This site won the competition - in total, six construction sites in the Moscow region were proposed for the construction of a new city.

The idea of ​​satellite cities was born in the minds of the Soviet leaders of that time after the famous trip of N.S. Khrushchev to America, when he discovered to his surprise that a significant number of Americans who worked in smoky megacities with their poor ecology did not live in the cities themselves, but in more favorable conditions in the suburbs. It was decided to transfer the American experience to Soviet soil. Near Moscow, it was supposed to build several satellite cities, the inhabitants of which would work in the capital, and would live in its immediate vicinity. Zelenograd was supposed to be the first sign in this matter.

The place for the new city was chosen relatively close - only 37 kilometers from the center of Moscow. On the territory allotted for the construction of a new city, in addition to the village of Kryukovo, there were several more villages: Savelki, Matushkino, Nazarevo, Rzhavki. They were supposed to be demolished and new blocks built in their place.

The design of the satellite city was entrusted to workshop No. 3 of the Mosproekt-2 Department. Professor of the Moscow Architectural Institute Igor Evgenyevich Rozhin was appointed project manager. He headed the team, which, along with experienced architects, included young people. The development projects provided for the division of the city into residential and industrial zones, division into microdistricts, each of which was supposed to be a complex of residential buildings, schools, children's institutions and a shopping center, which included food and manufactured goods stores, a pharmacy, laundry and others. household services. The project envisaged the maximum preservation of forest plantations, the creation of footpaths connecting all microdistricts and industrial zones. It was decided to build up the city with four- and five-story prefabricated houses. It also provided for the construction of two-story cottages with garden plots. Of course, now, from the height of past years, such plans may even seem naive in some ways, but then it was essentially a new word in architectural practice.

In 1960, housing construction began in the 1st microdistrict. A year later, the first four-story houses, a shop, a canteen, a clinic, kindergarten. The first builders of the city were demobilized soldiers, graduates of construction schools in Moscow and the village of Setun near Moscow. Many of them were sent for construction in the order of organizational recruitment on Komsomol vouchers. The builders first lived in tents and only then built a hostel for themselves. The leading construction organization of the city was the Zelenogradstroy department, the first head of which was V.V. Voronkov.

Intensive construction began in 1962. Since it was assumed that the bulk of the population would work in Moscow, it was planned to organize only a few enterprises in the satellite city, mainly light industry: a garment and leather goods factory, an enterprise for assembling watches and household appliances, a soft goods factory toys. For them, already in the first years, two vocational schools were built: sewers and metalworkers.

Initially, the city was planned as a settlement of the future communism, which, according to the program adopted at the same time, communist party, was supposed to come by 1980. For the first time in the USSR, electric stoves were installed in all residential buildings. great attention was given to the creation of places of mass recreation, the creation of urban reservoirs, playgrounds in the forest park, etc. However, despite all these tempting living conditions at that time, Muscovites were in no hurry to move to Zelenograd. The designers did not take into account the smallest thing - the vast majority of Americans got from the suburbs to work by personal transport, while in those years in the Soviet Union a personal car for the majority of the population was an object of a pipe dream. The transport problem was never solved: daily trips to work in Moscow and back took up to four hours, and few people could afford it. All this led to the fact that the plan to create satellite cities near Moscow was unsuccessful.

As for Zelenograd, the situation with it was rectified due to the fact that in 1962 the newly built city was transferred to the State Committee for Electronic Technology in order to create an integrated Scientific Center for Microelectronics, a kind of Soviet analogue of the famous "Silicon Valley" in American California.

It was decided to create a microelectronics center in Zelenograd in a complex way - both research institutes and factories were to be located here, as well as educational establishments preparing specialists for them. All this led to the fact that general plan development of the city underwent a radical alteration and, in fact, instead of the former, a new one was created, which largely determined the appearance of the current Zelenograd. The center, southern and northern industrial zones were created, the construction of the city was already designed for 130 thousand people. In accordance with the new plan, high-rise buildings appear here, and the construction of electronic industry enterprises begins. From that moment on, there was a turning point in the construction of the city and an intensive settlement of residential buildings began.

The country's electronics industry was in dire need of appropriate materials, and here the Research Institute of Materials Science appeared with the Elma plant, which launched the mass production of silicon wafers. IN science Center also included: Research Institute of Molecular Electronics, Research Institute of Electronic Engineering with a pilot plant "Elion", Research Institute physical problems, Specialized Computing Center, Research Institute of Microdevices with the Component Plant, Research Institute of Precision Technology with the Angstrem Plant. For the production of computer systems in Zelenograd, the Kvant plant was built. For the training of specialists in the electronics industry in Zelenograd, the Moscow state institute electronic technology.

On January 15, 1963, the Executive Committee of the Moscow Council decided: “1. Register newly built locality near Kryukovo Oktyabrskaya station railway, giving it the name Zelenograd. 2. To ask the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to transform the settlement of Zelenograd into a city of regional significance. The next day, a corresponding decree was issued, according to which Zelenograd received the status of a city, and the Zelenograd city executive committee was subordinate to the Leningrad District Council of Moscow. Since that time, the fate of Zelenograd merges with the history of the rest of Moscow.

Kryukovo

The territory of the satellite city absorbed a number of settlements, the most famous of which was a village. In the surviving sources, it was first mentioned only in the second half of the 16th century, although, undoubtedly, it existed much earlier. According to academician S.B. Veselovsky, it could get its name from the nickname of its first owner: either Prince Ivan Fedorovich Kryuk Fominsky, who lived in the second half of the 14th century, or Boris Kuzmich Kryuk Sorokoumov-Glebov, who lived a century later. Unfortunately, the paucity of documents at the disposal of historians does not allow us to unequivocally resolve the question of which of these persons originally owned these lands.

From the scribe book of 1584, it becomes known that in the middle of the 16th century. Kryukovo was part of the estate of the regimental head Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov. He was a representative of a family of ordinary service people. Some elevation of the surname falls on the middle of the 16th century, when they managed to intermarry with the Romanov boyars. The nephew of the first wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanovna, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, married the daughter of Ivan Shestov Xenia (in monasticism Martha), who in turn became the mother of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Thanks to this, Ivan Shestov entered the so-called "Chosen Thousand" and in 1551 received an estate near Moscow. But by the time of the scribe's description, these lands had become deserted, and the scribe's book of 1584 recorded here only "a wasteland that was the village of Kryukov."

