War and peace volume 4 guerrilla warfare. Partisan movement in the work of L. N. Tolstoy War and Peace. How did popular resistance begin?

In 1869, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy finished writing one of the most global works - the epic novel War and Peace. He lifts many important points that apply to both civilian and military people. The writer allocates a separate place to describe the guerrilla war, which became a decisive factor in the victory over the French in 1812.

At all times, it was believed that the war was won not so much by front-line fighters as by partisans. After all, they act spontaneously, not following any specific military laws and regulations. Their actions forced the government to officially acknowledge the involvement partisan detachments in the war. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy says that people who fight as partisans are adventurers by nature who are not afraid to act. The prominent representatives of this movement in the novel "War and Peace" are Dolokhov and Denisov, who are not going to unite with other allied countries. They are well aware of the rules of conduct in war, but this does not prevent them from famously sneaking into the enemy camp and causing significant damage.

Also, the war is able to unite people who, most likely, would never have met, and even if the meeting took place, they would definitely not talk to each other. A striking example is the relationship between Denisov and Tikhon, who almost immediately found mutual language. Even though they sometimes work different methods, the characters are able to agree and find positive moments in each other. But still, at some points, their opinions completely diverge. So, having caught the “tongue” and realizing that he knows nothing, Tikhon immediately kills him and does not regret what he did. And Denisov, in turn, cannot commit a heartless murder and gives the prisoners on receipt. Moreover, both understand that if they were in their place, one could not even stutter about mercy.

Most people who serve in partisan detachments are well aware of this and all the other hardships and dangers that they will have to face. They are sure of where they are going. But it happens that very young people come across who still don’t really know anything about military operations: that’s why they think that this is all one big game. So did Petya Rostov, who came to the partisans with romantic ideas. But very soon the young hero nevertheless understood what a real war is. But even such romantic persons are in some ways similar to other representatives of partisanship. All who have ever been among them came of their own free will, because they wanted to protect their fatherland, their homes and families. If you say that none of them were afraid, then it would be a lie, because fear is a normal state, under those circumstances when it can be turned into the right thing. However, no one doubted for a moment whether he should be among the partisans or not.

Thus, in the epic novel "War and Peace" Leo Tolstoy pays great attention guerrilla warfare, believing that this is a key moment for defeating enemy forces. The writer shows how people behave in certain conditions, and how war

After the French left Moscow and moved west along Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and unfair: the death of Petya Rostov, which occurs in front of Denisov and Dolokhov. This death is described simply and briefly. This exacerbates the harsh realism of writing. Here it is, the war. Thus, Tolstoy once again recalls that war is “an event that is contrary to the human mind and all human nature”, war is when people are killed. It is terrible, unnatural, unacceptable to man. For what? Why would an ordinary person kill a boy, even if from another nation, leaning out because of his inexperience and courage? Why would a person kill another person? Why Dolokhov so calmly pronounces a sentence on a dozen captured people: “We won’t take it!” These questions are put by Tolstoy before the readers.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. A guerrilla war is a war of a people who cannot, does not want to live under the invaders. Guerrilla warfare was made possible by the awakening in various people regardless of their social status of the “swarm” principle, the spirit, in the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. The partisans were different: “there were parties that adopted all the methods of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; there were small, prefabricated, foot and horse, there were peasants and landlords ... there was a deacon ... who took several hundred prisoners. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything that could be done to drive the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who in peacetime calmly went about their daily business, in time of war arm themselves, kill and drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

The French army was powerless against partisan detachments, as a bear, climbing into a hive, is powerless against bees. The French could have defeated the Russian army in battle, but they could not do anything against hunger, cold, disease and partisans. “Fencing went on for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, realizing that this was not a joke, but about his life, threw down his sword, and, taking ... a club, began to roll with it ... The fencer was French, his opponent ... were Russians ... "

Napoleon's army was destroyed thanks to guerrilla warfare - the "club of the people's war." And it is impossible to describe this war from the point of view of “fencing rules”, all attempts of historians who wrote about this event were unsuccessful. Tolstoy recognizes guerrilla warfare as the most natural and fair means of the people's struggle against the invaders.

After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. A guerrilla war is a war of a people who cannot, does not want to live under the invaders. The guerrilla war became possible thanks to the awakening in various people, regardless of their social position, of the “swarm” principle, the spirit, in the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. The partisans were different: “there were parties that adopted all the methods of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; there were small, prefabricated, foot and horse, there were peasants and landlords ... there was a deacon ... who took several hundred prisoners. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything that could be done to drive the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who in peacetime calmly went about their daily business, in time of war arm themselves, kill and drive away enemies. So the bees, flying freely over a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the invasion of the enemy.

