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The Association of Teachers of the Avar Language has canceled events dedicated to the Day of Dagestan Culture and Languages.

We believe that in the current situation around the study of the native language and the teacher of the native language, only empty words about its importance and necessity are heard. After all, the language is the basis of the culture of the people. And we do not understand what is the meaning of these holidays and events, where they talk about the importance and necessity of the languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan, when things are completely at odds with these words.

The situation with the native languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan is catastrophic. It is humiliating for native languages. Each head of an educational institution disposed of this subject, which is a mandatory part of the curriculum, as he pleases, without even having properly studied the laws and the Federal State Educational Standard. There are schools that have brought the hours allocated for native languages ​​to 0.5. That's two lessons a month. One - native language, one - native literature. What's on the minds of these leaders? educational organizations? Why are they not guided by the options for exemplary curricula of the Federal state standards when compiling Curriculum? Are many schools in the republic run by such illiterate directors? Or many of them feel such hatred for the language, culture of their people that they mercilessly cut the hours of their native languages, contrary to the prescribed number of hours per week. In many districts or cities, native language textbooks were confiscated, citing the fact that they do not comply with the Federal State Educational Standard. And who is to blame for the fact that we have not been provided with textbooks for many years? Give us then, in exchange for the old and unusable, new ones that correspond to federal educational standards We will be happy to work on them. Otherwise, what's the point in grandiloquent words, holidays, events dedicated to language and culture.

No matter what they say or promise, nothing has changed to date. A republic without native language textbooks included in the Federal List and corresponding to the Federal State Educational Standard. How can you learn without a textbook? There is no hope for the DNII of Pedagogy, as long as the current leadership is there, far from the problems of native languages.

Schools without qualified native language teachers.

Attitude towards teachers and lessons of native languages ​​is secondary.

We spend holidays every year, we say these days how important it is to know the native language, culture, history of the people. But, nothing changes. The holiday was celebrated - ticked.

We call on the leadership of the republic, ministries, departments, research institutes, the public, everyone who can help in any way, to pay attention to this issue and finally begin to act. We are tired of empty words and promises. Give us textbooks methodical literature. Provide us with at least a part of what teachers of other subjects are provided with. Create conditions for us, at least close to the rest of the subjects.

And then we'll celebrate.

, which means in translation .

"Zhulamur Zhula Ziplivu" , which means "All in our pockets" .

Therefore, learn your native languages, communicate more with your loved ones and relatives. After all, this is how you can see the beauty of your national language.

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Every day, the Dagestan languages ​​are losing their relevance, so there is a high probability that they will join the number of disappeared languages. According to UNESCO, 25 Dagestan languages ​​are threatened with extinction. Especially the Dagestani languages ​​are neglected by the younger generation, who became interested in learning foreign languages. But should we forget about the uniqueness of our native language? Of course not, because the Dagestan languages ​​are no less interesting and entertaining. In addition, they differ in amazing features, which the carrier must certainly know about.

Since 2000, February 21 has been celebrated as International Mother Language Day to promote linguistic and cultural diversity. This holiday should be of particular importance for the inhabitants of Dagestan, because in our republic there are no less than 40 languages ​​and 120 dialects. Of these, only 14 languages ​​have a written language.

The Dagestan languages ​​are divided into 4 main language groups, which belong to the Nakh-Dagestan language family.

The Avar language is close in structure to the Andean language, and it is based on the dialect of the Khunzakh language.

The dialects of this language have diverged so far that the inhabitants of various Avar villages will not be able to understand each other. Therefore, for mutual understanding, representatives of this nationality rely on the literary Avar language.

One of the most difficult phrases to pronounce is “Mikazaralda, miknusiyalda, unkjoyalda mikgo kverk kvakvadoleb buk!ana kyoda gork” , which means in translation "8888 frogs croaked under the bridge" .

The Dargin languages ​​are distinguished by their numerous dialects, which subsequently developed into independent languages.

So, they include Kubachi, Megeb, Kaitag languages.

