The founder of the scientific psychology of memory is the German scientist G. Ebbinghaus, who experimentally studied the processes of memory. The main processes of memory are memorization, preservation, reproduction and forgetting.

memorization

The original form of memorization - the so-called unintentional or not random memorization, i.e. memorization without a predetermined goal, without the use of any techniques. It is a mere imprint of what has acted, the preservation of some trace of excitation in the cerebral cortex. Each process that occurs in the cerebral cortex leaves traces behind itself, although the degree of their strength is different.

Involuntarily remembered much of what a person encounters in life: surrounding objects, phenomena, events Everyday life, the actions of people, the content of films, books read without any learning goal, etc., although not all of them are remembered equally well. It is best to remember what is of vital importance for a person: everything that is connected with his interests and needs, with the goals and objectives of his activity. Even involuntary memorization is selective, determined by the attitude to the environment.

It is necessary to distinguish from involuntary memorization arbitrary (deliberate) memorization, characterized by the fact that a person sets himself a specific goal - to remember what is planned, and uses special memorization techniques. Arbitrary memorization is an activity aimed at memorizing and reproducing retained material, called mnemonic activity. In such an activity, a person is faced with the task of selectively remembering the material offered to him. In all these cases, a person must clearly separate the material that he was asked to remember from all side impressions and, when reproducing, confine himself to it. Therefore, mnemonic activity is selective.

Preservation

What a person remembers, the brain stores more or less long time. Preservation as a process of memory has its own laws. It is established that saving can be dynamic and static. Dynamic storage manifests itself in working memory, while static storage manifests itself in long-term storage. With dynamic preservation, the material changes little, with static preservation, on the contrary, it necessarily undergoes reconstruction, processing.

The reconstruction of the material stored by long-term memory occurs under the influence of the information that continuously comes in again. Reconstruction manifests itself in various forms: in the disappearance of certain details and their replacement by other details, in the change in the sequence of the material, in its generalization.

Recognition and reproduction

Recognition of an object occurs at the moment of its perception and means that the perception of the object occurs, which was formed in a person earlier either on the basis of personal impressions (representation of memory) or on the basis of verbal descriptions (representation of imagination).

Reproduction differs from perception in that it occurs after it, outside of it. Reproducing the image of an object is more difficult than recognizing it. Thus, it is easier for a student to recognize the text of a book when reading it again (with repeated perception) than to reproduce, recall the content of the text when the book is closed. physiological basis reproduction is the renewal of the neural connections formed earlier during the perception of objects and phenomena.

Reproduction can take place in the form of sequential recall; this is an active volitional process. Recall in a person occurs according to the laws of association, in short, while the machine is forced to go through all the information until it “stumbles upon” the necessary fact.

Forgetting

Forgetting is expressed in the inability to remember or in erroneous recognition and reproduction. The physiological basis of forgetting is some types of cortical inhibition that interferes with the actualization (revival) of temporary nerve connections. Most often, this is an extinctive inhibition that develops in the absence of reinforcement.

One reason for forgetting is bad influence activities following learning. This phenomenon is called retroactive (reverse acting) inhibition. It is more pronounced if the activity follows without interruption, if the subsequent activity is similar to the previous one, and if the subsequent activity is more difficult than the activity of memorization.

To combat forgetting, you need to know the patterns of its course.

Neurophysiological foundations of memory

The physiological mechanisms of memory are the formation, fixation, excitation and inhibition of nerve connections. These physiological processes correspond to memory processes: capture, storage, reproduction And forgetting.

The condition for the successful development of neural connections is the significance of the acting stimulus, its entry into the field of orienting activity, and its reflection in the focus of optimal excitation of the cerebral cortex.

Along with individual memory in the brain there are structures of genetic memory. This hereditary memory is localized in thalamohypothalamic complex. Here are the centers of instinctive programs of behavior - food, defensive, sexual - centers of pleasure and aggression. These are the centers of deep biological emotions: fear, longing, joy, anger and pleasure. Here are stored the standards of those images, the real sources of which are instantly assessed as harmful and dangerous or useful and favorable. The codes of emotional-impulsive reactions (postures, facial expressions, defensive and aggressive movements) are recorded in the motor zone.

The zone of the subconscious-subjective experience of the individual is limbic system- here they go and store life-long acquired behavioral automatisms: the emotional attitudes of a given individual, his stable assessments, habits and all kinds of complexes. Here the long-term behavioral memory of the individual is localized, everything that determines his natural intuition.