The next news about this area refers to 1646, when the census book noted here the village of Kryukovo, which was located on the estate of Ivan Vasilyevich Zhidovinov. By this time there was a landowner's yard in the village. This owner Kryukov served as the head of the Moscow archers, and after his death the estate went to his relative Ivan Tikhonovich Zhidovinov.

Judging by the materials of the Economic Notes, in the 1760s the village of Kryukovo was in the possession of Major General Yakov Timofeevich Polivanov. The manor's house and 10 peasant households were marked on the estate, in which 22 male and 24 female souls lived. Later, Kryukovo was owned by his relative Ivan Vasilyevich Polivanov. Next to the wooden manor there was a "regular" garden. The peasants "were on arable land", i.e. on the bar.

TO early XIX V. Alexander Yakovlevich Polivanov became the owner of Kryukov. Under him, the village suffered quite badly during the Patriotic War of 1812. Although the French did not reach here, the economy of the local peasants was undermined by the fact that the Cossacks who stood next door seized literally everything - oats, hay, horses - against receipts for the needs of the army.

In 1820, Ekaterina Ivanovna Fonvizina bought Kryukovo with 52 male souls. But she owned the village for a very short time, and after her death in 1823, Kryukovo went to her son Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fonvizin.

Major General M.A. Fonvizin was a participant in the war of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1815. Later, he joined the Decembrist movement and was an active member of the Welfare Union and the Northern Society, although he opposed radical measures. Contemporaries spoke of him as "a talented, brave military man and an honest citizen," who "was distinguished by intelligence and education." He became the actual owner of Kryukov during the life of his mother. In 1822 he retired, and in the autumn of that year he married Natalya Dmitrievna Apukhtina. The young couple settled near Moscow. Quite often other Decembrists also visited here. So, in the autumn of 1825, Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, head of the Moscow Council of the secret society, twice visited the Fonvizins' estate.

Shortly after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, the arrests of Moscow members of the secret society began. It was in Kryukov on January 9, 1826 that M.A. was arrested. Fonvizin. After several months of investigation, he was recognized as a state criminal and sentenced to 15 years of hard labor and an eternal settlement in Siberia. Later, the term of hard labor was reduced first to 12, then to 8 years. After serving this sentence in the Petrovsky factory, Fonvizin was exiled to a settlement in Yeniseisk. Then he was transferred to Krasnoyarsk, and then to Tobolsk. In 1853, he was allowed to move to his brother's estate in the Bronnitsky district of the Moscow region, where he died exactly one year after leaving Siberia.

Fonvizin's wife, Natalya Dmitrievna, shared all the hardships of her husband's fate, voluntarily following him into exile, leaving two children. In 1833, she sold Kryukovo to Sofya Lyudvigovna Mitkova, after whose death "the acquired movable and immovable estate in the village of Kryukov, with peasants with land and various buildings in it, the manor's house and the barnyard" was inherited by her husband, collegiate adviser Valerian Fotievich Mitkov. Under him, according to the description of 1852, in Kryukov there was a manor house, 12 peasant households, in which 50 male and 60 female souls lived.

One of the reasons why N.D. Fonvizina was forced to sell the estate, there was a cholera epidemic in 1831, after which V.F. Mitkov was forced to relocate to Kryukovo part of the peasants from his estate in the Chembarsky district of the Penza province.

In November 1851, traffic was opened along the Nikolaevskaya (now Oktyabrskaya) railway, which connected Moscow with St. Petersburg.

A railway station was built in Kryukov (the second from Moscow, after Khimki), and a state-owned hotel appeared a quarter of a mile from it. Since that time, Kryukovo has become the center of the local district, which automatically led to an increase in land prices.

Valerian Fotievich quickly mastered the emerging situation. Moreover, it was approaching peasant reform. The former serfs had to be given land, which meant that Mitkov could suffer serious financial losses. Therefore, he decides to move more than 100 of his serfs from Kryukov to the Dorogobuzh district of the Smolensk province, where land was much cheaper. The peasants resisted the forced resettlement as best they could, declaring to the authorities that it was "extremely shy and ruinous" for them. And yet the landowner managed to get his way. To begin with, in August 1859, he formally sold “uninhabited land with forests, hay meadows and all kinds of land located on it” near the village of Kryukov and the wasteland of Sotnikova to his second wife Evgenia Khristianovna. The peasants had only personal farmsteads. And soon a fire broke out in Kryukov, destroying most of the peasant households. Whether this was accidental or the result of deliberate arson remained unclear. Nevertheless, the peasants still refused to move, settling in the surviving barns. As a result, the authorities, accompanied by Cossacks, left for Kryukovo.

On December 9, 1859, the Kryukov peasants were sent to the Smolensk province under police supervision. True, at the same time, Mitkov, by order of the Moscow governor-general, had to pay 157 rubles 64 kopecks for the relocation of the peasants.

But this was nothing compared to the value of the land that Mitkov managed to keep for himself. Later he starts to sell it. In 1868-1869. together with his wife, he sold several plots for testing, with a total area of ​​​​2.5 acres for 542 rubles, to paramedic V.V. Novikov, process engineer P.A. Gordeev, the Klin tradesman M.V. Vasiliev and the Zvenigorod tradesman Ya.T. Klopovsky The new owners of the plots looked at them as well as Mitkov, as a subject of speculation. They erected "buildings" on them and soon sold them at a higher price. So, Ya.T. Klopovsky managed to sell his quarter of the tithe to the Moscow merchant S.I. Ivanov is 13.5 times more expensive than he bought himself.

In the 1870s, the estate of E.Kh. Mitkova was acquired by the Grigorovs, who built a small brick factory near the station, which employed 25 workers. The owner of the estate was Maria Ivanovna Grigorova, and her husband Pavel Fedorovich Grigorov was the manager of the plant. At the beginning of the XX century. The Grigorovs sold the estate and the factory to the merchant Ivan Karpovich Rakhmanov, who owned them until the revolution.