By itself, this language group is so extensive that it is often compared with the Romance and Germanic groups of languages. In total, there are about 12-13 varieties of the Dargin language. Native speakers of this language consider their speech to be a dialect of the main literary Dargin language, with the exception of the Kubachins, who prefer to refer to themselves as a separate ethnic group. Between the villages, the Dargins mainly communicate in Russian.

The literary Lak language is based on the Kumukh dialect. The district of the same name is the historical center of the Laks. There are 9 more dialects of the Lak language that differ from each other
morphological or phonetic changes.

In total, there are about 146 thousand people who speak the Lak language.

The sound of the Lak language is often compared to French. This is especially noticeable when pronouncing the phrase "Zhulamur Zhula Ziplivu" , which means "All in our pockets" .

The Lezgi languages ​​include languages ​​that have become independent. Agul, Archa, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tsakhur and other languages ​​stand out among them.

The Tabasaran language is notable for its case system. There are 46 different cases in the language, including 40 local ones. In the northern dialect, the Tabasaran language has 2 grammatical classes of names: the class of intelligent beings and the class of non-rational beings and objects, while in the southern dialect there are no grammatical classes of names.

In addition to these languages, there are up to 40 languages ​​in Dagestan, and there are twice as many dialects. It is very difficult to list and describe each of them, but in the future you can see some interesting details about other Dagestan languages.

Now the most important thing is not to lose your national flavor and strive to study both your native and other foreign languages. This is how each person will be able to expand their horizons, delve into a foreign culture, while not forgetting their national identity.

Have the authorities correctly placed the emphasis on the issue of preserving native speech

The issue of preserving native languages ​​in Dagestan has never ceased to be relevant. In the context of the wide linguistic diversity characteristic of the republic, the preservation and development of native speech is a matter of priority, although it is extremely difficult.

One of the reasons for the problem is unequal rights between carriers different languages in Dagestan. For example, the languages ​​of the Avars and Azerbaijanis have official status and the full support of the regional authorities, while the Andean and Tsez languages ​​do not have official status, these languages ​​are not taught in schools, as if these languages ​​do not exist at all.

On the other hand, the autochthonous languages ​​of the republic were left face to face with common problem- Russification, which is rapidly affecting the Dagestan society. This trend affects absolutely everyone - from Avars and Lezgins to Tsakhurs and Karatas.

The transition of the population to the Russian language is to a large extent connected with the decline in the prestige of the native language. IN modern life especially in cities, young people increasingly understand that they can do without their native language, the main thing is to know Russian and it would not be bad to have some other foreign language.

In addition, one cannot fail to say about the school - teaching native languages ​​has become a formality, the level of many teachers does not even meet the minimum requirements, children study using old textbooks, which are noticeably lacking, and many necessary methodological materials are missing.

These and many other problems in the field of preservation and development of linguistic diversity in Dagestan should be the front of obligatory work for the republican government. However, the latest statements by the authorities suggest that Dagestan has little idea of ​​what to do with languages.

The languages ​​of Dagestan are under threat

So, on October 10, the head of the Ministry for National Policy of Dagestan Tatiana Gamaley stated that of the 32 languages ​​​​recorded in the republic (we are talking about the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the "titular" peoples, including Russian, Azerbaijani and Chechen), 18 are on the verge of extinction. As the official explained, these languages ​​are unwritten ( in fact, writing has been created for the majority, there are dictionaries - approx. FLNKA) and have a small number of supports. At the same time, in her opinion, nothing threatens the 14 literary languages.

However, on October 21, the head of the Ministry of Nationalities of Dagestan said that in Dagestan there is a shortage of textbooks for studying local languages. According to her, there are textbooks for 14 languages, but there are few of them, and most of them are completely outdated. In addition, she noted the lack of authors who are able to create high-quality textbooks. The minister also referred to the problems the need for their compliance with the VGOS, which involves certification and licensing of textbooks, special expertise, and this, in the presence of 14 languages, creates additional complexity.

It is noteworthy that in both the first and second cases, Tatyana Gamalei avoids the question of increasing the number of literary languages ​​in Dagestan, which inevitably arises. It is obvious that endangered languages ​​need status, recognition and state support. However, judging by the minister's rhetoric, she does not care at all.

