponderance of forces is on the side of France: by that time, its population is 17 times greater than the population of Germany! However, to be fruitful is not to fight, and Richelieu knows the value of the brave French warriors. In his Testament, he remarks with irony: “Although Caesar said that the Franks knew two things: the art of war and the art of eloquence, I could not understand on the basis of which he attributed the first quality to them, bearing in mind that perseverance in work and worries, the quality necessary in war is only occasionally found in them ”(Quoted by: P. Shon. Civilization of classical Europe. Ekaterinburg, 2005. P.91).
In 1636, the imperials capture a fortress in the north of France Paris is under threat. This year, Pierre Corneille is writing the greatest tragedy of French classicism, his Cid.
An eloquent answer to the Teutons, you can’t say anything! ..
The position of France is saved by uprisings in enemy territory: in the Netherlands, in Catalonia and Portugal. However, even in France, uprisings of the population, exhausted by extortions for the conduct of the war, are blazing.
True, the French manage to win a number of brilliant victories: their superiority in artillery and tactics shows. The result of all this turmoil was the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in October 1648 with great fanfare. France and Sweden became undisputed European hegemons. The Austro-Spanish idea of ​​a "universal Catholic empire" collapsed along with the military might of the Spaniards. The winners increased the territory and replenished the treasury at the expense of indemnities.
And the vanquished The worst of all were those on whose territory hostilities were taking place, the Germans. The population of Germany was reduced, according to one data, by half, according to others, by two-thirds. In some cities, men were allowed to have two legal wives, with such losses, it was no longer up to Christian traditions and commandments
It was symbolic that the French ambassador refused to negotiate in Latin, as was customary, and spoke in French. The star of France rose over Europe, shining undividedly over it until the beginning of the 18th century, and in the field of culture until the middle of the 20th century.

Henry the Fourth: an outstanding zamarah

And meanwhile, everything was not at all so calm in the new hegemon of Europe! There were reasons for this, which once again speak of the inconsistency of the historical process.
First, France was potentially the richest state in Europe. Nowhere has the favorable climate diversity, soil fertility and proximity to trade routes been so successfully combined. But just these natural and climatic advantages turned French agricultural lands into a special value, somewhat slowing down the development of crafts and trade and negatively affecting the balance of social forces. If feudalism is, first of all, a socio-economic system based on the ownership of agricultural land, then France, naturally, came into the Renaissance with a much larger burden of medieval features than, say, Italy or England. The most honorable place in French society was occupied by nobles, descendants of feudal lords, and merchants and financiers (and even more so artisans) were almost despised layers (unlike England, Italy and even Germany with its very strong cities). Vast lands made the French nobles very proud and independent in relation to the central government.
Historians call France "the rose of medieval Europe but the thorns of this rose mercilessly pricked the fingers of progress
Secondly, the 16th and the first half of the 17th century is the time of the population explosion in France, when this power becomes the most populous country in Europe. Enormous human resources are good for economic development and warfare. But the Frenchman of that time is a short, wiry, enterprising and very adventurous bully who is not easy to calm down, no matter where he is on the social ladder. Only a very strong state power could cope with such subjects.
Thirdly, the peculiarity of royal power in France was that, it seems, it could also be considered an indisputable advantage. french king bore the title of "Christian majesty", that is, he was considered the first among the monarchs of the West. His dynasty (the house of Capet, to which both the Valois and the Bourbons belonged) was considered the oldest in Europe. The king was a special sacred. All this protected the throne from impostors, but by no means from conspiracies and troubles! In the 16th century, the possibility of the greatest centralization of state power among European countries existed in France only POTENTIALLY. It took thirty years civil wars 16th century and half a century of reforms in the first half of the 17th century, before the king could say: "The state that's me!"
Alas, the life-giving French soil, like a heavy clod of dirt, hung on the feet of the country! Therefore, historical progress in it was delayed by about a century in comparison with the advanced England and Holland But this lag will only affect itself in the middle of the 18th century. For the 17th-18th century, the brilliance of French statehood, diplomacy, military art and, of course, above all culture can be said to be defining for Europe, and at times overwhelming

Russia in the 17th century was in the conditions of strengthening the importance of the labor of the serf population, the completion of the formation of a nationwide single market, and the geographical specialization of territories. Zemsky cathedrals were no longer given such great importance, like before. The prerequisites for the development absolute monarchy.

