Draft Concept for Teaching the Russian Language and Literature in General Educational Organizations of the Russian Federation, developed with the participation of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Institute Russian language named after A.S. Pushkin and others discussed and condemned yesterday at a meeting of the Committee on Education, Culture, Science and National Affairs of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The relevance of studying the Russian language and literature is beyond doubt... However, in the republics and regions where national schools operate, the project raised many questions, - began the committee chairman Razil Valeev.

There were so many questions that at first they were sent to the speaker of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the head of the working group for the preparation of the concept Sergey Naryshkin Rustam Minnikhanov, then Farid Mukhametshin turned to him, and the head of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan Engel Fattakhov complained about "certain provisions of the draft concept" to the analytical department of the State Duma RF.

The people are also conceptually excited. As Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan Ildar Mukhametov said, "there is a wide public discussion of the project in the republic."

True, the only known example of this "broad public discussion" was the round table held on November 27 in the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. And the specific content of the appeals of the president and the speaker of the parliament of Tatarstan to the speaker of the federal parliament on questions of linguistics remains a mystery. They are not shown to journalists, or even to the majority of deputies ...

However, unofficially, Razil Valeev said that the notorious “questions” (or rather, strong objections) set out in the appeals to Sergei Naryshkin relate to the 3rd section of the concept “Peculiarities of teaching Russian as a non-native language”. The Tatarstan authorities ask to change one of its provisions, and to delete several of them altogether.

Take, for example, the passage of the concept about those schoolchildren “in multinational regions” whose families do not speak Russian and who, naturally, as a result of this, learn the language spoken in the family earlier than Russian. “Under these conditions,” the draft concept says, “the level of Russian language proficiency by the beginning of systematic training is, as a rule, lower than the level of native language proficiency.”

This logical assumption, it seems, seemed offensive in Tatarstan, and it was proposed to rewrite it. Well, somehow, in the sense that if any Gascon is an academician from childhood, then any Tatar is bilingual from birth, equally fluent in two state languages ​​...

But some other provisions in the Concept of teaching the Russian language and literature have no place at all, the authorities of Tatarstan believe. In particular, the norm that “The main state exam and the final state certification are provided only in Russian, higher education programs are also implemented only in Russian” ... And the statement: the fact that today “more than 4 thousand schools in Russia provide education not in Russian”, creates “prerequisites for restricting a part of citizens of the Russian Federation in the rights to continue education” in universities and “when finding employment in positions high level qualifications"...

And of course, absolutely unacceptable for the Tatarstan authorities is the conclusion that ignoring the problem of insufficient knowledge of the Russian language by graduates of national schools “will lead to a situation of loss of the linguistic unity of the state, increased social stratification and increased tension, which is a direct threat national security". It would seem so scary that it couldn't be worse... But it turns out, it can.

The most terrible point: “It is necessary to create a unified state system for teaching Russian as a non-native language, which implies compulsory teaching of basic subjects in Russian, combined with an in-depth study of native languages ​​and cultures,” Razil Valeev read out. - This directly contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the law on the languages ​​of the Russian Federation! Because it says that any citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to receive education at mother tongue!

Literally, this right is formulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation somewhat differently: “Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity” ... But in the main, Mr. Valeev was, of course, right: in the unfortunate point , despite the curtsy towards "native languages ​​and cultures", one can clearly see the near end of the beloved offspring of official Tatarstan - national schools with the teaching of most subjects in the Tatar language.

Our deputies cannot agree with this, - said Razil Valeev.

In principle, the topic of education in Russian is not the subject of this concept, - Deputy Minister Ildar Mukhametov made a bold statement. - If she spoke only about teaching the Russian language and literature, that would be enough ... Unfortunately, the developers insist on keeping education in the concept in Russian. We were not heard on this issue.

Of course, we have nothing against the great Russian language, - assured the chairman of the State Council Committee, - on the contrary, we support ... During a round table in the State Council, I came up with a proposal: if such a Concept of teaching the Russian language and literature is adopted, then in order to preserve interethnic stability in our republic ... or rather, in Russian Federation... it is necessary to accept the Concept of teaching national languages ​​and literatures! To keep the balance!

That is, if the first concept provides for the study of basic subjects in Russian for all schoolchildren in Russia without distinction of their nationality, then the second concept, as an adequate answer, should provide for the study of basic subjects in national languages ​​for all schoolchildren of Russia without distinction of their nationality …

While the Vechernaya Kazan correspondent was trying to present such a construction in action and at the same time maintain a balance of at least her own mind, Ilshat Aminov, deputy and general director of the Novy Vek television company, suggested "calling a spade a spade" to diplomatic tricks":

This is the concept of destruction national education in Russia! There are only two points in it that explain everything. The first is that there are four thousand national schools that allegedly prevent this country from living a normal life ... And the second is that it is necessary to create single system learning the Russian language with the obligatory study of basic subjects in Russian! We went through this, I studied at school when there were two lessons of the Tatar language, one was zero, and the second was instead of physical education ... That's how we learned the Tatar language!

Today, children no longer resist the study of the Tatar language, - Irina Bakova, deputy and director of the 102nd Kazan gymnasium, reported on the successes achieved over the years, when schools had six Tatar lessons a week. - Naturally, this concept cannot be accepted in this form ... But does it imply an increase in the number of hours of Russian language and literature? ..

An increase in the number of hours is not expected, - answered the Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan.

This, - Rinat Zakirov, deputy and chairman of the Executive Committee of the World Congress of Tatars, assessed the consequences of the adoption of the draft concept, - brings us back to the 90s, when thousands of people took to the streets! This crowd, the unrestrained crowd - it demanded equality!.. Apparently, the authors of this concept absolutely do not understand the life of the regions, they have studied poorly ...

This reminder looked like a badly veiled threat.

Deputy and President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Myakzyum Salakhov, in turn, tried to switch the attention of his colleagues from the streets to truly senseless manifestations of the unification aspirations of the federal government: Soviet time dissertations on Tatar philology were written in Tatar - now banned! Well, how can a dissertation on Tatar grammar be written entirely in Russian?!.”.

But such a rational approach to criticizing Moscow's national policy did not have much success in this audience. Deputy Minister of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan Elvira Kamalova brought everyone back to the idea of ​​the perniciousness of refusing to teach basic school subjects in the Tatar language, explaining that in this case, Tatarstan residents would no longer understand the work of, for example, Baki Urmanche, an artist and sculptor...

In general, the deputies were already, it seems, ready for radical measures - for example, to accept and send another appeal ... But Razil Valeev suggested waiting: maybe they, in Moscow, would somehow come to their senses and listen to our people in the working group concept development. “There are 8 more days,” Mr. Valeev calculated the time remaining until the session of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, when, probably, it will be decided whether to take radical measures, and if so, what kind ...

Report

Problems of learning the native (Tatar) language

in a bilingual environment.

The native language is the spiritual wealth of the people. For centuries, customs, traditions, moral principles, works of art and literature have been passed down from generation to generation. Knowing them, a person becomes spiritually richer.

Every parent wants to see their child successful, prosperous, educated. The native language becomes the key that reveals all the depth and beauty of the spiritual wealth of the people, conveying the moral foundations of the nation, its customs and traditions.

In our Pochinkovskaya school, the Tatar language has been taught since 1896. At the end of the 50s, all subjects were taught in the Tatar language. However, times are changing, attitudes and stereotypes are changing. modern society. And this, unfortunately, reduces the relevance of learning the native language. Revealing the problems of teaching, I want to present several problematic points.