Tatiana Gamaley

Deputy Director of the Derbent Foundation, Vice-President of the FLNKA Amil Sarkarov in an interview with a correspondent of the Lezghin autonomy, he shared his opinion on the current situation:

“In my opinion, in order to effectively solve the problem of small laws, it is necessary to cancel the absurd resolution of the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan “On the indigenous peoples of the Republic of Dagestan” of 2001 and adopt a separate republican law on them.

The list of indigenous peoples should include more than two dozen communities, each of which has less than 50 thousand people. Obtaining such a status for these peoples would allow solving not only linguistic, but also other problems that are relevant to them..

Will books and holidays save native languages?

In fairness, we note that the minister still offers something. Thus, according to Gamaley, the Center for the Study of the Republic's Native Languages ​​operates at the DSU. She does not specify what exactly he does, mentioning only a number of some events in 2017 within the framework of the Federal target program support for native languages. True, this looks like a formal need to report to Moscow.

On October 21, the Republic celebrated the Day of Dagestan Culture and Languages ​​for the second time. The holiday is definitely needed. By this date, the Center, together with the Minnats, published seven new books in the languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan: “Russian-Agul and Agul-Russian Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Kumyk Proverbs and Sayings”, “Karata Tales”, “Archi Folklore Material”, “Tabasaran Proverbs and proverbs”, “Modern Agul language” and “We speak Tabasaran”.

In addition, especially for the celebration, the Minnats RD presented an information and analytical guide to the languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan, which contains data on the languages ​​of the indigenous peoples of the republic and the history of their study in domestic linguistics, including information about their lexicographic description, materials based on the results of monitoring the enrollment of students teaching native languages ​​in urban schools of the republic.

The day before the holiday in Dagestan, in five Russian regions of Russia where large communities of Dagestanis live, as well as in Belarus, a total dictation was held in 14 languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan.

“The creation of language centers, the holding of holidays and total dictations are, of course, important in themselves. But really languages ​​in the current situation can only be helped by gaining a full-fledged status official language with the ensuing regulatory and legal framework that guarantees its implementation at the republican and local levels”- stressed Amil Sarkarov.

Igor Barinov

Bilingualism: Good or Evil?

Head of the Federal Agency for Nationalities Affairs Igor Barinov proposed to introduce the practice of teaching subjects in primary school in two languages ​​- Russian and national.

“It is difficult to implement this in Dagestan, not only due to the fact that it will be necessary to create appropriate learning programs and allowances.

The main problem is bilingualism. If in rural school still native speakers, having mastered the Russian language in primary school, and then switch to learning on it, then in cities, children, on the contrary, almost do not know their native language and have no motivation to master it.

And all due to the fact that the functionality of the languages ​​is not fixed, they are not official, that is, they are mandatory even at the local level.- commented on the initiative of the head of the FADN Amil Sarkarov.

ABOUTone of the most pressing problems of modernsti - the problem of preserving nationalcultures, especially cultures of small peoples.In addition, today there is an acute problem withstorage of native languages. "Any nationallanguage is directly related to the formationnational identity. Currentlyparticularly necessary respectful and tactfulattitude towards the national language, ethnicetiquette, objects of national culture andgoodness in general, which underlies anyethnos and is manifested through the native language" ( Magomedov M.I. Humanitarian Dagestan: language, culture,education. Makhachkala, 2013, p. 103).

Language and man are inseparable We. Language does not exist outside of man, and man as homo sapiens does not exist outside of language. Accordingly, man cannot be studied outside of language, and language cannot be studied outside of man. Language reflects for a person the world around him, language also reflects the culture created by man, stores it for a person and transmits it from person to person, from parents to children. Language is a tool of knowledge, with the help of which a person learns the world and culture. Finally, language is an instrument of culture: it forms a person, determines his behavior, lifestyle, worldview, mentality, national character, ideology. Language is a strict and incorruptible teacher; it imposes ideas, ideas, models of cultural perception and behavior embedded in it.