However, Russia in the 17th century is still "rebellious". Large-scale popular performances often take place.

External political development Russia in the 17th century began with state intervention in Thirty Years' War.

Historians conditionally divide this century into two stages. At the first stage, Russia in the 17th century, first of all, overcame the Time of Troubles. At the second stage, the preconditions for carrying out the Petrine reforms began to take shape.

The newly elected Tsar Mikhail Romanov suited all social strata. But it should be noted that the real power was in the hands of his father - Metropolitan Filaret - for quite a long time. Russia in the 17th century had to overcome the consequences of the Time of Troubles. This task was entrusted to the king.

For the implementation of central administration, a system of orders was used, while in the field, elected elders were replaced by governors from the center. The basis of the army consisted of nobles. For their service, they received land allotments along with the peasants. But, due to the flight of the latter during the Time of Troubles, the estates were not particularly valuable. The government, having increased the term of the search for fugitives, transfers cases on investigation to the Rogue Order. From that moment, the flight of a peasant from the estate was equal to a criminal offense.

In the middle of the century there was a need to systematize existing laws. For this, a special commission was convened. As a result, in 1649, the final arrangement of serfdom was adopted. Thus, the search for fugitives became indefinite, the state of a serf became hereditary. In addition, some articles strengthened royal power. Thus, the estate-representative monarchy became absolute. Absolutism relied on the peasant community and the nobility.

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Zemsky Sobor ceases to meet, loses its significance. The tsar allocates especially trusted persons (the near Duma), but makes decisions independently.

Industrial development is characterized by the emergence of manufactories, the division of labor. Machines are used in production. Hired labor is also used (workers were mainly from black-eared and serf peasants).

The government made attempts to modernize the country by the middle of the century. Modernization refers to changes in various fields life aimed at strengthening absolutism and serfdom. The transformations were supposed to strengthen the tax and military-technical development of the state. Such were the changes in the social, economic, spiritual and domestic political sphere that characterize the 17th century.

Russia during this century was able to expand its territories. So, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich annexed Ukraine (Little Russia) to the state. At that time in Ukraine rebelled led by Khmelnitsky Zaporozhye Cossacks. The uprising turned into a people's war. Fearing subsequent military battles with the Turks and Poles, the rebels asked for help from Russia. It was annexed in 1653. This provoked a war with fighting ended with the recognition of the accession of Little Russia. In addition, Russia received back Smolensk, and in 1686 - Kyiv.

Failure befell the Russian state in the Russian-Swedish war, as well as in But, along with this, the East Siberian territories were annexed, an exit was made to Pacific Ocean and established a border with China.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Muscovite Rus entered a period of the most severe systemic crisis, which threatened the collapse of the Muscovite state. This went down in history under the name of the Time of Troubles. (1603-1643)

Causes of the Time of Troubles

1. Dynastic crisis (Fyodor Ioannovich died in 1598). There is no legitimate king. In 1598, Boris Godunov was elected tsar.

2. The weakening of the central government as a whole. This took place as a result of the policy of Ivan IV.

3. The taxable (taxable) population was under great pressure from both the landlords and the state, hunger led to mass discontent, riots and robberies.

4. By the beginning of the century, the Cossacks had become a significant force. They were dissatisfied with the attempts of the state to subjugate their land, to impose taxes.

5. Intervention foreign states. Poland, Sweden, England tried to dismember the Muscovite state.

The main stages of the turmoil

1. 1603(1598) - 1606 dynastic crisis. Appearance of False Dmitry I.
2. 1606-1610. social crisis. It covered all segments of the population. A new tsar was appointed - Vasily Shuisky.

1606-1607 peasant war under the command of Bolotnikov.

False Dmitry II "Tushino Thief".

Seven boyars were in power - "seven boyars".

The Swedes took over the Baltics, Novgorod lands. Poles are southern lands.

1. 1610-1613 National Liberty.

1611 - the first militia in Ryazan.

1612 - Novgorod, the second militia. Kozma Minin

February 1613 - Zemsky Sobor decided to elect a new Tsar Mikhail Romanov.