First, the foundations are changing: in last years In the twentieth century, there was a lot of mixed marriages, a phenomenon that was unacceptable in our villages. Young families at the birth of a child begin to communicate with him in Russian, and the child grows up not knowing the native language of either his mother or father, not knowing his roots. Secondly, society's stereotypes are changing: most parents believe that their native language is a hindrance for successful studies and careers.

Hence, in my opinion, in the conditions of bilingualism the most important tasks are the following:

To bring to parents an understanding of the importance of the native (Tatar) language;

To instill love and respect for the native language.

What means can be used to solve these problems?

Language teaching is a big and hard work. For 16 years of teaching the Tatar language at school, I came to the conclusion that the most effective and efficient means of maintaining the interest of children and their parents in learning the language is folk pedagogy.

V. Sukhomlinsky wrote: “Folk pedagogy is the focus of the spiritual life of the people. Peculiarities are revealed in folk pedagogy national character, the face of the people! The character of the people, the face of the people, moral ideals are especially clearly manifested in the fairy tales, epics, legends, epics, sayings and proverbs created by them.

Through the genres of oral folk art, I introduce children to the life, way of life, customs of the Tatar people. This contributes to the assimilation of the lesson material, the development of coherent and dialogic speech of children, expands lexicon, and also affects the spiritual and moral mutual enrichment.

Folk pedagogy is closely connected with ethnography. Therefore, in my lessons and extracurricular activities, I actively use the materials of the school museum "Tatarskaya izba". It presents household items, household items, as well as items that reflect the culture of the nation. Acquaintance with them is of great interest not only to children, but also to their parents. Through acquaintance with the exhibits, we reveal the content of many works, the life of the characters. In my opinion, involving children in the research process - studying items of clothing, everyday life, the opportunity to hold them in their hands, revealing the secrets and meaning of the Tatar ornament on towels, skullcaps, aprons - awakens in children's souls a sense of pride, respect and admiration for their people, their ancestors .

Also in my lessons I actively use folklore: songs, riddles, counting rhymes, sayings, proverbs and fairy tales. They are suitable for solving both educational and educational task. So, for example, counting rhymes, tongue twisters contribute to the ability to pronounce sounds correctly, learning games contributes to the development of dialogic speech.

The study of fairy tales is used not only to solve the educational problem, but also to develop the creative abilities of students: the children themselves compose fairy tales, arrange them in baby books, and present them in the class. The use of different elements of folklore allows children to learn language material in practical activities, in which attention and memorization of semantic units and grammatical structures are arbitrary, develops creative thinking and creativity.

A good result is the involvement of children in extra-curricular, school-wide activities. Becoming active participants in such events as "Navruz", "Karga Botkasy", "Sabantuy", etc., students get acquainted in detail with the order of events. In the future, children carry these rules into their lives. Parents are also interested in these events, because. their generation grew up without knowing these rules.

Great importance given in the work of building intercultural communications. So, for example, the events “Native Languages ​​Day”, “Rainbow of Cultures” have become traditional for the school. Songs and poems in the Tatar and Udmurt languages ​​are heard here, national dances and other elements are shown.

Thus, in order to solve the problems outlined above, I consider the following points to be important:

conduct active propaganda among parents about the importance of learning the native language;

use the connection with the history of the people, culture when learning the language;

observe the continuity between the "three pillars" of education: parents - kindergarten - school.

MBOU Pochinkovskaya school

Report on the topic:

“Problems of learning the native (Tatar) language

in a bilingual environment"

Tatar language and literature teacher

Araslanova Maryam Yakhievna

Repairs, 2015

Since October 26, disputes about the compulsory teaching of the Tatar language in republican schools have not subsided in Tatarstan. Then, at the 33rd meeting of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, it became clear that the language issue could split the population of the region along nationality. Speaking in the local parliament, the head of Tatarstan, Rustam Minnikhanov, said that the state language (in addition to Russian, Tatar is such in the region) cannot be studied voluntarily, and called on the supervisory authorities to stop “terrorizing school principals.” The reason for the revisions was the statement of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, made by him in July 2017. The head of state noted that “forcing a person to learn a language that is not native to him is just as unacceptable as reducing the level of teaching Russian,” and instructed the Prosecutor General’s Office and Rosobrnadzor to check schools for voluntary study of national languages. After that, the supervisory authorities demanded that the teaching of Tatar be transferred to an elective format. A confrontation began between the Minister of Education and Science of Tatarstan, Engel Fattakhov, who advocates the compulsory teaching of the native language, and the Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan, Ildus Nafikov, who initiated a series of inspections at the request of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, Yuri Chaika.

“We have a multinational, multi-confessional country. At the same time, the only country is the Russian Federation, and President Vladimir Putin has always talked about the voluntary study of national languages,” recalled Dmitry Peskov, press secretary of the head of state.

According to Peskov, all the necessary instructions have already been given by Vladimir Putin. “Now, probably, this is a question of educational institutions and inspection bodies. In this case, the President has repeatedly spoken about his position, it is quite clear and consistent,” the Kremlin spokesman said, adding, however, that the specifics of learning the national language remain “at the discretion of the authorities of Tatarstan” (Interfax).

On the same day, at the 33rd session of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, Rustam Minnikhanov delivered a conciliatory speech. He assured that he had achieved "understanding" in personal negotiations with the administration of the President of the Russian Federation on the language issue, and also said that the regional authorities "prepared a version" of the study of the Tatar and Russian languages ​​in schools, "which takes into account all the norms of federal legislation and the laws of the republic and previously agreed with specialists of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

"We are waiting for new federal standards. The Tatar language as the state language will be taught two hours a week,” said the head of Tatarstan (Kommersant).

He also promised to keep in the republic teaching staff: « Academic quarter started. And we assure that we have made a decision that not a single teacher will be fired. We will take all necessary measures for a sufficient number of Russian language teachers. And at the same time, not a single Tatar language teacher will be fired during the school year. We already have "road maps" for each school personally - retraining or something else will be offered. There must be peace in schools. There will be no unlawful, illegal steps on our part” (business-gazeta.ru).

In turn, Engel Fattakhov emphasized that the linguistic school of Tatarstan is one of the best in Russia and is respected in the scientific and expert community.

“In the Republic of Tatarstan, there are no special issues peculiar only to our region with the study of the Russian language. Already with kindergarten all our children learn Russian and come prepared for school. The development of the Russian language from an early age is facilitated by the language environment in which the Russian language undoubtedly dominates. Our students perfectly master the state language of the Russian Federation. In 2016 on USE result of our students in the Russian language is higher than in most regions of the Russian Federation. The difference with Moscow is only seven hundredths of a point,” the Minister of Education of the region emphasized.

As Fattakhov explained, from the second quarter of the current academic year, schoolchildren's parents got the opportunity to choose their native language.

“Schoolchildren of the republic, whose parents chose their native Russian language, and we have 30 percent of them, will study two independent subjects within the framework of school education: Russian as a state language and Russian as a native language. The total number of classes in the Russian language and literature in the school schedule can reach 11 hours a week,” he noted (business-gazeta.ru).

The discussion around the issue of compulsory teaching of national languages ​​in the Russian republics provoked a wave of emotional responses.

According to the chairman of the Society of Russian Culture of Tatarstan, Associate Professor Mikhail Shcheglov, at present, about half of the population of the region opposes the compulsory teaching of the Tatar language in schools, but this problem is not covered correctly in the media.