To some extent, it can be considered that a person is a slave of his native language: from infancy he falls under the influence and power of the language of his parents and, together with the language, assimilates the culture of that speech community stored in it, of which he, quite by chance, having no choice, turned out to be a member. .

However, in no case should we forget about the huge role that language, which is inextricably linked with culture, plays in the upbringing and formation of the personality. We can say that personality is a product of language and culture.

A person was born and from the first minute hears the sounds of his future native language. Language acquaints him with the world around him, imposing on him that vision, that picture that was “painted” before him and without him. Language reflects the world and culture and shapes native speakers. At the same time, through language, a person gets an idea about the world and the society of which he has become a member, about its culture, that is, about the rules of the hostel, about the system of values, morality, behavior, etc.

So, the language forms its carrier. Each national language not only reflects, but also forms the national character. In other words, if the language forms a representative of the people - the native speaker, and forms him as a person, then he must play the same constructive role in the formation national character.

A fairly common opinion is about the national character, according to which it is not a set of specific, peculiar features inherent only to a given people, but a peculiar set of universal universal human features.

As sources confirming the existence of a national character, one can consider folklore, or oral folk art, as the most reliable source of information about the national character. Indeed, although in the works of oral folk art not only heroes, characters, but also plots are stereotyped, the very fact that they represent the collective creativity of the people, that they are “run in” in oral transmission from generation to generation, like sea pebbles that do not have the original individual twists, breaks and notches, and that therefore they are devoid of the subjectivity of individual author's works - all this makes them the most reliable source and repository of information about the character of the people.

However, the most reliable and scientifically acceptable evidence of the existence of a national character is the national language. The language both reflects and shapes the character of its bearer, it is the most objective indicator of the national character.

It is obvious that the main cultural load is lexicon: words and phrases. They form a linguistic picture of the world, which determines the perception of the world by native speakers. given language. This aspect is especially clearly and vividly represented by set expressions, phraseological units, idioms, proverbs, sayings - that is, by that layer of the language in which folk wisdom or, rather, the results of the cultural experience of the people are directly concentrated.

All the changes taking place in the sphere of the material and spiritual culture of the people have found their corresponding reflection in the vocabulary of the language. In particular, even in the earliest period of independent functioning in the vocabulary of the Dagestan languages, such words as “plough”, “yoke”, “ploughshare”, “scythe”, “threshing boards”, “mill”, “arch”, “vault” appeared. ”,“ army ”, names of materials, clothes, shoes, etc. For example:

sokha - emergency. puruzzi ahhh. fucker, bagw. PerusI, godob. rezzi, carat. bezze, tind. bezzi, birch, chamal. biyatsa, run. boos, ginukh. berus, ces. birus, darg. fools, varnish. haras, agul. fool, arch. ganas, will be. dinnar, kryz. dinar, lie down. tuirez, rut. dylan, tab. tsruts, tsuruts, udin. penzz, khinalug. yngaz, zah. Weitz.

Key , lock - emergency. kIul"key", And. recIul ahhh. rikialii, bagw. recIul, botl. recIul, godob. recIul, carat. recIul"key", tind. ricia"key", razhikIa"castle", chamal. yikIul"key", "lock", run. yiga, Riga"key", ginuh. loki"key", gunz. Riga"key", hvarsh. leka"key", caes. river"key", lacquer. kIula"key", kunkula"castle", agul. ashlegv"key", arch. ljeremkIul"castle", lay down. cculeg"key", rut. guleg"castle", udin. bikIul"key", tsakh. MykIey"key", etc. ( Magomedov M.I. Vocabulary is the national wealth of the people // Essays on the vocabulary of the literary languages ​​of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 2014. S. 7-8).

Native language is a means of preserving and transmitting the culture, history, traditions of the people and the continuity of generations. Today, when television and some print media openly promote immorality, cruelty, violence, the most effective, powerful weapon against lack of spirituality and cruelty is the native language and national culture. Only he is able to resist evil and violence modern world who enriched himself with the spiritual and moral values ​​of his people.