1. Economic disaster.

2. As a result of the Polish intervention, Chernihiv and Smolensk region, Sweden took over the Baltic states.

3. There was a weakening of the role and influence of the nobility and the developed boyars.

4. At the same time, the Muscovite kingdom defended its independence and began restoration.

In 1649, the Council Code was adopted - a new set of laws. It finally enserfed the peasants, St. George's Day was canceled. The peasant himself and his property became the property of the feudal lord.

The final enslavement of the peasants tied the landowners even more to the state, since only it ensured and preserved the use of free labor. Corvee economy becomes the basis of the country's economy.

This code recognized the lifelong right of the nobles to their estate, provided that the sons would serve the state. Thus, there was a union of two forms of ownership - estates and estates.

At the same time, handicraft production was gradually being improved, and the specialization of artisans was increasing. The craft is mostly seasonal.

The city of the 16th century was mainly agricultural in appearance and differed from European cities.

The first manufactories appeared. Manufactory production was based on the division of labor (manual). By the end of the 17th century there were about 20 of them.

Trade is developing. In 1667, a new trade charter was introduced, and Russian merchants received benefits in the market. A 10% duty on imported goods was introduced. A single Russian market is emerging, mainly in wholesale trade. The lack of convenient sea routes was a big brake on the development of foreign trade. In internal trade, only the tops of society were served. The bulk of the population lived on subsistence farming.

In the 17th century, Russia was a class-representative monarchy (the interests of the estates were expressed). The Council Code of 1649 fixed the class organization. The rights and obligations of all groups of estates in relation to the state were determined.

Along with the nobility, a service class was formed - according to the fatherland and according to recruitment. The position of the boyars and nobles increasingly depends not on the nobility of the family, but on the position held.

Peasants: privately owned - 67%, monastic - 9%, state - 11%.

The monastic peasants lived on the lands of the monasteries and paid taxes to the monastery.

The urban population (townspeople) also paid taxes and was enslaved (it was forbidden to move to other cities).

In the state system in the second half of the 17th century, there was an increase in the absolutist tendencies of power.

1. The Council Code of 1649 equated the crime against the monarch with the crime against the Motherland.

2. There is a fading activity of Zemsky Sobors. In 1653 (? 5) there was the last meeting of the Zemsky Sobor in in full force. Until the beginning of the 80s, it was assembled in a reduced composition. After 83 years is not going to.

3. The role of the Boyar Duma is changing, there is an increase in the number of boyars. The tsar singles out the "near" Duma.

4. There is a development of the order system - the growth of the bureaucracy. Governors rule locally - they are appointed from the center, they serve the king, and local authorities have no independence left.

5. In the second half of the 17th century, the final subordination of the church to the state takes place. In 1653, Patriarch Nikon carried out a reform concerning the external side of religion (?). There was a split and the Old Believer movement. The Church has lost its most faithful part - it has weakened.

The boyars in the 17th century moved from opposition to cooperation with the monarch.

Social problems

17th century - "rebellious" century.

Peasant War - Bolotnikov.

1618 - salt riot

1662 copper riot

1669-70 - a new peasant war - Stepan Razin. Suppressed.

In the 17th century, foreign policy was characterized by the desire to regain lost lands. Clash with Sweden in 1617. Stolbovsky peace - part of the Novgorod lands, the Baltic states - passed to Sweden.

In 1618, a military clash with Poland - the Deulino agreement for 14 years, Poland retained control of the Smolensk and Chernihiv lands.

1632-34 years - new war with Poland. The Polish king renounced his claims to the Russian throne.

In the same years, an active struggle of the Ukrainian people for liberation from Polish rule began.

In 1648-49, the Ukrainians managed to win a tactical victory over Poland, to achieve autonomy for the right-bank Ukraine. The Commonwealth starts a war with Ukraine. Hetman B. Khmelnitsky turns to Russia for help but is refused.

In 1653, the Zemsky Sobor positively resolved the issue of Ukraine joining Russia.

In 1654, the Pereyaslav Rada also positively resolved the issue of unification with Russia.

1654-1667 - war with Poland.

1667 - Andrusovo truce.

1686 - the "Eternal Peace" was signed, according to which Eastern Ukraine and Kyiv are part of Russia. In general, this decision saved Ukraine from being enslaved by Turkey, and eastern Ukraine from being conquered by Poland.

The nature of the economic, political and social development prepared the transformations carried out in the first quarter of the 18th century by Peter the Great.