“At first there was hysteria, and now Tatarstan officials are thinking about how to leave the previous conditions as much as possible. The fact is that the language construction is one of the supporting elements of the overall design of the system, which they have been creating for almost 30 years. If they lose this part of the system now, it turns out that they will have to revise the entire republican ideology,” Shcheglov (Rosbalt) believes.

Meanwhile, the Writers' Union of Tatarstan called for an end to the "linguistic impoverishment" of the peoples of Russia.

“Today, the fate of national languages, including Tatar, is in great danger - the exclusion from the sphere of education of the Russian Federation. Therefore, we, Tatar writers, are turning to you, Russian writers, for fraternal help,” reads the appeal published on the website of the SP RT.

Tatar writers state with regret "the process of ousting native languages ​​from the sphere of general education» in the national republics. “In no country is the state language studied voluntarily, its study is mandatory. This provision is clearly fixed both in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Nevertheless, in our republic, the intervention of state law enforcement agencies is aimed at lowering the status of the state Tatar language,” the writers say.

The authors of the message expressed their conviction that “the ousting of national languages, including Tatar, from educational institutions is, in principle, the inevitable death of the nation, this is a direct threat to the foundations of federalism on which the statehood of Russia is based.”

Publicist Anton Orekh supported the idea of ​​compulsory study of the Tatar language in schools of the Republic of Tatarstan: “Not every child living in Tatarstan has the Tatar language as his native language. Not every child living in Tatarstan was born in this republic. But children still live and study here. This is a matter of elementary respect for the land on which you live, respect for the republic, which has wonderful traditions, history and culture. We love to grieve about the problems of the Russian-speaking population in other countries. But these problems began, among other things, because the Russian-speaking population treated the natives with disdain, did not want to learn the language, history, or observe customs. Not all, of course, but many, unfortunately. And then they were very surprised that the locals do not like them. Tatarstan is not another country. Tatarstan is Russia. That is why, throughout Russia, everyone is required to study the Russian language and literature. But Russia is a multinational country. Russia is the sum of languages ​​and cultures. This is what makes our country amazing! Is it bad to know more not only about your people and your culture, but also about other cultures and peoples of your own country! Are those who live in Tatarstan simply not curious? After all, at school they teach physics, algebra, biology and a bunch of other subjects. And somehow it doesn’t occur to be indignant about this, they say, why should we teach the laws of some Newton here, who lived in a NATO country and an apple fell on his head! Same thing with national languages. I repeat once again: this is a matter of elementary respect for the titular nation of this republic and the land on which you live. Perhaps this rule should not apply everywhere. In some national regions, there are very few representatives of the titular people, and even language teachers there will be difficult to find in the right amount. But you still need to know the history and culture of the region” (echo.msk.ru).

“Today we need to refrain from emotions,” Aisyla Galiyeva, a candidate of philological sciences, calls, “because those who are against the Tatar language say that they do not care about the Constitution of Tatarstan. These are literally the words of a representative of the committee of Russian-speaking parents, a participant in a conference held yesterday by one of the online newspapers. The fundamental law of the Republic of Tatarstan does not conflict with the Constitution of Russia. Can a person who considers himself a law-abiding citizen make such statements? I don't think so. Regardless of where they live, every Tatar, Chuvash, Yakut, Mari or Buryat must know their native language. The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the law on education of the Russian Federation do not create obstacles to the study of the native language. The Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”, if I am not mistaken, paragraph 1 of Article 14 says that every citizen of the country has the right to learn their native language, with the note “provided that the school administration can provide this opportunity” (sntat. ru).

On November 6, a round table was held at the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, where experts discussed the issues of respect for the rights and guarantees for the study of native and state languages ​​in accordance with the Constitution of Tatarstan. The results of the meeting were summed up by the Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Dania Zagidullina:

“The constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan guarantee and create the legal basis for the study of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia and the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation. These legal acts have not been disputed by anyone and are the basic postulate of the state national policy of the Russian Federation;

multinational peace and harmony, a well-balanced language policy have long served and continue to serve as the most important value guide and priority in the work of government bodies and institutions of civil society in Tatarstan. This allows the republic to be one of the Russian leaders in socio-economic development and a pivotal region of the country. generally accepted high quality Tatarstan education. Do not question what has proven its vitality and effectiveness;

in Tatarstan, the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation following the meeting of the Council for Interethnic Relations, held on July 20, 2017, are fully implemented. The hours of studying the Russian language have been brought up to the level recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science. Native languages ​​from among the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation are studied on a voluntary basis by choice. The state language of the republic is one (in addition to the state Russian), and this predetermines its voluntary choice (one of one, in contrast to subjects where there are several state republican languages ​​and the choice is determined by this);

international experience of multilingual education is positive. There are many examples when two languages ​​- national and regional - have the status of state and are required to be studied in certain parts of the country. This helps to preserve the language and cultural diversity;

unfortunately, the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation on the language issue are sometimes incorrectly interpreted. Instead of scientific discussion and informed decision-making, jointly with educational authorities, methods of pressure on school principals and teachers are allowed, which negatively affects educational process and psychological atmosphere in educational institutions;

harsh actions of the prosecutor's office, ignoring the constitutional rights of Tatarstan residents to study the state language with reference to the federal law on education (which is not implemented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in terms of adopting a variable plan of the Federal State Educational Standard for the republics of the Federation where there are state languages) lead to an increase in interethnic tension, which unacceptable and detrimental to public harmony;

if the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation does not accept in the near future the variable plan of the State Standard (for the republics of the Federation where there are state languages), it seems necessary to apply to the judiciary in order to recognize the failure of the federal ministry to fulfill its obligations (provided by law) and a court decision obliging to do so;

The optimal model seems to be a compromise model for learning languages, proposed at the republican representative meeting to resolve the issue of studying the Russian and Tatar languages, organized by the Assembly of the Peoples of Tatarstan, which provides for an increase in the study of the Russian language, the preservation of the study of the state Tatar language in the subject area (with a decrease in teaching hours) and the introduction voluntary study of native languages ​​by choice” (tatar-inform.ru).

According to media reports, the language issue will be raised again at the session of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan at the end of November - until the completion of the execution of Vladimir Putin's instructions to ensure the voluntary study of national languages.

Tatar at school: there is a problem

Unprecedented reader resonance was caused by the recent publications of "Evening Kazan", dedicated to litigation between the father of a Kazan student and the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The parent sued the Ministry of Education for the fact that the Tatar language in the schools of the republic, in his opinion, is studied in too large volumes. Moreover, Sergei Khapugin (professional lawyer) is convinced that the compulsory study of the Tatar language by all schoolchildren is a violation of the rights of citizens of other nationalities living in Tatarstan. Having lost the case in the district court of Kazan, the father-lawyer hopes to win in the Constitutional Court of Russia.

Given the interest in the problem of teaching the Tatar language in schools, the fact that this problem is serious and worries many Tatarstan residents, it was decided to conduct a "Direct connection" between the readers of "VK" and specialists from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan.

On December 14, the head of the department of the national education system and educational literature Radik Zaripov and chief specialist of the department of general secondary education Lenura Noskova.

We bring to your attention the presentation of "Direct Communication", published in the newspaper "Vechernyaya Kazan".

Where we live?

- My surname is Grigoryeva, my grandson is in the 2nd grade. They have 6 Tatar lessons, 4 Russian lessons. And this, in my opinion, is not subject to any criticism. We, parents, both Tatars and Russians, agree that the Tatar should be twice a week, but no more.