Kryukovo at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It was a settlement near Moscow near the railway station, where, according to 1913 data, there was an officer’s apartment, a post office, a railway school, a pharmacy, a brick factory, a state-owned wine shop, and several summer cottages.

The revolution of 1917 and the events that followed brought about serious changes in the life of the locals. In 1918 some of the dachas were confiscated from their former owners. From the inventory of private estates compiled in December 1917 in the Skhodnenskaya volost, it turns out that the largest local landowner I.K. Rakhmanov, by that time there were 375 acres of convenient land, there were outbuildings, two cattle yards, two greenhouses, 10 sheds, 3 houses, 7 summer cottages, a timber warehouse, 5 rooms for people, an office and two shops.

In the future, the history of Kryukov was typical for the settlements of the nearest Moscow region, until the end of the 1950s, when it was decided to build a satellite city of Moscow here.

Kutuzovo

Another settlement on the territory of present-day Zelenograd was the village of Kutuzovo. Apparently, it arose around the same time as Kryukovo, and owes its name to Fyodor Kutuz, who lived at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. He belonged to the top of the then Moscow boyars and became the ancestor of the well-known Russian history surname Kutuzov.

The Kutuzovs owned the local lands until the middle of the 16th century, when the village was in the estate of Vasily Borisovich Kutuzov. But during the years of the oprichnina, many service people lost their possessions, and the scribe book of 1584 finds Kutuzovo on the estate of Prince Boris Kenbulatovich Cherkassky. This village he got not in last turn due to the fact that he was a cousin of Maria Temryukovna, the second wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

Subsequent information about the owners of Kutuzov is rather sketchy. According to the census book of 1646, it was listed as the patrimony of the children of Yakov Chicherin, a century later it was owned by Major Ivan Vasilievich Pleshcheev, and then by his wife Maria Kirillovna.

Later they are replaced by the Strugovshchikovs. According to the "Economic Notes" of the XVIII century. the village was in the possession of Anna Grigorievna Guryaeva. According to this source, Kutuzovo was located “... on the left bank of the Goretovka River. On this river there is a flour mill with two stands. The lands are silty, bread and arable land are means. Timber forest. Peasants on arable land.

Confessional statements for 1815 call the owner of Kutuzov Dmitry Petrovich Katenin. Then it was owned by Captain Ivan Petrovich Anikeev, who sold the estate in 1828 to the headquarters-captain Elizaveta Khristoforovna Gradnitskaya. The latter owned it for a short time, having ceded the village with 44 souls of serfs to Maria Egorovna Tomashevskaya.

According to the data of 1852, the village of Kutuzov, in which the master's house, 6 peasant households, 45 male souls and 48 female souls were noted, was owned by state councilor Anton Frantsevich Tomashevsky. He owned it after the death of his wife Maria Yegorovna, who died in 1839.

A.F. Tomashevsky (1803-1883) was a fairly prominent publicist of his time and published in such popular magazines as Vestnik Evropy, Moskovsky Vestnik, Teleskop, Galatea, Russian Archive. Quite close relations connected him with the family of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, primarily with his sons. The letters of the brothers to their father S.T. have been preserved. Aksakov, telling about their trip to Kutuzovo. They are dated July 1838. Here is how Grigory Aksakov writes about these places: “... On Thursday, I, Kostya, Vanya and Misha went on a cart to Tomashevsky in the village and drove there for three hours, but its excellent location rewarded us for fatigue. Anton Frantsevich was very pleased and delighted with our arrival and kept the brothers to rest. But I went home... Returning, I met two birds with one stone, one - a very large hare. Shot at him but missed. The other one, the hare, I must have shot well... but due to the extreme density of Tomashevsky's grove, we could not find him. We didn't have a dog with us." On the same day, a letter from Ivan Aksakov: “…Yesterday we went to Tomashevsky. I, Kostya and Misha spent the night there and returned today from there in his carriage. What a village! I am in my life better place I have never seen: a pond on the river, and what views! Even better than in ". Konstantin Aksakov also spoke no less enthusiastically: “Recently, all four of us were at Tomashevsky. His village is so good, so on the spot, that it's hard to imagine better ... What a Tomashevsky pond! What a river! What a bath! When you return, we will go there together!”

Maintaining the estate, however, was quite expensive, and in October 1855 A.F. Tomashevsky pledged it for 37 years to the Moscow Treasury. And in February 1861, he parted with the estate, giving it to his only son Georgy Antonovich Tomashevsky. A document drawn up on this occasion has been preserved, according to which George undertook to pay the Treasury the debt of 2918 rubles lying on the estate. The transfer of Kutuzov to Georgy was connected with the marriage of the latter to one of the daughters of S.T. Aksakov - Maria Sergeevna. In the family, she was affectionately called Marikhen, and her brother Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov dedicated the poem “My Marikhen” to her, the music for which was composed by P.I. Tchaikovsky (Later it became part of his famous album "My Lizochek".)

The estate, however, brought in very little income. This becomes known from a letter from Olga Semyonovna Aksakova to M.P. Pogodin in 1862: “Anton Frantsevich gave them (his son and his wife. - Auth.) a beautiful estate near Moscow, but this year, as deliberately lean, they had no income. Do not tell him (A.F. Tomashevsky. - Author) anything, I ask you, my friend, their relationship is currently so good that I am afraid to break them. It is not surprising that G.A. Tomashevsky was forced to gradually sell off his lands from the beginning of the 1870s. By the early 1890s, they sold it completely. According to the information of 1899, the former landowners in Kutuzov were replaced by new owners: merchants Alexander Klementievich Gorbunov, Alexei Fedorovich Morgunov (he was a stockbroker), nobleman Nikolai Vladimirovich Rukin and tradesmen Alexei Ivanovich Serebryakov and Pyotr Konstantinovich Skvortsov, registered in the merchant class. The estate itself was divided between A.I. Serebryakov and A.K. Gorubnov.

