Introduction
Secondary vocational education is of high quality a certain level systems vocational education, which occupies a significant place in meeting the educational needs of the individual and society.
Currently, 22% of the population of Russia have this education. About 20 million specialists with secondary vocational education are employed in the economy and social sphere, which is 33% of the total number of employed or 62% of the number of employed specialists.
Specialists with secondary vocational education are predominantly intellectual workers whose activities are based on solving diagnostic problems that require an analysis of the situation and the choice of a solution within the framework of a given algorithm of actions.
The number of students studying the program of secondary vocational education is 270 people per 10 thousand of the population, and most of them do not know the rights that the state provides him, but the student has not only rights, but also duties that he needs to know.
The purpose of this work is: to consider the rights and obligations of a student mastering a program of secondary vocational education in the Russian Federation.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks should be performed:
To disclose the responsibilities of students mastering the programs of secondary vocational education;
Outline the general rights of students studying programs of secondary vocational education;
To consider the responsibility of students mastering the programs of secondary vocational education.
Secondary vocational education is a link in the education system of the Russian Federation
Secondary vocational education is aimed at training practitioners in more than 280 specialties and is implemented through two main professional educational programs: basic level And advanced level.
More than 21.6 million specialists with secondary vocational education are employed in the modern economy and social sphere of Russia, which is more than 34% of the total number of employees.
Secondary vocational education in Russia is implemented according to two main educational programs - the basic level and the advanced level. After mastering the basic level program, the graduate is awarded the qualification "technician". An increased level of secondary vocational education provides a deepening or expansion of training compared to the basic level (at the same time, the training period is increased by 1 year). A graduate with in-depth training is awarded the qualification "senior technician", with the expansion of training - "technician with additional training in the field of ..." (indicating a specific area - management, economics, computer science, etc.).
Students in a secondary specialized educational institution are students (cadets), listeners and other categories of students.
The content of educational programs of secondary vocational education is regulated by the State educational standard secondary vocational education (SES SVE), which consists of 2 parts: the federal component, which determines the national requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates, and the national-regional component.
The implementation of secondary vocational education is carried out in various forms: full-time, part-time (evening), part-time, external study on the basis of the main general education(9 classes secondary school) or secondary (complete) general education (11 classes of a general education school).
The term of study under the program of secondary vocational education of the basic level according to full-time on the basis of secondary (complete) general education is 2-3 years, depending on the profile of training. The term of study for full-time and part-time and correspondence forms increases by 1 year compared to the full-time study period. When implementing secondary vocational education on the basis of basic general education, the period of study is increased by 1 year compared to the period of study based on secondary (complete) general education.
There are two main types of secondary specialized educational institutions:
1) a technical school (college) that implements the basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education at the basic level;
2) a college that implements professional educational programs of secondary vocational education at a basic and advanced level. The implementation of educational programs of secondary vocational education can also be carried out in higher educational institutions.
Persons with secondary vocational education of the relevant profile can receive higher vocational education under reduced accelerated programs: for 1 year - with a basic secondary vocational education; for 1 - 2 years - in the presence of secondary vocational education of an advanced level. State and municipal secondary special educational establishments and subdivisions of universities that are part of the system of secondary vocational education are under the jurisdiction of more than 25 federal ministries and departments, as well as subjects Russian Federation.
Currently, there are more than 2,800 state and municipal secondary specialized educational institutions and departments of universities in the Russian Federation that implement educational programs of secondary vocational education. The number of students is 2.4 million people, the educational process is provided by 123 thousand full-time teachers.
