Determining the essence of socio-cultural institutions is impossible without analyzing their functions that ensure the achievement of the goal. Society is a complex social entity, and the forces at work within it are closely linked, so it can be difficult to foresee the results of any single action. In this regard, a certain institution performs its own specific functions. Their totality constitutes the general social functions of institutions as elements, types of certain systems.

An important role in defining the tasks of socio-cultural institutions was played by scientific works M. Weber, E. Casirer, J. Huizinga. They and other culturologists distinguish regulatory, integrative and communicative functions in the structure of spiritual production. In any society, complicated multi-level systems are created, specially focused on the development of certain knowledge, ideas about life and the person himself, as well as plans and goals not only daily, but also calculated for further behaviour.

Therefore, a socio-cultural institution must have a system of rules and norms of behavior that, within the framework of spiritual culture, consolidate, standardize the behavior of its members and make them predictable. When analyzing the components of cultural regulation, it must be taken into account that the implementation of standards human values is carried out through their integration with social roles and norms of behavior, the assimilation of positive motivations and values ​​accepted in society. Socialization is supported by personal institutions (in the family, school, labor collective, etc.), as well as institutions, organizations, enterprises of culture and art.
The study of trends in the development of the process of socialization shows that with the complication of the socio-cultural field, the mechanism of socialization and its direct cultural application also become more complex.

A specific function of socio-cultural institutions is integration, which is distinguished by S. Frolov, A. Kargin, G. V. Drach and other researchers. In the social sphere, there is a spread of a complex of views, beliefs, values, ideals that are characteristic of a particular culture, they determine the consciousness and behavioral factors of people. Cultural institutions are focused on ensuring and preserving cultural heritage, folk traditions, historical knowledge, which helps to consolidate the connection between generations, unite the nation.
There are different cultures in the world community. Cultural differences hinder communication between people, sometimes hinder their mutual understanding. These differences often become barriers between social groups and associations. Socio-cultural institutions seek to overcome cultural differences with the tools of culture and art, strengthen the ties of cultures, activate their relationships and thereby unite people both within the same culture and beyond its borders.

Traditions are social attitudes determined by norms of behavior, moral and ethical values, ideas, customs, rituals, etc. Therefore, the most important tasks of socio-cultural organizations are the preservation, transfer and improvement of socio-cultural heritage.

The development of forms and methods of communication is the most important aspect of the activities of various cultural institutions. Scientists consider the development of socio-cultural activities in the course of the interaction of societies, when people enter into relationships with each other. Culture can be created jointly, precisely through joint actions. T. Parsans emphasized that without communication there are no forms of relations and activities. Without the presence of certain communication forms, it is impossible to educate the individual, coordinate actions, and maintain society as a whole. Therefore, a methodical, stable, diverse system of communications is needed that maintains the maximum degree of unity and differentiation of social life.

In our era, according to the Canadian culturologist M. McLuhan, the number of contacts of an individual with other people has significantly increased. But these relationships are often mediated and one-sided. Sociological research suggests that such one-sided relationships often only contribute to the development of feelings of loneliness. In this regard, socio-cultural institutions through the assimilation of cultural values ​​contribute to the development of real human forms of communication.
Thus, the communicative function of socio-cultural institutions is to streamline the processes of broadcasting socially important information, the integration of society and social groups, the internal differentiation of society and groups, the separation of society and different groups from each other in their communication.

Sociologists consider the sphere that allows people to take a break from everyday problems, in most cases as leisure, freed from specific participation in production. Leisure activities are much broader in content, because they can include the most diverse types of creativity. It is advisable to consider free time in the sense of realizing the interests of the individual associated with self-development, self-rehabilitation, communication, pleasure, health improvement, and creative activity. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of the socio-cultural institution is the transformation of leisure into the field of cultural activity, where the realization of the creative and spiritual potential of society is carried out.

An analysis of the factors in the formation of recreation for the population shows that libraries, clubs, theaters, philharmonic societies, museums, cinemas, parks and other similar institutions are the places for the implementation of cultural initiatives.

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4. Types and types of socio-cultural institutions.
The concept of a socio-cultural institution. Normative and institutional socio-cultural institutions. Socio-cultural institutions as a community and social organization. Grounds for the typology of socio-cultural institutions (functions, form of ownership, contingent served, economic status, scale-level of action, etc.).

Socio-cultural institutions - one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). In the broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also applies to any of the many subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.
Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.
Among economic, political, household and other social institutions differing from each other in the content of activity and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.
First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term "socio-cultural institution". It covers a numerous network of social institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them.
In modern literature, there are various approaches to the construction of a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the intended purpose, nature and content of their activities. As such, the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations can appear.
From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov single out two levels of understanding of the essence of socio-cultural institutions. Accordingly, we are dealing with two of their major varieties.
The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have been historically established in society, uniting around some main, main goal, value, need.
It is legitimate to refer to socio-cultural institutions of the normative type, first of all, the institution of the family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform whole line extremely essential functions: socializing (socialization of a child, teenager, adult), orienting (assertion of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​on the basis of legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations ), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transmission and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).
The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of an institutional type include a numerous network of services, departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group includes cultural and educational institutions directly , arts, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support of the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodical institutions of the industry.
So, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects for the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.
In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an actively operating subject of a normative or institutional type that has certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performs an appropriate socio-cultural function in society.
Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (substantive). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of legal, human, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of expediently oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.
For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out the creative process of creating artistic values. At the same time, in its internal (substantial) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. The standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative people, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.
Socio-cultural institutions give the activities of people a qualitative certainty, significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, confessional groups, for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, above all, a subject of upbringing and education of a person.
Each of the socio-cultural institutions performs primarily its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.
Typology of socio-cultural institutions

A wide network of socio-cultural institutions has various forms internal gradation. Some of them are officially established and institutionalized (for example, the system general education, a system of special, vocational education, a network of clubs, libraries and other cultural and leisure institutions), are of social significance and perform their functions on a society-wide scale, in a broad socio-cultural context. Others are not specially established, but are formed gradually in the process of long-term joint socio-cultural activity, often constituting a whole historical era. These include, for example, numerous informal associations and leisure communities emerging at the group, local level, traditional holidays, ceremonies, rituals and other peculiar socio-cultural stereotypical forms. They are voluntarily elected by certain socio-cultural groups: children, adolescents, youth, residents of the microdistrict, students, military, etc.
Socio-cultural institutions are classified depending on their role function in relation to consumers of cultural goods, values ​​and services in the face of thousands of children and adults audience of users: spectators, listeners, readers, as well as potential customers, producers, buyers of extensive socio-cultural products. In this case, among the huge variety of socio-cultural institutions of the normative and institutional type, the following categories are distinguished.
The first group - socio-cultural institutions, mainly engaged in the production of spiritual values: ideology, politics, law, public administration, science, church, journalism, basic and additional education, art, language, literature, architecture, art, amateur, including technical creativity, amateur art, collecting.
The second group is socio-cultural institutions, mainly engaged in communication, broadcasting of spiritual values, economic, political, cultural, social, scientific and technical information: press, radio, television, publishing houses and book trade, museums and exhibitions, advertising, archives and libraries, propaganda and preaching Email, conferences, presentations, etc.
The third group is socio-cultural institutions that mainly manifest themselves in the organization of various types of informal creative activities: the family, clubs and gardening institutions, folklore, folk art and customs, rituals, mass holidays, carnivals, festivities, initiative cultural protection societies and movements.
In the theory and practice of SKD, many other bases are often used for the typology of socio-cultural institutions:
by population served:
mass consumer (publicly available);
separate social groups (specialized);
children, youth (children and youth);
by type of ownership:
state;
public;
joint-stock;
private;
by economic status:
non-commercial;
semi-commercial;
commercial;
in terms of scope and audience coverage:
international;
national (federal);
regional;
local (local).
However, the level of interrelations of various socio-cultural institutions on the federal and regional scales is far from being the same. There are several most characteristic indicators of this level: connections are strong and permanent; connections are meaningful and objective; contacts are episodic; partners hardly cooperate; partners work in isolation.
The reasons for the episodic contacts between the socio-cultural institutions of the region are, as a rule, the lack of a clear idea of ​​the content and forms of joint work. Little experience of this cooperation, lack of a clear program, inconsistency of plans, lack of attention from municipal authorities, etc.
In the modern process of development and strengthening of cooperation between numerous communities and structures of the socio-cultural sphere, two trends can be distinguished. On the one hand, each socio-cultural institution, based on its profile and character, seeks to maximize its own potential, its own creative and commercial opportunities. On the other hand, it is quite natural for this group of subjects to strive for social partnership. Their joint, coordinated and coordinated actions are being strengthened on the basis of common, coinciding functions of socio-cultural activity.
15. Trends and problems of development of small enterprises in the field of SC&T.
Law "On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation" (rev. 2006). Criteria for determining the scale of enterprises. Economic conditions necessary for the development of small enterprises. Benefits of small businesses. Individual service as the main trend in the development of small enterprises. The value of small business in the economy and public life.