Shortly before the revolution, there were 17 households in Kutuzov, and the merchant Alexei Fedorovich Morgunov owned the estate. A description by a contemporary of the park near Morgunov's dacha has been preserved: “... the old birch park of the Morgunov estate runs steeply from the dam up. Rare, huge centuries-old birches generously cover the paths with a golden carpet. Their harmonious, regular order has long been broken by winds and time. Alleys can only be guessed by the ant mounds that rise in place of huge stumps. The old park will soon completely disappear, giving way to a disorderly free sparse grove.

After the revolution of 1917, significant changes took place in Kutuzov. The estate of A. K. Gorbunov was nationalized already in 1918. Nevertheless, some of the owners managed to keep their dachas. So one of them remained with the Serebryakovs, whose descendants still own the land here. Throughout the 20th century Kutuzovo remained a summer cottage.

Rzhavki

Another village on the territory of Zelenograd was the village of Rzhavka. This area got its name from the small river Rzhavka, and its first mention is contained in the cadastral book of 1584, which recorded here “behind the Novinsky monastery in the estate there was a wasteland that was the churchyard of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Rzhavets”. Nearby, on the river Rzhavka, was the wasteland of Zhilina.

Shortly after the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. on the site of the wasteland, the village of Rzhavka, Zhilino, also, appeared, which belonged in 1646 to Fyodor Vasilievich Buturlin. Then there were 3 peasant yards with 7 male souls, a Bobyl yard and a yard of “backyard people” with 3 inhabitants.

Fyodor Vasilievich Buturlin was first mentioned in documents from 1608. Later, under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he was in a number of campaigns, was repeatedly a governor in various cities. In 1649, he received the rank of okolnichi, and later participated in the events related to the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The last news about him dates back to 1665.

His son Ivan Fedorovich Buturlin, like his father, rose to the rank of roundabout. The first information about his service dates back to 1646. Later, he voivodship in Nizhny Novgorod, Putavl, Astrakhan. In 1672-1675, already being a courtier, he headed the Yamskaya Prikaz, and in 1680 he was the first judge in the Prikaz of the Grand Palace. According to the census book of 1678, his estate already included 4 peasant households with 15 souls, 2 courtyards of “backyards” and a courtyard of “business” people, in which the document swept aside 12 people.

Description of 1704 finds Rzhavki in the possession of his son Ivan Bolshoi Ivanovich Buturlin. The votchinnik yard with 12 "business" people and 5 peasant yards are marked. In 1709 I.I. Buturlin bought the neighboring Nikolsky churchyard on Rzhavets from the Monastyrsky order to his lands.

But I.I. Buturlin did not own the estate for long. He suffered for participating in a conspiracy against the all-powerful Prince A.D. Menshikov, was deprived of all ranks, and in 1712 his widow Akilina Petrovna Buturlina sold the village to Prince Alexei Borisovich Golitsyn.

After A.B. Golitsyn, the estate was owned by his son Yakov Alekseevich, and since 1749 by his grandson Alexander Yakovlevich. The “Economic Notes” compiled during the last report that “... a village on the right bank of the Rzhavka River, a master’s wooden house. The land is funded, the forest is pine, wood-spruce, aspen. Peasants in quitrent. In total, in the possession of A.Ya. Golitsyn was 993 acres of land.

In April 1778, Colonel Prince A.Ya. Golitsyn sold his estate, which, in addition to the villages of Nikolsky, Rzhavok, also included the villages of Petrishchevo and Savelki "with a landowner's house and a courtyard building" for 9 thousand rubles to Colonel Prince Nikolai Vladimirovich Dolgorukov.

Since that time, for more than a century, the local estate was in the possession of the Dolgorukov princes. First, Ivan Nikolaevich Dolgorukov was its owner, and then Andrey Nikolaevich Dolgorukov.

A.N. Dolgorukov decided to build a new stone church on his estate. The temple was supposed to be made two-story - the lower part is warm, the upper one is cold. However, its construction dragged on for a long time. The war of 1812 interfered. The temple was finally completed by 1826, and consecrated only in 1827. Today, the Nikolsky Church is the oldest building located on the territory of Zelenograd.

After the construction of the St. Petersburg Highway, Prince Dolgorukov allowed the peasants to move from the Rzhavka River to the main road, which brought additional income. Near the new settlements, about half a verst closer to Moscow, another village of Rzhavki appeared, where part of the peasants from Lyalovo and Klushin, who belonged to the neighboring landowner Anna Grigorievna Kozitskaya, moved. This part of Rzhavok was called “Kozikha” by the locals by the distorted surname of the landowner.

IN last years life of Prince A.N. Dolgorukov decided to free the peasants of his estate from personal serfdom and transfer them to the position of "free cultivators" - without ransom, but with the obligation to serve their duties in favor of his wife until the latter's death. However, he failed to complete the paperwork. After the death of the prince, this wish was fulfilled by his widow Elizaveta Nikolaevna Dolgorukova. In February 1850 collegiate adviser N.I. Bush announced to the peasants of the villages of Rzhavka and Savelki that, according to the spiritual testament of Prince A.N. Dolgorukov, they “become free cultivators after the death of Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna Dolgorukova.” The peasants were released without a ransom, but they assumed a number of obligations: to pay the princess dues and to cultivate the master's land.

Another part of Rzhavki (settlements on the Petersburg road), previously owned by A.G. Kozitskaya, on the eve of the abolition of serfdom, went to Prince Konstantin Esperovich Beloselsky-Belozersky. By 1869 they were able to redeem their estate plots, and they continued to pay dues for field lands.

In the future, the history of Rzhavok was quite typical. According to the zemstvo statistics of 1884, the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, with it an almshouse, two taverns, a manor with a master's house and 50 courtyards, in which 164 men and 175 women lived, were noted here. After the revolution, a collective farm was organized, and later the village became part of Zelenograd.

Nazaryev

The first mention of Nazaryev in the surviving sources dates back to the second half of the 16th century, when in the cadastral book of the Moscow district, among the description of the possession of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the village of Nikonovo, Nikolskoye, too, and the wasteland “pulling” to it, which was the village of Nazarovskoye, are recorded. monastery as a contribution from Fyodor Ivanovich Khabarov.

