MALCHISH-KIBALCHISH
The hero of the fairy tale by A. Gaidar (A.P. Golikov), included in the story "Military Secret" (1935). The tale was first published in April 1933 in the Pioneer-. What a Truth" under the title "The Tale of the Military Malchish-Kibalchish and His Firm Word". Gaidar conceives an epic tale about a little boy - M.-K., a man with the soul of a real commander, true to his ideals and heroically staunch in serving them. He places this strange, according to the writer, fairy tale in the context of a story about children resting in a pioneer camp on the shores of a warm sea. In the center of the story is the little Alka, who, in essence, is this M.-K. Tale of M.-K. - This is Alkina's Tale. It is told by the girl Natka in the circle of pioneers, interrupting her story from time to time: “That's right, Alka, is that how I tell?” And Alka echoes her every time: "So, Natka, so." Gaidar calls the story "Military Secret" and himself admits that there is no secret at all. This is a fairy tale about the sacrificial feat of a warrior-on-the-Malchish and a story about a little boy with a pure and courageous heart, the sacrifice of whose fate is inevitable for the author. It contains a secret that the reader himself must reveal. The image of the boy Alka was conceived by Gaidar as heroic. The inevitability of the death of a child at the hands of a bandit was predetermined by the author at the very beginning of work on the story: “It is easy for me to write this warm and good story. But no one knows how sorry I am for Alka. How painfully I regret that he dies in the youth of the book. And I cannot change anything” (Diary, August 12, 1932). The artistic power of Gaidar lies primarily in what S.Ya. Marshak defined as “warmth and fidelity of tone, which excite the reader more than any artistic images". Deceased M.-K. “buried on a green mound near the Blue River. And they put a big red flag over the grave.” In the story, Alka was buried on a high hill above the sea "and a large red flag was placed over the grave." There is also an anti-hero in the tale: Malchish-Plokhish is a coward and a traitor, through whose fault M.-K. Gaidar's work was engaged by a "defensive" order, demanding the romanticization of the Red Army. However, wittingly or unwittingly, this standard social scheme is imperceptibly broken up and the pathos of the tale rises to epic generalizations that interpret the eternal theme of the struggle between good and evil. Even during the years of study at a real school, Gaidar was fond of reading the Kalevali and chose "allegory" as the theme of the composition. Allegorical are Gaidar's own dreams, which he writes in his diary in the year the fairy tale was created. In the fairy tale there is an image of a rider who galloped three times, raising soldiers, then old men, to fight the enemy. And finally, when no one was left, M.-K. collects kids for battle. This horseman, appearing three times, can partly evoke apocalyptic associations. The tale ends with the doxology of M.-K., when passing trains, passing steamships and flying planes salute him in eternal memory of him. (lit. heroes)
Literary encyclopedia. 2012
MALCHISH-KIBALCHISH
MALCHISH-KIBALCHISH - the hero of the fairy tale by A. Gaidar (A.P. Golikov), which is part of the story "Military Secret" (1935). The tale was first published in April 1933 in the Pioneer-. What a Truth" under the title "The Tale of the Military Malchish-Kibalchish and His Firm Word".
Gaidar conceives an epic tale about a little boy - M.-K., a man with the soul of a real commander, true to his ideals and heroically staunch in serving them. He places this strange, according to the writer, fairy tale in the context of a story about children resting in a pioneer camp on the shores of a warm sea. In the center of the story is the little Alka, who, in essence, is this M.-K. Tale of M.-K. - This is Alkina's Tale. It is told by the girl Natka in the circle of pioneers, interrupting her story from time to time: “That's right, Alka, is that how I tell?” And Alka echoes her every time: "So, Natka, so."
Gaidar calls the story "Military Secret" and himself admits that there is no secret at all. This is a fairy tale about the sacrificial feat of a warrior-on-the-Malchish and a story about a little boy with a pure and courageous heart, the sacrifice of whose fate is inevitable for the author. It contains a secret that the reader himself must reveal. The image of the boy Alka was conceived by Gaidar as heroic. The inevitability of the death of a child at the hands of a bandit was predetermined by the author at the very beginning of work on the story: “It is easy for me to write this warm and good story. But no one knows how sorry I am for Alka. How painfully I regret that he dies in the youth of the book. And I cannot change anything” (Diary, August 12, 1932).
The artistic strength of Gaidar lies primarily in what S.Ya.Marshak defined as "warmth and fidelity of tone, which excite the reader more than any artistic images." Deceased M.-K. “buried on a green mound near the Blue River. And they put a big red flag over the grave.” In the story, Alka was buried on a high hill above the sea "and a large red flag was placed over the grave."