Lenura Noskova: How many reading lessons does your grandson have?

- Three.

This means that in total he has seven lessons in Russian philology - the Russian language and literary reading. The same with Tatar philology: six hours are provided for the study of the Tatar language and literary reading.

- But do you understand that no one needs the Tatar language? It will not be useful to children when entering a university, in general it will not be useful anywhere!

But we live in Tatarstan...

- We live primarily in Russia! Even in remote Tatar villages, people want to learn Russian. Because in the same Kazan they speak mostly Russian!

Marat Lotfullin: Deputy. Chief Guo is talking to you. Look, please, the Law "On Education" of the Russian Federation, art. 6 and paragraph 6 state that the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation are studied in accordance with the legislation of these republics.

- But not so much, is it?

In Tatarstan, the Tatar language is not studied much. Parity study of the two state languages ​​is envisaged - in equal volumes. And you have 7 hours of Russian philology and 6 hours of Tatar philology at your school. You see, there is no equal volume, 1 hour - in favor of the Russian.

- But, maybe, to make a larger volume of the Tatar language for Tatar children? After all, he is their own!

In our schools, children are not divided according to nationality!

- But the children don't want to learn Tatar!

Do they want to study mathematics?

- Want! My grandson has an A in math! Although we do mathematics every day for ten minutes, and Tatar - two hours.

Well, come out with the initiative to amend the legislation of the Russian Federation.

- Tatarstan is a multinational republic and the budget consists of revenues from citizens of all nationalities. Why is priority given to the study of the Tatar language?

Radik Zaripov: The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan states that the Tatar and Russian languages ​​are equal. And in the laws of the Republic of Tatarstan on education and languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is written that the Russian and Tatar languages ​​in kindergartens, schools, vocational schools are studied in equal volumes.

- No, not equal! Do we have at least one Russian gymnasium? And how many Tatars! Although there are fewer Tatars in the republic than representatives of other nationalities.

- Hello! My daughter is in the 11th grade and I am very sorry that she has to spend so much time learning the Tatar language. I believe that your local Tatarstan laws are contrary to federal laws, and therefore have no legal force.

Zaripov: Well, why "your laws"? You also live in Tatarstan.

- I live in Russia and would like to live according to Russian laws.

Do you propose to cancel Tatarstan?

- Bring them into line with Russian ones.

And on the issue of "Direct Communication" what do you propose?

- Tatarstan officials should reckon with the interests of citizens. It is necessary to identify the real needs in the study of the Tatar and Russian languages. To do this, for example, conduct a survey in schools. The results obtained, I am sure, will greatly diverge from the desired ...

Thank you for calling.

- When we were growing up, we all studied together - Russians, Tatars, children of other nationalities. It seems to me wrong and dangerous to divide children from kindergarten into Tatars and ... all the rest.

Noskova: What division are you talking about?

- I mean Tatar groups in kindergartens, Tatar classes, Tatar schools.

This is not a division into Russians and Tatars. This is a division into groups according to the level of knowledge of the Tatar language. A Tatar child who does not speak Tatar may well end up in a Russian class...

- Good afternoon, "Direct Communication". Now the world is in the process of globalization. Languages ​​with little need die a natural death. The Tatar language, alas, is also dying. You plant it artificially.

Zaripov: What kind of dying person is he? He is a state.

- Tatarstan is not a state, it has no external borders.

But according to the law - the state.

- Do not humiliate us, people of other nationalities. Don't forcefully teach us Tatar!

Do you want to learn your native language?

- Yes, he is not native to us! We want to learn progressive languages!

Thank you members for...

- Hello, I am one of those who are very touched by the problem of learning the Tatar language. I think that father-lawyer Sergei Khapugin is right! My seventh-grader child now does not know his native Russian at all. And he does not know Tatar either, although he teaches it for a long time, with great difficulty.

Noskova: But are you more concerned about the level of your child's knowledge of the Russian language?

- Certainly. After all, Tatar, I think, he does not need at all. A Russian is needed. I talked with the Russian language teacher. She says that in the 9th grade, she has to go through the program again in the 5th grade, because high school students write "feeling" through "u"! Just some kind of illiteracy, like in a pre-revolutionary remote village.

Lotfullin: We have completely different information. You probably judge by your son? My advice to you is to do more! In all normal countries, children learn three languages ​​and know them. Don't panic, no language has interfered with another yet. Learning one language, on the other hand, helps learning another. In any case, the issue of learning the Tatar language does not depend on our desire, it is regulated by law.

- It is very bad that nothing depends on the desire of people.

But after all, people also adopted the law - the deputies we elected.

- They took him out of personal, selfish interests! We should have held a referendum!

But the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan was adopted by referendum. And the law on the languages ​​of the peoples of Tatarstan has already been developed on the basis of the Constitution.

- Maybe technically you are right. But in life, no.

- Finally got through to you. Here in our Constitution it is written that there are two state languages ​​in the republic. Although in general there is no such state of Tatarstan, but this is not important. But why can't a person choose one of the two state languages ​​- the one he wants to learn!

Noskova: In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (Article 6, paragraph 6), with the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On Education" and the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On Languages ​​...", compulsory and equal study of the two state languages ​​is established.

Who came up with these laws!

Our deputies are with you.

But there are still people who object.

So, please, object to the deputies.

- Why in the neighboring republics - Chuvashia, Mari El - not so with the national languages! There they are not taught forcibly in large volumes.

Lotfullin: Everyone acts in accordance with federal and local laws. We, in Tatarstan, also have our own laws. According to them, we, the officials, act.

- Clear. So the laws need to be revised.

I would have learned Russian, but... where?

- Why not open not only Tatar, but also Russian gymnasiums in the republic, where Russian children could really study their native language? Or is there a ban on it?

Noskova: There is no ban. This year, for example, a school with in-depth study of Russian was opened in Nizhnekamsk. For our part, we even recommend that educational authorities and school directors open, if not schools, then at least Russian classes.

- And we can find such a class somewhere!

Mm... I think you can.

- Hello, my name is Elena Gennadievna. Is it possible to create Russian gymnasiums on the basis of existing ordinary schools in the same way as Tatar ones were created? Does such an initiative threaten the teaching staff in any way?

Noskova: No threat. If an ordinary school decides to become a school with in-depth study of the Russian language, it only has to pass the appropriate attestation to obtain a new status. There is nothing wrong with that, you just need to draw up certain documents. There are now 90 schools in Kazan, and about 200 schools with a higher status in the republic.

- In these schools they study the Russian language in depth!

No, other things. But it can be Russian, please. If a class with in-depth study of Russian is opened in an ordinary school, then you don’t even need to draw up documents for this.

- And what is needed for this? Parent statements? A trip to the ministry?

Do not need anything. The issue should be resolved with the school administration. The main condition for its decision is the availability of qualified teaching staff in the school for in-depth study of the Russian language. And you yourself know how we are now with the teaching staff.

- There are shots! After all, Russian language teachers have not evaporated!

How did they not evaporate? Old teachers leave schools, new ones don't come... But maybe your school really has staff. But I want to warn you that even in such a Russian school, a Russian class, children will still learn the Tatar language as the state language.

- How many hours?

Well, perhaps, and in somewhat reduced volumes, given

school status.