Little is known about this owner. He belonged to a prominent boyar family, who derived his origin from the legendary Kasogian prince Rededi, and was his last representative. The Khabarovs suffered greatly from the oprichnina, and Fyodor Khabarov’s decision to give his patrimony to the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1577 looks quite understandable. And just a few months later, while still a relatively young man, he dies. There was a lot of mystery in his death, the secret of which we are unlikely to ever unravel.

However, it was difficult for the monastery to immediately take up its new possession. The famine, foreign intervention, civil war, and self-proclaiming that soon followed put an end to this desire. Only after the turbulent events of the Time of Troubles, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery began to restore its possessions and at the same time enlarge small villages. Many of them were also difficult to restore. In the former estates of the Khabarovs along the Vskhodnya River, instead of the previous 17 villages, only Nazarevo was revived again. Peasants were resettled here from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where during the Time of Troubles many people gathered, hiding behind the walls of the monastery from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders and robber gangs. The memory of the rest of the villages remained only the names of the "tracts" that were part of the land of Nazaryev.

In 1762, in the village of Nazarevo, there were already a dozen and a half households, where 93 people lived. Including 48 male and 45 female souls. After the secularization of the monastic estates in 1764, the Nazarev peasants began to be called economic and received part of the monastic lands. Their former natural duties were replaced by a cash dues in favor of the treasury. From the end of the XVIII century. economic peasants merged with the state.

In the autumn of 1812, after the occupation of Moscow by the French, the Nazaryev peasants destroyed a detachment of the Napoleonic army that had entered the village to profit from food and fodder. It appears to have been small in number. At that time, there were 22 courtyards in Nazaryev and 80 male souls lived, including over 50 adults aged 16 and older. At the approach of the French, the peasants went into the nearest forest, allowed the uninvited "guests" to rest quietly and suddenly attacked them. According to the stories of old-timers, even women participated in the fight. The ravine in which the dead French were buried, until the beginning of the 20th century. called French.

In the 1830s, in the neighborhood of Nazaryev, the laying of the St. Petersburg highway with a hard surface of tightly rolled rubble was completed. It was the first paved road in Russia. She gave additional earnings and therefore soon a part of the Nazaryev peasants moved in it. This is how the village of Elina or Elinki (later Elino) arose. According to the data of 1852, there were 42 courtyards in Nazaryev and there were almost 300 inhabitants. The village was the center of the state Nazaryevskaya volost. In Elino, which was considered a suburb of the village, there were 7 households and 65 peasants.

In 1861, the emancipation of the peasants was proclaimed. According to the possession record for the villages of Nazarevo and Elino, compiled in 1867 in connection with the implementation of the reform, the Nazaryev peasants owned 400.6 acres of land. In addition, there were 122.5 acres under the forest assigned to supply the peasants with forest materials and fuel. Thus, the size of a per capita allotment was 3.2 acres (the average for the district was 2.7 acres). There were several such allotments for each yard. The amount of all payments due from the soul that received the allotment was 9.7 rubles (on average for other neighboring villages it was 12.1 rubles). In this case, the benefits of the reform in relation to state peasants affected. According to the provincial zemstvo, the peasants of Nazaryev and Yelin at that time had 55 horses, 80 cows and 50 heads of small livestock.

After the abolition of serfdom, peasant non-agricultural crafts began to develop. By the mid-1870s, in Nazaryev and Yelin, 13 houses were not engaged in arable farming at all, 26 houses were occupied by “domestic industry” (handicrafts), 26 people went to work. Men were engaged in carpentry, carting and shoemaking. Women knitted socks and stockings, one sewed gloves. In Nazaryev there was a constable's apartment and a tea shop.

At the beginning of the XX century. non-agricultural crafts were already the main occupation of the Nazaryev peasants. Men made furniture, mainly cabinets, as well as tables and cupboards. Women and girls were engaged in knitting. There were hand knitting and sewing machines. Many women knitted on needles. By 1911, Nazaryev already had carpentry workshops with hired workers, a small knitting establishment, 3 timber warehouses, 2 tea shops, 4 two-story and several five-walled houses. The number of literate and students in the countryside has increased markedly. In 1907, the Nazaryevsk Zemstvo three-year school was opened. True, it did not have its own building, and premises were rented from local peasants for classes.

Ending civil war and the transition to the NEP contributed to the restoration and further development carpentry and knitwear industries. All men were now engaged in the manufacture of furniture. Almost each of them had his own carpentry workshop in the house. The number of craftswomen engaged in knitwear was growing. They knitted stockings, sweaters, suits for children, gloves, etc. on knitting needles, mainly older women knitted on knitting needles. Finished products were sold in Moscow markets. Land and household plots were used mainly for growing potatoes and vegetables, making hay and grazing livestock.

From the beginning of the 1920s, three artels began to work in Nazaryev: furniture, knitwear and tow dressing. In 1923, a power station was opened in the village, from which the entire village was electrified. To power the engine, they first wanted to use the power of water. For this, a mill wheel was installed on the Skhodna River. But the power of the river was not enough and had to switch to an oil engine. The artel for the production of tow also had its own small engine.

The village itself has also grown significantly. By the end of the 1920s, there were 122 houses in which 674 people lived. There were already 4 streets in the village. At the end of it, closer to, a special building was built for a furniture artel. In 1925, with the participation of residents, a building was erected for the Nazaryevskaya elementary school. Its head was a local resident E.P. Vasilyeva, who graduated from the teacher's course. A club was opened where silent films were shown. Until the early 1930s, there was a chapel in the village, built before the revolution at the expense of local residents. Divine services were held in it on major church and patronal feasts. There were also icons and banners with which religious processions and services were performed in the houses of local peasants.

