1. The best human qualities embodied in the images of people from the people.
2. The image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina.
3. Gol and serfs.
4. "Peasant sin."
In his poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus',” N. A. Nekrasov shows a vast panorama of folk life, characters and destinies. The motive of the wandering of seven peasants, who set out to find out who “lives freely, cheerfully in Rus'”, the author introduced into the poem not by chance. Indeed, on the way, wanderers meet with the most different people. The images of the traveling men are not drawn as carefully as the portraits of those they meet on the road. However, it should be noted that the image of the wanderer is also taken by Nekrasov from life. The culture of wandering was highly developed among the Russian people. Journeys could be made with a trading purpose or have the character of a pilgrimage to holy places. It should be noted that there was a special social group wanderers - holy fools, wretched, as well as full-fledged physically and mentally people who moved from one holy place to another. Among the people, such people used great respect: a wanderer could count on a warm welcome not only in a peasant's hut, but also in many rich merchant and noble families. Nekrasov, trying to truthfully show the life of the people, of course, could not pass over in silence such a phenomenon as wandering. Some wanderers were a kind of "walking book": in the families where they stayed, these people told many stories - both about what they themselves saw and what they heard from others.
Approximately the same in the poem is the role of the seven men who went to look for happy people. After all, the stories that their casual acquaintances tell the wanderers are combined into one large poetic canvas. Nekrasov shows the noble, wholesome characters that are found among ordinary people. For example, Yermil Girin, who through honest work achieved both wealth and the respect of his fellow villagers. In his youth, Ermil served as a clerk in the office of the manager of the estate of Prince Yurlov. The position, of course, is the smallest, Yermil could not exert influence on the course of affairs, but nevertheless he tried to help the peasants as much as possible. Compiled the necessary papers for them for free, helped with advice:
You approach him first,
And he will advise
And he will provide information;
Where there is enough strength - will help out,
Don't ask for gratitude
And if you give it, you won't take it!
A bad conscience is needed -
Peasant from peasant
Extort a penny.
Knowing how honest Yermil is, the peasants trust him unconditionally: they elect him as a mayor, they lend him money to purchase a mill. Only once did this man act against his conscience: instead of his brother, he handed over another peasant to the soldiers. No one, except the mother of the ill-fated recruit, condemned Yermila. But he himself could not bear the pangs of conscience and voluntarily repented before all the people, corrected the consequences of his misconduct and resigned from the post of steward, considering himself unworthy of the people's trust.
Ermil Girin is not the only example worthy person from the people. Here is how the author characterizes another hero of his poem:
Vlas was a kind soul,
I was sick for the whole vakhlachin,
Not for one family.
Like Yermil, Vlas cannot go against his conscience. He refused the post of steward, so as not to kowtow to Prince Utyatin, who had gone out of his mind.
Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a rural deacon, is heartbroken about the people, about the downtrodden “Vakhlachin”. Grisha greedily reaches for knowledge - "rushes to Moscow, to the new city", not content with the education that he received in the seminary. However, the young man did not treat his countrymen condescendingly, as illiterate people. Grisha sincerely respects ordinary workers, tries to help them with his knowledge to the best of his ability. Grisha, his father and brother are no richer than most peasants, they work on a par with them. The peasants, in turn, are very kind to the deacon and his sons, sharing their supplies with them.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus',” Nekrasov also showed the high virtues of a Russian woman - patience, fidelity, diligence. These qualities are inherent in both Domna, Grisha's late mother, and the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, whose fate is given a significant place in the poem. A simple peasant woman had to endure a lot without a murmur: hard labour, the hostile attitude of her husband's relatives, numerous births and the death of children ... It was not easy for Matryona to defend her human dignity. "You are a serf woman!" - this is how Saveliy, her husband's grandfather, explained to her the essence of her powerless position. But Matryona is a brave and decisive person: she fearlessly rejects the harassment of the manager Sitnikov, goes to seek justice from the governor in order to return her husband, who was illegally recruited. Matryona had to endure the death of her beloved son, whom she remembers many years later. This woman is capable of deep, strong feelings: she fondly remembers her parents, loves her husband and children. However, Nekrasov, drawing portraits of people from the people, shows the reader other characters. The image of a rogue and a rogue, which is found in folk art, in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" was embodied in the personality of Klim Lavin, a drunkard, a braggart and a lazy person. Outwardly, Klim, however, makes the most favorable impression on those who are not familiar with him:
Klim has a conscience of clay,
And Minin's beards,
Take a look, you'll think
Why not find a peasant
Gradually and sober.