Considering the 17th century, the events and the change of rulers, historians characterize this period as a "rebellious age", a century when an "unborn sovereign" could ascend the royal throne. It is in this century that the dynasty of the last emperor of Russia, the family, originates. The Russian economy is still based on agriculture, new territories are being developed in the Volga region, Siberia and on the southern borders. The first manufactory is born.

Trade, in a country that does not have access to the sea, develops poorly. There are changes in cultural life - the spread of secular knowledge, in painting, architecture and sculpture, there is a distance from the canons of the church. The church itself is weakened, it is subject to the state. Speaking about the 17th century, the events of the internal and external activities of the state, one should turn to a somewhat earlier period - the death and ascension to the reign of Boris Godunov.

Boris Godunov

Boris Fedorovich Godunov, after the death of his father, in 1569, was brought up by his uncle, the landowner Dmitry Godunov. He served as guardsman with Grigory (Malyuta) Skuratov, who headed the "oprichny detective" under Ivan IV, was married to his daughter. Having become a boyar in the autumn of 1580, Boris Fedorovich and his relatives, gaining influence, acquire a significant position among the nobility of Moscow. Clever, cautious, able to choose the right moment for action, Godunov possessed the necessary qualities of a politician.

Boris Fedorovich, last years reign of Ivan the Terrible, was close to the king, influenced his court. After the death of Ivan IV, Fedor, his son, was crowned on the throne. The king suffering from dementia needed an adviser, a country in control. A council of trustees was composed from among the boyars, and Godunov was among these boyars. Thanks to his skillful actions, the council fell apart, opponents of Boris Godunov were subjected to various repressions. The actual power in the state passed to Boris Fedorovich.

In 1581, under strange circumstances (from a stab wound), the young Tsarevich Dmitry died, in 1589 Fedor Ioannovich died. Under the cries of the crowd "Boris to the kingdom", Godunov was crowned the kingdom. Thus ended the Rurik dynasty. Strengthening the foundations of the state was the core of Boris Fedorovich's policy, which he pursued within the country. The introduction of the patriarchate in 1859 strengthened the position of the king. Thanks to the sustained line, domestic politics royal power, was productive.

On the outskirts of Rus', fortifications and fortresses appear, urban construction is underway, and St. George's Day is being restored. Boris Fedorovich was the first to invite foreign specialists to work and send noble offspring abroad to study. In order to unify society, he stopped repressions against the boyars. Started to explore the Volga region. Foreign policy Godunov characterizes him as a skilled diplomat. He was able to conclude a successful peace treaty with Sweden, returning the captured Russian lands. The lean years of 1601 - 1603, the famine that began, caused massive discontent among the population and led to a riot led by Cotton in 1603 - the first mass uprising of the "mob", which was soon suppressed.

False Dmitry I

The year 1603 was marked not only by the rebellious performance of Cotton. This year, "Tsarevich Dmitry" appears - a runaway monk Otrepyev, known as. Desiring to receive the western Russian lands, the king of Poland and Grand Duke Lithuanian Sigismund III decides to use the impostor for his own purposes. The king gives the money necessary for the army and allows the gentry to participate in the campaign. The impostor promises to marry the daughter of Sambir headman Mnishek - Marina, give the western territories to the Poles and promote the introduction of Catholicism in Rus'.

In the summer of 1604, a combined detachment of four thousand, led by False Dmitry I, landed near the Dnieper. The detachment is replenished with villagers and townspeople, False Dmitry acts on Moscow. In May 1605, fate presents a gift to the impostor - Tsar Boris Fedorovich suddenly died. Part of the government troops went over to his side and in June 1605, False Dmitry I occupied the capital, where he was crowned on the throne. Making concessions to the nobility, the impostor increases the search for runaway peasants, but he did not return the “Yuryev Day”, promised to the people. He quickly devastated the treasury of the state, endowing the gentry, however, he was in no hurry to spread Catholicism. The dissatisfied mood of the Moscow nobility and among the common people intensified after his wedding to M. Mnishek. On May 17, 1606, in Moscow, under the leadership of the Shuisky boyars, an uprising began - and False Dmitry I was killed.