Sociological research of employees of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art. G. Tsadasy of Dagestan scientific center RAS show that there is a real threat of the death of many Dagestan languages. This problem has its own background: Soviet time the processes of internationalization and merging of nations and peoples were considered as a historical perspective, and the disappearance of the languages ​​of some peoples was considered quite possible.

Now it is indisputable that the use of the native language is a basic condition for the preservation and transmission of the national culture, its features, since many components of this culture (oral folk art, folk song, national literature, theater) exist due to its functioning.

The peculiarity of Dagestan lies in the fact that out of about one hundred and twelve languages ​​classified as languages ​​of the indigenous peoples of Russia, thirty-two are concentrated within this region. Much has been written about the prospects for turning Dagestan into a "reserve of languages". However, the current national-linguistic situation cannot but cause concern. Today, there is a reduction of the social functions of national languages ​​to the family level. This affects the national self-consciousness of a significant part of the Dagestanis. For many of them, the connection of their own nationality with their real national qualities, including the observance of national traditions, knowledge of their native language, becomes, by and large, nominal. Especially for those who left the borders of their native republic and live in other regions.

Everywhere in Dagestan, office work is carried out only in Russian. school and preschool education is built mainly in Russian. National languages ​​are used as primary languages ​​only in some rural areas. Until recently, the teaching of these languages ​​as a subject in the urban schools of the national regions was not given due attention. It can be said that parents of students still regard national languages ​​as an obstacle to their children getting a decent education. This attitude is easily explained. No secondary special and higher educational institutions(except for the faculty of Dagestan philology), in which teaching would be conducted on national languages or for admission to which the passing of an exam in the national language would be practiced.

All this, it would seem, should have led to the functional death or significant curtailment of native languages. However, the languages ​​of small peoples survived, survived and continue to exist, however, they are limited by the territory of a village or a group of villages, intra-family communication, and everyday life. And the primary task today is the preservation and dissemination of these languages ​​for future generations. After all, if we lose any language, we will lose the culture and traditions of an entire nation. And without the past, as you know, there can be no future. All steps that promote the spread of native languages ​​serve not only to promote multilingual education, but also to develop a fuller acquaintance with linguistic cultural traditions around the world, strengthen solidarity based on mutual understanding, tolerance and dialogue.

Spiritual values ​​that make up the content national cultures and regional traditions - this is the native language, the wise life principles of our ancestors, i.e. humane adats, ways of organizing work, art crafts that adorn people's lives, holidays, rituals, multi-genre folklore of the highlanders and much more.

It is no coincidence that the first place among the components of the content of our heritage is the native language. For the native language is a specific form of national culture that carries information from time immemorial. More K.D. Ushinsky drew attention to the fact that the native language is the most vital link connecting the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great historical whole.

Every year, schools with a mixed national composition of students are becoming more widespread. This is due to urbanization and population migration. It is as a result of migration processes that many settlements from single national to multinational.

IN educational institutions With a multinational composition of students, a serious obstacle to solving this problem is the fact that the majority of children do not speak or have a poor command of their native language.

We know that in many urban families, parents communicate with their children only in Russian. And some parents do not want their children to be taught their native language at school, explaining this by their overload with the study of Russian and English. Such an attitude of parents leads to a disdainful attitude of children to the Dagestan culture, traditions and history of their people.

One of the components of culture is the native language, which accompanies the whole life of the child and his activities. A person as a linguistic personality is a link between language and culture.

The foregoing necessitates the observance of a socio-cultural approach to teaching children their native language, the essence of which is that language learning is carried out in the context of the formation of a national language culture. On the one hand, language acts as a component of culture, on the other hand, it is a means of personality formation, socialization, knowledge of culture in the broad sense of the word. The language of the people bears the imprint of its entire history. In addition, language acts as a universal means of communication, mental activity, a way of knowing the surrounding reality. Along with the common elements of socio-historical experience, national-cultural elements also appear in the language. The national-cultural function of the language means allows one to join the national values, to comprehend their features to a large extent in the language of the people. Since the language is a form of existence of the spiritual culture of the people, the full study of the language is, first of all, familiarization with the spiritual values ​​of one's nation.