Everything related to conscious-voluntary activity is stored in neocortex, various zones of the cerebral cortex, projection zones of receptors. frontal lobes of the brain- the sphere of verbal-logical memory. Here sensory information is transformed into semantic information. From a huge array of long-term memory, the necessary information is retrieved in certain ways, they depend on the methods of storing this information, its systematization, and conceptual ordering.

By modern ideas formation engram(nerve connections) goes through two phases. In the first phase, excitation is retained. On the second - its consolidation and preservation due to biochemical changes in the cells of the cerebral cortex and in synapses - intercellular formations.

Currently, the physiological foundations of memory on biochemical level. Traces of direct impressions are fixed not instantly, but during a certain time necessary for biochemical processes - the corresponding changes at the molecular level.

The number of specific changes in RNA ( ribonucleic acid) contained in one cell is calculated 10 15 . Therefore, at the level of one cell, a huge number of connections can be developed. Changes in RNA molecules are associated with working memory. Changes in DNA molecules (deoxyribonucleic acid) - with long-term memory (including species). The physiological basis of memory is a change in the activity of both individual neurons and neural ensembles.

In patients with surgically split cerebral hemispheres, memory is sharply weakened - sensory excitations reaching the right hemisphere are not limited to verbal-logical level provided by the left hemisphere. Functional asymmetry in the activity of the hemispheres is a fundamental feature of the human brain, which is reflected in all its mental processes, including memory processes. Each hemisphere and each area of ​​the brain contributes to the system of mnemonic activity. It is assumed that, first, the isolation and ultra-short-term imprinting of individual features of the object (sensory memory), then its complex, symbolic coding - the formation of engrams, their inclusion in the categorical system of a given individual. Therefore, each person has his own memorization strategy. The inclusion of the object of memorization in a certain activity determines the structure of its imprinting, the mosaic of the relationship between its sensory and semantic components.

The basic prerequisite for the functioning of memory processes is the optimal tone of the cortex, provided by the subcortical formations of the brain. Modulation of cortical tone is carried out reticular formation and the limbic part of the brain. Subcortical formations, forming an orienting reflex, attention, thereby create a prerequisite for memorization.

The final, synthesizing function of memory is carried out by the frontal lobes of the brain and, to a large extent, by the frontal lobes of the left hemisphere. Damage to these brain structures disrupts the entire structure of mnemic and verbal activity.

The problem of remembering borders on the problem of forgetting. Forgetting is mainly due to interference - the opposition of stimuli.

So, the process of capturing and preserving material is due to its significance, the optimal state of the brain, the increased functioning of the orienting reflex, the systemic inclusion of the material in the structure of purposeful activity, the minimization of side interfering (opposing) influences, the inclusion of the material in the semantic, conceptual field of consciousness of a given individual.

Reproduction, actualization of the necessary material requires the establishment of those systems of connections against which the material to be reproduced was memorized.

The process of forgetting is also not limited to the spontaneous extinction of engrams. Mostly, secondary, insignificant material that is not included in the constant activity of the subject is forgotten. But the inability to recall the material does not mean the complete obliteration of its traces. Actualization of engrams depends on the current functional state of the brain. So, in a hypnotic state, a person can remember what seemed completely forgotten.

All living beings have memory, but the most high level it develops in humans. No other creature in the world has such mnemonic possibilities as a human being. Animals have only two kinds of memory: genetic and mechanical.

The first is manifested in the transmission by genetic means from generation to generation of vital, biological and behavioral properties.

The second acts in the form of the ability to learn, i.e. to the acquisition of life experience, which cannot be preserved anywhere else but in the organism itself, and disappears along with the departure of the corresponding animal from life.

Comparative anthropological data show that the structure of the human body, including its brain, has practically changed over the past few hundred thousand years. At the same time, in the memory of people only in the last 50-60 thousand years there have been radical, incomparable changes. It manifested itself in the fact that such indicators as the amount of people's memory, the speed of remembering or recalling information, the time of its storage and access to the necessary information stored almost anywhere have increased by orders of magnitude. the globe.

In addition, man has many types of memory that animals do not have. This is arbitrary, mediated, logical and other types of memory.

The processes of memorization, preservation and reproduction are the main processes of memory.

Memory is one of the mental functions and types of mental activity designed to store, accumulate and reproduce information. The ability to store information about events for a long time outside world and reactions of the body and repeatedly use it in the sphere of consciousness to organize subsequent activities.

