Table "Difficult cases of spelling"

Cheat sheets - hints for the OGE in the Russian language (Grade 9)

3 Artistic media	4 Prefixes	5 Suffixes
1) Metaphor- hidden comparison (a smile shone on his face) 2) Epithet- apply! (beautiful, charming, sensitive) 3) Personification- verb! (sun smiles, rain cries) 4) comparison- there are unions like, exactly, like, like! 5) phraseological unit- stable combination (hand in hand, ran headlong)	1) In prefixes ending in Z and S, the spelling of the final consonant depends on the subsequent consonant: before deaf consonants they pronounce [s] and write "s", before voiced consonants they pronounce [z] and write "z". without-, without- re-, re- vz-, sun- from-, is- down-, down- times-, times- rose-, rose- through-, through- ! Spelling of the prefix C- in wordsdoes not dependfrom loudness or deafness consonant following it. The prefix C- refers to the group of invariable prefixes. (oh-, you-, pro-, over-, in-, about-, pro-, right-, on-…) 2) Prefix PRI- 1. approach (rushed) 2. attachment (sewn on) 3. Proximity (School) 4. incomplete action (bitten) Prefix PRE- written in the following meanings: 1. = very (wise) 2. = TRANS- (criminal)	adjectives formed from NOUNS, and,if we have an adjective, look at the suffixes
		1) AN, YANG, YING leather AN th, goose IN th silver YAN th, 2) In adjectives, not formed from nouns: Yu n oh, blush n oh, swi H oh, etc. 3) Exception: wind H th	1)ONN, ENN revolution HE N th, industry ENN th 2) with base on H: old H oh, empty H th 3) excl: glass, pewter, wood
		participles formed from VERBS, and if we have a sacrament, we begin in turn to “try on” the word to the following rules:
		1. In the sacraments IMPERFECT kind of oil H pancakes, heat H th potato 2. In all short participles, pancakes PROzhare H s, potatoes overcooked H 3 wound exception H th partisan, kova H chewy	1.) in participles with any ATTACHMENT except NOT OVERHEAT HH th potato, PRO oil HH pancakes 2) If the participle has the suffix OVA / / EVA marin ovaHH s mushrooms, cramps EveHH th forest. 3) if there DEPENDENT WORD: butter fried potatoes 4) in participles GO sieve type HH th task

					12, 13, 14
SYNONYMS For example: For example: naked- naked; proof- argument; fragrant- fragrant There is- eat, eat; complain- complain; take care- to please; curly- curly; lie- to lie;	1. APPROVAL cheerful man crystal vase 2. CONTROL a vase of their crystal read with gusto 3. CONNECTION read enthusiastically When converting harmonization V control adjective replace with synonymous noun(for example, BABUSHKINA DASH - DASH GRANDMAS). Management - in adjoining Sang with joy - Sang with joy	What is the "grammatical basis of the sentence"? This is the main part of the sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate, or one of them. 1) Subject answers the questions WHO? WHAT? Who, what are we talking about? (noun, places, counts ...) (ETC.: Language grows with culture. All were finally assembled. They began to approach familiar. Every of you will receive a task .) 2) Predicate answers the questions WHAT DOES THE SUBJECT DO? WHAT'S HAPPENING TO HIM? WHAT IS HE? WHAT IS HE? WHO IS HE? and others. !!!Linking verbs!To be, to become, to become, to seem, to be considered, to be, to be called, to serve, to be known (ETC.: Grandfather was meek blue-eyed old man. He was high growth. Auntie could be fair.) 3. One-piece!!! 1. I'm going. We write. (I, we, you, you) 2. They wrote. (They) 3.Impersonal: A) Quiet. It's getting dark. Not well (State. Neuter gender) B) N.F. What to do? Learn. Bring. IN) NO!!!(No I have notebooks) D) IMPOSSIBLE, POSSIBLE, NECESSARY + ch. N.F. (Need to think over this issue)	Detached- distinguished by meaning and intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing (commas, dashes) Application - this is the definition expressed by the name noun: who exactly is this? (I recognized our neighbor, surgeon.) Definition- participial? What doing?) (Resin, running down the pine trunks, turned into an amber stone.) Circumstance- gerund or turnover (how? What are you doing?) ( getting up, he quickly walked towards the exit waving hands).	Introductory words - these are special words or combinations of words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to what is being said, indicating the source of the message, the way the thought is verbalized, the relationship between individual thoughts in speech, etc. (Fortunately no one noticed me) Etc.: confidence, assumption, doubt, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, certainly, indisputably, obviously ... (SEE. In a separate plate)	writing type connections: the sentences are relatively independent, connected by unions AND, YES (= AND), BUT, ZATO, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), A, OR, OR, THAT-…THAT…; subordinate relationship: from one sentence (main) to another (subordinate), you can ask a question; conjunctions and allied words: WHAT, WHEN, HOW, IF, AS, BECAUSE, IF, DESPITE WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, ETC.; unionless connection: parts of a complex sentence are connected without conjunctions, according to the meaning. Punctuation marks , ; : - B 8 (types of communication) look for2 subordinating union!. (When the cart was already at the end of the village), [Chichikov called the first peasant to him], (which, picking up a thick log somewhere on the road, dragging it on his shoulder, like an indefatigable ant, to his hut).