- I do not agree with the formulation of the question "Direct Communication" - "Tatar at school: there is a problem." What is the problem with Tatar? There are many hours to study it - know, teach. But how to learn Russian is really a problem. I went to my native school number 3 for the 100th anniversary. And we, the graduates, paid attention to the schedule: Tatar - 6 lessons, Russian - 3. How and where to learn Russian for children! Why is there not a single Russian gymnasium in Kazan?

Ilsur Khadiullin: Are we against the creation of Russian gymnasiums? Let them open. But for some reason no one wants to open them.

- Your ministry should be engaged in it!

We'll be doing.

We will choose a lot - will we grow old soon?

- Hello, my name is Irina Dmitrievna. I am interested in why they do not take into account the opinion of parents, what language should their child learn? Where are our democratic principles? For example, if the family of a serviceman temporarily lives in the republic, why is their child forced to learn the Tatar language! Why are our rights and freedoms being violated! Why are people forced to do what they don't want to do!

Zaripov: But you are familiar with republican laws, aren't you?

- Yes. But, understand that national strife begins when the will of one people is imposed on another. Why, when I lived in Germany, no one forced me to learn German!

Did you only speak Russian there?

- Yes. And by the way, they understood me, because Russian is also international.

Still, it is very difficult to live in a country without knowing the language.

- I communicated at the everyday level, and I had enough, I myself did not want more - my right. I propose that the Tatar language should not infringe on anyone's rights. Let the children learn it at will and with desire! Then the result of learning Tatar will be better.

- My name is Suslov Dmitry Aleksandrovich. Before asking a question, I want to say that I am categorically against the fact that the Tatar language is studied in ordinary schools in droves, especially in the current volumes. And the question is this. How is it possible, at least within our class, subject to the consent of all parents, to switch to training according to the curriculum of the Russian Federation? Can our school manage hours from the variable part of the plan of their choice?

Khadiullin; The basic curriculum of the Republic of Tatarstan was developed on the basis of the federal one. And no one can say that the Russian curriculum is not observed in Tatarstan. The Russian plan provides for the study of Russian and native languages. And the native language for the children of our republic is Tatar. Including for Russian-speaking children - for them Tatar is not native, but state. Therefore, changing the curriculum in a single class of a single school is impossible. But I can tell you that some changes are planned in the curriculum. Perhaps in terms of learning the Tatar language. We are thinking of introducing the history and culture of Tatarstan into the plan. And, perhaps, this will be done by reducing the hours for the Tatar language and literature. True, it is too early to talk about this, because there is no new Russian basic curriculum on which we rely.

- Thanks for the answer. But when will all this be? It's a pity to waste time learning Tatar.

Why are you so: "wasting time." This is for your child, he is not native ...

- All the parents of our class, including the Tatars, are against the forced study of the Tatar language! Why not conduct a survey and identify real needs for learning?

No, we cannot change the Law "On Languages..." on the basis of a survey. It's the law!

- Alla, I'm calling from Upper Uslon. We came here from the Sverdlovsk region, to my husband's homeland. Our son is in fourth grade. He has an A in all subjects, except Tatar. I think that parents and children should have the right to choose whether to study Tatar or not. Why have we been deprived of this right?

Khadiullin: And if there is such a right with regard to other subjects? Not to study, for example, mathematics? Therefore, there are educational plans- with a mandatory and optional part, which provides for optional, individual, group lessons... And here the school and parents choose which subject to devote these classes to.

- But at our school it is forbidden to study Russian on electives!

On what basis, I wonder? Ask the school administration for documents: who forbade them to study Russian on electives. They cannot have such documents.

Why doesn't quantity turn into quality?

- I have four grandchildren. I myself am a retired Russian teacher. And, of course, I'm worried about why my grandchildren study the Tatar language more than their native Russian. And it would be nice if they studied Tatar for real. And then after all, the method of teaching the language is useless. A first-grader grandson, for example, memorizes new Tatar words every day, but cannot build a simple sentence.

Lotfullin: Dear teacher! You, as a linguist, have probably never had to work with people who do not know the Russian language. Everyone in Kazan knows him. But here I, for example, began to study Russian "from scratch" and I remember what a huge job it was. Naturally, in the first grade I studied only words. And only by the 5th grade did he speak Russian. It is impossible to judge the results of education only by elementary school. The results primarily depend on the student himself - his abilities and efforts. Then already - from the teacher and textbooks. I think that in Kazan there are all the possibilities if you want to learn the Tatar language well.

- I want to say about the textbook of the Tatar language for the 2nd grade of Russian schools, edited by Yusupov. The first lesson is 14 memorization words and so on. How can you give children a foreign language for them in such a volume! Children at this age should spend an hour and a half preparing all their homework. And they cannot prepare for one Tatar in an hour and a half. Do the authors of textbooks have any idea about the possibilities and abilities of children? I myself am a methodologist, I have worked at a school for 38 years and I imagine how foreign languages ​​should be taught to children...

Zaripov: Do you speak Tatar yourself? We would like more teachers in schools who know the teaching methods foreign languages! As for the textbooks, they were created, frankly, for the first time. And, of course, textbooks have disadvantages. You are not the first to talk about this. In October-November, we held a competition of programs in the Tatar language for elementary school. New textbooks will be created, taking into account the comments. We meet with teachers to get their opinion on a particular textbook.

- It is necessary that textbooks, before publishing them in a large circulation, undergo approbation.

I invite you to come to the meeting of the educational and methodological council, where we systematically discuss textbooks, and express your very valuable, in my opinion, wishes. Agreed? Write down my phone.

- I think that the point is not the number of hours in the Tatar language, but the quality of its teaching. The quality needs to be changed. After all, now Tatar is taught by all and sundry - teachers of mathematics, physics. I myself taught physics at school, and I was also offered to teach Tatar. But I was smart enough to refuse. Why do graduates of the Arsk Pedagogical College teach Tatar in high school?

Khadiullin: Of course, graduates of a teacher training school do not have the right to teach Tatar in high school. Is that provided that they have two specializations - a teacher primary school plus a Tatar teacher in a basic school. But now the issue with personnel is no longer so acute. Yes, in the 1990s there were not enough Tatar teachers, and it was really taught, as you say, by all and sundry. But now the Tatar language is already taught mainly by specialists, and specialists with higher education. Well, the quality of teaching, of course, needs to be improved.

Your mine does not understand

- Hello, is this Mrs. Noskova?

Yes, Noskova. Not ma'am, really.

- OK. I myself am a Tatar, my name is Marat. I wanted to ask: what does your ministry want to achieve with the dominance of the Tatar language in schools?

The ministry is an executive body, and we only implement the laws adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tajikistan on the basis of Russian laws.

- And yet, what do you want to achieve from children?

Knowledge of two languages, history and culture of Tatarstan. Are you against it?

- I believe that the Tatar language is needed only at the level of everyday communication in order to be able to talk with grandparents from the villages. All. And Russian is the language of communication for all residents of the CIS. English - international. Wouldn't it turn out that by giving great attention learning the Tatar language to the detriment of others, we, excuse me, will turn sour in our own juice!

The fact that you, living in Tatarstan, will know the language of the indigenous nationality will not harm you. Here I am, when I was at school, I didn’t study Tatar, which I regret very much.

- And what motivates your regret!

The fact that I now do not know the Tatar language at the level at which I need it as an official, as a civil servant. At the household level, I know. I agree with you that at the first stage our task is to teach at least colloquial Tatar.

- But there are many Tatar dialects. Misharin, for example, does not understand much of the conversation of the Bashkir Tatar. Maybe someone will first determine and debug how to speak Tatar correctly in general. Moreover, write.