Memory processes

The founder of the scientific psychology of memory is the German scientist G. Ebbinghaus, who experimentally studied the processes of memory. The main processes of memory are memorization, preservation, reproduction and forgetting.

memorization

The original form of memorization is the so-called unintentional or involuntary memorization, i.e. memorization without a predetermined goal, without the use of any techniques. It is a mere imprint of what has acted, the preservation of some trace of excitation in the cerebral cortex. Each process that occurs in the cerebral cortex leaves traces behind itself, although the degree of their strength is different.

Much of what a person encounters in life is involuntarily remembered: surrounding objects, phenomena, events of everyday life, people's actions, the content of films, books read without any educational purpose, etc., although not all of them are remembered equally well. It is best to remember what is of vital importance for a person: everything that is connected with his interests and needs, with the goals and objectives of his activity. Even involuntary memorization is selective, determined by the attitude to the environment.

From involuntary memorization it is necessary to distinguish arbitrary (intentional) memorization, characterized by the fact that a person sets himself a specific goal - to remember what is planned, and uses special memorization techniques. Arbitrary memorization is an activity aimed at memorizing and reproducing retained material, called anemic activity. In such an activity, a person is faced with the task of selectively remembering the material offered to him. In all these cases, a person must clearly separate the material that he was asked to remember from all side impressions and, when reproducing, confine himself to it. Therefore, mnemonic activity is selective.

Preservation

What a person remembers, the brain stores more or less for a long time. Preservation as a process of memory has its own laws. It is established that saving can be dynamic and static. Dynamic storage manifests itself in RAM, and static - in long-term. With dynamic preservation, the material changes little, with static preservation, on the contrary, it necessarily undergoes reconstruction, processing.

The reconstruction of the material stored by long-term memory occurs under the influence of the information that continuously comes in again. Reconstruction manifests itself in various forms: in the disappearance of certain details and their replacement by other details, in a change in the sequence of material, in its generalization.

Recognition and reproduction

Recognition of an object occurs at the moment of its perception and means that the perception of the object occurs, which was formed in a person earlier either on the basis of personal impressions (representation of memory) or on the basis of verbal descriptions (representation of imagination).

Reproduction differs from perception in that it occurs after it. Reproducing the image of an object is more difficult than recognizing it. Thus, it is easier for a student to recognize the text of a book when reading it again (with repeated perception) than to reproduce, recall the content of the text when the book is closed. The physiological basis of reproduction is the renewal of the neural connections formed earlier during the perception of objects and phenomena.

Reproduction can take place in the form of sequential recall; this is an active volitional process. Recall in a person occurs according to the laws of association, in short, while the machine is forced to go through all the information until it “stumbles upon” the necessary fact.

Forgetting

Forgetting is expressed in the inability to remember or in erroneous recognition and reproduction. The physiological basis of forgetting is some types of cortical inhibition that interferes with the actualization (revival) of temporary nerve connections. Most often, this is an extinctive inhibition that develops in the absence of reinforcement.

One of the reasons for forgetting is the negative impact of the activity following memorization. This phenomenon is called retroactive (reverse acting) inhibition. It is more pronounced if the activity follows without interruption, if the subsequent activity is similar to the previous one, and if the subsequent activity is more difficult than the activity of memorization.

To combat forgetting, you need to know the patterns of its course.

There are four interrelated processes in memory: remembering, storing, reproducing, and forgetting information.

Memorization is a process of memory, which results in “imprinting”, fixing new information by encoding it (in the form of “memory traces”) and linking it with previously acquired experience.

The original form of memorization is the so-called unintentional or involuntary memorization, i.e. memorization without a predetermined goal, without the use of any techniques. It is a mere imprint of what has acted, the preservation of some trace of excitation in the cerebral cortex. Each process that occurs in the cerebral cortex leaves traces behind itself, although the degree of their strength is different.

Much of what a person encounters in life is involuntarily remembered: surrounding objects, phenomena, events of everyday life, people's actions, the content of films, books read without any educational purpose, etc., although not all of them are remembered equally well. It is best to remember what is of vital importance for a person: everything that is connected with his interests and needs, with the goals and objectives of his activity. Even involuntary memorization is selective, determined by the attitude to the environment.