3 Task Dictionary of means of expression

Antithesis- opposition, a sharp contrast of concepts, positions, images, states, etc. in speech. They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire

Not so different from each other. (A. Pushkin)

Archaism- obsolete word or turn of speech.

Prophetic eyes opened,

Like a frightened eagle. (A. Pushkin)

Hyperbola- a means of expression based on exaggeration.

Tears Mouth yawning

wider than the Gulf of Mexico. (V. Mayakovsky)

gradation- consistent injection or weakening (reverse gradation) of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors.

No words, no tears, no sigh - nothing

The earth and people are unworthy. (Z. Gippius)

Contextual synonyms and antonyms- words that enter into synonymous (antonymic) relations only in a certain text.

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (S. Yesenin) - synonyms.

If it were not for Helena, What is Troy to you alone, Achaean men? (O. Mandelstam) - antonyms.

Metaphor - hidden comparison, a figurative meaning of a word based on likening one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast.

In the darkness of the world, I am not alone. (O. Mandelstam)

My words are a pearl water cannon. (A. Bely)

Metonymy- renaming, figurative meaning of the word, arising on the basis of adjacency, connection of objects or phenomena.

Not that on silver, on gold ate. (A.S. Griboyedov)

Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. But their ugly beauty

I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Lermontov)

personification- a kind of metaphor, the image of an inanimate object as animated. The dawn fought with the last

stars (V. Solovyov)

A rhetorical question- does not require an answer, has an emotional significance.

My lesson is difficult for me now.

Where to go from the land of dreams? (N. Gumilyov)

Comparison - a form of poetic speech based on the comparison of one phenomenon or object with another. Cool summer has come

as if new life started. (A. Akhmatova)

Phraseologism- a stable turn of speech, a combination of words (with a hand to give = close, tongue swallowed = numb)

Epithet- artistic, figurative definition. And at night I will listen

4 Task Spelling Prefixes

3. Prefixes whose spelling depends on the meaning (prefixes pre-prix)

Memorize the words!

5. Spelling n and nn in words (adjectives, nouns, adverbs, participles)

Spelling H and HH in participles

6. Replacing a word with a stylistically neutral synonym

SYNONYMS are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.
For example: student - schoolboy, run - race, difficult - difficult.

STYLISTICALLY NEUTRAL WORDS- these are words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring.

naked- naked;

proof- argument;

fragrant- fragrant

There is- eat, eat;

complain- complain;

take care- to please;

curly- curly;

lie- to lie;

Stylistically colored words

Archaism- obsolete word or turn of speech. Prophetic eyes opened

Vulgarisms- rude, not accepted in the literature words or expressions that are incorrect in form, inserted into the text of a work of art.

Dialectisms- words characteristic of the local dialect.

jargon- words used social group(student jargon, thieves).

Neologism- a word newly formed in connection with the emergence of a new concept

Expressive vocabulary- words, more often colloquial style, showing the author's attitude (poor thing, scoundrel).