Klim willingly fools Utyatin, who has lost his mind. For a cunning rogue, this is both entertainment and an opportunity to feel their own importance. Nekrasov, through the mouth of Vlas, characterizes Klim as "the last man", but in fact, Klim has many valuable qualities. He is literate, eloquent, enterprising, witty. No matter how bitter his mockery of his fellow villagers sounds, they contain the undoubted truth:
Laughing at the workers:
From work, no matter how you suffer,
You won't be rich
And you will be a hunchback!
Klim appreciates fun, not work. His nature is alien to worries and anxieties. But this reckless man, although he agreed to bow and assent to the master, understands the value of freedom. Klim is a reveler, a slacker, impudent, but not a serf, like Ipat, who is indignant at the news of the peasant will. Ipat is not the only serf depicted in the poem. The former courtyard of Prince Peremetyev sincerely considers himself a happy man, since he served his master for forty years, licked up plates with expensive dishes, and even got gout - a noble disease. Faithful Yakov takes revenge on his master in a servile way - he hangs himself on a tree in front of the owner.
But even worse are serfs who have forgotten about human dignity, traitors to the interests of the people. This was the headman Gleb, who for the sake of money burned the will of his master, in which he freed all his peasants from serfdom. But Gleb himself is from the common people, in whose memory he remains an eternal criminal:
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Nekrasov strove to show in the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” all the variety of human characters that are found among the common people. Of course, not all of them are able to arouse sympathy. But in general, the poet believed that the brightest, most worthy features were preserved among the people:
The strength of the people
mighty force -
Conscience is calm
The truth is alive!
“The variety of peasant types in the poem
“Who should live well in Rus'”
A poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can truly be called an encyclopedia of Russian peasant life, and the author himself - a poet of peasant democracy, whose works were devoted to the problems of life of ordinary people.
All the people represented in the poem can be divided into two large categories. The first includes those peasants who protest against their position, trying to do something and change in their hard life. This is a kind of "rebels". The second group includes those who are slavishly devoted to their masters, carry out all their orders, endure all bullying and are proud of this position. They lose all human dignity.
The poem is built on a comparison of the life and worldview of various peasants. Leading the “seven temporarily liable” peasants through almost all of Rus', Nekrasov shows us how people behave differently, how they act or, conversely, do nothing, protest against the existing order or resign themselves to their fate. The author shows us several basic types of peasants belonging to any group.
Nekrasov creates the image of Savely, a truly Russian hero with unusual strength, both physical and moral. “For eighteen years,” he endured the bullying of the manager Vogel, and then his patience ran out - they buried the German alive in a well. The author endowed Savely with the features of the heroes of the folk epic, with his image Nekrasov connects the central problem of the poem - the search for a path to the happiness of the people. Savely's happiness lies in his love of freedom, in the fact that he embodies all the complexity and importance of the struggle against the oppressors. He does not resign himself to his position as a slave.
The “fighters-activists” also include Yakim Nagoi, a bright representative of the working people, who vehemently opposes injustice towards workers:
You work alone
And a little work is over,
Look, there are three equity holders:
God, king and lord!
Nekrasov draws Yakim not as a dark peasant. He sees in him, first of all, a person who is aware of his human dignity (remember how Nagoi defends the honor of the people, delivering a fiery speech in defense of the people). An important place in the disclosure of the image is occupied by the story with pictures, which proves that for the peasant "spiritual bread is higher than daily bread."
An important role in the poem is played by the image of Yermila Girin, the “defender of the people”, who fights for truth and goodness; he is honest and incorruptible and, having taken the side of the people during the uprising, he ends up in jail.
In the beautiful female image of Matrena Timofeevna, Nekrasov showed the full severity of the “female share”. This theme can be traced throughout Nekrasov's work, but nowhere has the image of a Russian woman been described with such tenderness, love and participation.