In the late 1920s, a collective farm arose in Nazaryev. Initially, only a small part of the inhabitants joined it, who were attracted by subsidies issued to the collective farm. In 1929, collectivization intensified. Simultaneously with the agitation, an offensive was launched against wealthy peasants and those who did not want to join the collective farm. The party cell, organized by the workers of the Artyom sanatorium (F.A. Sergeev) and chiefs from the Moscow writers' organization, united the actions of the collective farm board, the village council, and the poor peasants' group. This made it possible to move on to mass forced collectivization. In 1930, the dispossession of the inhabitants who had fishing establishments, and some of the "prosperous" middle peasants, was carried out. Their property was taken into the disposal of the collective farm. They themselves were arrested. Now even the frightened middle peasants were in a hurry to join the collective farm. Horses, working equipment and hay storage sheds were taken from them at the disposal of the collective farm. The men were united in carpentry brigades. But it was a collective farm on paper. After the appearance in Pravda of the article by I.V. Stalin's "Dizziness from Success", many residents of Nazaryev left the collective farm. The vast majority of men and young people went to work at enterprises in Moscow and the Moscow region, the Oktyabrskaya railway and the Nazaryevskaya furniture artel, which was expanded. Mostly women worked on the collective farm, but not all of them. Those who did not want to join the collective farm were pressured, arbitrariness was allowed. More than ten people were subjected to unjustified repressions, four of them were arrested 2-3 times. Several people died in the camps.

As a result of the "measures" carried out, an economically developed, wealthy village was ruined in less than ten years. Handicrafts were literally crushed. Those who tried to continue to engage in them were persecuted, crushed by taxes. As a result, the collective farm fell into decay. Even the poor fled from it. Many preferred to spend 3-5 hours a day on the road to get to work in Moscow and back, but not to work on the collective farm. For the debts of the collective farm, they took away two electric motors and a tractor, for which the entire population collected money. The village lost electricity. The regional newspaper wrote on December 8, 1940: “The Nazarevo collective farm of the Chernogryazhsky village council is experiencing serious financial difficulties. There are no funds on the current account, but there are only writ of execution. As soon as any amount arrives, it is immediately withdrawn to pay off the debt ... Out of 11 horses, 6-7 do not work, but only eat feed ... Half-destroyed carts. Wheels without spokes, without bushings, broken sleds, lack of harness, now plundered, now torn - everything bears the stamp of mismanagement, the absence of a master's eye.

During the Great Patriotic War, despite all the hardships and hardships, the inhabitants of Nazaryev actively helped the country's defense. Dozens of local residents died a heroic death in the battles for their homeland. Many selflessly worked at the factories of Moscow, Khimki, the Oktyabrskaya railway and on the collective farm. Feeling a constant need for food, they annually paid taxes, handed over potatoes to the state from their small household plots, subscribed to state military loans, collected money for tanks and planes, gifts for hospitals and sponsored units. Schoolchildren helped the collective farmers to harvest.

After the war, the number of residential buildings increased in Nazaryev. The village was again electrified. Residents raised the necessary funds for this. Instead of a reading hut, a club appeared again, where sound films were shown weekly, a library was opened. The road that ran through the village was paved with stone and later paved with asphalt. Buses began to run along it. The Nazarevo collective farm was transformed into the Iskra state farm and enlarged. Only one brigade of the state farm remained in the village. The Nazaryev furniture artel was transferred to the village of Elino. On its basis, the Elinsky furniture factory was created.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Nazaryevo actually turned into a workers' settlement. The vast majority of its inhabitants were employed at the industrial enterprises of the capital and the region. Only a few people worked on the farm. But administratively, the village was subordinate to the Iskrovsky (Chernogryazhsky) village council, which since 1960 has been included in the Solnechnogorsk region. All this was a great inconvenience for the local residents, especially in winter, when it was necessary to get the necessary information by "passengers". Therefore, they asked to attach Nazarevo to the neighboring village of Firsanovka, Khimki district. However, this caused resistance from the village council and district authorities. As a result, a large village, numbering about 150 houses, which had a school, a library, a club, a shop, connected by a good road with the Oktyabrskaya railway and was declared "unpromising", and then included in Zelenograd. Since 1974, the gradual demolition of the streets of the village began. Residents who did not have other housing, moved to Zelenograd.

see also

Brief historical reference

A distinctive feature of the municipality of Kryukovo from other municipalities of the city of Zelenograd is that only here traces of people were found bronze age. These were representatives of the so-called Fatyanovo archaeological culture, who, along with hunting and fishing, also engaged in cattle breeding. They lived at the end of the 3rd beginning of the 2nd millennium BC (before the birth of Christ).

The very fact of this discovery was recorded in the 1920s. scientists of the State Historical Museum, as well as local historians. This settlement was located on the left bank of the Kamenka River, near the village of Kamenka.

In the documents of the 16th-18th centuries, we first find references to the villages of Alexandrovka, Mikhailovka, Kryukovo, Kamenka, Kutuzovo. As a result of military hard times and natural disasters, these settlements have repeatedly changed their location.

An example of this is Kryukovo, which gave the district its name at the end of the 20th century. From the 16th century until 1859, it was located on the territory of the current municipality of Staroe Kryukovo. In 1851, it gave the name to the railway station Kryukovo Nikolaevskaya, now the Oktyabrskaya Railway. The village of railway workers that arose at the station, after merging with the large village of Skripitsyno, located along the modern Pervomaiskaya Street in 1938, became officially known as the village of Kryukovo.

In December 1941, almost the entire territory of the modern Kryukovo region was occupied by Nazi troops. The main battles for Kryukovo were conducted by the 8th Guards rifle division named after I.V. Panfilov. The village of Kryukovo changed hands several times during the day. During the fighting from 2 to 6 December, the Germans approached Moscow at the closest distance, which was only 39 km. December 8, 1941 Kryukovo was liberated. Fights with the Nazis for Kryukovo, commander of the 16th Army K.K. Rokossovsky, in one of his articles in the Izvestia newspaper, called "the second Borodino!"

Brick buildings near the railway line were blown up, railway school No. 3 and buildings near the station burned down. According to local historian Shishkov A.I. As of December 1, 1941, the front line ran from the settlements of Klushino, Rzhavka, Savelki, Trubochka, the railway near Alabushev, the railway track, 1st May Street to Kamenka. As a result of fierce fighting, the village of Kryukovo was completely liberated by the soldiers of the Red Army from the Nazi troops. After Kryukovo, our troops liberated Mikhailovka, Aleksandrovka, Andreevka and the orphanage.