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The partisan movement rose in a mighty wave: "The cudgel of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength." “And it’s good for that people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in similar situations, with simplicity and ease will pick up the first club that comes across and nail it until the feeling of insult and revenge in their soul is replaced by contempt and pity." Tolstoy shows the partisan detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov, talks about the deacon who headed the detachment, about the elder Vasilisa, who exterminated hundreds of Frenchmen.

Undoubtedly, the role of the partisan movement during the war is great. Villagers, ordinary men with pitchforks in their hands, unconsciously went to the enemy. They destroyed the invincible Napoleonic army from within. One of them is Tikhon Shcherbaty, "the most useful and brave man" in Denisov's detachment. With an ax in his hands, with a boundless thirst for revenge that sometimes turns into cruelty, he walks, runs, flies towards the enemy. He is driven by a natural patriotic feeling. Everyone is charged with his energy, dynamics, determination, courage.

But among the avenging people there is not only ruthlessness, but also humanity, love for one's neighbor. Such is the captive soldier of the Apsheron regiment Platon Karataev. His appearance, a peculiar voice, "gentle-melodious caress" - the opposite, the answer to Tikhon's rudeness. Plato is an incorrigible fatalist, always ready to "suffer innocently in vain." He is characterized by diligence, the desire for truth, justice. It seems impossible to imagine Plato militant, fighting: his love for humanity is too great, he is the embodiment of "everything Russian, kind and round." L.N. Tolstoy, nevertheless, is still for the people who are fighting, rather than passive, like Karataev: “It is good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in such cases, with simplicity and ease raise the first club that comes across and nails it until in his soul the feeling of insult and revenge is replaced by contempt and pity. It was the people who dared to raise the club against the enemy, but in no case the crowd, which, distraught, welcomes the king; not the crowd that brutally cracks down on Vereshchagin; not a crowd that only imitates participation in hostilities. In the people, unlike the crowd, there is a unity that unites the beginning and there is no aggression, hostility, senselessness. The victory over the French was won not thanks to the fantastic exploits of single heroes, it was deserved by the "strongest spirit" of the Russian people - the bearer of the highest moral values.

“The cudgel of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength, and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without analyzing anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion died” .

Tolstoy gives the main role in the victory to the common people, a prominent representative of which was the peasant. Tikhon Shcherbaty.

Tolstoy creates a vivid image of a tireless partisan, the peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty, who has stuck with Denisov's detachment. Tikhon was distinguished by good health, great physical strength and endurance. In the fight against the French, he shows dexterity, courage and fearlessness. Characteristic is the story of Tikhon about how four Frenchmen “with skewers” attacked him, and he went at them with an ax. This echoes the image of a Frenchman - a fencer and a Russian wielding a club.

Tikhon is the artistic concretization of the "club of the people's war." Lydia Dmitrievna Opulskaya wrote: “Tikhon is a completely clear image. He, as it were, personifies that "club of the people's war", which rose up and nailed the French with terrible force until the entire invasion died. He himself, voluntarily, asked to join the detachment of Vasily Denisov. There were a lot of weapons in the detachment, which constantly attacked enemy carts. But Tikhon did not need it - he acts differently, and his duel with the French, when it was necessary to get the "language", is quite in the spirit of Tolstoy's general reasoning about the people's liberation war: "Let's go, I say, to the colonel. How to make a noise. And there are four of them. They rushed at me with skewers. I attack them in such a way with an ax: why are you, they say, Christ is with you, ”Tikhon shouted, waving and frowning menacingly, exposing his chest.

He was "the most the right person"in a partisan detachment, because he knew how to do everything: lay fires, get water, skin horses for food, cook it, make wooden utensils, deliver prisoners. It is precisely such earthworkers, created only for peaceful life become defenders of the Motherland.

Specialty: "Economics, accounting, control".

Literature abstract on the topic:

Partisan movement into a work

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Completed by a student of group 618

GOU Z.A.M.T.a

Aleksandrovsky Ivan

The plan according to which the abstract was drawn up:

1. Introduction: the partisan movement is part of the popular liberation movement directed against the French.

2. Historical events in Russia in 1812.

3. Events in the epic novel "War and Peace" (volume 4, part 3)

4. The role and significance of the partisan movement in the victory over the French.

Introduction:

The partisan movement in the Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the main expressions of the will and desire for the victory of the Russian people against the French troops. The partisan movement reflects the popular character of the Patriotic War.

The beginning of the partisan movement.