Along with the images of peasant fighters, the poet also draws those who are condemned - the peasants who were spoiled by the serf system, their proximity to the landowners and remoteness from the land, from hard peasant labor. These peasants are lackeys in the literal and figurative sense of the word. Their images are drawn satirically, the author denounces sycophancy, hangover, slavish obedience and devotion to the master.
Such is the “exemplary serf” Yakov, who unconditionally obeys the master, but, realizing the baseness of his position, resorts to merciless revenge - suicide in front of his master; Ipat, who talks with pleasure about his humiliations; spy Yegor Shutov; headman Gleb, who, due to stinginess, betrays eight thousand peasants, depriving them of their legal freedom, as well as many others who cause contempt and indignation.
Along with the "people's defenders" in the poem is the image of the raznochinets Grisha Dobrosklonov. The author emphasizes the close proximity of the hero to the people; he appears as a poet-dreamer, composing his songs about the bitter fate of the people, about all their hardships, but at the same time, these songs are intended for the people themselves. The last lines of the poem show what Nekrasov really found happy person whose happiness lies in the struggle for better life people.
Throughout the poem, various types of peasants appear before us, and the author realistically shows us the stratification among the peasants. But the main thing is that the idea runs through the whole poem that the salvation of the people, their happy future is in their own hands.
"What is the meaning of human happiness, what are the ways to achieve it, can an individual be happy in the midst of universal grief?" - these and others problematic issues reveals a lesson on the work of N.A. Nekrasov. Disclosure of the character of the Russian people in the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live." The motive of the road and wandering in the poem.
Download:
Preview:
Municipal budgetary educational institution
average comprehensive school №7
settlement Malokubansky
MO Novopokrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory
Lesson Development
Literature on the topic:
“The variety of peasant types in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov
"To whom in Rus' it is good to live."
GRADE 10
And literature
Kukhtinova L.P.
Malokubansky settlement, 2015
Lesson topic:
“The variety of peasant types in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Rus'”.
Name me a place like this
I didn't see that angle.
Wherever your sower and keeper,
Wherever the Russian peasant moaned.
N.A. Nekrasov.
Saved in slavery
Free heart -
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
N.A. Nekrasov.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
1.Find out what is the meaning of human happiness, what are the ways to achieve it, whether an individual person can be happy in the midst of universal grief.
2. Find out how the character of the Russian people is revealed in the poem.
3. Find out the connection between the motive of wandering and the motive of the road in the work.
Developing:
- To develop a cognitive interest in the poem being studied, to expand the horizons of students.
- Learn to apply knowledge in practice.
Educational:
1 . Respect for the person, conscientious attitude to work.
2. Raising an attentive reader.
Lesson type : lesson explaining new material.
Equipment : multimedia installation, exhibition of the poet's books.
During the classes
- Repetition of the studied material.
Oral survey:
Tell about the life and work of N.A. Nekrasov.
What is the idea, history of creation and composition of the poem?
How does the poem show the theme of social and spiritual slavery.
2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Teacher : we all have one thing in common: interest in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who in Rus' should live well”. The poet belongs to the number of rare creative individuals, flares up like lightning, leaving a deep imprint in our hearts for a long time. He knew how to penetrate every poetic line captivating with their feelings. He became an unsurpassed poet not only of domestic, but also of world literature.
Today at the lesson Nekrasov is with us, we feel his eyes on us, we hear how he breathes.
Pay attention to the portrait of the writer.
His pen belongs to the folk epic “Who in Rus' should live well”, written in the 60-70s of the 19th century, where a new free spirit of the peasantry rises to fight.
From which villages did the peasants go to seek their fortune?
What is missing for people living in villages with the names Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka?
Conclusion: Nekrasov's peasants don't need much - what they have would be whole. Nekrasov depicts in the poem a destitute, hungry, orphaned peasant. The further into the depths of the poem its heroes go, the greater the diversity of life they encounter, the wider for them the specific framework of the concept of happiness moves apart.
Teacher : in what ways does the author reveal the images of the peasants?
Student : through mass scenes, through a specific image.
Teacher : what makes men go in search of an answer to the question: who lives happily, freely in Rus'?