Problems of small business development in Russia
During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. Efficient planning and accounting systems had to be developed in order to assess the value of firms and to judge the results of their activities in the most objective way. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.
It was necessary to select and train managers who could work in a market system and compete in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.
The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policies and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.
It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide funding for government activities.
Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take over the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.
Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of its further development in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:
insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited access toleasing services ;
lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.
It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses (March 2001, Moscow) was named "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.
The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.
At the beginning of 2003 Ministry of Economic Development and Trade on behalf of President of the Russian Federation conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that there is no general system of state control in Russia. Supervise and control all and sundry. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1056 thousand people. More than 423 thousand of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them.
The regions have their own control bodies. There are 29 of them in Moscow alone, while only 18 thousand people in this mass of controllers are civil servants, the rest are attracted specialists who are not so much concerned with checking as much as making money by providing commercial services to market participants. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, limiting and often fettering their activities.
Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product.
According to the magazine "Expert", the share of shadow wages decreased from 35.2% in 2000 to 27-28% in 2002, still occupying a significant share. In this case, we are talking primarily about small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. There are three main reasons for this situation:
persistently high tax rates, and above all the unified social tax, which do not allow effective capitalization of the enterprise;
distrust of the authorities, lack of confidence in the stability of the economic and social situation;
fear of criminal structures.
In order of importance, some authors arrange the main problems of small business in Russia in the following order:
1) high level of taxation;
2) unavailability of credit resources;
3) administrative barriers.
Here, as we can see, the second place among the problems of small business development in Russia is the inaccessibility of financial resources. According to A.V. Runov, Chairman of the Board of the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, 13-15 thousand entrepreneurs have free access to financial resources every year. This means that in Russia, organizations providing financial services to entrepreneurs cover only 1% of the potential market.
Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. We offerevening dresses Kyiv with delivery In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived from payday to payday, could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. These funds must now be found. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become their source. It remains to hope for credit resources. But they are also insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement at a constant andrising inflation .
The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.
Meanwhile, the effectiveness of investments in fixed capital of small businesses is evidenced by the data of a one-time survey based on the results of their work in 2000.
As can be seen from the table, small businesses invest almost 60% (59.2) of fixed capital investments in the active part of fixed assets - machinery, equipment, tools and inventory, while for all fixed capital investments in this type of fixed assets accounts for only 35.7%.
At the same time, these enterprises direct 26.5% of investments to the passive part of fixed assets - buildings and structures, while for all investments in fixed capital, this type of fixed assets accounts for 43.6%. This suggests that small businesses have a level playing field for a better, more efficient use of investment, since it is machinery and equipment, not buildings, that create real products.
Meanwhile, the share of investment in fixed capital of small businesses in total investment in fixed capital is falling from year to year.
A carefully calibrated, consistently enforced selection system is needed to give tangible priorities to those who are more useful to society. Today, this means preferring the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation, with a detailed differentiation of production itself on the basis of a competent study of socialdemand , occurring in it shifts and tendencies.
It is necessary to create mechanisms for concessional lending, taxation, various kinds of benefits, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.
The next problem is the legal framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. We have already mentioned the legal documents that regulate small businesses in one way or another, but the difficulty, however, is that, firstly, there is no consolidated unified legislative framework for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are being translated into life is far from complete.
At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-encompassing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.
There is no system for carrying out an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there is practically no reporting on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to enjoy tax benefits.
The material and technical support of small businesses is insufficient and untimely. There are no machines, equipment, devices designed for such enterprises and taking into account their specifics. Access to high technologies is limited for them, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.
Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.
A difficult problem is connected with the social protection of entrepreneurial activity. It is known that the system of social guarantees and social security that previously existed on the basis of the distribution of public funds has turned out to be practically undermined in the current conditions. Essentially, this system needs to be built anew in relation to the entire society, and even more so in relation to entrepreneurs - a new social stratum.
In the first half of 2005, the All-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized businesses "Opora Rossii" together with VTsIOM conducted a study of the conditions for the functioning of small businesses in the country.
It was revealed that the main source of financing for small businesses is their own profit. One third of entrepreneurs use personal savings for this, and only 16% use bank loans. In total, according to the study, only 26% of Russian small entrepreneurs have experience in using bank loans to finance their business. At the same time, 24% reported that they tried to use bank loans, but either the conditions for obtaining a loan turned out to be unfavorable, or the bank refused a loan. Almost half of the entrepreneurs (47%) named high interest rates as the main reasons for not being able to get a loan, and more than one quarter of entrepreneurs (27%) - the inability to provide collateral in the volumes required by banks.
When lending to small businesses, Russian banks impose exorbitant collateral requirements, inflate the cost of lending, and hesitate for a long time before responding to a small business's request for a loan. The most annoying thing is that small businesses that have been served in this bank for a long time have no more privileges than new customers.
As a rule, small and medium-sized businesses receive only settlement and cash services from banks. A study conducted at the end of 2005children's party , which interviewed chief accountants and financial directors of 200 Moscow small and medium-sized enterprises, showed that banking services such as loans and payroll projects are underutilized mainly due to the policies of the banks themselves. And this despite the fact that small enterprises are the most regular and reliable banking customers: 65% of such enterprises have been working with banks for more than three years, 2.2% - from one to three years, and only 13% - less than one year. At the same time, more than half of enterprises (51%) use the services of only one bank. When choosing a bank, small and medium-sized businesses are guided mainly by the quality of service (more than 1/4 of the respondents), as well as the financial condition and reliability of the bank (another 1/4 of the respondents). The price factor is secondary: only 20% of respondents named it as a factor determining the choice of a bank.
The implementation of cooperation with one bank allows small and medium-sized businesses to reduce the cost of managing bank accounts, reduce the risk of leakage of information about the business. In addition, in this case, enterprises hope to receive certain benefits, although, as a rule, they do not receive such benefits.
There are several reasons that most dissatisfy small businesses with the quality of lending. First, as we said above, this is the lack of incentives for lending to enterprises that have been working with a particular bank for a long time.
Secondly, small and medium-sized businesses are dissatisfied with the need to prepare a significant package of documentation and the length of time for consideration of their applications.
Thirdly, customers are dissatisfied with the artificial reduction of lending terms, underestimation of the cost of collateral while narrowing the list of property accepted as collateral. To a large extent, this refers to the "old" clients served in this bank for more than three years.
Fourth, small and medium-sized businesses are dissatisfied with the quality of banking services. First of all, it concerns the speed and conditions of service, the cost of services.
In fairness, it should be noted that a number of Moscow banks are taking certain actions to improve customer service among small and medium-sized enterprises. So, the city client bank "Stroycredit" and some others assign a personal manager to each of their clients. Customer service time is increasing, steps are being taken to reduce the time for consideration of loan applications, simplified lending technologies are being introduced, etc.
All these measures will improve overall lending to small businesses.
For what purposes do those entrepreneurs who managed to get them use the loan? More than half of entrepreneurs (56%) used borrowed funds to replenish working capital, and almost one third - to purchase tangible assets, including buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and, in some cases, land. And 8% of the interviewed entrepreneurs acquired intangible assets with borrowed funds - licenses, certificates, patents, trademarks, intellectual property objects - R&D results, software, etc.
A significant problem for small businesses is to provide access to production space and office space. Such areas in many regions are either in great shortage and, as a result, prohibitively expensive, or their acquisition or lease involves the need to overcome often artificial administrative barriers. Thus, more than half of the entrepreneurs surveyed (55%) stated thatmarket real estate in the region is available, but real estate prices are prohibitive and unaffordable for small businesses. And almost 16% of respondents reported that there is essentially no business real estate market in the region and space can only be purchased through officials.
The weight of the rent burden is also exorbitant. More than half (54%) of respondents spend 30% (almost a third!) of all company expenses on rent, and 18-50% or more. What kind of small business development can we talk about here?
Another problem of small business development in Russia, identified in the course of the study, is the interaction of entrepreneurs with local authorities and supervisory authorities. Small entrepreneurs are especially bothered by inspections, which are often associated with unfounded claims and direct extortion. In 2004, on average in Russia, each small enterprise was checked 5 times, and in the Tambov, Rostov and Moscow regions and in Mordovia - 10 times. Solving problems with officials is often solved with the help of bribes. Almost 10% of the revenue is spent by an average small business on bribes to various officials and inspectors.
The legal protection of small entrepreneurs is especially unsatisfactory in the country. More than 60% of the interviewed entrepreneurs themselves are not interested in applying to the judiciary. What ways to protect their rights do small entrepreneurs prefer? This is primarily an appeal to intermediaries from power structures. In other words, the alternative to the court, in essence, is a corrupt state apparatus.
In addition to turning to intermediaries from power structures, 14% of respondents said that they turn to intermediaries from criminal structures to solve their problems, and 16% - to higher officials. And only 11% of the respondents hope for the help of business associations.
Unfavorable in small business and with a competitive situation. Studies show that regional and municipal authorities are the main obstacle to fair competition and market access. Thus, the regional administration (20% of respondents), the administration of a city or a populated market (20%), and large monopoly companies (24%) hinder access to certain markets. Two-thirds of the respondents (65%) indicated that representatives of administrations use their official position to support individual firms. The most problematic industry in this survey was construction and installation work: 43% of representatives of this industry said that regional authorities, having their own commercial interests in this market, hinder the work of independent small enterprises to one degree or another.
Summing up some of the research on small business in Russia, it should be noted that there is a significant divergence in attitudes towards small business in different regions. In some regions, the problems of its development are connected mainly with bureaucratic arbitrariness. In other regions, intense competition is becoming the main barrier to market entry. It can be said that positive shifts in creating conditions for the development of business in general and small business in particular are observed where pragmatic people from business have come to power.
A certain role in solving the problems of small businesses was played by the reform to reduce administrative barriers, which began in 2001 with the adoption of the Law on Inspections and Inspections. Following that, laws were adopted on licensing and registration, on a simplified system of taxation and on technical regulation. Data from surveys of small business representatives conducted by the Center for Economic and Financial Research from 2002 to 2005 inclusive showed that there are certain, but not yet sufficient, positive changes.
Thus, the number of inspections and the time that these inspections take from entrepreneurs have somewhat decreased. According to the latest data, 73% of small business leaders spend less than 5% of their time on audits, up from 50% four years ago.
The simplification of the licensing procedure, its partial abolition and the lengthening of the validity of licenses led to the fact that the proportion of small businesses that applied for licenses decreased from 31 to 14%. At the same time, there are cases when some officials issue licenses for the right to carry out retail trade, while this type of small business activity is not licensed at all.
Over the years, the share of small enterprises using the simplified taxation scheme has noticeably increased. Now it is used by more than 60% of enterprises that have the right to do so.
There are still many problems hindering the further development of small business in the country. The main one is the purchase and lease of premises and land, both for production activities and for offices. It should be noted that over the past two years, the time spent by entrepreneurs on the purchase of premises and land has increased almost 10 times. In addition to the fact that real estate is becoming more expensive, it is becoming more difficult to acquire or rent it, which provides fertile ground for bureaucratic corruption. According to some studies, the corruption budget in Russia from 2003 to 2005 increased 11 (!) times. S. Borisov, President of the all-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized businesses "Support of Russia", fully agrees with this. The situation with the entrepreneurial climate is especially serious in such territories as Moscow, the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Starting a new business here, opening a new enterprise is futile. Basically, the trading business is staffed here, and the innovation and production areas, in essence, do not develop, since there are no development opportunities.
We can also conclude that quite a lot is being done for small and medium-sized businesses in Russia at the federal level. World Bank studies show that over the three years the business environment in Russia has improved significantly. However, local authorities, by their actions, deprive small and medium-sized entrepreneurs of many rights, pushing them into the path of structures affiliated with them, various intermediaries. Regarding property, real estate and rent, it is necessary to develop and include a clear mechanism for the purchase of property, its registration, and the creation of a business real estate market for small entrepreneurs. It is necessary to create a leading supply of infrastructure from local authorities. The same applies to the lease of land and real estate. An entrepreneur should always have a choice when looking for a property.
It is also necessarystreamline bankruptcy proceedings . It is absolutely normal when enterprises are born and die in the area of ​​small and medium-sized businesses. This is the law of the market economy. Thus, about 500,000 small businesses are born in the United States every year and about the same number die. It is very easy to liquidate a company there. .
It is extremely difficult for us to close an enterprise. Therefore, the data of statistics and the actual state of affairs in small business in Russia differ significantly. This problem needs to be resolved.
The fact that the domestic bureaucratic system (more precisely, corruption and administrative pressure) has become the main brake on the growth of small businesses in the country is confirmed by the study “What hinders the development of Russian business?”, carried out by the association of managers and the magazine “Money” in the III quarter of 2005. According to the results of the study, such a factor as general political and economic instability has successfully moved from second place to fourth. This indicates that, as compared with the 2nd quarter of 2005, the situation in the business environment as a whole has somewhat improved. Among the factors hindering the development of business, taxation is still in the first place. Its importance score is about 63%. Still a high rating of such a factor as the lack of qualified personnel - almost 46%.