The partisan movement began after the entry of Napoleonic troops into
Smolensk. Before guerrilla war was officially adopted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by the Cossacks and "Partisans". At first, the partisan movement was spontaneous, represented by the performance of small, scattered partisan detachments, then it captured entire areas. Large detachments began to be created, thousands appeared folk heroes, talented organizers of the guerrilla war were revealed. Many participants in the events testify to the beginning of the movement of the people: a participant in the war, the Decembrist I.D.
Yakushin, A. Chicherin and many others. They repeatedly claimed that the inhabitants, not on the orders of the authorities, when the French approached, retired to the forests and swamps, leaving their homes to be burned, and from there waged a guerrilla war against the invaders. The war was waged not only by the peasants, but by all sections of the population. But some of the nobility remained in place in order to preserve their estates. Significantly inferior in numbers to the French, the Russian troops were forced to retreat, holding back the enemy with rearguard battles. After fierce resistance, the city of Smolensk was surrendered. The retreat caused discontent in the country and in the army. Following the advice of those around him, the tsar appointed M. I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Kutuzov ordered the retreat to continue, trying to avoid a general battle in unfavorable conditions, which Napoleon I persistently sought. On the outskirts of Moscow near the village of Borodino, Kutuzov gave the French a general battle, in which the French army, having suffered heavy losses, did not achieve victory. At the same time, the Russian army retained its combat capability, which prepared the conditions for a turning point in the war and the final defeat of the French armies. In order to preserve and replenish the Russian army, Kutuzov left Moscow, withdrew his troops with a skillful flank march and took up positions at Tarutin, thus blocking Napoleon's path to the food-rich southern regions of Russia. At the same time, he organized the actions of army partisan detachments. A widespread popular guerrilla war also unfolded against the French troops. The Russian army launched a counteroffensive.
The French, forced to retreat, suffered huge losses and suffered defeat after defeat. The deeper the Napoleonic troops penetrated, the more clearly the partisan resistance of the people became.

events in the novel.

In the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the actions of partisan detachments are fully and briefly described. “The campaign period of the 12th year from the battle of Borodino to the expulsion of the French proved that the battle won is not only not the cause of the conquest, but not even a permanent sign of the conquest; proved that the power that decides the fate of peoples lies not in conquerors, not even in armies and battles, but in something else. From the time of the abandonment of Smolensk, a guerrilla war begins, the entire course of the campaign does not fit under any
"Former Traditions of Wars". Napoleon felt this, and “from the very time when he stopped in Moscow in the correct fencing position and saw a cudgel raised above him instead of the enemy’s sword, he did not stop complaining
Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander, to the fact that the war was waged contrary to all the rules (as if there were some rules for killing people).