Arbitrary (deliberate) memorization, characterized by the fact that a person sets himself a specific goal - to remember what is planned, and uses special memorization techniques, must be distinguished from involuntary memorization. Arbitrary memorization is an activity aimed at memorizing and reproducing retained material, called mnemonic activity. In such an activity, a person is faced with the task of selectively remembering the material offered to him. In all these cases, a person must clearly separate the material that he was asked to remember from all side impressions and, when reproducing, confine himself to it. Therefore, mnemonic activity is selective.

Preservation is the process of keeping information in memory, its processing and transformation.

What a person remembers, the brain stores more or less for a long time. Preservation as a process of memory has its own laws. It is established that saving can be dynamic and static. Dynamic storage is manifested in RAM, and static - in long-term. With dynamic preservation, the material changes little, with static preservation, on the contrary, it necessarily undergoes reconstruction, processing.

The reconstruction of the material stored by long-term memory occurs under the influence of the information that continuously comes in again. Reconstruction manifests itself in various forms: in the disappearance of certain details and their replacement by other details, in a change in the sequence of material, in its generalization.

Reproduction is the actualization in the mind of a previously formed psychological content (thought, image, feeling) in the absence of external actually perceived pointers to this content.

Varies

involuntary reproduction, when a past impression is updated without a special task, and

arbitrary, due to the goals and objectives of the activity performed.

Reproduction differs from perception in that it occurs after it, outside of it. Reproducing the image of an object is more difficult than recognizing it. Thus, it is easier for a student to recognize the text of a book when reading it again (with repeated perception) than to reproduce, recall the content of the text when the book is closed. The physiological basis of reproduction is the renewal of the neural connections formed earlier during the perception of objects and phenomena.

Reproduction can take place in the form of sequential recall, this is an active volitional process. Recall in a person occurs according to the laws of association, in short, while the machine is forced to go through all the information until it “stumbles upon” the necessary fact.

The playback process has several varieties:

recognition,

actual reproduction,

remembrance (will-directed extraction from long-term memory images of the past).

memory.

Recognition is the process of recognition based on memory data of an already known object that is in the center of actual perception. This process is based on the comparison of perceived features with the corresponding traces of memory, which act as standards for the identification features of the perceived.

Remembrance is the reproduction of images from the past, localized in time and space, i.e. associated with certain periods and events of our lives.

Forgetting is an active process, consisting in the loss of access to previously memorized material, in the inability to reproduce or learn what was once learned. First of all, that which does not meet the urgent needs of the subject and is not updated in the context of the tasks he is solving is subject to forgetting. This process is carried out most intensively immediately after the end of memorization. At the same time, meaningful and important material is best preserved, which acquires a more generalized and schematic character in the process of storage. Minor details are forgotten rather than significant ones.

It is necessary to distinguish between forgetting as a natural component of mnemonic processes and various amnesias - caused by one reason or another of dysfunction (impairment) of memory.

Theodule Armand Ribot (1839-1916), on the basis of psychopathological data, divided all amnesias into three groups: 1) temporary; 2) periodic; 3) progressive. The causes of amnesia can be both organic (damage to brain structures) and psychogenic (repression, post-affective amnesia).

Along with amnesias, there are paramnesias or "false memories" that replace forgotten or repressed events. According to the clinical observations of Sigmund Freud, amnesias and false memories (paramnesias) are always in a complementary relationship: where significant gaps in memory are revealed, false memories arise that can completely hide the presence of amnesia.

Memorization - This is the process of capturing and then storing the perceived information. According to the degree of activity of this process, it is customary to distinguish two types of memorization: unintentional (or involuntary) and intentional (or arbitrary).

Unintentional memorization is memorization without a predetermined goal, without the use of any techniques and manifestation of volitional efforts. This is a simple imprint of what has affected us and has retained some trace of excitation in the cerebral cortex. It is best to remember what is of vital importance for a person: everything that is connected with his interests and needs, with the goals and objectives of his activity.

In contrast to involuntary memorization, voluntary (or intentional) memorization is characterized by the fact that a person sets himself a specific goal - to remember some information - and uses special memorization techniques. Arbitrary memorization is a special and complex mental activity, subordinate to the task of remembering. In addition, voluntary memorization includes a variety of actions performed in order to better achieve the goal. Such actions include memorization, the essence of which is the repeated repetition educational material to complete and unmistakable memorization. main feature intentional memorization is a manifestation of volitional efforts in the form of setting a task for memorization. Repeated repetition allows you to reliably and firmly memorize material that is many times greater than the amount of individual short-term memory.