26. Professional ethics in the sphere of SC&T.
The concept of professional ethics. Traditional types of professional ethics and professional ethics as a result of the development of the moral self-awareness of professional communities. Ethical traditions of entrepreneurship in Russia. Professional virtues and professional deformations. Ethical principles of team work. The value of appearance, "dress code", behavior for the quality of service. Professional codes and their significance for the formation of corporate culture.

Professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of behavior of a specialist, taking into account the characteristics of his professional activity and a specific situation. Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of each specialist.

1.2 Basic principles and norms of professional ethics

Professional ethics governs the relationship of people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain principles and norms, which are determined to bear additional responsibility associated with professional duties. [ 19 , p.12 ]
Norm is the basis of high professionalism.
Professional ethics are those specific features of the moral norms of professional activity that are directed directly at a person in certain conditions of his professional and official activity.
Professional moral norms are guiding principles, rules, samples, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of a person based on ideals. [ 10]
The main norms of professional ethics that should be inherent in all employees in the field of social and cultural services and tourism, regardless of where their workplace is located:
attentiveness, courtesy;
endurance, patience, self-control;
good manners and culture of speech;
the ability to avoid conflict situations, and if they arise, to successfully resolve them, respecting the interests of both parties;
courtesy, courtesy;
cordiality, goodwill;
tact, restraint;
self-criticism towards oneself;
willingness to respond quickly, keeping in the area of ​​attention several people or various operations that are carried out in the process of service;
the ability to stay calm and friendly even after serving a capricious client or a busy shift;
the ability to avoid customer dissatisfaction and conflict;
respect the right of every person to rest and leisure;
protect professional reputation;
promote the development of domestic and international tourism;
accept fair claims to their activities;
respect the moral values ​​and cultural standards of people, not allow statements that offend the national, religious or moral feelings of a person.
We list the unacceptable norms of behavior and personal qualities that are incompatible with the professional ethics of the sphere of social and cultural services and tourism:
rudeness, tactlessness, inattention, callousness;
dishonesty, hypocrisy;
theft, greed, selfishness;
talkativeness, disclosure of private information about clients, discussion with anyone of their shortcomings and weaknesses;
intransigence, the desire to take over the client, to subordinate his interests to his own.
You should not strive to remake or re-educate customers during the service - they need to be accepted as they are. Serious mistakes of novice workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism are often associated with resentment, with excessive ethical requirements in relation to customers, which indicates the personal vulnerability of the nature of such workers. [1, p. 209-212]
In the field of social and cultural services and tourism, the importance of ethical standards is felt not only in the interaction of workers with consumers, but also workers among themselves. At the enterprise, the moral climate is of particular importance, where there are no conflicts, there are no humiliated, irritated, indifferent people, but everyone treats each other with respect and attention. It is important to create an atmosphere of mutual assistance in the team, the ability of employees to work together, as well as in special service groups (in a team). Also, ethical standards in relationships with partners and colleagues include:
maintain professional unity;
cares about the prestige of the profession;
maintain normative service relations;
respect the right of colleagues to a reasoned refusal.
All this helps to achieve a common goal: to achieve effective customer service.
Professional unethical practices in clear violation of the law include falsifying documents sent by government regulatory agencies, embezzlement of funds, racial discrimination, and sexual harassment in the work environment.
Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly shape their behavior, their actions in the business sphere.
The principles are universal.
An employee in the field of social and cultural services and tourism must adhere to the following principles in his work:
The essence of the principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow in relation to your subordinates, to management, to colleagues of your official level, to clients, etc. such actions that you would not want to see in relation to yourself ”;
We need justice in providing employees with the resources necessary for their official activities (cash, raw materials, material);
Mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed;
The principle of maximum progress: official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view;
The principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of the employee as a whole are ethical, if they at least do not violate ethical standards;
Ethical is the tolerant attitude of the employees of the organization to the moral principles, traditions that take place in other organizations, regions, countries;
You should not be afraid to have your own opinion when solving any official issues. However, nonconformism, i.e. rejection of the dominant order,norms, values, traditions or laws , must be within reasonable limits;
Customer orientation, care for him;
The desire to improve their professional activities;
Confidentiality, non-disclosure of personal information obtained in the course of professional activities;
Avoiding potential and obvious conflicts between employees with management and especially with the client. Conflict is fertile ground for ethical offences;
No violence, ie. "pressure" on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, command manner of conducting an official conversation;
Don't criticize your competitor. This refers not only to a competing organization, but also to the “internal competitor” - the team of another department;
The employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues;
Freedom that does not restrict the freedom of others; usually this principle is stipulated by job descriptions;
When exposed (on a team, an individual employee, on a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible counteraction. The fact is that, recognizing the value and necessity of ethical standards in theory, many workers, faced with them in practical daily work, for one reason or another, begin to oppose them;
Constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of the organization not by a one-time order, but only with the help of ongoing efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees;
Respect the priority of public interests and universal humanistic values, showing civil maturity in all cases;
Comply with international legal acts and the laws of your country, observe human rights, showing respect for the democratic institutions of society;
Carry out all professional activities with deliberation, honesty, thoroughness, conscientiousness and perseverance, and, if necessary, courage. [ 19 , p.12-13 ]
Based on the principles, in professional ethics it is important not only the specific behavior of a specialist, but also the level of development of his moral consciousness and the practice of his relations with different people. Since everything in the socio-cultural service and tourism is based on relationships with people, the latter will be especially relevant. The main thing is the principles that guide a professional when building relationships with clients, colleagues, how he relates to society as a whole and the nature that surrounds him. The basic principle is respect for the other side. Another of the main principles is the principle of trust, which assumes that a specialist conducts services on the basis of an advance by trust, i.e. focuses on the positive qualities of its client in advance. In addition, the actual principles in the socio-cultural service include: the principle of loyalty, tolerance, objectivity, moral responsibility.
The content of ethical codes of firms originates from the principles of ethics.

1.3 Codes of professional ethics for employees of social and cultural services and tourism

Codes of ethics exist as part of professional standards.
They are a set of moral principles and specific ethical norms and rules of business relationships and communication.
Codes of ethics are a set of norms for the correct, appropriate behavior that is considered appropriate for a person of the profession to which this code relates. Professional codes of ethics serve as a guarantee of quality to society and carry information about the standards and restrictions on the activities of employees in the area for which these codes are designed. Knowing the codes helps prevent unethical behavior.
Codes should reflect as fully as possible the real situation and the specifics of the organization in which they are adopted.
Codes have the form of charters, prescriptions, instructions.
The development and observance of ethical codes of professional conduct is an important and urgent task. [ 15]
Here are the main provisions of the code:
Every visitor is a potential customer.
– A friendly look, a kind smile, combined with a businesslike behavior create a friendly contact and facilitate service.
- Accept the customer for who they are. Do not try to remake it in a few minutes of communicating with him. Be tactful, polite and cordial, but politeness should not turn into obsequiousness. Politeness is the most reliable tool in dealing with people of different ages, character and temperament.
Attentiveness of the worker is one of the main conditions for a favorable moral and psychological climate in the salon of the atelier, workshop. Inattention is the greatest evil in the relationship with the customer. Nothing injures the psyche, depresses and hardens like indifference, a dismissive attitude towards a person.
Know how to control yourself, show restraint and patience. Take care of yourself, don't let yourself get overly annoyed.
Respond to rudeness with restraint and courtesy.
Never ignore the claims and objections of customers.
To sincerely and timely apologize is not a humiliation, but a worthy recognition of a certain guilt; it is also a sign of culture.
Each act of an employee must be motivated and not cause the customer to doubt its fairness.
Adhere to the time of arrival agreed with the customer.
Stay straight, do not lower your head when you are in sight, and even more so when talking with the customer.
Try to evenly distribute your physical and mental stress, do not forget about the hours of the main flow of visitors.
You may not disparage products that a customer sends in for repair, refurbishment, or refurbishment.
Take care of the honor of the enterprise and your comrades.
The Code of Ethics for Tourism sets out a set of guidelines for the responsible and sustainable development of world tourism at the dawn of the new millennium.
The need to develop the Code was noted in a resolution adopted in 1997 at the WTO General Assembly in Istanbul. In the following two years, an ad hoc committee was formed to prepare the Global Code of Ethics, drafted by the Secretary-General and WTO Legal Adviser in consultation with the Business Council, the Regional Commissions and the WTO Executive Council. [ 19]
The UN Commission on Sustainable Development at its session in April 1999 in New York approved the concept of this Code. The final Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, numbering 10, was unanimously approved in October 1999 at the session of the WTO General Assembly in Santiago (Chile). [23]
ARTICLE 1. The contribution of tourism to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies
Participants in the tourism process and tourists themselves must take into account the socio-cultural traditions and customs of all peoples, including national minorities and indigenous peoples, and recognize their dignity;
Tourism activities must be carried out in harmony with the specific features and traditions of the host regions and countries, while respecting their laws, customs and traditions;
Host communities should get to know and show respect for the tourists who visit them;
Public authorities must ensure the protection of tourists and visitors and their property;
While traveling, tourists and visitors must not engage in any criminal acts or activities;
Tourists and visitors should try to familiarize themselves with the characteristics of the countries they intend to visit before leaving.
ARTICLE 2. Tourism - a factor of individual and collective improvement
Tourism, an activity most often associated with recreation, leisure, sports and communication with culture and nature, should be planned and practiced as a privileged means of individual and collective improvement;
In all types of tourism activities, equality between men and women must be respected;
The exploitation of man in all its forms is contrary to the main goals of tourism and is a negation of tourism in this regard as well;
Particularly useful forms of tourism that should be encouraged are trips for religious, recreational, educational purposes, as well as for cultural and language exchanges.
ARTICLE 3. Tourism - a factor of sustainable development
All participants in the tourism process are obliged to protect the natural environment and resources;
Central, regional and local authorities should prioritize and financially stimulate all those forms of tourism development that save rare and valuable natural resources, especially water and energy, and also avoid the generation of waste to the maximum extent possible;
A more even distribution of tourist and visitor flows across time and space, especially those associated with paid holidays and school holidays, should be promoted, as well as help to smooth out seasonality;
Tourism infrastructure and tourism activities should be planned in such a way as to ensure the protection of natural heritage, which constitute ecosystems and biological diversity, as well as to protect species of wild fauna and flora that are threatened with extinction;
ARTICLE 4. Tourism is a sphere that uses the cultural heritage of mankind and contributes to its enrichment
Tourism resources are the common property of mankind;
Tourism policy and activities are carried out on the basis of respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage in order to protect and preserve it for future generations;
Funding from visits to cultural sites and monuments should be used at least in part to maintain, protect, improve and restore this heritage;
Tourism activities should be planned in such a way as to ensure the preservation and prosperity of traditional crafts, culture and folklore, and not lead to their standardization and impoverishment.
ARTICLE 5. Tourism - an activity beneficial to host countries and communities
The local population should be involved in tourism activities and participate on an equal basis in obtaining the resulting economic, social and cultural benefits;
Tourism policy should be carried out in such a way that it contributes to the improvement of the living standards of the population of the areas visited and meets their needs;
Particular attention should be paid to the specific problems of coastal zones and island territories, as well as vulnerable rural and mountainous areas;
Tourism professionals, especially investors, should, within the framework of the rules established by the public authorities, conduct studies on the impact of their development projects on the environment and nature; they should also, with the utmost transparency and objectivity, provide information on their future programs and their possible implications, and facilitate dialogue with the population concerned about their content.
ARTICLE 6. Obligations of participants in the tourism process
Tourism professionals are required to provide tourists with objective truthful information about destinations and about the conditions of travel, reception and stay;
Tourism professionals, to the extent that it depends on them, together with the public authorities, should take care of the safety, accident prevention, health protection and food hygiene for persons applying for their services;
Tourism professionals, to the extent that it depends on them, should promote the cultural and spiritual development of tourists and allow them to send their religious needs during their trips;
The authorities of the States sending and receiving tourists, in contact with interested tourism professionals and their associations, should ensure that tourism companies accept and comply with the above rules and obligations for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the insolvency of the companies that organized their trips;
Governments have the right and the duty, especially in times of crisis, to inform their citizens of the difficult conditions and even dangers they may face when traveling abroad.
ARTICLE 7. Right to tourism
ARTICLE 8. Freedom of tourist travel
ARTICLE 9. Rights of workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
The fundamental rights of employees and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related industries must be guaranteed under the control of the administrations of both their countries of origin and of host countries, subject to specific restrictions related, in particular, to the seasonal nature of their activities, the global scope of the tourism industry and the flexibility that required of them due to the nature of their work;
Employed and self-employed workers in the tourism and related industries have the right and obligation to receive appropriate initial training and continually improve their skills;
All natural and legal persons with the necessary abilities and qualifications should have the right to engage in professional activities in the field of tourism within the framework of applicable national laws;
Partnership and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises of sending and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable development of tourism and the equitable distribution of the benefits resulting from its growth.
ARTICLE 10. Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
Public and private participants in the tourism process should cooperate in the implementation of these principles and should monitor their effective application;
Participants in the tourism process must recognize the role played by international organizations, primarily the World Tourism Organization, and non-governmental organizations that deal with the promotion and development of tourism, the protection of human rights and the protection of the environment and health, taking into account the observance of the basic principles of international law;
The same participants in the tourism process must show the intention to refer, for the purpose of reconciliation, all contentious issues related to the application or interpretation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to an impartial third body, called the "World Committee on Tourism Ethics". [23]
Professionals in the field of social - cultural services and tourism must follow the appropriate code of ethics and standards of professional conduct. A significant number of codes of ethics have now been adopted by business professional associations. To make codes of ethics more effective, organizations typically take some form of disciplinary action, both to punish violations of the code and to reward actions taken in accordance with the rules of the code of ethics. In terms of content and volume, codes of ethics are very diverse: they can be rules of business ethics on one page and standards of several dozen pages. It is believed that such codes should be based on the strategy and vision of the management of the organization and contain a model of the desired behavior of its employees. [15, p.447-44 9]
The principles and rules proclaimed in the codes of ethics can be actively used for the promotional purposes of the organization. However, one should be careful not to include too vague language in the codes, behind which it is difficult to discern the true ethical values ​​professed by the organization. In addition, it is important that codes of ethics establish not only the responsibility of employees to the organization, but also the obligations of the organization to employees and society as a whole.
To maintain a high ethical level in world practice, along with the creation of codes, the following approaches are used:
Organization of a permanent ethics committee;
Creation of a "hot line" for comments and complaints;
Conducting ethical conduct audits;
An expression of gratitude for the exemplary ethical behavior of employees. [17]