There is also an anti-hero in the tale: Malchish-Plokhish is a coward and a traitor, through whose fault M.-K.
Gaidar's work was engaged by a "defensive" order, demanding the romanticization of the Red Army. However, wittingly or unwittingly, this standard social scheme is imperceptibly broken up and the pathos of the tale rises to epic generalizations that interpret the eternal theme of the struggle between good and evil.
Even during the years of study at a real school, Gaidar was fond of reading the Kalevali and chose "allegory" as the theme of the composition. Allegorical are Gaidar's own dreams, which he writes in his diary in the year the fairy tale was created. In the fairy tale there is an image of a rider who galloped three times, raising soldiers, then old men, to fight the enemy. And finally, when no one was left, M.-K. collects kids for battle. This horseman, appearing three times, can partly evoke apocalyptic associations.
The tale ends with the doxology of M.-K., when passing trains, passing steamships and flying planes salute him in eternal memory of him.
Lit .: Dubrovin A. The language of A.P. Gaidar's "Tales of military secrets"
// Issues of children's literature. M.; L., 1953; Komov B. Gaidar. M., 1979; Paustovsky K. Meetings with Gaidar
// Life and work of Gaidar. M., 1964.
Yu.B.Bolshakova
literary heroes. - Academician. 2009 .
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Malchish-Kibalchish Malchish-Kibalchish
Malchish-Kibalchish- a positive character in Arkady Gaidar's fairy tale "The Tale of the Military Secret, of Malchish-Kibalchish and his firm word", as well as the Soviet feature and animated films "The Tale of Malchish-Kibalchish" based on this book. A significant character and example for Soviet children. The antipode of the character is Malchish-Plokhish (antagonist).
Description
Lived in peace countryside, guarded by the Red Army, whose forces are several days away, and engaged in childish games, and also helped adults. After the elders left for the war with the evil "bourgeois" who suddenly attacked the country, he led the resistance of the last remaining force, the boys - the "boys". They needed "only to stand the night and last the day."
Hey, you boys, boys, babies! Or should we boys just play with sticks and jump rope? And the fathers are gone, and the brothers are gone. Or should we, boys, sit and wait for the bourgeoisie to come and take us to their damned bourgeoisie?
As a result of the betrayal of Plokhish, who destroyed the ammunition, he was captured by the Chief Bourgeois, who tried with terrible torture to find out a military secret from him. Kibalchish did not give away the secret and died under torture, and soon the Red Army came, like a storm, and freed everyone. He was buried in a high place on the Blue River.
Cultural influence
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Notes
Literature
- The team of authors.// Encyclopedia of literary heroes / S. V. Stakhorsky. - M .: Agraf, 1997. - S. 247. - 496 p. - 15,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7784-0013-6.
- William Edwin Segall.. - Rowman & Littlefield (English)Russian, 2006. - P. 40-41. - 253p. - ISBN 0-74252461-2, ISBN 978-0-74252461-3.
see also
An excerpt characterizing Malchish-Kibalchish
She realized that, speaking of people whom he called insignificance, he meant not only m lle Bourienne, who made his misfortune, but also the person who ruined his happiness.“Andre, I ask one thing, I beg you,” she said, touching his elbow and looking at him with eyes shining through tears. - I understand you (Princess Mary lowered her eyes). Do not think that people have made grief. People are his tools. - She looked a little higher than the head of Prince Andrei with that confident, familiar look with which they look at a familiar place in the portrait. - Woe is sent to them, not people. People are his tools, they are not to blame. If it seems to you that someone is guilty before you, forget it and forgive. We have no right to punish. And you will understand the happiness of forgiving.
- If I were a woman, I would do it, Marie. This is the virtue of a woman. But a man should not and cannot forget and forgive,” he said, and although he had not thought about Kuragin until that moment, all the unexpressed malice suddenly rose in his heart. “If Princess Mary is already persuading me to forgive, then it means that I should have been punished for a long time,” he thought. And, no longer answering Princess Marya, he now began to think about that joyful, angry moment when he would meet Kuragin, who (he knew) was in the army.
Princess Mary begged her brother to wait another day, saying that she knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrei left without reconciling with him; but Prince Andrei answered that he would probably soon come again from the army, that he would certainly write to his father, and that now the longer he stayed, the more this dissension would be aggravated.