On August 24, the first partisan detachment of Davydov was established, and after his detachment others began to be established. Denisov also leads one of the partisan detachments. Dolokhov is in his detachment. partisans
Denisov track down French transport with a large load of cavalry things and Russian prisoners and choose the most convenient moment for the attack.
To prepare even better, Denisov sends one of his partisans,
Tikhon Shcherbaty, "behind the tongue". The weather is rainy, autumn. While Denisov is waiting for his return, a feeder arrives with a package from the general. Denisov is surprised to recognize Petya Rostov in the officer. Petya tries to behave "in an adult way", all the way he prepares himself for how he will behave with Denisov, without hinting at his previous acquaintance. But at the sight of the joy that Denisov shows, Petya forgets officiality and asks Denisov to leave him in the detachment for the day, although he blushes at the same time (the reason for this was that the general, who was afraid for his life, sending Petya with a package, strictly sternly ordered him to return immediately and not get involved in any "cases"), Petya remains. At this time, Tikhon Shcherbaty returns
- the partisans sent for reconnaissance see him running away from the French, who fire at him from all trunks. It turns out that Tikhon captured the prisoner yesterday, but Tikhon did not bring him alive to the camp. Tikhon is trying to get another "language", but he is discovered. Tikhon Shcherbaty was one of the most needed people in the detachment. Shcherbaty was picked up in a small village. The headman of this village met Denisov unfriendly at first, but when he says that his goal is to beat the French, and asks if the French have wandered into their lands, the headman replies that “there were miroders”, but that only Tishka Shcherbaty was engaged in their village these affairs. By order of Denisov
Shcherbaty is brought in, he explains that “we don’t do anything bad to the French ... we just played with the guys out of hunting. It was like a dozen or two Miroderov were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad. ” At first, Tikhon does all the dirty work in the detachment: laying fires, delivering water, etc., but then he shows "a very great desire and ability for guerrilla warfare." “He went out at night to loot and each time he brought with him a dress and French weapons, and when he was ordered, he also brought prisoners.” Denisov frees Tikhon from work, begins to take him on trips with him, and then enrolls him in the Cossacks. Once, while trying to take his tongue, Tikhon is wounded "in the pulp of the back" while killing a man. Petya realized for a moment that Tikhon had killed a man, he felt embarrassed. Dolokhov is coming soon. Dolokhov invites the "gentlemen of the officers" to ride with him to the French camp. He has two French uniforms with him. According to Dolokhov, he wants to prepare better for the offensive, because "he likes to do things carefully."
Petya immediately volunteered to go with Dolokhov and, despite all the persuasion
Denisov and other officers stands his ground. Dolokhov sees Vincent and expresses bewilderment about why Denisov takes prisoners: after all, they need to be fed. Denisov replies that he is sending the prisoners to the army headquarters.
Dolokhov reasonably objects: “You send a hundred of them, and thirty will come.
They will die of hunger or be beaten. So why not take them all the same?" Denisov agrees, but adds: “I don’t want to take it on my soul ... You say they will die ... Just not from me.” Dressed in French uniforms
Dolokhov and Petya go to the enemy camp. They drive up to one of the fires, talking to the soldiers in French. Dolokhov behaves boldly and fearlessly, begins to directly ask the soldiers about their number, about the location of the ditch, and so on. Petya is terrified every minute waiting for exposure, this does not come. Both return to their camp unharmed. Petya enthusiastically reacts to Dolokhov's "feat" and even kisses him. Rostov goes to one of the Cossacks and asks to sharpen his saber, because the next day he will need it in business. The next morning, he asks Denisov to entrust him with something. In response, he orders Petya to obey him and not to meddle anywhere. The signal to attack is heard, and at the same moment Petya, forgetting about Denisov's order, lets his horse run at full speed. At full gallop, he flies into the village, where they went with Dolokhov the day before
"at night. Petya really wants to distinguish himself, but he does not succeed in any way. Behind one of the wattle fences, the French from ambush shoot at the Cossacks who are crowding at the gate. Petya sees Dolokhov. He shouts to him that we must wait for the infantry.
Instead, Petya shouts: "Hurrah!" and rushes forward. The Cossacks and Dolokhov run after him through the gates of the house. The French run, but Petya's horse slows down and he falls to the ground. A bullet pierces his head, and in just a few moments he dies. Denisov is horrified, he recalls how Petya shared raisins sent from home with the hussars and cries. Among the prisoners liberated by Denisov's detachment is Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre spent a lot of time in captivity. Of the 330 people who left Moscow, less than 100 survived. Pierre's legs were knocked down and covered with sores, and the wounded were being shot around every now and then. Karataev falls ill and weakens every day. But his position became more difficult, the more terrible the night was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful, soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him. On one of the halts
Karataev tells a story about a merchant who was imprisoned on charges of murder. The merchant did not commit murder, but suffered innocently. He dutifully endured all the trials that fell to his lot, and once met with one convict and told him his fate. The convict, having heard the details of the case from the old man, admits that it was he who killed the man for whom the merchant was imprisoned; falls at his feet, asking for forgiveness.
The old man replies that "we are all sinners to God, I suffer for my sins." However, the offender is announced to the authorities, he confesses that he "ruined six souls." While the case is being reviewed, time passes, and when the king issues a decree to release the merchant and reward him, it turns out that he has already died - "God has forgiven him."
Karataev can no longer go further. The next morning, Denisov's detachment defeats the French and frees the prisoners. The Cossacks "surrounded the prisoners and hurriedly offered some clothes, some boots, some bread." “Pierre sobbed, sitting among them and could not utter a word; he hugged the first soldier who came up to him and, crying, kissed him. Dolokhov, meanwhile, counts the French prisoners, his gaze "flares with a cruel brilliance." In the garden they dig a grave for Petya Rostov and bury him. From October 28, frosts begin, and the flight of the French from Russia becomes even more tragic. The chiefs abandon their soldiers, trying to save their lives. Although the Russian troops surrounded the fleeing French army, they did not destroy it and did not capture Napoleon, his generals and others. This was not the aim of the War of 1812. The goal was not to capture the military leaders and destroy the army, which for the most part died from cold and hunger, but to drive the invasion from Russian soil.

The role and significance of guerrilla warfare.

Thus, the partisan movement, represented by the entire Russian people, as well as representatives of the nobility, influenced the course of the war of 1812, played important role in the defeat of the French army.

Bibliography:

1. The work of L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Volume 4, part

2. The work of L. G. Beskrovny "Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812"

3. From the Internet: report on the topic: "Patriotic War of 1812"

4. Memoirs of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushin.

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