1.4 Business ethics
The ethics of business communication can be defined as a set of moral norms, rules and ideas that regulate the behavior and attitudes of people in the course of their production activities.
The ethics of business communication should be taken into account in its various manifestations: in the relationship between the enterprise and the social environment; between enterprises; within one enterprise, between a leader and subordinates, between a subordinate and a leader, between people of the same status. Between the parties of this or that type of business communication there is a specificity. The task is to formulate such principles of business communication that would not only correspond to each type of business communication, but also not contradict the general moral principles of people's behavior. At the same time, they should serve as a reliable tool for coordinating the activities of people involved in business communication.
The general moral principle of human communication is contained in the categorical imperative of I. Kant: "Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can always also have the force of the principle of universal legislation." With regard to business communication, the basic ethical principle can be formulated as follows: in business communication, when deciding which values ​​should be preferred in a given situation, act in such a way that the maxim of your will is compatible with the moral values ​​of other parties participating in communication, and allows coordination of interests of all parties.
Thus, the basis of the ethics of business communication should be coordination, and, if possible, harmonization of interests. Naturally, if it is carried out by ethical means and in the name of morally justified goals. Therefore, business communication must be constantly checked by ethical reflection, justifying the motives for entering into it. At the same time, it is often quite difficult to make an ethically correct choice and make an individual decision.
Ethics of business communication in relation to the leader to subordinates
The golden rule of ethics can be formulated as follows: "Treat your subordinate the way you would like to be treated by your boss." Without observing the ethics of business communication between a leader and a subordinate, most people feel uncomfortable in a team, morally unprotected. The attitude of the leader to subordinates affects the whole nature of business communication, largely determines its moral and psychological climate. It is at this level that moral standards and patterns of behavior are formed in the first place. Let's note some of them.
Strive to turn your organization into a cohesive team with high communication standards. Involve employees in the goals of the organization. A person will feel morally and psychologically comfortable only when he is identified with the collective. At the same time, everyone strives to remain an individual and wants to be respected for who he is.
If there are problems and difficulties associated with dishonesty, the manager should find out its causes. If we are talking about ignorance, then one should not endlessly reproach the subordinate for his weaknesses and shortcomings. Think about what you can do to help him overcome them. Rely on the strengths of his personality.
If the employee did not follow your instructions, you must let him know that you are aware of this, otherwise he may decide that he tricked you. Moreover, if the manager did not make a corresponding remark to the subordinate, then he simply does not fulfill his duties and acts unethically.
The remark to the employee must comply with ethical standards. Gather all the information on this case. Choose the right form of communication. First, ask the employee himself to explain the reason for not completing the task, perhaps he will give facts unknown to you. Make your remarks one on one: it is necessary to respect the dignity and feelings of a person.
Criticize actions and deeds, not a person's personality.
Then, when appropriate, use the "sandwich" technique - hide criticism between two compliments. End the conversation on a friendly note and soon find time to talk to the person to show him that you are not holding a grudge.
Never advise a subordinate how to act in personal matters. If the advice helps, you will most likely not be thanked. If it doesn't help, you will be held responsible.
Don't get pets. Treat employees as equal members and treat everyone with the same standard.
Never give employees the opportunity to notice that you are not in control if you want to maintain their respect.
Observe the principle of distributive justice:
the greater the merit, the greater should be the reward.
Encourage your team even if success is achieved mainly due to the success of the leader himself.
Strengthen the subordinate's self-esteem. A job well done deserves not only material, but also moral encouragement. Do not be lazy to once again praise the employee.
The privileges that you give yourself should be extended to other members of the team.
Trust employees and admit your own mistakes at work. The members of the collective will still, one way or another, learn about them. But concealing mistakes is a manifestation of weakness and dishonesty.
etc.................

Introduction …………………………………………………………………....3

Chapter I Socio-cultural institutions - concept and typology ... ..5

§ 1 The essence of socio-cultural institutions …………………..….5

§ 2 Typology of socio-cultural institutions …………………..…8

Chapter II Parks as one of the socio-cultural institutions ... .. ... 12

§ 1 Social and cultural activities of national parks …..…13

§ 2 Social and cultural activities of natural parks ……...….20

§ 3 Activities of parks of culture and recreation ……………………..……25

Conclusion ……………………………………………………….………33

List of sources used …………………………………..37

Introduction

IN modern conditions social changes are rethinking the role of culture, updating its forms and functions. On the one hand, culture still reproduces traditional attitudes and patterns of behavior that largely determine the behavior and thinking of people. On the other hand, modern media forms (television, cinema, print, advertising) are widely spread, which enhances the formation of ideological and moral stereotypes of mass culture, modern lifestyle.

In this context, the defining role of culture in common process Russia's modernization consists in shaping the personality as an active subject of economic life and social self-organization. All socio-economic development projects should include a humanitarian component, promote the development of spiritual forces and human health, and awareness of high meaning of its existence.

In 1928, the TsPKiO was founded in Moscow, thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly being involved in holding mass holidays.

In modern conditions, the role of parks as a traditional democratic place for mass recreation will increase. For many residents of the city, recreation in the parks often becomes the only available opportunity to spend time in nature and take part in mass entertainment. To improve the activities of parks of culture and recreation, it is necessary to carry out a phased modernization of the outdated park facilities, equipping them with modern amusement equipment, connecting all engineering networks to communications. In the new conditions, the traditional activities of parks should be reconsidered.

The purpose of this work is to consider parks as socio-cultural institutions.

The following tasks follow from this goal:

1. consider the essence and typology of socio-cultural institutions;
2. consider the socio-cultural activities of national and natural parks;
3. consider the activities of parks of culture and recreation;
4. draw conclusions about the research topic.

The object of the research is socio-cultural institutions. The subject of research is the activity of parks.

ChapterI Socio-cultural institutions - concept and typology

§ 1 The essence of socio-cultural institutions

Socio-cultural institutions - one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). In the broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also applies to any of the many subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.

Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.

Among economic, political, household and other social institutions differing from each other in the content of activity and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.

First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term "socio-cultural institution". It covers a numerous network of social institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them.

In modern literature, there are various approaches to the construction of a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the intended purpose, nature and content of their activities. As such, the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations can appear.

From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov single out two levels of understanding of the essence of socio-cultural institutions. Accordingly, we are dealing with two of their major varieties.

The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have been historically established in society, uniting around some main, main goal, value, need.

It is legitimate to refer to socio-cultural institutions of the normative type, first of all, the institution of the family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (assertion of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transmission and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).

The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of an institutional type include a numerous network of services, departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group includes cultural and educational institutions directly , arts, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support of the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodical institutions of the industry.

So, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects for the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.

In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an actively operating subject of a normative or institutional type that has certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performs an appropriate socio-cultural function in society.

For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out the creative process of creating artistic values. At the same time, in its internal (substantial) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. The standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative people, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.

Socio-cultural institutions give the activities of people a qualitative certainty, significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, confessional groups, for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, above all, a subject of upbringing and education of a person.

§ 2 Typology of socio-cultural institutions

A wide network of socio-cultural institutions has various forms of internal gradation. Some of them are officially established and institutionalized (for example, the system of general education, the system of special education, vocational education, a network of clubs, libraries and other cultural and leisure institutions), are of public importance and perform their functions on a society-wide scale, in a broad socio-cultural context. Others are not specially established, but are formed gradually in the process of long-term joint socio-cultural activity, often constituting a whole historical epoch. These include, for example, numerous informal associations and leisure communities emerging at the group, local level, traditional holidays, ceremonies, rituals and other peculiar socio-cultural stereotypical forms. They are voluntarily elected by certain socio-cultural groups: children, adolescents, youth, residents of the microdistrict, students, military, etc.