7. Replacing a phrase built according to one type with another phrase.

1. REPLACE AGREEMENT WITH MANAGEMENT
with a suggestion:
1. sleepless night - night without sleep
2. underground passage - underground passage
3. algebra problem - algebra problem
4. checkered scarf - checkered scarf
5. seaside park - a park by the sea
no suggestion:
1. regimental banner - banner of the regiment
2. solar energy - solar energy
3. forest smell - the smell of the forest
4. teacher's table - teacher's table
5. horse neighing - horse neighing
dependent word is an indivisible phrase:
1. two-story building - a building with two floors
2. six-year-old child - a child of six years
3. white-trunk birch - birch with a white trunk
4. blue-eyed girl - a girl with blue eyes
5. pointed spruce - spruce with a sharp top
2. REPLACE CONTROL WITH AGREE(i.e. do the opposite)
1. buckwheat porridge - buckwheat porridge
2. equipment for athletes - sports equipment
3. uphill path - mountain path
4. gun with two barrels - double-barreled gun
5. guy with red hair - red-haired guy
3. REPLACE CONNECTION WITH CONTROL.
1. looked pitifully - looked with pity
2. boldly jumped - jumped with courage
3. wearily walked - walked with fatigue
4. Carefully Tears - Tears with Care
5. calmly did - did with calmness
4. REPLACE CONTROL WITH CONNECTION (do the opposite).
1. spoke with anxiety - spoke anxiously
2. waited with tension - waited tensely
3. guarded with care - carefully guarded
4. looked with embarrassment - looked embarrassed
5. left with calm - calmly left
6. spoke with pride - spoke proudly
7. done with care - neatly done
8. crying without a sound - silently crying
9. acted without pity - acted ruthlessly

8, 11 Grammatical basis of the sentence

9. Separation of applications, definitions, circumstances.

Separation of agreed definitions

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Agreed Application

10. Grammatically unrelated constructions

12.13.14 Complex sentence syntax

Compound sentence- this is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating unions: the sentences are relatively independent, connected by the unions AND, YES (= AND), BUT, ZATO, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), A, OR, OR, THAT- ... THEN ...;

C C P with several clauses

Task number 3.

FIGURATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

Term	Definition	Examples
Allegory (allegory)	Image of an abstract concept through a specific image	In fables, an allegorical embodiment: a fox - cunning, a hare - cowardice, a wolf - anger and greed, a donkey - stupidity.
Antithesis (opposition)	Contrast, opposition of phenomena, concepts, images, states, etc. Often expressed using antonyms.	Poetry And prose, ice And flame Not so different from each other. (A. Pushkin). « War And world"(L. Tolstoy)," Crime And punishment"(F. Dostoevsky).
Hyperbole (exaggeration)	Excessive exaggeration of the properties of the subject; quantitative strengthening of the attributes of an object, phenomenon, action.	One hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing Summer rolled in July. (V. Mayakovsky). Million, million scarlet roses from the window, you see from the window (Song).
Inversion	Deliberate violation of the usual (direct) word order.	weaved out on scarlet lake light dawn. On the brink of calls capercaillie cry(S. Yesenin). He is from foggy germany brought the fruits of learning. (A. Pushkin.)
Irony (hidden mockery)	The use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. The opposite meaning can be given to a large context or a whole work.	Where, smart, are you delirious head? (I. Krylov). An example of an ironic work is M. Lermontov's poem "Gratitude" (here the irony comes to sarcasm - the highest degree manifestations of irony).
Litotes	Understatement of the subject (reverse hyperbole).	Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no more than a thimble (A. Griboedov).
Metaphor	Word in figurative meaning; transfer is based on likening one object to another by similarity or contrast; hidden comparison.	In the garden lit rowan bonfire. (S. Yesenin). Placer cranberries in swamps Burn out V ashes frost (N. Kolychev).
Oxymoron (oxymoron)	A combination of words that are opposite in meaning with the aim of unusually expressing a new concept, idea (combination of incongruous)	But beauty their ugly/ I soon comprehended the sacrament. (M. Lermontov). "Living Powers"(I. Turgenev), "Living Dead"(L. Tolstoy).
personification	Transferring the properties of a person (person) to inanimate objects, natural phenomena or animals.	Moon laughed, like a clown (S. Yesenin). Midnight in my city window Enters with nightly gifts (A. Tvardovsky).
Comparison	Comparison of two concepts, objects, phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other.	Like a tree sheds its leaves, So I drop sad words. (S. Yesenin). Dew drops are white like milk but illuminated fiery spark. (V. Soloukhin).
Epithet	A word or phrase that serves as a figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object (most often a metaphorical adjective); "colorful" definition.	droplets crystal moisture; gray-haired dew meadow. (V. Soloukhin). From the oars to the shore curly trace fled.