Preservation is a process of active processing, systematization, generalization of material, mastery of it. The retention of what has been learned depends on the depth of understanding. Well-meaning material is remembered better. Preservation also depends on the attitude of the individual. Significant material for the individual is not forgotten. Forgetting occurs unevenly: immediately after memorization, forgetting is stronger, then it goes more slowly. That is why repetition cannot be postponed, it must be repeated soon after memorization, until the material is forgotten.

Reproduction and recognition are the processes of restoring what was previously perceived. The difference between them lies in the fact that Recognition occurs upon re-encountering the object, upon its repeated perception, while reproduction takes place in the absence of the object.

Reproduction can be involuntary and arbitrary. Involuntary is an unintentional reproduction, without the purpose of remembering, when images pop up by themselves, most often by association. Random Play - purposeful process restoration in the mind of past thoughts, feelings, aspirations, actions. Sometimes random playback is easy, sometimes it takes effort. Conscious reproduction associated with overcoming certain difficulties, requiring volitional efforts, is called recall.

Recognition of an object occurs at the moment of its perception and means that there is a perception of an object, the idea of ​​which has been formed in a person either on the basis of personal impressions (memory representation) or on the basis of verbal descriptions (imagination representation).

Forgetting is a natural process. Much of what is fixed in the memory is forgotten to one degree or another over time. And it is necessary to fight against forgetting only because the necessary, important, useful things are often forgotten. First of all, what is forgotten is what is not applied, is not repeated, in which there is no interest, what ceases to be essential for a person. Details are forgotten sooner, usually retained in memory longer general provisions, conclusions. Forgetting manifests itself in two main forms: a) the inability to remember or learn; b) incorrect recall or recognition. Forgetting can be complete or partial, long-term or temporary.

Types of memorization:

Involuntary - when the goal is not set to memorize something, and memorization occurs by itself;

Arbitrary - a goal is set.

Psychological research has shown that under certain conditions, involuntary memorization is more effective. Active mental activity with the material that needs to be memorized (combining theory with practice). Memorization can be - without understanding the meaning.

Rules of logical memorization.

1. It is impossible to memorize a large amount of material, and, therefore, it is worth breaking the material into its component parts;

2. Working with parts, it is necessary to identify main idea each part (subject, object and predicate);

3. We highlight the most important thoughts and draw up a plan;

4. We learn the plan and according to this plan we reveal its content. Saving/retention in memory of received information. The process of saving requires repetition.

Memory is a function of the nervous system and psyche, which is the ability to store information about environment and to reproduce it in the future. Wherein nervous system, mainly central, ensures the reliability of storage and use of this information. The function includes the following memory processes, each of which we will consider in detail:

1. memorization;
2. preservation;
3. playback:
   • recognition;
   • recollection.
4. forgetting.

memorization

After the brain has encountered new information, it begins to capture the elements of the picture or sensations, experiences. The data enters the system of associative links. When memorizing, an important factor is the presence of meaning in the information received.

Consciousness establishes relationships between the material and its meaning, links the content into a single whole. Memorization, however, is divided into types: conscious, subordinate to the goal or involuntary, that is, unconscious.

Memory conditions

• With a stable and fresh state of consciousness, for which you need to be rested, as after a healthy sleep, memory processes are activated most correctly.
• The presence of vivid emotions in the event will also help improve memorization. Thus, by giving what is happening additional coloring, it is easier to remember.
• Good, positive environment. A stable mood with "positive notes".
• The desire to remember. Try to master the material by paying attention to its beginning and end. After working through this minimum, consciousness itself will complete the intermediate links and find motivation in their consistent development. So, most books have chapters, the number of which is not difficult to remember. Then direct your memory to the titles of the chapters and finding interesting things in them, thus gradually mastering the meaning of the book. It is important to pay attention to the middle of the story: what is the difference between the initial part and the final one. And also highlight their own difficulties in mastering the text of the book.

Having organized your memory in this way, it will become clear that consciousness returns to the material again and again until it brings memorization to a reliable and good quality saving the received information, its correct reproduction.

The work of memory on memorization

The process of storing the information received consists of the quantity and quality of information accumulations, as well as the possibility of assimilation, rethinking, and processing. For example, when learning, an experience is formed that predetermines the development of one's own perception and ability to evaluate. On the one hand, these are internal skills, and on the other hand, thinking and speech are used.