Vasily Shuisky

In 1606, the Zemsky Sobor elected Vasily Shuisky as Tsar, who had previously distinguished himself in battles and campaigns. During his reign, an uprising breaks out under the leadership of a Polish mercenary with the goal of placing Tsar Dmitry on the throne. In October 1606, rebel troops even laid siege to Moscow. The uprising itself was crushed in October 1607, Bolotnikov was executed. In the same year, False Dmitry II appears with Marina Mnishek as his wife. The impostor's attempt to ascend the throne failed - he was killed in 1610. Dissatisfied with the rule of Shuisky, the nobles, led by Prokopy Lyapunov, overthrew him and in July 1610 handed him over to King Sigismund. Later, Shuisky was tonsured a monk.

"Seven Boyars" and the Polish intervention

The leadership of the state passes to a group of boyars (“seven boyars”), headed by Fyodor Mstislavsky. As a result of intrigues and disagreements about who should rule the state, a decision was made to “summon to the kingdom” Prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund III. Being a Catholic, Vladislav was not going to change his faith to the Orthodox - as tradition required. Agreeing to come to the "bride" in Moscow, where he arrived with the army. To defend the independence of the country, it was possible only with the help of the people. The first independent militia was assembled in Ryazan in the fall of 1611 by Prokopy Lyapunov - but he was killed when he came into conflict with the Cossacks.

Second militia. Minin and Pozharsky

The second militia was assembled at the end of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod under the voivodeship of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and with money raised by the merchant Kuzma Minin. The militia, commanded by Pozharsky, moved to Yaroslavl - where in the spring, in 1612, a new government was created. After staying in Yaroslavl for four months, having determined tactics and recruiting people, the militia begins active operations. The fighting on the outskirts of Moscow, and in the city itself, continued through the summer until October 26, 1612. The Poles fled.

Mikhail Romanov

At the Zemsky Sobor, which took place at the beginning of 1613 with the representation of the general population, under pressure from the Cossacks, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar. The Romanovs were related to Ivan IV through his first wife. Mikhail's father, Metropolitan Philaret, was a prisoner of the Poles, and his mother took monastic vows. Upon his return from captivity in 1619, father Michael, dual power sets in in the country - with the formal rule of Michael and the practical leadership of the country by Filaret.

This situation continued until 1633 - until the death of Filaret. During the reign of Mikhail, taxes were reduced, the activity of foreign entrepreneurs who were allowed to build factories became more active, and the growth of the metallurgical and metalworking industries began. Foreign policy was balanced, with virtually no wars. Mikhail Romanov died in 1645.

Alexey Romanov

Upon the death of his father, his son Alexei ascends the throne. And during his reign, Alexei Mikhailovich, nicknamed "The Quietest", carried out a number of transformations and reforms, incl. church and city. In 1645, the Council Code was published. The Code consolidated the position of the inviolability of the power of the monarch, finally formalized serfdom and strengthened the role of the nobility. Thanks to the church reform, Alexei Mikhailovich was able to take control of the church. To this end, he legislated:

• the church is obliged to pay taxes to the treasury;
• the king was the judge of the church;
• deprived the monasteries of the right to acquire land.

Against the rise of secular power over the spiritual, Patriarch Nikon spoke out, who also dealt with the reformation of the church - the introduction of foreign experience into Russian Orthodoxy. caused opposition from supporters of the old church traditions, headed by Archpriest Avaakum. And the church split began. As a result:

• for opposition to strengthening the influence of the monarch, Patriarch Nikon was defrocked and imprisoned in a monastery prison;
• Archpriest Avaakum, for refusing to follow the official line of the church, was stripped and cursed at the cathedral.

The city reform established:

• recognizing free, the townspeople were attached to the place of residence;
• peasants could now sell their goods only in bulk, and the townspeople could conduct retail trade.

Sophia's reign

In 1676, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his sick son Fyodor was crowned to the throne, power is practically in the hands of relatives along his mother's side. After his death, in 1682, the actual government of the state passes to Princess Sophia - due to the infancy of the princes Ivan and Peter, and continued until 1689. The results of her reign:

liberation of the townspeople from compulsory attachment to the city;

unsuccessful Crimean campaigns allow us to conclude that it is necessary to find a direct outlet to the sea.

Results

XVII century - a time of unrest and contradictions, in history Russian state. With the dominant position of the feudal structure in the country's economy, the emergence of the capitalist way of managing begins. There is a registration of serfdom, but in the general plight of the people, it was he who could help the pretender to the royal throne, ascend the throne.