Here, in order to teach other Tatars in other republics the beautiful, pure, literary Tatar language, we must, Marat, first study the Tatar language well ourselves. We must instill in our children, all the inhabitants of the republic, a love for the Tatar language.

“But you won’t be forced to be nice!”

- Well, why torture children with grammar! After all, spoken Tatar is much more necessary. I recently said to one grandmother: "Salam alaikum!", And she was offended. It turned out that women should not be treated like that. Here's what you need to explain to children!

Zaripov: Does your child have difficulty learning the Tatar language?

- She has no problems. It's just embarrassing. The school promised to introduce, in addition to English, also German, but because of the Tatar it did not work out. Although my granddaughter will not live in Tatarstan either. Her aunt is a professor in another city, she will take her to study with her. What do we have to do! No progress...

I think that all this phonetics and morphology should be excluded from the teaching of the Tatar language. School graduates must understand the Tatar language and be able to communicate in it. I spoke with the head teacher of one Tatar school she is of the same opinion.

Zaripov: So you think that it is enough to learn colloquial speech.

- Exactly. And then more people will speak Tatar and understand each other.

Thank you for your opinion.

Lawyer dad, you're wrong!

- I want to comment on the actions of Mr. Khapugin against the study of the Tatar language. In my opinion, it's all about the level of civilization of this person. After all, knowledge of another language does not impoverish, but enriches a person. If we all learn only our native language, this will not help to strengthen interethnic harmony. We will no longer understand each other.

Zaripov: Your children are learning the Tatar language. Are there any difficulties?

- No, none.

- Hello! Parent Khabibullin. My children go to school in the Novo-Savinovsky district. All classes, all activities at the school are held in Russian, the schedule is in Russian. There are no performances in the Tatar language in the holiday programs. What children learn in theory is not applied in practice. What an infringement of the rights of Russian speakers here! On the contrary, it is our children that are being oppressed! Reading in Vecherka about Mr. Khapugin, I am deeply indignant. I think that in our multinational republic we should study the language and culture of other nations. And people like Khapugin are against it.

- "Direct connection"? Vilmulakhmetov is worried. They say, and "Vechernyaya Kazan" writes that there is too much Tatar in schools. And I want to ask a question, why is there too much Russian in Tatar classes? My daughter is studying in the Tatar class of the 107th school, but, except for the Tatar language, all subjects are taught in Russian.

Zaripov: Probably, with the consent of the parents, education takes place in Russian?

- No, we did not know about this when we sent the child there.

I suggest that you transfer your child to the 20th Tatar gymnasium, located in the same building, if you want your daughter to study all subjects in the Tatar language.

In the name of the Russian Federation

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation composed of the presiding V.D. Zorkin, judges M.V. Baglaia, Yu.M. Danilova, L.M. Zharkova, G.A. Zhilina, S.M. Kazantseva, M.I. Kleandrov, V.O. Luchina, N.V. Selezneva, O.S. Khokhryakova,

with the participation of citizen S.I. Khapugin, representatives of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan - Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan F.Kh. Mukhametshin and candidate of legal sciences Sh.Sh. Yagudin, representative of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan - Judge of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan R.G. Gabdullin, permanent representative of the State Duma in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation E.B. Mizulina, representative of the Federation Council - Doctor of Law E.V. Vinogradova, Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation M.A. Mityukov,

guided by Article 125 (paragraphs "a" and "b" of part 2 and part 4) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, subparagraphs "a" and "b" of paragraph 1 and paragraph 3 of part one, parts three and four of Article 3, subparagraphs "a" and "b" of paragraph 1 and paragraph 3 of the second part of Article 22, Articles 36, 74, 84, 85, 86, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102 and 104 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation",

considered in an open meeting the case on checking the constitutionality of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan", part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan", paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On Education" and paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation".

The reason for the consideration of the case was the complaint of citizen S.I. Khapugin, which challenges the constitutionality of the provision contained in paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan", part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" and paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On Education", as well as requests from the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, which challenged the constitutionality of the provisions of paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation". The basis for the consideration of the case was the revealed uncertainty in the question of whether the legal provisions disputed by the applicants correspond to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Since all appeals relate to the same subject, namely the legal provisions on the status of state languages ​​in the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, guided by Article 48 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", joined the cases on these appeals in one proceeding.

After hearing the message of the judge-rapporteur M.I. Kleandrov, explanations of the parties and their representatives, having examined the submitted documents and other materials, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

installed:

1. Paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated July 8, 1992 "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" (as amended on March 28, 1996) provided that Tatar and Russian languages, as the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan, are studied in children's preschool institutions, general education schools, secondary and secondary special educational institutions in equal volumes. Since July 28, 2004, the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" has been in force in the Republic of Tatarstan, in the second part of Article 9 of which it is also established that the Tatar and Russian languages ​​in general educational institutions and institutions of primary and secondary vocational education studied equally. A similar provision is enshrined in paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan of October 19, 1993 "On Education" (as amended on May 29, 2004).

On the basis of paragraph 2 of article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" and paragraph 2 of article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On education", the Novo-Savinovsky district court of the city of Kazan refused to satisfy the complaint of citizen S.I. Khapugin, filed by him in the interests of his minor son, on recognizing as unlawful the actions of the head of the district department of education of the Novo-Savinovsky district of the city of Kazan, whose order established the obligation to study the Tatar language in an equal volume with the Russian language, and the Vakhitovsky district court of the city of Kazan - in satisfaction of the statement of claim for invalidation in the same part of the basic curriculum of general educational institutions, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan.

According to citizen S.I. Khapugin, since the legal provisions applied in his case and the corresponding provision of part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated July 28, 2004 "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" oblige students of general educational institutions with the Russian language of instruction to study the Tatar language in large volume, for them - subject to the established maximum study load and the mandatory minimum content of the main educational programs - the possibility of in-depth study of other subjects of the curriculum, as well as the development of elective disciplines (optional) is limited. Thus, the applicant claims, citizens of the Russian Federation residing in the Republic of Tatarstan are placed in an unequal position in exercising the right to education compared to those residing in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which violates the guarantees of this right enshrined in Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in conjunction with its articles 6 (Part 2), 17 (Part 3), 19 (Part 2) and 55 (Parts 2 and 3).

In the request of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, sent to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 125 (paragraph "a" of part 2) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the request of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, which applied to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in connection with the consideration of a specific case in accordance with the procedure article 125 (part 4) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutionality of paragraph 6 of article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991 "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" (as amended on December 11, 2002), according to which in the Russian Federation the alphabets of the state language of the Russian Federation and state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation are built on the graphic basis of the Cyrillic alphabet; other graphic bases of the alphabets of the state language of the Russian Federation and the state languages ​​of the republics may be established by federal laws.

The applicants argue that the establishment of the graphic basis of the alphabet as an organic component of the state language of the republic, within the meaning of Articles 68 (part 2), 71, 72, 73 and 76 (parts 4 and 6) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, neither to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects and, consequently, in this matter the republics have the full power of state power; the choice of the graphic basis of the alphabet of the state language is a power derived from the constitutional right of the republic to establish its state languages, and, accordingly, constitutes the exclusive competence of the republics themselves. According to the applicants, the federal legislator, having provided in clause 6 of article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation", that the graphic bases of the alphabets of the state languages ​​of the republics are established by federal laws, in violation of articles 68 (parts 2 and 3), 73 and 76 ( parts 4 and 6) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation unlawfully invaded the competence of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are entitled to exercise their own legal regulation in this area, including the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts; in the Republic of Tatarstan, this is the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan of September 15, 1999 "On the restoration of the Tatar alphabet based on the Latin script", which provides that the Tatar alphabet is restored in the Republic of Tatarstan based on the Latin script (Article 1) and that until September 1, 2011 they are valid simultaneously two alphabets - based on Latin graphics and Cyrillic (Article 3).