According to information received from the old-timers of Kamenka, in a mass grave on Shkolnaya Street, there are more than a thousand remains of soldiers of both the Red and German armies. The remains of those who stood in the spring of 1942 were mainly buried here. The dead soldiers in December 1941 were buried in a mass grave near the Kryukovo station. In 1970, the entire northern part of the village of Kryukovo, up to the railway, was transferred to the city of Zelenograd.

According to the project of the 1970s, the remaining part of the village of Kryukovo was to expand to the south and southwest. The composition of Kryukovo was to include the villages of Kamenka, Mikhailovka and Aleksandrovka. Mikhailovka was to become the center of the village.

However, all this was realized only after these settlements were annexed to Zelenograd and new microdistricts 14, 15, 16, 18 were built here, united in the municipality of Kryukovo.

The first self-governing bodies, according to some historians, appeared in 1799 with the creation of the Chamber of Burmisters, instituted not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia by Peter I. However, Moscow became a de facto self-governing city only at the end of the 20th century. The charter of the city of Moscow, adopted in 1995, reflected the reality of the development of self-government in the city and brought back to life the concept of "urban community". For the first time in Russia, it was introduced by Catherine II in the well-known "Charter on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire."

In 2006, the 15th anniversary of the reform of the executive power organization system in the city was celebrated. Initially, all functions of power were concentrated in the hands of the city administration, then a capable constitutional tandem was formed - the Moscow City Duma and the Mayor's Office. As for the executive branch, it was gradually reformed in the direction of decentralization. The logical conclusion of this process was the formation of district administrations and representative bodies at the local level of district assemblies.

The village of Kryukovo, located on the territory of the district of the same name in the past, has been known since the 16th century, although it existed before that time. The name most likely came from one of the owners: either from Prince Ivan Fedorovich Kryuk Fominsky, who lived in the 14th century, or Boris Kuzmich Kryuk Sorokoumov-Glebov, who lived here in the 15th century.

In the scribe book of 1584, it is indicated that there was a wasteland on the site of the village of Kryukovo, which was part of the possessions of the regimental head Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov. The next mention of the village dates back to 1646. The census book refers to the village of Kryukov, which belonged to Ivan Vasilyevich Zhidovinov. At that time, the village already had a landowner's yard.

In 1760, when Major General Yakov Timofeevich Polivanov was the owner of Kryukov, in addition to the master's household, there were 10 peasant households and 46 residents in the village. Next to the wooden manor house there was a regular garden.

Significant damage was done to the village in 1812. Despite the fact that the Napoleonic army did not reach Kryukov, the Cossacks stationed here confiscated almost everything from the locals - horses, oats, hay.

In 1820, the village of Kryukovo was acquired by Ekaterina Ivanovna Fonvizina, and then it passed to her son, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fonvizin. Member of the War of 1812 Major General M.A. Fonvizin participated in the Russian military campaigns of 1813-1815, and then joined the Decembrist movement. Contemporaries spoke of him as an honest and talented person, educated and intelligent. After retiring, Mikhail Alexandrovich married Natalya Dmitrievna Apukhtina, and together with his wife settled in Kryukov. Many Decembrists visited the Fonvizins, and in 1825 Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, head of the Moscow Council of the secret society, visited them several times. After the Decembrist uprising was suppressed, members of the Moscow secret society began to be arrested. Among the disgraced was Fonvizin. His wife, leaving two children, followed her husband into exile. Fonvizin was arrested in 1826, and in 1833 Natalya Dmitrievna sold Kryukovo to Sofia Lyudvigovna Mitkova, and then it was inherited by her husband, collegiate adviser Valerian Fotievich Mitkov. In 1852, under him, there was a master's estate, as well as 12 courtyards with 110 inhabitants.

When the Nikolaev railway was built in 1851, connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, a second railway station from Moscow and a government hotel appeared in Kryukov. So the village turned into the center of the district, and the prices for local land increased in price, which Mitkov did not fail to take advantage of. In addition, the peasant reform was about to take place, during which the peasants received land. Mitkov realized that such a development of events would inevitably cause him financial damage, and he decided to resettle more than 100 of his peasants in the Smolensk province, where land was cheaper. Despite the protests of the peasants, which they submitted to the authorities, the landowner was able to carry out his plan. At first, in 1859, he sold Kryukovo to his second wife, leaving the peasants only their personal farmsteads. Then a fire broke out in Kryukov, which destroyed almost all the peasant households. It was not possible to find out what caused the disaster, but even having lost their homes, the peasants refused to move, settling in the surviving barns. It was possible to take people to a new place of residence only after the intervention of the authorities, who sent an escort from the Cossacks. For the resettlement of his peasants, Mitkov had to contribute 157 rubles 64 kopecks to the treasury. Although this amount was considerable for those times, Mitkov remained in an advantageous position. In 1868-1869, he and his wife sold several plots with a total area of ​​2.5 acres for 542 rubles. The new owners of the plots also saw in the local land an opportunity for successful monetary speculation, and after erecting buildings on their land, they sold them at a higher price. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, in the village of Kryukovo near Moscow, located at the railway station, there was an officer’s apartment, a post office, a pharmacy, a brick factory, a railway school, a state-owned wine shop, and several summer cottages.

After the revolution of 1917, local dachas were confiscated, and the owner of the estate, I.K. Rakhmanov seized all his property. Behind him at that time in the village there were 375 acres of convenient land, there were outbuildings, two cattle yards, two greenhouses, 10 sheds, 3 houses, 7 summer cottages, a timber warehouse, 5 premises for people, an office and two shops. In the following decades, the settlement developed in a typical way for settlements near Moscow, and at the end of the 1950s, it was decided to build a satellite city of Moscow here.

In January 1963, the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council decided to register a settlement under construction in the area of ​​the Kryukovo station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, call it Zelenograd, and assign the status of a city of regional significance to the settlement.