vocational education legal status
<11>Other pharmacy products include medical products, disinfectants, personal hygiene items and products, utensils for medical purposes; items and means intended for the care of the sick, newborns and children under the age of three years; spectacle optics and care products, mineral water, products of medical, children's and dietary nutrition, biologically active additives, perfumes and cosmetics; medical and health-educational publications intended for propaganda healthy lifestyle of life - Federal Law of April 12, 2010 N 61-FZ "On the Circulation of Medicines" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2010, N 16, Art. 1815 N 31, Art. 4161, N 42, Art. 5293, N 49 , item 6409; 2011, N 50, item 7351; 2012, N 26, item 3446, N 53, item 7587; 2013, N 27, item 3477, N 48, item 6165; 2014, N 11 , Article 1098, No. 43, Article 5797, No. 52, Article 7540; 2015, No. 10, Article 1404, No. 27, Article 3951, No. 29, Article 4359, 4367, 4388; No. 43, Article 5797; N 51, item 7245; 2016, N 1, item 9, N 23, item 3287, N 27, item 4194, 4238, 4283).
<7>All-Russian classifier specialties in education.
<8> Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 N 5485-1 "On State Secrets" (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1996, N 15, Art. 1768; 1997, N 41, Art. Art. 4673, 8220, 8221, 8222, 8223 , 8224, 8225, 8226, 8227, 8228, 8229, 8230, 8231, 8232, 8233, 8234, 8235; 2002, No. 52, article 5288; 2003, No. 6, article 549, No. 27, article 2 700, 46, item 4449; 2004, N 27, item 2711, N 35, item 3607; 2007, N 49, item 6055, item 6079; 2009, N 29, item 3617; 2010, N 47, 6033; 2011, N 30, item 4590, item 4596, N 46, item 6407; 2013, N 51, item 6697; 2015, N 10, item 1393).
- Responsible for classifier support: Russian Ministry of Education and Science
- Reason: Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated 30.09.2003 No. 276-st 01.01.2004
- Approved: 06/15/2005
- Entered into force: 01.10.2005
| OKSO code | Name of specialty | Qualification | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Code | Name | ||
| 90000 | Information Security | ||
| 210000 | Electronic engineering, radio engineering and communication | ||
| 30000 | Humanitarian sciences | ||
| 140000 | Energy, power engineering and electrical engineering | ||
| 100000 | Service sector | ||
| 280000 | Life safety, environmental management and environmental protection | ||
| 50000 | Education and Pedagogy | ||
| 240000 | Chemical and biotechnology | ||
| 170000 | Weapons and weapons systems | ||
| 80000 | Economics and Management | ||
| 10000 | Physical and mathematical sciences | ||
| 200000 | Instrumentation and optotechnics | ||
| 150000 | Metallurgy, mechanical engineering and material processing | ||
| 260000 | Technology of food products and consumer products | ||
| 270000 | Architecture and construction | ||
| 120000 | Geodesy and land management | ||
| 130000 | Geology, exploration and development of minerals | ||
| 230000 | Informatics and Computer Engineering | ||
| 20000 | Natural Sciences | ||
| 250000 | Reproduction and processing of forest resources | ||
| 160000 | Aviation and rocket and space technology | ||
| 190000 | Vehicles | ||
| 60000 | healthcare | ||
| 110000 | Agriculture and fisheries | ||
| 40000 | Social sciencies | ||
| 220000 | Automation and control | ||
| 180000 | Marine technology | ||
| 70000 | Culture and art | ||
What is OXO
OKSO is the abbreviation for the All-Russian Classifier of Specialties. The classifier was created in order to ensure the exchange of data between government departments in the field of education. OKSO is designed to solve problems in the field of training the necessary specialists in an industrial or other field. In other words, the All-Russian classifier of specialties takes into account the needs of the market in various fields activities, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the unemployment rate.
Among the other tasks of OKSO, such as the regulation of licensing in educational field, statistical analysis, accounting and processing of information, regulation of the ratio of the level of training Russian specialists in accordance with international standards.
OKSO includes both higher and secondary vocational education. The classifier is based on the law “On Education”, as well as on the lists of areas in personnel training compiled in accordance with this law. The maintenance of the classifier is regulated by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and VNIIKI Gosstandart.
What objects are classified in OKSO
The objects of the All-Russian classifier of specialties are specialties of higher and secondary vocational education. In this case, the specialty refers to the skills, knowledge, skills that were obtained in the process of studying at an educational institution, when trained specialists become able to solve the set professional tasks.