Socio-cultural institutions are classified depending on their role function in relation to consumers of cultural goods, values ​​and services in the face of thousands of children and adults audience of users: spectators, listeners, readers, as well as potential customers, producers, buyers of extensive socio-cultural products. In this case, among the huge variety of socio-cultural institutions of the normative and institutional type, the following categories are distinguished.

The first group - socio-cultural institutions, mainly engaged in the production of spiritual values: ideology, politics, law, public administration, science, church, journalism, basic and additional education, art, language, literature, architecture, art, amateur, including technical creativity, amateur art, collecting.

The second group - socio-cultural institutions, mainly engaged in communication, broadcasting of spiritual values, economic, political, cultural, social, scientific and technical information: press, radio, television, publishing houses and book trade, museums and exhibitions, advertising, archives and libraries, propaganda and preaching, e-mail, conferences, presentations, etc.

The third group - socio-cultural institutions, mainly manifest themselves in the organization various kinds informal creative activity: family, clubs and landscape gardening institutions, folklore, folk art and customs, rituals, mass holidays, carnivals, festivities, initiative cultural protection societies and movements.

In the theory and practice of SKD, many other bases are often used for the typology of socio-cultural institutions:

1. by population served:
   1. mass consumer (publicly available);
   2. separate social groups (specialized);
   3. children, youth (children and youth);
2. by type of ownership:
   1. state;
   2. public;
   3. joint-stock;
   4. private;
3. by economic status:
   1. non-commercial;
   2. semi-commercial;
   3. commercial;
4. in terms of scope and audience coverage:
   1. international;
   2. national (federal);
   3. regional;
   4. local (local).

However, the level of interrelations of various socio-cultural institutions on the federal and regional scales is far from being the same. There are several most characteristic indicators of this level: connections are strong and permanent; connections are meaningful and objective; contacts are episodic; partners hardly cooperate; partners work in isolation.

The reasons for the episodic contacts between the socio-cultural institutions of the region are, as a rule, the lack of a clear idea of ​​the content and forms of joint work. Little experience of this cooperation, lack of a clear program, inconsistency of plans, lack of attention from municipal authorities, etc.

ChapterII Parks as one of the socio-cultural institutions

By functional purpose, there are mass and children's parks, historical and memorial parks-estates, forest parks and natural parks-reserves, botanical parks and zoos, sports parks, aqua and hydro parks, parks-exhibitions, recreation areas. Structurally, the park as a socio-cultural center includes many zones and sectors: a platform for public events with open stages, a green theater, exhibition pavilions, an amusement zone, a children's playground, a playground, a sports sector, a dance floor, indoor structures (variety theater, cinema center, library-reading rooms, dance hall, slot machine hall, etc.), green park and forest areas, reservoirs, trade pavilions and catering services, utility rooms.

In the process of socio-cultural design, many characteristic, specific features inherent in the park are taken into account, first of all, the relief, the presence of green areas, reservoirs, location, evaluated from the standpoint of the most effective recreation, health improvement of a person.

The main activities of the park:

• Holding traditional (and national) holidays together with city cultural centers (including national ones).
• Conducting music and song festivals.
• Conducting creative meetings with artists.
• Conducting performances and concerts with the participation of creative teams of the city.
• Carrying out theatrical holidays, folk festivals, fairs (Maslenitsa, City Day, Neptune Day, etc. - with the involvement of creative, trade organizations).
• Family holidays.
• Conducting cognitive-game and music programs for children of primary and secondary school age and for teenagers, youth discos.
• Holding events for people of middle and older age, taking into account their creative interests (amateur associations, evenings “For those who are over…).
• Provision of paid services to the population (attractions, costume rental, phonograms, services of a graphic designer).

§ 1 Social and cultural activities of national parks

National natural parks of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as national natural parks) are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes.

National parks are one of the most important categories of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) and the main organizational forms of protection of cultural landscapes in Russia. The cultural landscapes of Russian national parks, which often occupy the most valuable natural and historical-cultural territories of the country, are an example of unique natural and cultural territories and are of undoubted value for the development of regulated tourism (mainly in the form of ecological and ecological-cultural tourism).

The features of Russian national parks include the following:

The main share of national parks is concentrated in the European part of Russia, the westernmost is the "Curonian Spit" - in the Kaliningrad region. To date, 6 national parks have been created in Siberia, half of which are concentrated in the Baikal region, and on Far East there is currently one national park.

It should be noted one more geographical feature national parks. There are certain differences between national parks created in remote and sparsely populated regions of Russia and parks organized in well-developed regions. The main function of national parks located in remote parts of the country is the preservation of natural complexes and objects in their natural state, while parks operating in developed regions generally pay more attention to the tasks of managing cultural landscapes, creating conditions for recreation and participating in social activities. - economic development of the region.

Thus, national parks play a special role in the system of protected natural areas of all-Russian significance. Unlike reserves, they are endowed not only with environmental protection, but also with a recreational function, since they have natural, historical and cultural resources. Such "duality" imposes certain restrictions on the conditions of recreation in national parks and promotes the development of ecotourism. For residents of Europe and America, recreation in national parks is one of the most popular. In Russia, tourists still have little idea of ​​how ecotourism differs from ordinary outdoor recreation. The period of formation of national parks in Russia is so short that only a few can boast of a variety of educational routes; in a number of parks, the tourist service sector, including information services, is still in the process of formation.

The following main tasks are assigned to national natural parks:

1. preservation of reference and unique natural complexes and objects, as well as monuments of history, culture and other objects of cultural heritage;
2. creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions;
3. development and implementation scientific methods preservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use;
4. restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects;
5. organization of environmental education of the population;
6. conducting environmental monitoring.

Historical and cultural heritage within the boundaries of national parks in most cases is represented not only by individual objects, but also by integral territorial complexes, which determines the priority role of these protected areas as an organizational form of protection and conservation of valuable historical and cultural territories. Many national parks are characterized by a combination of natural and historical and cultural exclusivity and integrity of the natural and cultural environment, the relationship of natural and cultural diversity, which indicates the special importance of Russian national parks in the global system of humanitarian values.

Historical and cultural rarities and phenomena directly related to natural conditions, resources and virtues, should be considered as a whole in the cultural landscape system. The cultural landscape should become a single object of protection and management, and the tactics of working with its individual fragments and structures should be subject to the goals of its integrated conservation.

Preservation and use of historical and cultural heritage in the territory of national parks should be based on the following principles:

• recognition of the inseparability and integrity of the natural and cultural heritage, taking into account the whole variety of mixed forms of heritage that combine natural and cultural values;
• the priority of the cultural landscape in the field of managing the historical and cultural heritage, subordinating the tactics of working with its individual fragments and structures to the goals of its comprehensive preservation;
• recognition of the indigenous local population as an integral part of the historical and cultural environment, and its participation in the reconstruction and reproduction of the cultural values ​​of the territory as a prerequisite for management policy;
• a differentiated approach to various types of cultural heritage, the specificity and characteristics of which determine the choice of an action strategy and protection measures;
• close relationship with state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage sites.

Traditions of nature management, arts and crafts, folk crafts, features of the arrangement of living space, ritual customs, folklore belong to the sphere of historical and cultural heritage, called "living traditional culture", which is reproduced and stored by the population living in the territory of the national park.

The inclusion of living traditional culture in the system of objects (resources) of cultural heritage requires a fundamental change in the attitude of the national park as an institution to the local population. These relations should be based on cooperation and mutual assistance, especially with those ethno-cultural groups that preserve cultural traditions and are carriers of historical memory. The cultural heritage contained in a living culture is considered mainly as an object of research and study, but not as an object of preservation and revival. In this case, national parks can play important role, including truly integral territorial complexes with their nature, population, forms of cultural life and cultural landscape in the system of management objects.

Untouched nature, as well as historical and cultural monuments located within the boundaries of national parks, are a national treasure. Tourism and recreation enable visitors to these territories to enjoy communicating with nature, improve their health and restore their strength, broaden their horizons, get acquainted with history and culture, the characteristics of local flora and fauna, and learn harmonious relations with the environment. The task of the national park administration is to organize regulated access of tourists and vacationers to the park (both on its own and by involving the private sector in this activity), while ensuring the safety of natural complexes and cultural heritage sites.

Regulated tourism and recreation are understood as the movement of tourists limited by the park (with the help of various regulatory mechanisms and measures), as well as the scope of services for visitors to the park on its territory and near its borders, corresponding to permissible anthropogenic loads and not causing damage. environment and historical and cultural objects.

For a number of reasons, only national parks have the potential to develop sustainable and ecological tourism. Namely:

1. The network of national parks covers many unique and remarkable landscapes and ecosystems that have not been disturbed by human activities.

2. The development of ecological tourism is not just a business, and maximizing profits is not its end in itself.

3. In most cases, protected areas are the only structures in the regions that are able to take on the functions of planning, managing and monitoring tourism activities, which is an indispensable condition for the development of ecotourism.

4. National parks, reserves and their departments are a network of research institutions covering all natural areas. This determines their high prospects for organizing tourism, student practices, and volunteer programs.

5. The combination of environmental education and ecotourism activities based on national parks will significantly increase efficiency environmental education and will draw the attention of the general public to environmental issues.

6. World experience shows that the efficiency of ecological tourism is highest at the local and regional levels. Therefore, protected areas can become a source of jobs and income for the local economy.

The main problems that impede the development of ecological tourism in the national parks of Russia were also identified, such as the lack of:

§ 2 Social and cultural activities of natural parks

In 2006, the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory, in order to preserve and restore natural complexes, biological and landscape diversity, improve the protection and reproduction of economically valuable, rare and endangered species of animals and plants, preserve their habitat, develop tourism and recreation, decided to establish in the Khabarovsk Territory on the lands forest fund in the Vyazemsky district, the natural park "Vyazemsky" with an area of ​​33.0 thousand hectares, in the Komsomolsky district, the natural park "Khoso" with an area of ​​123.1 thousand hectares.

The main tasks of these natural parks were identified:

1. preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
2. conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, including the Amur tiger;
3. environmental education of the population;
4. creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation, preservation of recreational resources;
5. conducting environmentally adapted economic activities;
6. development and implementation effective methods nature protection and maintaining the ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of the territory of the natural park;
7. implementation of environmental monitoring;
8. restoration of disturbed natural complexes and objects;
9. protection and reproduction of hunting species of animals;
10. ensuring employment of the population, taking into account its social and environmental interests.

The activities of these natural parks are aimed at ensuring the protection of natural objects, the implementation of measures for their conservation and restoration, as well as the organization of regulated tourism and recreation.

According to the Regulations on natural parks in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the following tasks are assigned to natural parks:

• preservation of natural complexes, unique natural sites and objects, species diversity in them, as well as historical and cultural objects;
• creation of conditions for recreation (with the exception of mass, regulated tourism) and the preservation of recreational resources;
• development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of territories of natural parks.