Student: seven men become wanderers - truth-seekers. They want to get to the root of life and go on a journey, repeating the question: who is happy in Rus'? The men are a symbol of change in people's Russia. Only their drinker and nurse - a self-made tablecloth will remain to justify their wanderings. We "enter" the world of real life.
teacher b: what role does the image of the road play in the poem? How does it relate to the wandering motif?
Student: the image of a wide path opens the poem and is present until its end. On the sides of the road, a panorama of the entire Russian land unfolds:
Forests, floodplain meadows,
Russian streams and rivers
Good in spring.
Here are peasant roads, the roads of the poet himself. We are entering the world of real life, the world of human destinies and people's fate. The people are only capable of suffering under the weight of oppression. Peasant world appears extremely naked, in all intoxicating frankness:
Russian peasants are smart,
One is not good
What they drink to the point of stupefaction.
There are various images of wanderers in the poem. The motive of wandering runs through the whole work, while it is closely connected with the motive of the road. The road is the most important symbol of Russian literature, the embodiment of movement, striving forward. She leads wanderers and pilgrims from one village to another, leads the peasants - truth-seekers to the truth. As long as the people have the desire to seek truth and happiness, despite the terrible life and overwork, it can rightly be considered "great and omnipotent."
The peasant world appears extremely naked, in all intoxicating frankness:
Russian peasants are smart,
One is not good
What they drink to the point of stupefaction.
These words are spoken by Yakim Nagoi. What is he? Give examples from the text.
Student: in the chapter "Drunk Night" the author portrays Yakima Nagogo. He became the voice of the peasants. Drawing his hero, Nekrasov left the original abstract image of the “good fellow”:
Factory curls blond
Shake it up, throw it off the roller
With the eyes of a falcon
Noisy crowd.
This portrait was replaced by a specific individual portrait:
Chest sunken as if depressed
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry land.
The wise man Yakim Nagoi, although he appears drunk in the poem, has not drunk his mind. With dignity and anger, he proves to Pavlusha Veretennikov that it is not the peasant who is to blame for drunkenness, but grief, need, lack of rights. He understands that the wine drowns the peasant's anger. A harsh life was prepared for him by fate: hard labor, a powerless position. He experienced a lot: he got burned, he was in prison, he visited the city in search of justice.
Teacher : the peace of the peasants is served by Saveliy - the hero of the Holy Russian. What is it like in the poem?
Student : a majestic figure of a peasant-truth seeker appears before us. Savely at the age of one hundred, already bent, is still powerful:
With a huge gray mane
Tea twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear.
For the murder of the manager of the bloodsucker Vogel, the grandfather spent twenty years in hard labor, twenty years in the settlement, and still did not reconcile. In his thoughts about the peasantry there is a deep, hard-won wisdom.
Savely believes in the heroic power of the people, but he sees that his strength is spent on endless patience. The people in his story are similar to the epic hero Svyatogor. He regrets his wasted strength, dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant fate. The image of Savely leaves an impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. The prophecy of Savely remains in memory:
To not endure - the abyss,
To endure is an abyss.
It is not for nothing that he says to the peasants - wanderers: "Branded, but not a slave."
Conclusion: Saveliy is a hero. Somehow, this word has imperceptibly disappeared from our everyday life. He was replaced by the simple concept of a physically strong person, most often a sportsman who can be respected, but also feared. In Russian epics, such people were not only strong, but also kind and fair. Those who are not indifferent to the word of honor, who are ready to fight for it.
Teacher : which of the epic epic reminds Savely?
Student : Mikulu Selyaninovich.
Conclusion: the awakening peasant consciousness is captured in the image of the Holy Russian hero. Savely sees the causes of evil, he has lost faith in the good king, he understands that it is not humility that needs to be won.
Teacher : Are there contradictions in this image?
Yes. Seeing how the peasant wears chains and rods for an infinitely long time, Savely himself at times begins to preach patience and humility between the age-old habit of slavery and the rebellious spirit. What will win?
Teacher: the closest person to Savely is Matryona Timofeevna in the chapter "Peasant Woman". How does the author of the poem portray her?