Thus, the following normative provisions concerning the status of the state languages ​​in the Russian Federation are the subject of consideration in the present case:

the provision of paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" (as amended by part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan") and paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On education "according to which the Tatar and Russian languages ​​as the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan in general educational institutions and institutions of primary and secondary vocational education are studied in equal volumes;

the provisions of paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" on the structure of the alphabet of the state languages ​​of the republics on the graphic basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and on the possibility of establishing other graphic bases of the alphabets of the state languages ​​of the republics by federal laws.

2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation, based on the historically established state unity and in order to solve nationwide tasks in the Russian Federation as a multinational country, determines that the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is the Russian language (Article 68, part 1). In addition, the Russian language is traditionally used by the peoples of Russia as the main means of interethnic communication.

At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation - taking into account the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal status of the republics within the Russian Federation due to factors of historical and national nature - recognizes their right to establish their own state languages ​​and use them in state authorities, local governments, public institutions Republics along with the state language of the Russian Federation (Article 68, part 2) and guarantees all peoples of the Russian Federation the right to preserve their native language, create conditions for its study and development (Article 68, part 3), which in turn serves the interests of preservation and development bilingualism (multilingualism) in the Russian Federation.

The named provisions of Article 68 are in a system connection with other provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which fix the foundations of the federal structure of the Russian Federation as a sovereign state (Article 4, Part 1; Article 5, Part 3), the status of the republics within the Russian Federation (Article 66, Part 1 ), as well as regulating the status of the individual - on the possession by every citizen of the Russian Federation on its territory of all rights and freedoms and the incurring of equal duties provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 6, part 2), on the equality of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of any or circumstances, including nationality, language and place of residence (Article 19, Part 2), on guarantees of the rights of everyone to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity (Article 26, Part 2), on the prohibition propaganda of linguistic superiority (Article 29, part 2).

Consequently, issues relating to the legal status of the state languages ​​of the republics affect the constitutional rights of both citizens who are native speakers of the corresponding state language of the republic, including those living in the Russian Federation outside this republic, and citizens living in it and not knowing this language, including the rights in the field of communication, education, training, creativity, study and development of native languages ​​(Article 26, Part 2; Article 68, Part 3, of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), as well as in the field of culture, including the right to access cultural property (Article 44, Part 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Defining the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects, beyond which the subjects of the Russian Federation exercise their own legal regulation, the Constitution of the Russian Federation includes the regulation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, and hence the rights in the language sphere, and the establishment of the foundations of federal policy in the field of cultural and national development of the Russian Federation, of which the state language policy is an integral part, to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation (Article 71, paragraphs "c", "e"), and the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen and general issues of education, culture and language as their component - to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects (Article 72, paragraphs "b", "e" of part 1).

Thus, within the meaning of these provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal legislator has the right to establish the basis for the legal regulation of the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including general questions of language policy, including those relating to the status of the state languages ​​of the republics in its relation to the status of the state language of the Russian Federation. The status of the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation, as affecting the status of the state language of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of its citizens in the field of education and culture, cannot be the subject of the exclusive jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

3. Concretizing the provisions of Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" determines that the Russian Federation, represented by the highest bodies of state power, establishes the general principles of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation, ensures the functioning of the Russian language as the state language language of the Russian Federation, promoting the development of the state languages ​​of the republics, creating conditions for the preservation and development of the languages ​​of small peoples and ethnic groups, who do not have their own national-state and national-territorial formations or live outside them (Article 6).

In order to ensure the functioning of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, its use in state authorities, local governments, state institutions throughout its territory, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" provides for its study in general educational institutions and educational institutions vocational education, which in state-accredited educational institutions, with the exception of preschool educational institutions, is regulated by state educational standards(Article 10, paragraph 2); at the same time, the teaching of state and other languages ​​in the republics is carried out in accordance with their legislation (clause 3 of article 10). According to the said Law, the right to choose an educational institution with one or another language for raising and teaching children belongs to parents or persons replacing them in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 3 of article 9); the language (languages) in which upbringing and education is conducted in an educational institution is determined by the founder (founders) of the educational institution and (or) the charter of the educational institution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (paragraph 4 of Article 9).

Similar provisions are contained in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", which, in addition, establishes that the subjects of the Russian Federation, in accordance with their status and competence, have the right to adopt laws and other regulatory legal acts in the field of education that do not contradict federal laws in the field of education ( paragraph 3 of article 3). This means that the laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education cannot restrict the rights of citizens in the field of education, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation, including the rights associated with the study and teaching of the Russian language as a federal state language in throughout the territory of the Russian Federation and on the basis of established federal state educational standards.

3.1. According to the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" (until July 28, 2004 - the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan"), the state guarantees citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan the implementation of basic political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of their knowledge of any language (art. 2); the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan enjoy the protection of the state, and the state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan guarantee and provide social, economic and legal protection of languages, regardless of their status (Article 4); citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan have the right to freely choose the language of education and training, the right to receive basic general education in their native language; the right to choose an educational institution with a particular language for raising and teaching children belongs to parents or persons replacing them in accordance with the law; the language of instruction and upbringing in preschool institutions, general education schools, secondary, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions is determined by law (Article 8).

As the official languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan (Article 8) and the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the State Languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and Other Languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" establish Tatar and Russian languages, which are used on equal grounds in the activities of state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, bodies local government, state bodies, enterprises, institutions and other organizations, which implies their knowledge of state and municipal employees, employees of state bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations.

In order to ensure the use of the Tatar language in all spheres of official relations on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, the legislator of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right - within the meaning of Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in conjunction with its Article 43 and in accordance with federal legislation - to provide for its study as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan upon receipt basic general education.

Consequently, the introduction by the laws of the Republic of Tatarstan of studying the Tatar language as the state language in general educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan does not in itself violate the right of everyone, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to freely choose the language of education and training (Article 26, Part 2) and the right to education (Article 43), as well as the right of parents or persons replacing them in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, arising from it, to choose an educational institution with one or another language for raising and teaching children (paragraph 3 of article 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation"), the right to receive basic general education in their native language (paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"), is consistent with such a principle of state policy in the field of education as the protection and development of the education system national cultures, regional cultural traditions and characteristics in a multinational state, and meets the requirement for the content of education - to promote mutual understanding and cooperation between people, peoples, regardless of nationality, ethnicity (paragraph 2 of article 2, paragraph 4 of article 14 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" ).

Thus, persons living in the Republic of Tatarstan who do not speak the Tatar language are given the opportunity to study it.

However, the regulation of the status of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan, its protection and development, study (teaching) within the framework of basic general education as a compulsory academic discipline should be carried out without prejudice to the functioning and study of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal state standards taking into account the fact that, unlike the Russian language, the Tatar language is not official language in the territories of other subjects of the Russian Federation. Otherwise, it would create the possibility of violating the principles of equality of human and civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and of incurring equal duties by citizens of the Russian Federation throughout its territory, including in relation to the realization of the right to education and linguistic rights and freedoms (Article 6, part 2; article 19, part 2; articles 43 and 68).