The educational activities of natural parks include the publication of booklets, photo albums, guides, reference materials and other printed materials, the organization of open-air museums and expositions, the creation and arrangement of excursion trails and routes, the organization of special training centers, school forestries and children's environmental camps, the passage of educational and practical training by students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, coverage of the activities of natural parks in the media and other forms and methods of social and environmental education, education and promotion of environmental knowledge.

Extensive educational activities of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain Natural Park are carried out in order to:

• to support the ideas of nature protection activities by the general population as necessary condition fulfillment by the Park of its nature protection functions;
• contribute to the resolution of regional environmental issues;
• participate in the formation of environmental consciousness and local history culture of the population

The environmental and educational activities of the Natural Park are primarily aimed at shaping among different segments of the population, especially among young people, an understanding of the role of the Park as a special type of protected area in preserving the biological and landscape diversity of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (not only in the regional but also at the biospheric level). to clarify its place in the socio-economic development of the Volgograd-Volga agglomeration. This will help ensure effective public support for the Park.

The state institution "Natural Park "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain" carries out educational activities in the form of additional environmental and local history education, occupying its own special niche among other state and public organizations corresponding profile.

This work focuses primarily on:

1. formation of the prestige of specially protected territories in the eyes of the population;
2. deepening ecological, environmental, local history knowledge;
3. familiarization with local biological and landscape diversity;
4. wide direct participation of different segments of the population (local residents and visitors, rural and urban population, children and adults, senior officials of government, administration, business, etc.) in the conservation and restoration of the wildlife of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain.

The environmental education and local history activities of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain Natural Park give a tangible result, as it is long-term, purposeful, systemic and complex, it affects both the intellectual and emotional spheres of the individual, develops the appropriate practical skills and abilities people, is built on a modern methodological and material base.

To achieve the goals, the natural park performs the following tasks:

• purposeful systematic work with different groups of the population; administrations of the districts included in the territory of the Park;
  • systematic work with visitors to the Park;
  • close cooperation with educational institutions of the Sredneakhtubinsky, Leninsky and Svetloyarsky districts, the cities of Volgograd and Volzhsky, with legislative and executive authorities of the region, as well as local self-government, with the media, with public and other interested organizations;
  • providing methodological assistance to all interested persons;
  • professional training of full-time specialists of the relevant profile, the involvement of scientists and highly qualified teachers and specialists from other institutions;
  • participation in the creation of a single information space that ensures the exchange of environmental and educational information, both at the regional, Russian and international levels;
  • formation of the necessary organizational and material base for environmental education and local history activities: the creation of special structural units; organization of visit centers, exhibitions, museums and museum expositions; development, tracing and equipping of ecological trails; organization of excursions and publication of booklets; release of information products, etc.;
  • systematic development and strengthening of the methodological base of effective educational work at the modern level, accumulating relevant domestic and foreign experience, as well as creating their own methodological materials.

§ 3 Activities of parks of culture and recreation

In a modern city, the park is the most democratic and most environmentally friendly institution of culture and leisure.

For example, in the city of Ufa there are 5 municipal, 2 private parks of culture and recreation and 1 Garden of culture and recreation: MUE "Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after Mazhit Gafuri", MUP Park of Culture and Leisure of the Demsky District, MUP Park of Culture and Leisure of Petrochemists, MUP Park of Culture and Leisure "Pervomaisky", Municipal Unitary Enterprise Park of Culture and Leisure "Kashkadan", LLC Parks of Culture and Leisure named after I. Yakutov and "Magic World", Municipal Unitary Enterprise Garden of Culture and Leisure named after S.T. Aksakov. The total area of ​​municipal parks is 158 hectares.

Currently, parks of culture and recreation are in first place in terms of attendance among cultural institutions. A significant role here is played by free open entrance and a relatively small fee for using attractions. Also, it should be taken into account that visitors to the park are offered free concerts of creative groups (amateur performances and professional artists), competitive and game programs for all age categories, organization of various holidays, spectacles, events and folk festivals with prizes, organization of circles, sports sections, provision of sports grounds, etc. paid for by the park.

The funds earned by the parks in the spring and summer are used to pay the wages of park employees, pay utility bills, taxes, and conduct cultural work.

Economic transformations did not find timely reflection in the economic and legal mechanism of parks, but only exposed and intensified the main problems (taxation, financing, social purpose, relationships with state and municipal authorities).

Improving the financial policy of parks requires an appropriate regulatory framework. The issue of status has become a matter of principle, determining the measure of state support.

Parks are a nationwide ecological and cultural value; they are the "lungs" of cities, centers of recreation and culture, uniting the interests of the state and the population. It is necessary to open such zones in the Leninsky district of the city.

The parks have common problems and areas of activity determined by modern trends in the development of society:

• ecologization of public consciousness, lack of communication with nature, environmental crises. The value of parks as publicly accessible natural areas with a recreational zone is growing. The natural complex of parks (land, green zone) is in a catastrophic state today and this needs to be given special attention.
• Democratization of cultural policy. Programs developed directly in the parks provide an opportunity for organized mass recreation and entertainment, cultural and gaming activity of the population.
• The social stratification of society. Potentially the entire population is the contingent of the park, including socially vulnerable groups: children, youth, pensioners, the unemployed, etc. Parks are becoming one of the basic leisure facilities where social (open) programs and events are held.
• Reforming the economy and the system of public administration.

In order to protect and increase the natural and cultural resources of society, it is necessary to develop a state strategy to support parks:

• protection and restoration of the natural environment of parks;
• innovative technical equipment;
• development of parks as open social and cultural organizations.

The Strategy for the Development of Individual Socio-Economic and Economic Complexes of Volgograd for the period up to 2025 states that in modern conditions the role of parks as a traditional democratic place for mass recreation will increase. For many residents of the city, recreation in the parks often becomes the only available opportunity to spend time in nature and take part in mass entertainment. To improve the activities of parks of culture and recreation, it is necessary to carry out a phased modernization of the outdated park facilities, equipping them with modern amusement equipment, connecting all engineering networks to communications. Under the new conditions, it is necessary to revise the traditional activities of parks, in particular, to strengthen the orientation towards meeting the cultural needs of children and older visitors. It is advisable to organize children's summer camps on the basis of mass parks, to carry out more actively work on aesthetic education, technical creativity of young people, to provide conditions for physical education and sports, to create sports and recreation complexes around the clock in parks, to develop new landscape and artistic zones, to form a park landscape as a museum of cultivated nature, regularly hold various events of a national and cultural nature on the basis of parks, develop specialized activities of parks aimed at promoting folk art and folklore, the amateur movement, etc.

Raising the general cultural level of the inhabitants of the city of Volgograd, the revival of interest in cultural forms of leisure organization involves solving the following tasks:

1. Development and implementation of a set of measures to preserve the socio-ethnic image of the city as a national, historical, cultural and political subject of the Russian Federation.
2. Development of the concept and creation of a citywide system of aesthetic education of the population, primarily children and adolescents.
3. Ensuring the targeted orientation of the work of cultural institutions, the transition from mass to individual forms, taking into account the changed living conditions of the population and priorities.
4. Implementation of a protectionist policy in relation to state cultural and leisure institutions, creating favorable conditions for adaptation in a new socio-economic environment, providing benefits and advantages for commercial organizations working in this area.

Ensuring the availability of cultural benefits for the residents of Volgograd involves solving the following tasks:

1. Increasing the territorial accessibility of cultural goods for city residents, bringing cultural services closer to the place of their consumption through a more rational distribution of the network of cultural institutions, as well as traveling and touring activities.
2. Ensuring the financial accessibility of culture for all categories of the population.
3. Development of information activities - the introduction of modern advertising, marketing, which are effective tools for expanding the audience.
4. Ensuring artistic and aesthetic accessibility, which consists in the appropriate preparation of a person for the perception of spiritual values, the formation of his cultural needs.
5. Ensuring ethno-cultural accessibility, i.e. providing equal opportunities for unhindered development and development of national cultures.
6. Ensuring the historical accessibility of spiritual benefits, the preservation of cultural heritage, the historical landscape and the environment of the city.
7. Attracting additional material and financial resources to the sphere of culture, including the use in the work of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, funds from commercial structures and other extrabudgetary funds.
8. Preservation and development of the network of municipal cultural institutions, support for public and private cultural institutions.

According to the Guidelines of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation on the implementation of local self-government issues in the field of culture of urban and rural settlements, municipal districts(Appendix No. 9 "Approximate regulation on the municipal park of culture and recreation of the municipal district"), the municipal Park of culture and recreation (hereinafter referred to as the Park) is a municipal cultural institution, the main activity of which is aimed at providing the population with versatile services in the field of culture and leisure.

The park as a municipal cultural institution is created to achieve the following goals:

1. creating favorable conditions for the most complete satisfaction of the spiritual and aesthetic needs of the population, cultural leisure and recreation, strengthening the health of the residents of the area, developing their social and creative activity;
2. ensuring the territorial integrity of the natural complex as a natural urban development boundary that creates a psychologically and environmentally comfortable space for residents of adjacent areas, conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems, flora and fauna;
3. preservation and reconstruction of the landscape gardening environment, forest parks, restoration of historical monuments, improvement of landscape architecture.

The park carries out the following activities:

• creation of artistic programs, including holding mass holidays, theatrical performances, folk festivals, music, literature and dance salons aimed at popularizing best achievements world and national culture;
• organization of art festivals, concerts, theaters of small forms with the involvement of touring and concert groups of professional and amateur groups, meetings with representatives of the media, experts in law, healthcare, ecology, international relations;
• the use of gaming mobile forms of communication between people and nature, art based on ancient Russian traditions;
• organization of regional, regional, Russian and international thematic exhibitions;
• construction of theatrical and entertainment, leisure, entertainment and other objects of cultural and mass purpose;
• organization of clubs, circles and sections, creative associations and artistic groups;
• holding sports holidays, cross-country races, relay races, competitions to involve the population, youth and adolescents in mass physical education and sports;
• creation of health-improving and sports-mass facilities (billiard room, tennis courts, self-supporting sports sections);
• provision of a variety of paid services related to the sphere of culture, recreation and sports;
• publication of information and advertising materials about the experience and methodology of the Park, catalogs and booklets promoting culture and art;
• making copies of sound recordings, phonograms of concerts, performances, musical works from the Park's record library;
• promotion of environmental, historical, cultural and local history knowledge;
• carrying out organizational and technical measures to reduce negative anthropogenic factors affecting the natural complex;
• implementation of actions aimed at the conservation and restoration of specific natural communities, increasing the diversity of local plant species.

The park can also conduct other activities that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and the principles of nature conservation, provided for by its charter and aimed at improving the quality of visitor service (creating paid parking lots for vehicles, organizing food outlets, souvenir, book trade, etc.).