Language education is focused not only on teaching the child the basic types of oral writing but also on the formation of a personally significant, positive emotional and creative attitude to the process of learning the national culture through the native language. The goal of language education is the child himself as a person of culture.

Thus, the initial language education is the formation of a personality by entering a culture, thanks to the appropriation and creative transformation of which the child becomes its subject. The appropriation itself occurs as a result of cognition, development, upbringing and teaching. With the help and support of the teacher, each child finds for himself his own personal meaning of activity, which allows him to become the subject of the educational process.

Therefore, the preservation of the native language should become one of the main tasks of the Dagestanis, and the most important thing here is the attitude towards the language in the family, and only then its teaching in educational institutions.

The problem of preserving and developing languages ​​and cultures is one of the most pressing socio-cultural problems both in the Republic of Dagestan, and in Russia and in the world as a whole. At present, more than ever, it is important that people discover new values ​​for themselves, join the community human values through the prism of the culture of other peoples, they studied interpersonal and intercultural communication. In order to effectively address this important task need to increase social significance language and cultural education in society, to educate the younger generation respect for their own and other peoples and cultures.

Institute of Language, Literature and Art. G. Tsadasy of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is doing a lot of work on the preservation and development of the Dagestan languages. Our institute has been and remains not only a center of science and education, but also a center of culture and enlightenment. It is associated with the creation of writing in the languages ​​of the peoples of Dagestan, the study of history, folklore, ethnography and culture of our region.

IN Everyday life the language we speak is very often taken for granted by us in everyday life. We often forget that language is a precious asset of every nation, it has been created and improved over many centuries. Being an invariable means of communication, language at the same time concentrates the memory of the people, its history, the experience of cognitive activity, worldview and psychology. There is no culture without language. And a language cannot be preserved if one does not speak it.

It is the language that unites people belonging to the same ethnic group, it serves as the core element on which the cultural identity of any nation is based, therefore, since ancient times, concern for the language, its preservation and development has been an indicator of the level of national self-consciousness of the people - the bearer of a particular language.

Today before education put forward challenging tasks preparing young people for life in a multinational and multicultural environment, developing the ability to communicate and cooperate with people of different nationalities, races, confessions. Therefore, the education system of a multinational state is responsible for the formation of ethno-cultural and regional identity among students, the preservation and development of native languages ​​and national cultures of the peoples living on its territory.

The education system is designed to preserve the linguistic and cultural diversity and the historical and cultural heritage of ethnic groups living in Russia. In this situation, the study of native languages ​​at school as subject becomes the only way their conservation and development. In addition, only language learning at school can contribute to the formation literary language. The state national educational policy is aimed at creating optimal conditions for the ethno-socio-cultural development of young citizens.

The priority of state policy in the field of the preservation and development of languages, including in the education system, should be to provide conditions for fluency in Russian as a language of interethnic communication. Also among the priorities should be the provision of conditions for the free use of the native language in all spheres of life. The Russian language is the national heritage of the multinational people of Russia, the language of education and development, friendship and unity of peoples. The fate of their native languages ​​will depend on the quality of the Russian language skills of the young generation of the peoples of Russia. Without the native language, it is very difficult to imagine the process of personality formation, its spiritual and moral development. The native language, the language of the fathers, the language of the Fatherland is both a means and a content spiritual development personality, its familiarization with enduring human values; it is a connection of generations, a channel of knowledge of the world, the traditions of the people, their philosophy and beliefs. The native language is recognized as the most powerful tool for the preservation and development of our spiritual and material heritage. And according to UNESCO estimates, half of the 6,000 languages ​​of the world may soon disappear from the "face" of the earth. To prevent this from happening, every person should learn and love in childhood native speech of his people. Therefore, the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia should take their rightful place in the single educational and cultural space of a multinational state.

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Phototape

Photos: 7

The conference "The state of teaching and prospects for learning the native language" was held in the Novovikrinskaya secondary school of the Kayakent district