On the territory of the modern district, there was also the village of Kutuzovo, which arose approximately at the same time as Kryukov. The owner of the village was originally Feder Kutuz, who lived in the 14th-15th centuries. This man was one of the most influential boyars, he laid the foundation for the famous Russian surname Kutuzov. Representatives of this family owned local lands until the middle of the 16th century. Then, when in the Time of Troubles many service people lost their possessions, Kutuzovo passed to Prince Boris Kenbulatovich Cherkassky, cousin of Maria Temryukovna, the second wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

In the future, the owners of Kutuzov changed several times. The documents preserved information that among the owners of the village was Major Ivan Vasilyevich Pleshcheev. In 1852, there was a master's house in Kutuzov, 6 peasant households and 93 inhabitants. The estate was owned by State Councilor Anton Frantsevich Tomashevsky. The family of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov often visited Tomashevsky. In the letters of sons to their father, S.T. Aksakov, they spoke very enthusiastically about Kutuzov, comparing it with the most picturesque estates in Moscow.

In order to maintain the estate in proper order, considerable funds were required. In October 1855, Tomashevsky pledged Kutuzovo for 37 years to the Moscow Treasury, and in 1861 he transferred the estate to his son Georgy Antonovich. Georgy Tomashevsky was obliged to pay the Security Treasury a debt of 2,918 rubles. The reason for the change of the owner of the estate was the marriage of Grigory Tomashevsky to Maria Sergeevna Aksakova. It was her brother Konstantin Aksakov who dedicated the poem “My Marihen”, and then the music for it was written by P.I. Chaikovsky. But subsequent lean years led to the fact that the estate was still unprofitable. For this reason, in the early 1870s, Tomashevsky began to sell the land in parts. Two people became the owners of the estate itself - A.I. Serebryakov and A.K. Gorubnov.

the day before October revolution in Kutuzov there were 17 households. The estate by that time belonged to the merchant Alexei Fedorovich Morgunov. Near the manor house was an old birch park. Once ordered and well-groomed, it already looked neglected and wild.

In the first years of Soviet power, significant changes took place in Kutuzov. The manor estate was confiscated, but some owners managed to save the dachas. Dacha fishing continued to develop in subsequent years, and throughout the 20th century Kutuzovo was famous as a dacha area.

The village of Rzhavki is another settlement that was once located on the territory of the Kryukovo district. The village, which stood on the banks of the small river Rzhavka, was first mentioned in the cadastral book of 1584, however, then it was still a wasteland called Zhilino. After the events of the Great Troubles. At the beginning of the 17th century, the village of Rzhavki (Zhilino) arose on the site of the wasteland, the owner of which was F.V. Buturlin. In the village there were three peasant yards, one Bobyl yard and one yard of backyard people. Under Buturlin's son, the village grew little by little. The number of inhabitants slightly increased, and in 1709 I.I. Buturlin acquired the nearby Nikolsky churchyard on Rzhavets.

After the disclosure of a conspiracy against Prince A.D. Menshikov, I.I. Buturlin, as its participant, was deprived of all ranks, but the estate remained with him. After the death of I.I. Buturlina, his widow Akilina Petrovna, sold Rzhavki to Prince Alexei Borisovich Golitsyn. In the village there was a wooden master's house, the total area of ​​possessions was 993 acres of land. Then the owner of the village changed again. In 1778 A.Ya. Golitsyn sold Nikolskoye, Rzhavka, Petrishchevo and Savelki for 9,000 rubles to Colonel Prince Nikolai Vladimirovich Dolgorukov. From that moment on, and for more than a hundred years, Rzhavka was in the hands of the Dolgorukovs. A.N. Dolgorukov decided to build a new stone church in Rzhavki. The project involved the construction of a two-story building, where the lower part would be warm and the upper one would be cold. But the implementation of this plan was somewhat slowed down Patriotic War 1812 and it was completed only in 1826. The church was consecrated in 1827. Now St. Nicholas Church is the oldest building on the territory of the Zelenograd administrative district.

After the St. Petersburg highway was laid, Dolgorukov allowed his peasants to move from the river closer to the road, which brought in a good additional income. Not far from these settlements, a little closer to Moscow, another village of Rzhavki arose. Part of the peasants from Lyalovo and Klushin moved here, the owner of which was Anna Grigoryevna Kozitskaya. This section of the village was sometimes called Kozikha - from the distorted surname of the landowner.

Almost before his death, Prince A.N. Dolgorukov decided to free his peasants. They were supposed to become free cultivators without a ransom, but with the obligation to perform all duties in favor of their wife until her death. The prince did not have time to issue Required documents, but his undertaking was completed by the widow Princess Elizaveta Nikolaevna Dolgorukova. The peasants were released without a ransom, but they assumed a number of obligations: to pay the princess dues and to cultivate the master's land.

Another part of Rzhavki (settlements on the Petersburg road), previously owned by A.G. Kozitskaya, on the eve of the abolition of serfdom, went to Prince Konstantin Esperovich Beloselsky-Belozersky. They were able to redeem their estate plots by 1869, and continued to pay dues for field lands.

After the revolution of 1917, Rzhavki developed quite typically. The number of inhabitants by that time reached 339 people. During the years of collectivization, a collective farm was organized in the village, and then Rzhavki were included in Zelenograd.

In the future, the history of Rzhavok was quite typical. According to the zemstvo statistics of 1884, the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, with it an almshouse, two taverns, a manor with a master's house and 50 courtyards, in which 164 men and 175 women lived, were noted here. After the revolution, a collective farm was organized, and later the village became part of Zelenograd.

The territories of these villages and villages were merged into the municipal district of Kryukovo in 1991, which in 1995 was transformed into a district.

Historical reference:

1577 - Fyodor Khabarov decided to give his Nazarevo to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery
1584 - Rzhavki (Zhilino) is first mentioned in the cadastral book
1584 - there was a wasteland on the site of the village of Kryukovo
1820 - the village of Kryukovo was acquired by Ekaterina Ivanovna Fonvizina
1826 - St. Nicholas Church was built in Rzhavki
1830 - the village of Elino appeared
1851 - the second railway station from Moscow and a government hotel appeared in Kryukov
1852 - in Kutuzov there was a master's house, 6 peasant households and 93 residents
1950 - in the Kryukov area, it was decided to build a satellite city of Moscow
1963 - The Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council decided to register a settlement under construction near the Kryukovo station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, to call it Zelenograd
1974 - the year in Nazaryev village houses began to be demolished, and residents were resettled
1991 - Kryukovo municipal district was formed
1995 - Kryukovo district was transformed into a district