Student : Savely conveyed his spirit of indomitable love of freedom to Matryona Timofeevna. The anger of the peasant woman is accumulating, but in her mind, faith in the intercession of the Mother of God, in the power of prayer, has been preserved. She is close to the ideal type of the "dignified Slav", her life is typical for most peasant women.
Teacher : which author depicts her life in the poem?
Conclusion: if a spiritual thunderstorm ripens in a woman, then a reorganization of life is possible. Faith in the people, in their awakening is expressed in the words of the poet, which have become winged:
Saved in slavery
Free heart-
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
No matter how terrible life is, it has not killed the best human qualities in the people, responsiveness to the suffering of others, readiness for struggle.
Teacher: reference to epigraphs. Why are the epigraphs given in this order? Have the keys to female happiness been found?
Yes. External beauty, kindness of heart, natural talent, fame. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is exceptional. This is the type of "ideal Slav". She does not bow her head before formidable bosses.
Teacher : Is Matryona Timofeevna happy? Are the peasants happy in the poem?
Nekrasov himself was looking for an answer to this question. Time passed, events were screwed one on another. The author has not determined who is happy. The images of the peasants testify to the growth of the self-consciousness of the people. The poet sees the highest moral beauty of a person in diligence, in conscientiousness, in the ability to sympathize with other people. Such beauty is poeticized.
Teacher : let's pay attention to another image of the peasant - Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Student : Grisha Dobrosklonov sees his happiness in serving the people. He set off on a journey through the boundless expanses of Rus', encountering troubles and sorrows on his way, but firmly believing in the wonderful future of the country:
You are destined to suffer a lot,
But you won't die, I know.
Grisha announces the arrival of a new time, a new life. He cannot come to terms with the current situation of the peasants, he gives his life to serve the people, their happiness, their future. The journey, Grisha's songs are the best proof of this.
Teacher : your attitude to the poem.
Student : It's time to draw conclusions.
First, over the poem
The poet tried for many years.
No wonder he tried
He created a masterpiece.
And secondly, according to conscience
We can Russian classics
Name the work
After all, it is passed on to offspring
Language, breath of time
And just beauty.
3. The result of the lesson.
4. Homework.
Analyze the images of the landowners in the poem.
Sending the peasants-truth-seekers on their way, N. A. Nekrasov not only shows us people of different classes, making up a second portrait of Russia half of XIX centuries at one of the turning points of its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” N. A. Nekrasov wrote about his work on main poem in my life - everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined “Who should live well in Rus'” ... This will be the epic of modern peasant life ... "
Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such
Speaking names -
tightened province,
empty parish,
From different villages
Nesytova, Neelova,
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Burners, Golodukhina,
Crop failure too -
Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their passions. Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Rus' - they cannot imagine life in idleness. Not only do they pay for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - work becomes a need:
The strangers could not stand it:
“We haven’t worked for a long time,
Let's mow!"
Seven women gave them braids.
Wake up, flare up
forgotten habit
To work! Like teeth from hunger
Works for everyone
Agile hand.
Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landlords and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish between “rye and barley ears”.
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
Working life -
Direct to friend
Road to the heart
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.
Not white women are tender,
And we are great people.
At work and in the party!
So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:
Well, from the redoubt, from the first number
Come on, with George - around the world, around the world!
And a full pension
Didn't work, rejected
All the wounds of the old man.
The doctor's assistant looked
Said, “Second-rate!
According to them and a pension!.
Full issue is not ordered:
The heart is not shot through
But they are respected and pitied by ordinary people.
Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land
Get to your home
To die at home
She will support them motherland.
One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:
“In the village of Bosov
Yakim Nagoi lives
He works to death
Drinks half to death!”
The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines:
Yakim, poor old man,
Lived once in St. Petersburg,
Yes, he ended up in jail.
I wanted to compete with the merchant!
Like a peeled Velcro,
He returned to his home
And took up the plow.
Since then, it's been roasting for thirty years
On the strip under the sun
Saved under the harrow
From frequent rain
Lives - messes with the plow,
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dry on the plow.
N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer:
Chest sunken, as if depressed,
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Radiated like cracks
On dry ground;
And myself to mother earth
He looks like: a brown neck,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
brick face,
Hand - tree bark,
And hair is sand.