Conclusion

During the work on the topic of the course research, the author came to the following conclusions:

1. socio-cultural institutions - one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). In the broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also applies to any of the many subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.
2. In modern literature, there are various approaches to the construction of a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the intended purpose, nature and content of their activities.
3. Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (substantive). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of legal, human, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of expediently oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.
4. Each of the socio-cultural institutions performs primarily its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.
5. In the modern process of development and strengthening of cooperation between numerous communities and structures of the socio-cultural sphere, two trends can be distinguished. On the one hand, each socio-cultural institution, based on its profile and character, seeks to maximize its own potential, its own creative and commercial opportunities. On the other hand, it is quite natural for this group of subjects to strive for social partnership. Their joint, coordinated and coordinated actions are being strengthened on the basis of common, coinciding functions of socio-cultural activity.
6. Parks belong to this type of socio-cultural institutions, the main functions of which are recreation, organization of mass recreation and entertainment, information-educational, physical culture and health-improving work among the population of the city, district, and nearby residential areas.
7. National parks play a special role in the system of protected natural areas of national significance. Unlike reserves, they are endowed not only with environmental protection, but also with a recreational function, since they have natural, historical and cultural resources. Such "duality" imposes certain restrictions on the conditions of recreation in national parks and promotes the development of ecotourism. For residents of Europe and America, recreation in national parks is one of the most popular. In Russia, tourists still have little idea of ​​how ecotourism differs from ordinary outdoor recreation. The period of formation of national parks in Russia is so short that only a few can boast of a variety of educational routes; in a number of parks, the tourist service sector, including information services, is still in the process of formation.
8. The educational activities of national natural parks include the publication of booklets, photo albums, guides, reference materials and other printed materials, the organization of open-air museums and expositions, the creation and arrangement of educational excursion trails and routes, the organization of school forestries, the passage of educational and industrial practice by students of higher and secondary special educational institutions of the relevant profile, coverage of the activities of national natural parks in the media and other forms and methods of social and environmental education, education and promotion of environmental knowledge.
9. Educational, research and recreational activities in the natural park are aimed at raising the level of environmental education and upbringing of the population, collecting and maximizing the use of information about the natural park, its cultural and historical-cultural objects, processes and phenomena occurring in its ecosystems. For these purposes, work is underway to create and equip ecological excursion trails and routes, a visitor center, organize and conduct excursions, issue booklets, photo albums, guides, reference materials and other printed materials, cover the activities of the natural park in the media, develop and implement scientific methods of conservation of biological diversity, natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects in conditions of recreational use, assessment and forecast of the ecological situation in the region.
10. The Park of Culture and Leisure is a natural, cultural and educational complex, which, in terms of size, location in the plan of the settlement and environmental performance makes it possible to provide the best conditions for the recreation of the population and the holding of educational, mass cultural, sports and recreational events, the organization of games and entertainment, the creation of conditions for practicing artistic amateur creativity.
11. Currently, parks of culture and recreation are in first place in terms of attendance among cultural institutions. A significant role here is played by free open entrance and a relatively small fee for using attractions.
12. It is imperative to preserve municipal sources of financing for the ongoing maintenance of parks: protection, landscaping and landscaping of natural complexes and facilities, payment for utilities, the purchase of attractions and mechanized vehicles, and social "open" programs for children, youth and the elderly. It is necessary to develop a socio-cultural order by the administrations of the city and districts, which will allow the parks to maintain a staffed staff of cultural and educational workers throughout the year and use the allocated funds not only to organize holidays, but also to develop the material and technical base. It will also allow streamlining the accounting and tax accounting of budgetary funds.
13. Under the new conditions, it is necessary to revise the traditional activities of parks, in particular, to strengthen the orientation towards meeting the cultural needs of children and older visitors. It is advisable to organize children's summer camps on the basis of mass parks, to carry out more active work on aesthetic education, technical creativity of young people, to provide conditions for physical education and sports, to create sports and recreation complexes around the clock in parks, to develop new landscape and artistic zones, to form a park landscape. as a museum of cultivated nature, to regularly hold various events of a national and cultural nature on the basis of parks, to develop specialized activities of parks aimed at promoting folk art and folklore, the amateur movement, etc.

List of sources used

1. Federal Law No. 33-FZ of February 15, 1995 "On Specially Protected Natural Territories".
2. Position about national natural parks of the Russian Federation (approved by resolution of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation of August 10, 1993 N 769)
3. Regulations on natural parks in the Republic of Bashkortostan (approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated February 26, 1999 No. 48)
4. Guidelines for the implementation of issues of local importance in the field of culture of urban and rural settlements, municipal districts (approved by Order of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation of May 25, 2006 No. 229)
5. Comprehensive Program for the development of culture and art in the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2007-2010 (approved by the resolution of the head of the Administration of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated October 05, 2007 No. 6201)
6. Strategy for the development of individual socio-economic and economic complexes of Volgograd for the period up to 2025 - www/infovolgograd.ru
7. Arsenyeva E. I., Kuskov A. S. Cultural landscapes and traditional living culture as a resource for ecotourism development of the territories of the Russian North.//Regional research. Smolensk, 2005. No. 3.
8. Bogatyreva T. Rest in the national parks of Russia. / / Tourism and recreation, 2004. No. 27.
9. Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities: Proc. allowance. - M.: MGUK, 1995
10. Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Socio-cultural activities: history, theoretical foundations, areas of implementation, subjects, resources, technologies. - M.: MGUKI, 2001
11. Kuskov A.S., Listvina E.V. National parks in the cultural space of Russia: potential, resources, directions of tourist use. - site "All about tourism - tourist library"
12. Conceptual bases of tourism management in national parks. M.: TsODP, 2002.
13. Strategies for the management of national parks in Russia. M.: TsODP, 2000.
14. Management of cultural landscapes and other objects of historical and cultural heritage in national parks. M.: TsODP, 1999.
15. Ecological tourism on the way to Russia. Principles, recommendations, Russian and foreign experience.//Ed.-comp. E.Yu. Ledovskikh, N.V. Moraleva, A.V. Drozdov. Tula, 2002

Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities: Proc. allowance. - M.: MGUK, 1995, p. 294 - 295.

Arsenyeva E. I., Kuskov A. S. Cultural landscapes and traditional living culture as a resource for ecotourism development of the territories of the Russian North.//Regional research. Smolensk, 2005. No. 3.

Moraleva N. V., Ledovskikh E. Yu. Ecological tourism in Russia.// Wildlife Protection, 2001, No. 3 (22).

Ecological tourism on the way to Russia. Principles, recommendations, Russian and foreign experience.//Ed.-comp. E. Yu. Ledovskikh, N. V. Moraleva, A. V. Drozdov. Tula, 2002

Decree of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory of June 30, 2006 N 105-PR "On the formation of natural parks "Vyaesky" and "Khoso"

The Comprehensive Program for the Development of Culture and Art in the Ufa City District of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2007-2010 October 05 2007 No. 6201)

Introduction

1 The concept of "socio-cultural institution".

2 Museum as a socio-cultural institution

3 Types of museums, tasks, content of activities.

4 The Russian Museum and the Internet

5 Park as a socio-cultural institution.

6 The history of the emergence and development of parks.

7

8 Audience socio-cultural environment

9 The history of the formation of libraries. Current state, tasks, content of activity.

10 Socio-cultural complexes and Leisure centers.

Conclusion

List of used literature

Socio-cultural Institute.

Philosophy understands an institution as an element of social structure, historical forms of organization and regulation of social life. Socio-cultural institutions include numerous institutions and organizations through which the accumulation and transfer of cultural experience, the development of cultural forms of social life, and the acquisition of cultural knowledge are carried out.

The term "socio-cultural institution" refers to:

State and municipal structures

Production associations and enterprises

Non-governmental public organizations

Public education systems

Mass media

Special institutions of socio-cultural profile:

theaters, museums, libraries, etc.

A socio-cultural institute brings together people for joint activities to meet the socio-cultural needs of a person or solve specific socio-cultural problems.

Museum as a socio-cultural institution.

A museum is a scientific research or scientific and educational institution that stores, acquires, studies and popularizes monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.

In many cases, the reasons for the emergence of museums are similar to those for which, several centuries before, nation-states arose. Museums, first of all, were called upon to carry out the state ideology, as well as to be collectors, accumulators and distributors of information formed by this ideology. They were supposed to serve the state policy and carry it out on the ground. In response to this, the state sent a part of its financial and other material resources to cultural institutions. In particular, museums were charged with the obligation to collect and store everything related to the culture, social and natural history of a given country or territory.

The museum fund is a collection of monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture, which are under the jurisdiction of museums, permanent exhibitions, scientific institutions and educational institutions. The museum fund also includes collections and individual items collected by various expeditions and having a museum value.

Types of museums, tasks, content of activities.

Types of museums - scientific and educational, research, educational.

The profiles of museums are historical, technical, agricultural, natural sciences, art history, literature, memorial, complex, local history, etc.

Museums are historical (expositions are dedicated to historical events), local lore (the story of the native land and the people inhabiting it - Zeya Museum of Local Lore), zoological (the exposition includes stuffed animals, etc.), museums of enterprises (Museum of the Zeya Hydroelectric Power Plant), museums dedicated to certain activities (Museum of Gold Mining in Zee), at present, even in many schools, “Rooms of Glory” are open - small museums with an exposition of the most outstanding graduates. Museums of painting (Tretyakov Gallery, Hermitage, Museum of Fine Arts), as well as museums dedicated to historical figures (Pushkin Museum, Lenin Museum, Tolstoy Estate Museum, etc.)

Very popular in our time are the so-called "Kunstkameras" - museums of wax figures, the expositions of which try to most reliably reproduce famous personalities or other people (the exhibition "Courtyard of Empress Catherine", "Anomalies of the human body", etc.) The museum can be dedicated to what - or to one event (“Small Land”, a panorama museum in Novorossiysk). Museum expositions can be located in their historical place ("Kursk Bulge" - an open-air museum).

Russian Museum and the Internet

Museums turned out to be completely unprepared for the market, especially since the emerging market economy in Russia was also not up to them. The only way to survive seemed to be knocking money out of the authorities, foreign philanthropists or patronage.

But gradually, culture turned out to be in demand, moreover, fashionable and prestigious, it turned out that people are ready to pay for "cultural leisure", and pay a lot. And, of course, children: it turned out that parents are not satisfied with the fact that their children play computer games and watch action films, they should be introduced to art. The fundamental function of the museum business coincided - cultural enlightenment and the interests of the museum business, which require openness, fascination, cognition, that is, the same cultural enlightenment. So there were virtual museums(site www.muzeum.ru).

The Internet enables access to museum exhibits to potentially the widest range of network users, allows the museum to express itself and provides opportunities that a real museum does not have, thereby expanding the circle of visitors.

The use of modern technologies for the convenience of museum visitors: guides on cassettes, electronic catalogs, etc. - greatly diversified visits to museums.

The history of the emergence and development of parks.

The park as a socio-cultural institution.

In 1928, the TsPKiO was founded in Moscow, thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly being involved in holding mass holidays.

A park as a cultural institution is a piece of land with natural or planted vegetation, alleys, ponds, etc., intended for walking, entertainment, public holidays for the population, as well as the operation of various attractions. PKiO is a seasonal institution, operating only in the warm season - from late spring to early autumn.