What is the structure and codes in OKSO
OKSO as a whole represents a set of code designations for objects for classification, names of these objects and additional classification features.
Includes a structural description of the object:
- Name block
- Identification block
- Block of additional classification features
In OKSO, the identification block is built using a hierarchical classification method, as well as using a sequential coding method. There are three levels of hierarchical classification:
- Specialties
- Areas of training
- Enlarged groups of areas and specialties
Six decimal digits are included in the code designation structure. It has the following form: XXXXXXX, where:
- The first and second signs correspond to the enlarged groups of areas and specialties of training
- The third and fourth signs are the directions of preparation
- The fifth and sixth characters are specialties
In OKSO, the naming block includes the names of specialties, areas of training, the names of enlarged groups of areas and specialties. For ease of use of the classifier, the names of directions are highlighted in bold, specialties - in italics. The block of additional classification features contains information about the qualification, which is assigned in the specialty and field of study. In the 1st column of the block of qualification additional features, the code is indicated, in the 2nd column of the block - the name of the qualification. The name of the qualification is determined by the lists of areas and specialties of secondary vocational and secondary vocational education approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. higher education.
The end of school is marked for many graduates by the beginning of a new life stage - admission to the From Choice educational institution the future of the child largely depends, and therefore it must be done consciously. And the first thing you should pay attention to is not the reviews or the reputation of the university, but the compliance of the chosen direction of training with the profile of the institution.
The direction of training at the university - what is it?
Surprisingly, when deciding on a place to receive higher education, it is important to focus on professional programs. The profile of the institution determines the presence of certain disciplines in accordance with the requirements. Before applying for admission to the selected university, you must first familiarize yourself with its educational program.
So, what does the direction of preparation mean? To implement the fundamental curricula The Russian Ministry of Education and Science approved the standards, so each level of higher education today has its own GEF. Accordingly, it is unacceptable to conduct undergraduate or specialist studies according to the standards of graduate or postgraduate studies. Thus, our country guarantees the functionality of the created system of professional personnel of various profiles and specializations that the National economy and the business sector.
The relationship of GEF and specialties
Each GEF provides for dozens of integrated areas of training, which, in turn, include several specialties. For example, 11.00.00 "Electronics, communication systems and radio engineering" is a basic enlarged area with specialties:
- 11.03.01 "Radio engineering".
- 11.03.02 Nanoelectronics.
- 11.03.03 "Design of electronic means".
- 03/11/04 "Communication and infocommunication systems".
Profiles of directions and specializations at universities
Next, we should name the division into profiles according to the direction of education provided for federal standards. At the same time, everyone has the right to create unique education profiles in the appropriate order and approve them in the Ministry.
For example, specialty profiles 01.03.04 " Applied Mathematics» can be offered at the university as follows:
- Provision of mathematical and algorithmic systems and information technologies.
- Mathematical technique in information technologies.
- Applied informatics in chemistry.
- Modeling and mathematical methods in economics.
- Provision of artificial intelligent systems and programming.
How does a profile differ from directions and specialties?
As already mentioned, the choice of the direction of training and specialty must be approached responsibly. Despite the common blocks of fundamental disciplines included in the educational program of profiles of a particular specialization, each of them has unique subjects that take into account the specifics of the graduate's profession in the future. That is why, getting acquainted with the list of areas of study, applicants should know that all of them can include dozens of profiles. For clarity, as an example, consider the specialty "Construction", which suggests options for professions in the areas of construction that have nothing in common with each other:
- "Construction of hydraulic structures".
- "Construction of industrial buildings".
- "Construction of hydroelectric power plants and pumping stations."
- "Urban construction and economy".
- Real Estate Expertise and Management.
- "Laying of highways and construction of airfields".
- "Ventilation and engineering systems".
- "Construction and computer modeling".
How to choose the right future profession?
Thus, it is necessary to get acquainted with the educational program long before submitting documents to the university. After all, having received an idea of the professional block of disciplines curriculum, it is easy to guess what profession the graduate of the institution will become the owner of.