However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Saving popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated “for a whole century”, but did not “come to his senses”, did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rain
And everything ends with wine.
Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to awareness dignity, their strength, the need for unity in the face of a common enemy.
The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with the officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.
Yermilo is a literate guy,
No time to write down
Better count!
Put on a full hat
Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,
Burnt, beaten, ragged
Peasant banknotes.
Yermilo took - did not disdain
And a copper nugget.
Still, he would begin to disdain,
When I got here
Other hryvnia copper
More than a hundred rubles!
So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn’t bend my heart…
And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruiting, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilyevna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned from his post.
At the mill
His
I took it for a prayer in good conscience,
Didn't stop the people
clerk, manager,
Wealthy landowners
And the poorest men
All queues obeyed
The order was strict!
Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth.
Mind and kindness!
Even the authorities were aware of his great authority among the people and wanted to use him for their own purposes when she rebelled
Votchina
Landowner Obrubkov,
frightened province,
County Nedykhaniev,
The village of Stolbnyaki…
The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. The poem increasingly repeats the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility of continuing life in the old way - in humility and fear.
To not endure - the abyss,
Endure - the abyss! -
With these words, the story begins about the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground a German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nit-picking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But even peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, backbreaking work, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept the punishment, reproaches of her husband's relatives:
In my
No broken bone
There is no unstretched vein,
> Blood is not unspoiled -
I endure and do not grumble!
All the power given by God
I believe in work
All in children love!
Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:
For me - quiet, invisible -
The storm has passed,
She considers herself an "old woman" at thirty-eight and is sure that
It's not a matter - between the women
Happy looking!
Noting the ability of the heroine to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the mistress of her own fate, Nekrasov shows force majeure a system that generates a lot of evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:
I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
Among the rebellious and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (chapter "Last Child"), who hated the landlords so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment, when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other characters in the poem:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired a "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" the footman Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov the faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most worthless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom.
For decades, until recently
Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,
With a family, with a tribe, what a people!
What the people! with a stone into the water!
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Oh man! man! you are the worst of all
And for that you always toil!
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is remarkable in that it shows real life- a variety of peasant types, two ways "among the world of the valley." And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “hungry for temptation” goes, there is another way:
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
N. A. Nekrasov says that
Rus' has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths
I cried a lot...
In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who
Fate prepared
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia,
We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of Vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant anthem of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! It is thanks to the reality and optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov that you perceive the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state system of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:
More Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path ahead of him.
Essay on literature on the topic: The variety of peasant types in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Rus'”
Other writings:
- The images of peasant women depicted by the poet in works written before the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” seem to be only sketches for a full-length portrait of Matrena Timofeevna. If in the 40s, and even later, Nekrasov portrays mainly patience in peasant women, Read More ......
- The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is a work about the people, their life, work and struggle. A poet of peasant democracy, an ally of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, Nekrasov could not pass by those who selflessly, sparing no effort and life, fought for the freedom of the people. Images Read More ......
- The name of N. A. Nekrasov was forever fixed in the minds of the Russian people as the name of a great poet who came to literature with his new word, managed to express the high patriotic ideals of his time in unique images and sounds. Poem Who lives well in Rus' Read More ......
- The Russian people are gathering strength And learning to be a citizen ... N. A. Nekrasov One of the most famous works N. A. Nekrasov is the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, glorifying the Russian people. It can rightly be called the pinnacle of Nekrasov's work. Written by Read More ......
- The limits have not yet been set for the Russian people: The worldly path is before them. N. A. Nekrasov In the life of every poet, there come days when his talent is generously revealed to people, and he himself defiantly enters literature. Time passes, and his work becomes Read More ......
- In his poem, N. A. Nekrasov creates images of “new people” who came out of the people's environment and became active fighters for the good of the people. Such is Yermil Girin. In whatever position he may be, whatever he does, he strives to be useful to a peasant, Read More ......
- 1. Seven wanderers looking for a happy person. 2. Ermil Girin. 3. “Serf woman” Matrena Timofeevna. 4. Grigory Dobrosklonov. The theme of searching for a happy fate and “mother truth” occupies a significant place in the folklore tradition, which N. A. Nekrasov relied on when creating the poem “To whom in Rus' Read More ......