Playback

Fragments of the received information or experience can be represented as images, feelings, as well as skills in the form of movements. Recognition is a type of reproduction in which a previously imprinted image is compared with a given object. Memory processes are aimed at analyzing similarities and differences. Such a function is carried out in an arbitrary form, at the initiative of the memorizer, and involuntarily - without the participation of the will of the person and efforts on his part.

Overcoming difficulties in reproduction is a listing by the consciousness of the necessary parts and elements, the choice of the required ones, taking into account the goal. If the fragments do not relate to the task of reproducing a copy of an event when recalling, then they are temporarily forgotten, drop out of the process - this is how the material once learned is restored. The task of exact copying is not worth it, since reproduction is integrated into the conditions of the present moment and adapts to these new conditions.

Forgetting

When memorizing, relatively superfluous information appears, which interferes with the organization of consciousness for new tasks and processes. This contradicts the principle of "freshness" of consciousness and stability of perception. If the ability to reproduce or recognize a previously perceived object is lost, we are dealing with forgetting - the final cycle in the work of memory. We forget unimportant bits of information. This ensures the preservation of memory in terms of what relates to essentials or even vital functions.

But forgetting is not always a safe and necessary process for consciousness. Partial forgetting is characterized by the impossibility of sufficient reproduction or the presence of errors in it. Complete forgetting excludes any possibility of reproduction. Forgetting also includes temporal characteristics: long-term (long-term) or short-term. Naturally, consciousness filters out the information received due to the low quality of the memorization process that has taken place or the insignificance of the perceived facts. Business people find it obligatory to write down plans in a diary in order to facilitate reproduction processes.

When falling asleep and during sleep itself, consciousness is not tuned to obligatory memorization. During sleep, which is the rest of the body in fact, forgetting occurs adverse factors, erasing the negative from memory.

But let's not forget about the pathological memory disorder, accompanied by forgetting. It is important to do stress prevention, follow the regime and get enough sleep. Not the last role is played by nutrition, the exclusion of harmful substances, for example, the abuse of coffee and tea.

Memory research

The German psychologist Ebbinghaus was engaged in scientific research of memory. Using the method of experiment, he singled out the series of processes discussed above that accompany the work of memory. Everything that happens in the neurons of the brain and cortex is displayed as a trace. But the strength of such a display is not the same. And it depends on the will of a person and happens without effort, spontaneously. The task of memory is to separate the main from the secondary in order to bring thinking in line with needs and interests. It's impossible to remember everything. But the selectivity of consciousness comes to the rescue when involuntary memorization. A significant role in these processes is played by the attitude to the environment, the environment, and vice versa - the environment affects memory and consciousness. Intentional efforts of memory are associated with the goal and its implementation in the process of activity. So, for example, in theoretical training, memorization itself is a type of activity.

With involuntary forgetting, sometimes there is a need to strengthen memory. It is important to know by what laws forgetting occurs. Memory is based on neurophysiology. These processes are accompanied by a mechanism of excitation of connections between neurons and inhibition. The stimulus must be significant, while the excitation process in the cortex ensures the correct imprint.

Let's talk about genetic memory, which is inherited. Instincts are primarily concerned with life. Nerve centers dispose of food - food, regulate aggression and defensive reactions. Emotions also often arise spontaneously, thanks to instincts. Impulsivity helps to identify harmful factors in the shortest moments. The experience of the subconscious retains automatic skills acquired throughout life. Feelings acquire meaning in the implementation of speech functions.

All this makes up a massive amount of long-term information. It is important to organize storage, streamline the methods of this storage and methods of retrieval. For example, long-term storage of information in memory can be called static, while dynamic methods are used for operational processes. Memorization is most reliably organized and forgetting is excluded if the learned material coincides with the current activity, and does not contradict it.

How to strengthen memory function

Psychologist G. Ebbinghaus conducted experiments on the dependence of memorization on the thinking process. When memorizing the type of memorization, thinking should not influence. Therefore, such circumstances provide a "clean" memory. A diagram has been drawn, according to which the forgetting of incoherent words proceeds quickly at first, during the first hours. And 35% of the remaining impressions are forgotten within a month. Conclusion: for better learning of the material, it is important to repeat it periodically.

Ebbinghaus also formulated the "edge effect", when, when memorizing, it is required first of all to learn the beginning and end.

Article author: Kugusheva Anna