3.2. The provision under consideration of paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan", part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan" and paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On education" on study of the Russian and Tatar languages ​​in equal volumes applies to all persons receiving basic general education in the Republic of Tatarstan, including in general educational institutions with the Russian language of instruction that have state accreditation - to those for whom the Tatar language is native, and to those for whom it is not their native language; for those who study the Tatar language from the primary level of education, and for those who began their studies in educational institutions of the Russian Federation, where the Tatar language was not taught.

Meanwhile, this requirement cannot be given an absolute character. The study of the Russian and Tatar languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan in equal volumes can take place subject to the federal state educational standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, including those related to the mandatory study of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, and if there are appropriate conditions that fully guarantee the right to education, not allowing the derogation of other constitutional rights and freedoms. Therefore, a differentiated approach is needed to the implementation of legal provisions on the study of the Tatar language in educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan within the framework of the general education program.

The study of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan cannot be carried out to the detriment of the federal component of the federal basic curriculum and exemplary curricula for general educational institutions of the Russian Federation and hinder the realization of the right of students to in-depth study other subjects of the curriculum, including the Russian language, elective disciplines, etc. At the same time, curricula and programs should be drawn up taking into account a variety of life situations so that for those students for whom the Tatar language is not native and who did not have the opportunity to study it as academic discipline in the required volume, there were no obstacles to passing the final certification and issuing a document on obtaining a basic general education, as well as to exercising the right to receive education at a higher level.

Otherwise, bearing in mind the unequal demands placed in different republics on the study of state languages, not only Negative consequences for the continuity of education in a single federal educational space, but also for violating the principle of equality in the exercise of the constitutional right to education, as well as the right to receive basic general education in the native language, guarantees of the general accessibility of basic general education and an equal scope of duties, the fulfillment of which is necessary to obtain it, and, in addition, the restriction of the right to freedom of movement and choice of place of stay and residence, enshrined in Article 27 (Part 1) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

3.3. Thus, contained in paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" (as amended by part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan") and paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic Tatarstan "On Education" the normative provision establishing that the Tatar and Russian languages ​​as the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan in general educational institutions and institutions of primary and secondary vocational education are studied in equal volumes, does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, since in its constitutional and legal sense in the current The system of regulatory regulation implies that the study of the Tatar language should be carried out in accordance with the federal state educational standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and not interfere with the passage of the final certification, the issuance of a document on obtaining a basic general education and obtaining an education of a higher level.

4. The state languages ​​of the republics are one of the elements of the constitutional status of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the republic (Article 66, part 1, of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and at the same time is conditioned by the federal structure of the Russian Federation, based on its state integrity , the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Article 5, Part 3, of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

By virtue of these principles of the federal structure and proceeding from the fact that the Constitution of the Russian Federation relates the establishment of the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of cultural and national development of the Russian Federation, including the foundations of the state language policy and promotion of the development of the state languages ​​of the republics, to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation (Article 71, paragraphs "b", "e"), the federal legislator has the right to regulate the fundamental issues of the status of state languages republics, affecting the interests of the entire Russian Federation and the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as to determine the general principles of legal regulation of these languages, which should be subject to special requirements in comparison with other languages ​​that do not have the status of state languages.

4.1. The use (use) of the language as a state language in various fields state activity and in official relations implies its existence not only in verbal (oral), but also in written form. Therefore, an obligatory and important component of the legal status of the state language is the graphic basis of its alphabet, i.e. systems of signs used in writing.

The establishment of one or another graphic basis of the alphabet of the state language (Cyrillic, Latin or other), as evidenced by historical experience, is determined not only and not so much by the peculiarities of the phonetics of the language, but by the changes taking place in society of a socio-cultural and national-historical nature, as well as by the interests of the state at different stages of its development, including in the field of international relations. Accordingly, the change of the graphic basis of the alphabet of the state language should be carried out taking into account historical and political factors, national and cultural traditions, be scientifically justified and meet public expectations, which ultimately requires the manifestation of the sovereign will of the state.

4.2. According to paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" in the Russian Federation, the alphabets of the state language of the Russian Federation and the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation are built on the graphic basis of the Cyrillic alphabet; other graphic bases of the alphabets of the state language of the Russian Federation and the state languages ​​of the republics may be established by federal laws.

Having established a single graphic basis for the alphabets of the state language of the Russian Federation and the state languages ​​of the republics, the federal legislator first of all stated and legitimized the realities that have historically developed in the Russian Federation - the existence and development of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, which received the status of the state language, on the graphic basis of Cyrillic. Such a legislative decision currently ensures - in the interests of maintaining state unity - the harmonization and balanced functioning of the federal language and the state languages ​​of the republics, is aimed at achieving their optimal interaction within the framework of a common language space and does not prevent the citizens of the Russian Federation from exercising their rights and freedoms in the language sphere, including the right to use one's native language.

At the same time, the federal legislator did not rule out the possibility of changing the graphic basis of the alphabets of the state languages ​​of the republics, which they used at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, he does not have the right to act arbitrarily, at his discretion - such a change is permissible, if only it pursues constitutionally significant goals, meets historical, cultural, social and political realities, as well as the interests of the multinational people of the Russian Federation. The solution of this issue by the republic unilaterally, without taking into account the requirements and guarantees in the language sphere arising from the Constitution of the Russian Federation, could lead not only to the weakening of federal unity, violation of the powers of the Russian Federation in the language sphere, but also to the restriction of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens , including those living outside the republic, for whom given language is native - to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity, to participate in cultural life, to have access to cultural values, many of which are created on the basis of historically developed writing.

4.3. Thus, the provisions of paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and are consistent with the principles of the federal structure enshrined in it, primarily the principle of state integrity, as well as constitutional requirements, by virtue of which the foundations of federal policy in areas of cultural and national development of the Russian Federation, including the state language policy, regulation and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the language sphere, general issues of education and culture are regulated by federal laws (Article 5, Part 3; Article 26, Part 2; Article 55, part 3; article 68, parts 2 and 3; article 71, points "c", "e"; article 72, points "b", "e" of part 1).

Based on the foregoing and guided by the first and second parts of Article 71, Articles 72, 75, 79, 87, 100 and 104 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

decided:

1. Recognize what is contained in paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" (as amended by part two of Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan") and paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic Tatarstan "On Education" a normative provision establishing that the Tatar and Russian languages ​​as the state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan in general educational institutions and institutions of primary and secondary vocational education are studied in equal volumes that do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, since in its constitutional and legal sense in the current system of normative regulation, it assumes that the study of the Tatar language should be carried out in accordance with the federal state educational standards determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation and not interfere with the passage of the final certification, the issuance of a document on obtaining a basic general education and obtaining an education of a higher level.

2. Recognize the provisions of paragraph 6 of Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" on the structure of the alphabet of the state languages ​​of the republics on the graphic basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and the possibility of establishing other graphic bases of the alphabets of these languages ​​by federal laws that do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

3. According to the first and second parts of Article 79 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", this Resolution is final, not subject to appeal, enters into force immediately after the proclamation, acts directly and does not require confirmation by other bodies and officials.

4. According to Article 78 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", this Resolution is subject to immediate publication in " Russian newspaper", "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation" and official publications of state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan. The decision must also be published in the "Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation".

Constitutional Court
Russian Federation