— Adieu, Andre! Rappelez vous que les malheurs viennent de Dieu, et que les hommes ne sont jamais coupables, [Farewell, Andrei! Remember that misfortunes come from God and that people are never to blame.] - were last words which he heard from his sister when he said goodbye to her.
“So it should be! - thought Prince Andrei, leaving the alley of the Lysogorsky house. - She, a miserable innocent creature, remains to be eaten by an old man who has gone out of his mind. The old man feels that he is guilty, but he cannot change himself. My boy is growing and enjoying a life in which he will be the same as everyone else, deceived or deceiving. I'm going to the army, why? - I don’t know myself, and I want to meet the person whom I despise in order to give him the opportunity to kill me and laugh at me! And before there were all the same conditions of life, but before they all knitted together, and now everything crumbled. Some meaningless phenomena, without any connection, one after another presented themselves to Prince Andrei.
Prince Andrei arrived at the main army quarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, seeking to join the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by a large force of the French. Everyone was unhappy general course military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one even imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.
Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa. Since there was not a single large village or town in the vicinity of the camp, the whole huge number of generals and courtiers who were with the army were located in a circle of ten miles around the best houses of the villages, on this and on the other side of the river. Barclay de Tolly stood four versts from the sovereign. He received Bolkonsky dryly and coldly and said in his German reprimand that he would report on him to the sovereign to determine his appointment, and for the time being asked him to be at his headquarters. Anatole Kuragin, whom Prince Andrei hoped to find in the army, was not here: he was in St. Petersburg, and Bolkonsky was pleased with this news. The interest of the center of the huge war that was being carried out occupied Prince Andrei, and he was glad for a while to be freed from the irritation that the thought of Kuragin produced in him. During the first four days, during which he did not demand anywhere, Prince Andrei traveled around the entire fortified camp and, with the help of his knowledge and conversations with knowledgeable people, tried to form a definite idea about him. But the question of whether this camp is profitable or disadvantageous remained unresolved for Prince Andrei. He had already managed to deduce from his military experience the conviction that in military affairs the most thoughtfully considered plans mean nothing (as he saw it in the Austerlitz campaign), that everything depends on how one responds to unexpected and unforeseen actions of the enemy, that everything depends on how and by whom the whole thing is conducted. In order to clarify this last question for himself, Prince Andrei, using his position and acquaintances, tried to delve into the nature of the leadership of the army, the persons and parties participating in it, and deduced for himself the following concept of the state of affairs.
“The Tale of the Military Secret, of Malchish-Kibalchish and his firm word” was first published in April 1933 in the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper. The main positive character of this work was Malchish- Kibalchish, who, in the absence of adults who went to the front, was the leader of the boyish resistance against the main enemy - the hated bourgeois. In general, the end of the story is this - the bourgeoisie won and, through betrayal, captured Malchish, but did not break his spirit. In the end he was killed, but he became a hero and a symbol of fortitude.
Everything is clear with Malchish - Bad: his nickname speaks for itself. But what does the nickname "Kibalchish" mean?
This mystery is great. All kinds of guesses and versions of the etymology of this word can be found on the Internet, but none of them is completely provable.
Yevgeny Demenok puts forward his original version: "Few people know the history of the origin of the strange name Malchish-Kibalchish. Everything is clear with Malchish-Plokhish. Then why not call the right boy Horoshish? As it turned out, there were several reasons for that. Firstly, Horoshish is too primitive, frontal, and it sounds dissonant.And most importantly, in the original version, Malchish was called Kipalchish. That is, a boy in a kippah. It was the Jewish boy, according to the idea of Arkady Gaidar, who was supposed to give a mortal battle to the evil bourgeois. Perhaps such an idea was dictated by a secret passion for the ideas of Trotsky - after all, Gaidar called his first story "R.V.S." - in honor of the Revolutionary Military Council, which Trotsky led in the most difficult years civil war. Moreover, Gaidar was not afraid to publish a story with that title at a time when Trotsky had already fallen into disgrace. Perhaps this idea was suggested to the writer by his wife, Rakhil Lazarevna Solomyanskaya. Be that as it may, at the last moment Arkady Petrovich replaced one letter in Malchish's name. This is how the big Soviet country recognized him."