On this stage it is important not to make a mistake with the direction of training and profile, respectively. Often illegible applicants are often confused by the fact that the specialties have almost identical names, despite the cardinal differences in the blocks of professional disciplines. As a result, students acquire knowledge that does not correspond to their initial aspirations and plans, which means that upon leaving the university they receive unequal opportunities for successful career growth.
Where can I find information about profiles and specialties in an educational institution?
A list of areas of study and specialties can be found on the official website of almost any university, but it is unlikely that you will be able to quickly find profiles and corresponding educational programs. The thing is that the statutory documents of institutions are required to publish data on quotas for budgetary and contract places in a particular specialty. The university may not detail the professional programs related to each direction. At the same time, most educational institutions with a transparent reputation do not hide the profiles of education and indicate them in the "Admission Committee" section.
This information may be contained in another section of the site. Often information about profiles is present in the description of the university itself, its structure. But if the list of areas of training and specialties of higher professional education is open and accessible to every visitor to the site, then information about profiles is often deliberately hidden from applicants. The reason for this may be the unpopularity and lack of demand for a certain educational program in comparison with a specialty that sounds more prestigious and attractive to applicants. Such an unscrupulous step is undoubtedly beneficial to the university.
The main differences between the specialty and the profile direction
By the way, in the context of the above, it is worth noting that most applicants do not see fundamental differences in the concepts of "direction" and the actual "specialty". In fact, these two terms do not have much in common. The main difference lies in the difference in training periods. In accordance with the knowledge in the areas, bachelors and masters receive four and two years, respectively. Here, rather, we are talking about a form of education that meets European standards and provides students with the widest range of opportunities for building a personal learning plan. Thus, by the time they graduate from undergraduate studies, students become holders of diplomas of higher education, which allows them to officially find a job.
But for those graduates who would like to continue their studies to improve their qualifications or change their professional direction, there is a master's program. Upon completion, a graduate can become the owner of two professions and two diplomas of higher education.
How not to make a mistake when applying for a particular specialty?
When choosing a specialization and profile, only attentiveness and caution will save the applicant from making a mistake. Unscrupulous educational institutions, in order to increase income, sometimes include profiles in the list of professional programs that do not correspond to their general specialization.
The most common and profitable from the point of view of the commercial system for the provision of educational services are the profiles "Design", "Economics", "Management", "Jurisprudence", and therefore, when entering a university for which these specialties are not core, one should not lose vigilance and be on the lookout - it is likely that this educational organization aims to improve the financial situation.
As a rule, universities that train technologists or biologists, builders and engineers do not enroll students in fundamentally different areas of study from the basic ones.
The main signs that the direction does not correspond to the profile of the university
Of course, there are exceptions to all rules, but in order not to fall for deception, it is advisable to conduct a serious analysis of the establishment before submitting documents. Special attention should pay attention to the following points:
- there are no budget places on the selected profile;
- the number of contract places significantly prevails over other specializations;
- a completely unique profile name that is not found in other universities (this can, of course, be a sign of a unique training program at a specialized university, but it can also have another goal - to replace ordinary content with an unusual name in order to stand out from the background).
For the most part, higher education institutions have a balance of contract and free places for a particular specialty. Demanded universities have more budget places for students rather than paid ones. The predominance of contract places for programs over free ones is a reason for additional collection of information on the quality of educational services provided in this organization.
How important is the right choice of professional direction and specialty?
Having familiarized yourself with the list of specialties and areas of higher education, remember that the university is not only a place of study for students. Each university can be called a place of accumulation of knowledge, the development of a scientific school and the formation of new ideas about scientific and technological progress, culture and art. However, it is impossible to concentrate forces in all directions at the same time.
The activities of institutes, academies and universities, proven over decades, are based on their core profile. When deciding to enter a non-core educational institution, a potential student is at serious risk of receiving insufficient education. high level. Right choice professional program and specialties - a chance to make your dream come true and become what you wanted since your school days.