- The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is a work that depicts with the maximum degree of completeness an entire era in the life of the people. The author explores the life of the people before and after 1861, after the formal abolition of serfdom. At the center of the work is the problem Read More ......
Sending the peasants-truth-seekers on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, drawing up a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Rus' live well ”... This will be the epic of modern peasant life ...”
Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such
Speaking names -
tightened province,
empty parish,
From different villages
Nesytova, Neelova,
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Burners, Golodukhina,
Crop failure too -
Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their passions. Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Rus' - they cannot imagine life in idleness. Not only do they pay for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - work becomes a need:
The strangers could not stand it:
"We haven't worked for a long time.
Let's mow!"
Seven women gave them braids.
Wake up, flare up
forgotten habit
To work! Like teeth from hunger
Works for everyone
Agile hand.
Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish "a rye ear from a barley one."
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
Working life -
Direct to friend
Road to the heart
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.
Not white women are tender,
And we are great people.
At work and in the party!
So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:
Well, from the redoubt, from the first number
Well, with George - around the world, around the world!
And a full pension
Didn't work, rejected
All the wounds of the old man.
The doctor's assistant looked
Said, “Secondary!
According to them and a pension!.
Full issue is not ordered:
The heart is not shot through
But they are respected and pitied by ordinary people.
Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land
Get to your home
To die at home -
Their native land itself will support them.
One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:
"In the village of Bosov
Yakim Nagoi lives
He works to death
Drinks half to death!”
The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines:
Yakim, poor old man,
Lived once in St. Petersburg,
Yes, he ended up in jail.
I wanted to compete with the merchant!
Like a peeled Velcro,
He returned to his home
And took up the plow.
Since then, it's been roasting for thirty years
On the strip under the sun
Saved under the harrow
From frequent rain
Lives - messes with the plow,
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dry on the plow.
N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer:
Chest sunken, as if depressed,
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Radiated like cracks
On dry ground;
And myself to mother earth
He looks like: a brown neck,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
brick face,
Hand - tree bark,
And hair is sand.
However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated "for a whole century", but did not "come to his senses", did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rain
And everything ends with wine.
Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy.
The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with the officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.
Yermilo is a literate guy,
No time to write down
Put on a full hat
Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,
Burnt, beaten, ragged
Peasant banknotes.
Yermilo took - did not disdain
And a copper nugget.
Still, he would begin to disdain,
When I got here
Other hryvnia copper
More than a hundred rubles!
So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn’t bend my heart…
And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilievna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned.
At the mill
I took it for a prayer in good conscience,
The people did not detain -
clerk, manager,
Wealthy landowners
And the poorest men
All queues obeyed
The order was strict!
Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth.
Mind and kindness!
Landowner Obrubkov,
frightened province,
County Nedykhaniev,
The village of Stolbnyaki…
The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. In the poem, the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility to continue life in the old way - in humility and fear is increasingly repeated.
To not endure - the abyss,
Endure - the abyss! -
With these words, the story begins about the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But the peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive either. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, backbreaking work, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept the punishment, reproaches of her husband's relatives:
No broken bone
There is no unstretched vein,
> There is no uncorrupted blood -
I endure and do not grumble!
All the power given by God
I believe in work
All in children love!
Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:
For me - quiet, invisible -
The storm has passed,
She considers herself an "old woman" at thirty-eight and is sure that
It's not a matter - between women
Happy searching!
Noting the ability of the heroine to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the mistress of her own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible power of the system, which gives rise to much evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:
I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (chapter "Latter"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other characters in the poem:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired a "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footmen Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov the faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most useless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom.
For decades, until recently
Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,
With a family, with a tribe, what a people!
What the people! with a stone into the water!
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Oh man! man! you are the worst of all
And for that you always toil!
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is remarkable because it shows real life - the diversity of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “greedy for temptation” goes, there is another way:
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
N. A. Nekrasov says that
Rus' has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths
I cried a lot...
In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who
Fate prepared
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia,
We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of Vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant anthem of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! .. It was thanks to reality and The optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov perceives the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:
More Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path ahead of him.