The Jewish trace in the roots of Gaidar's heroes is not accidental: the first wife of Arkady Petrovich, own mother his son Timur, Ruva, is Leya Lazarevna Solomyanskaya, and the second wife, in whose family Timur grew up and was brought up, is Dora Matveevna. Both women had a chance to go through the camps of the Gulag ... Yegor Gaidar - in today's Russia, his name is more widely known than his forgotten grandfather-writer - in his second marriage, his wife Marianna, daughter famous science fiction writer Arkady Natanovich Strugatsky ...
gaidar_ru puts forward his own version: "... The prototype of Malchish-Kibalchish was obviously Volodya Kibalchich- the future great Mexican artist Vladi. His father, Victor Kibalchich, better known under the pseudonym Victor Serge, is a writer (French-speaking - and in French KibAlchich will just be Kibalchish), a Socialist-Revolutionary, then an anarchist, then a Bolshevik-Cominternist, was a friend of Gaidar. http://gaidar-ru.livejournal.com/36324.html
There is also a version that Arkady Gaidar came up with the name of his hero, taking as a basis the surname of a Russian revolutionary, Narodnaya Volya, Kibalchich Nicholas Ivanovich, who was executed for participating in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II the Liberator.
However farnabazsatrap cites information proving that the "Kibalchish" were not only Russian bombers, but also Jewish saints. "Rabbi Chaim Kibalchisher was terribly poor. However, not once did he go into someone's house in winter to warm himself. When asked about the reason, he answered, with difficulty restraining bitterness: “I am so cold in my house that I am afraid to go into the house of another person so that, God forbid, I do not violate the prohibition “do not envy” ... (Siah sarfei codesh 4-601)" http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0 %B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B/%D1%85%D0% B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA% D0%B0%D0%B7/%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0 %B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.aspx?id=15772&language=english
A very "cool" version of the origin of the name Kibalchish is posted on the LEAK website
"The Caucasian tribe of the Amazons, or as we called them Caucasians, was very militant and waged an uncompromising war for survival with the surrounding tribes and peoples. Their main competitor was the tribe called by the scientist "Caucasian undergrowths." It was a tribe of people whose growth, judging by records, did not exceed 120 centimeters.Moreover, they were not dwarfs, but had a normal physique, comparable to today's teenagers of 11-12 years old.One of the features of undersized people from the Caucasus was increased hairiness, that is, on all parts of the body, including even the face, hair grew much thicker than usual, and here we can draw an analogy with the hobbits described by Tolkien.
The Caucasians called them " boys kibalchi”, which in their language, given their dialect, which has changed quite a lot away from the original habitat of the Amazons, meant “hairy teenagers”.
The note of a scientist named Alexander mentions that being in 1922 with an expedition to Khakassia, where they were stuck for a long time as a result of the Civil War, this archaeologist had a conversation with the red commander Golikov (Gaidar), in which he mentioned the above fact.
So it can be argued that after the beginning of his writing career, Arkady Gaidar used in his fairy tale as the name of the main character a slightly modified historical name, which he accidentally remembered.
S. I. Pavlov explains the meaning of the name Kibalchish, speaking of "the archeomorph of KI - the most formidable, the most militaristic and robbery of all the archeomorphs of the relic language. This archeomorph defines a circle of concepts of a completely deadly property: "to stab", "kill", "hit to death", "murder weapon", "terrible", "fighter", "warrior", "military", "military", "threat", "deadly threat", "robbery" Russian and non-Russian words can serve as evidence , in which the deadly archeo-morph took root: Dagger, Kisten, Kiver, Cuirass (the same - Kirza, i.e. - "shell"), KILL (English, "kill", "slaughter", hence the Killer - "killer "), KING (literally: "the formidable appeared"; English, "king") ViKings (literally: "a detachment of northern robbers"), Cybele (a formidable goddess of Phrygian origin), Kishlak (Middle Az. paramilitary village), Tokyo and Kyoto (Japanese. Cities built on the site of former fortresses, or - near the places of former bloody battles or major natural disasters), boy-KIbalchish (it is not known where A. Gaidar took this word - Kibalchish, - however, its literal translation into modern language is: "A formidable strongman wants to be fully armed"), Türki, SaKi, KozaKi, SEKIra, KIT (the abbreviated word Kiti - literally: "terrible tail"), Kitay-gorod." http://slovnik.narod.ru/etim_moskow .htm
However, Arkady Gaidar has other characters with "cool" names. For example, Chuk and Gek. There are no such names in Russian, and no one really knows what they mean. All these Kibalchishi, Chuki and Geki were born in the inflamed imagination of the Soviet children's writer, who, according to his fellow Red Commissars, was not a hero, but a mentally ill person with a manic passion for murder.
From the diary of Arkady Gaidar: “Khabarovsk. August 20, 1931. Psychiatric hospital. During my life I have been in hospitals, probably eight or ten times - and yet this is the only time when I will remember this - Khabarovsk, the worst of hospitals - without anger, because here the story about "The Boy" will be unexpectedly written. -Kibalchish.