The main activities of the park:

Holding traditional (and national) holidays together with city cultural centers (including national ones).

Conducting music and song festivals.

Conducting creative meetings with artists.

Conducting performances and concerts with the participation of creative teams of the city.

Carrying out theatrical holidays, folk festivals, fairs (Maslenitsa, City Day, Neptune Day, etc. - with the involvement of creative, trade organizations).

Family holidays.

Carrying out cognitive-game and music programs for children of primary and secondary school age and for teenagers, youth discos.

Holding events for people of middle and older age, taking into account their creative interests (amateur associations, evenings "For those who are over ...)

Provision of paid services to the population (attractions, costume rental, phonograms, services of a graphic designer.)

Audience socio-cultural environment

The audience of the social and cultural environment covers the population of almost all age groups - from babies to the elderly. At an early age, children become participants in their first game programs and children's matinees, visitors to the attractions in the park. Later, becoming younger schoolchildren, in addition to matinees and games, the child's life includes various hobbies - choreography, singing, sports, etc. The child begins to attend all kinds of circles, looking for something to his liking. Around the same age (7 - 9 years) children first begin to visit the library. In middle school age, children actively participate in competitions and concert programs. Teenagers prefer intellectual games ("Brain Ring", "Erudite"), talk shows, various contests and game programs like television programs. One of the forms of pastime of a teenager is a disco.

People of the young and middle generations most often choose amateur associations for themselves, based on already established preferences - these are various circles and amateur adult concert groups (choir, pop vocal group, choreographic ensemble, orchestra, etc.), interest clubs (tourist, search, etc.), literary drawing rooms and other forms of pastime. A lot of work is being done with veterans (clubs of front-line friends, choirs of veterans, organization of meetings with veterans of labor and the Second World War).

With the introduction of market relations in the sphere of culture, its infrastructure turned out to be destroyed, the circle of cultural images narrowed, cultural life turned out to be curtailed in the provinces and in the countryside, where the arrival of a film mover can be compared to an epoch-making event, not to mention an on-site performance or concert of artists of the regional philharmonic society, which irrevocably gone to the past. That is why today the number of amateur creative groups is growing - their members, "people from the people", replace the formed niche of former tours of visiting celebrities and themselves become artists of urban and rural concert venues.

The history of the formation of libraries. Current state, tasks, content of activity.

A library is a cultural institution that organizes the collection, storage and public use of printed matter. The history of the libraries of Rus' dates back to the 11th - 12th centuries from Kievan Rus. By the 14th-15th centuries, the number of books being copied increased in Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. This process was accelerated by the advent of paper in the 14th century, replacing the ancient parchments. In the second half of the 15th century, there was already a book trade in Moscow. The main stimulus for the development of literacy was the book printing introduced in Rus' by decree of Ivan the Terrible and Metropolitan Macarius. In 1564, the first printed book, The Apostle, was published by a printing house built in Moscow with state money. The number of books written by Russian authors has increased. A tradition of “instructive literature” was born (the first textbooks raised issues of education, morality, family relationships, etc.) The texts of all kinds of “Words” and “Teachings” were placed in collections called “Izmaragd”, “Golden Chain”, etc. to the clergy (as an auxiliary material for sermons) and to the laity. In the middle of the 16th century, Domostroy was published - a set of rules and tips for housekeeping. In the 17th century, translations of Latin and German books were made in Moscow, and the first libraries with collections of foreign works appeared.

The creation in Russia in accordance with the imperial decree of 1783 of free printing houses contributed to an increase in the number of books and the development of periodicals, an increase in the interest of educated nobles in reading. In the 18th century, the first secular libraries were opened at the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University. The first major public library was opened in St. Petersburg in 1814.

After the October Revolution, all libraries became open, their number increased dramatically (this was due to the trend of enlightenment of the working class). The number of libraries in rural areas also increased. The pace of book publishing (including educational literature) grew. There were mobile libraries that traveled around remote settlements and peasant farms. In 1930, the Moscow Library Institute was opened, and library workers also received qualifications in library technical schools and library departments in teacher training schools.

During the Second World War, libraries did not stop their work in the field and in a mobile mode, taking on part of the propaganda and explanatory work with the population. The book collections of libraries suffered during the war. In the country's public libraries alone, 100 million books were plundered and destroyed (there are known cases when books were used simply for kindling).

After the war, the library network, like other CDUs, was actively restored. By the beginning of the 60s, the emergence of public libraries and reading rooms dates back. In 1964, the library institutes were renamed into institutes of culture. By 1979 there were 350,000 libraries in the USSR.

Modern Libraries differ in direction:

Mass libraries - with a book fund of various contents, designed for a reader of any age and profession.

(city, district, regional libraries).

Scientific libraries (universal, branch and scientific and technical) - collecting printed publications according to the direction (Library of the Academy of Sciences, Library of Foreign Literature, Medical Library, etc.).

Modern librarianship studies the history of librarianship, library collections and catalogues, reader demand. There are specialized libraries for the disabled (Library for the Blind in Moscow).

A new round in the development of librarianship in Russia was the opening of virtual libraries on the Internet. On specialized sites (www.lib.ru, etc.), Internet users can find almost any book, including rare ones, and download it to their computer and read it.

Socio-cultural complexes and Leisure centers.

SCC and Leisure Centers are a state cultural institution, which include clubs and circles of various directions, amateur art groups, and methodological departments. The main tasks of the SKTs and TsD are:

creation of conditions for active recreation of the population

providing opportunities for creative self-realization

individual or group of artistic

amateur performances

provision of services to the population (including paid ones)

methodological assistance to organizers of KDD schools, clubs,

other organizations

gaming and concert activities

SKTS and Leisure Centers perform the following functions:

Entertaining - providing conditions for gaming activities (group, individual, mass games, slot machines)

Physical culture and health - organization of sports and entertainment events, creation of conditions for playing sports.

Educational - the organization of circles, interest clubs and amateur associations with the aim of teaching certain skills of any activity.

Stimulation of creative activity - holding theatrical performances, concerts, exhibitions, literary and artistic programs.

Leisure communication - holding morning performances for children and evenings of rest for adults of different ages.

Informational - providing methodological, scenario and organizational assistance in holding events to schools, kindergartens, clubs, enterprises and organizations.

As well as the SKC and the CD carry out the creation creative and technical workshops, rental of equipment and costumes, fulfillment of social and creative orders.

Carrying out their creative tasks, the SCC and the Central House set themselves the main goal in their work: the creation of a single concept that determines the qualitative side of the cultural and mass work of the city, the introduction of new progressive forms of work, the preservation, improvement and development of amateur groups. The main activities of the Social and Cultural Center are: the development of the cultural life of the city, the creation of a favorable cultural environment, the support of various forms of social and cultural activities of the city's population, the satisfaction of public needs in cultural and leisure activities, the development of folk art. The main task of the Leisure Centers is to provide paid services to the population and create conditions for active recreation.

SKTs and TsD have the charter, the director directs them, but representatives of all associations of SKTs and TsD take part in discussion of all projects. The Artistic Council supervises the director's work.

The following circles, associations and amateur art groups can operate on the basis of the SKTs and TsD:

Choirs and chapels

Choreographic groups

Song and dance ensembles

Amateur theater groups

vocal groups

variety studios

Fashion studios and theaters

Interest groups for adults and children (applied, creative, technical)

Circus troupes

The methodological department of the SKC and TsD is engaged in the development of scenarios and the preparation and organization of leisure, concert and other programs. The responsibilities of the logistics and administrative and economic departments include providing the KDD with the necessary materials. The SCC and the Central House require a graphic designer (development and production of scenery), head of musical design (recording of musical phonograms, selection of music for scripts, music. Design of concerts, performances, game programs, matinees, evenings of rest.

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remains one of the most conservative socially-cultural institutions. She resists outside change. But... in. - L., 1982. 35. Family as the original socially-cultural institute// Kiseleva T., Krasilnikov Yu. Fundamentals of SKD. - M., 1995 ...

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The function is viewed through the prism of activity socially-cultural institutions. Other functions, having their own purpose... given functions, distinguishing socially-cultural and leisure activities from activities institutions public education (schools...

Introduction

In modern conditions of social change, there is a rethinking of the role of culture, renewal of its forms and functions. On the one hand, culture still reproduces traditional attitudes and patterns of behavior that largely determine the behavior and thinking of people. On the other hand, modern media forms (television, cinema, print, advertising) are widely spread, which enhances the formation of ideological and moral stereotypes of mass culture, modern lifestyle.

In this context, the defining role of culture in the overall process of Russia's modernization is to shape the personality as an active subject of economic life and social self-organization. All projects of socio-economic development should include a humanitarian component, promote the development of spiritual strength and human health, and awareness of the high meaning of their existence.

In 1928, the TsPKiO was founded in Moscow, thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly being involved in holding mass holidays.

In modern conditions, the role of parks as a traditional democratic place for mass recreation will increase. For many residents of the city, recreation in the parks often becomes the only available opportunity to spend time in nature and take part in mass entertainment. To improve the activities of parks of culture and recreation, it is necessary to carry out a phased modernization of the outdated park facilities, equipping them with modern amusement equipment, connecting all engineering networks to communications. In the new conditions, the traditional activities of parks should be reconsidered.

The purpose of this work is to consider parks as socio-cultural institutions.

The following tasks follow from this goal:

1. consider the essence and typology of socio-cultural institutions;

2. consider the socio-cultural activities of national and natural parks;

3. consider the activities of parks of culture and recreation;

4. draw conclusions on the research topic.

The object of the research is socio-cultural institutions. The subject of research is the activity of parks.

Socio-cultural institutions - concept and typology

The essence of socio-cultural institutions

Socio-cultural institutions - one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). In the broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also applies to any of the many subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.

Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.

Among economic, political, household and other social institutions differing from each other in the content of activity and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.

First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term "socio-cultural institution". It covers a numerous network of social institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them.

In modern literature, there are various approaches to the construction of a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the intended purpose, nature and content of their activities. As such, the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations can appear.

From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov single out two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions [ Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities: Proc. allowance. - M.: MGUK, 1995, p. 294 - 295]. Accordingly, we are dealing with two of their major varieties.

The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have been historically established in society, uniting around some main, main goal, value, need.

It is legitimate to refer to socio-cultural institutions of the normative type, first of all, the institution of the family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (assertion of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transmission and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).

The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of an institutional type include a numerous network of services, departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group includes cultural and educational institutions directly , arts, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support of the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodical institutions of the industry.

So, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects for the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.

In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an actively operating subject of a normative or institutional type that has certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performs an appropriate socio-cultural function in society.

Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (substantive). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of legal, human, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of expediently oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.

For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out the creative process of creating artistic values. At the same time, in its internal (substantial) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. The standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative people, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.

Socio-cultural institutions give the activities of people a qualitative certainty, significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, confessional groups, for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, above all, a subject of upbringing and education of a person.

Each of the socio-cultural institutions performs primarily its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.