Which Arkady Gaidar ended with the words: "Farewell, little boy... You will stay alone... Shchi in the cauldron, loaf on the table, water in the springs, and the head on your shoulders ... Live as you can, but don't wait for me.
And in 1939, Arkady Gaidar told his maturing 13-year-old son, in the future - Rear Admiral Timur: “I had a dream: I am ahead on a horse, with a banner and a horn. Signal to attack. looking back - nobody". Indeed - no one! We do not know the reaction of the son to the terrible, in its hopelessness, dream of the father, summing up his life.“In essence, I have only three pairs of underwear, a duffel bag, a field bag, a short fur coat and a hat, and nothing else and no one,” he wrote to Tukhachevsky. - No home, no friends. And this at a time when I am not at all poor and not at all outcast. It just kind of comes out." At night he dreamed of the dead, he cut his veins, like a hunted wolf wandering around the country, and died in the war "under strange circumstances." It looks like he was looking for an enemy bullet.
What is this Malchish-Kibalchish? From what hangover, sorry? And you read in French the caption on the police photograph.
"Kibalchish", yes, that's how they wrote and pronounced his surname in French, i.e. in the language in which he himself thought and wrote, Viktor Lvovich Kibalchich (1890 - 1947), aka Viktor Serge, Arkady Gaidar's elder friend and political mentor.
Viktor Kibalchich was born in Brussels into a family of revolutionary emigrants from Russia. Father Lev Kibalchich was a non-commissioned officer of the Russian Horse Guards and was a member of the military organization Narodnaya Volya. His distant relative was the revolutionary and inventor N. I. Kibalchich. Victor's parents "wandered between London, Paris, Switzerland and Belgium in search of daily bread and good libraries
The national hatred in the Russian Federation for the descendant of Arkady Gaidar in our time has prompted active and inquisitive people to delve into the punitive exploits of his ancestor during the Civil War, as a result of which many have such a logical picture of the Adams family ... sorry ... well, freaks anyway. However, life is more difficult. It's one thing if you serve as Chikatil / Himmler from childhood to death, another thing is when you were fooled and tied with blood as a teenager, and then it began to reach you. After all, Arkady Gaidar had gone mad, the executed were constantly coming to him in his dreams. And the fact that he was not afraid to leave in one of his texts - which all actually tell children about the ideal, "correct", devoted revolution - the name of one of the main, and most effective, enemies of Stalinism, albeit in such an encrypted form - says about the character of the author and his understanding of the surrounding reality. He wanted to tell us, future readers, something about himself - it's like a letter from a sunken ship in a corked bottle.
So, Victor Serge (Kibalchich). He was a genius, although not always kind. But we, without noticing it, live in the paradigm formed by him.
It was he who coined the word "totalitarianism" and developed the whole concept. Before the war. For example Stalinist USSR. Then it was only finalized; Nazi Germany was built into a ready-made context.
This he introduced into French the special meaning of the word Résistance, and the whole concept. The French Resistance was built into a ready-made (in French culture) context. And yes, initially the concept referred to resistance to Stalinism.
I do not remember other examples when international solidarity snatched an already arrested person from the Stalinist regime. His relatives, of course, were killed, but they managed to pull him out with his wife and children.
The correct understanding of what the execution of the Kronstadt uprising turned out to be for the Russian revolution is from him, he was the first to explain historical meaning. Trotsky did not like him very much for this (Natalya Sedova reconciled with him after the death of her husband, because Serge turned out to be the first fundamental researcher of Trotsky - Deutscher was later).
He was the first who objectively and with full knowledge cases explained the Stalinist trials; this became the basic, unrevised material of any course in the history of the Soviet period.
I think that I still don’t know everything, it was too much under the carpet (Spain, for example - he tried to explain to the POUM what Stalin was doing there). But one thing I especially liked about his biography. Why do you think Daniil Kharms was so advanced, not provincial at all. After all, he became a figure of world literature because he took a step forward from his contemporary level of European modernism. Here you read, say, Zoshchenko, Daniil Andreev - it just hurts, smart people who invent the litbicycle. How did Kharms know at such a level, alive? Yes, from there. He was introduced to all this by Victor Serge, who was an active participant in the literary process in Europe (later, when they had to flee from the Nazis, the Serge family sailed away on the same philosophical ship from Marseilles as Andre Breton and Claude Lévi-Strauss).
Here is such a Kibalchish, yes.