BRIEF DICTIONARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having the opposite lexical meaning. For example: altruist - egoist, hyperbole - litote, cheerful - sad, far - close, get up - sit down.

Synonyms - These are words of the same part of speech, similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. For example: scarlet - red

Phraseologisms- these are stable combinations of words that express a holistic meaning and function correlate with single word. In the proposal are one member. For example : get into a mess, blood with milk, soul to soul, peel off like sticky, neither light nor dawn; everything flows, everything changes.

Spelling prefixes. Task number 4 immutable prefixes (always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation)		Prefixes on s-, s- (Spellingdependsfromvoiced-deafnessdependsfrom			pre - at
Spelling does not depend on stress - on Onwrite	SpellingNotdepends onvoiced-deafnesssubsequent consonant // Notdepends onsubsequent consonant) pre- With- With pour, With give, With sew	beforevowels andvoiced consonantsroot spelledat the end of the attachment-z	before voiceless consonantsrootspelledat the end of the attachment-With
		air- (air-) bez- times- (roses-) through- (through) (fromR ride )	sun- (sun-) obes- ras- (ros-) through- (through-) (isP sort )		pre= pen pre tear- pen tear pre= Very pre wicked - Very wicked
					● accession: at glue ● approximation: at run away ●“ a little", a little, incompleteness of action: at burned ● next to something near: at school at maritime
Remember! Unclear meaning!
chase let stumbling perverse (changeable, unfaithful) seduce neglect				adventure claim oath bizarre adherent presence cook
Differ in the meaning of the word
pre to give (to give someone away) pre create (perform) pre bow down (respect) pre step (break) pre to be (to be somewhere) pre receiver (continued) pre walking (temporary)				at give (add) at create (close) at bow down (bent down) at step (begin) at to visit (to come) at receiver (device, machine) at walking (who comes)

IN uncertain And negative pronouns, as well as in negative adverbs under stress prefix is ​​written NOT-, without accent – NO: Not" what to say - neither what "didn't do, didn't" at no one to ask at who" did not ask.

Task 5. Spelling of suffixes.

Spelling Н and НН in adjective suffixes (which one?)

1.If app. formed with suffixes - ENN-, -HE N- (stations he N ouch, cranberry enn th) excl.: wind en th (but: without wind enn th)	1.If app. formed with suffixes - AN-, - YAN-, - IN- (sand en th, silver yang th) excl.: glass yann th, tin yann th, trees yann th
2.If adj. formed from noun. Withbasis on H (Oldn n y - old man, karman n th - pocket, sheepskinn n th - sheepskin, weren n th - epic, mean nn th)	2.If adj. educated without suffixes (Yunoh, blushnoh, swinoh go aheadnoh, rightnoh, greennouch, siney, ryanoh, drunknoh, bugnth)
Road length nn and interest n a (in short adjective it is written as much N as in full)

Spelling Н and НН in the suffixes of passive participles and verbal adj. (Which? what done?)

NN (full participle)

Participles have a prefixand (except for the prefix NOT) : With broken branch. Exceptions : named brother, planted father, smart, dowry, ForgivenSunday. In participles formed from perfective verbs: problem solved. Exception:wounded. dependent words:knitted girls gloves Presence of suffixes– ova- - - Eve-: ballova nnth child. Exceptions:forged, chewed.

Brief Communion : job not doneenA. Verbal adjective (no prefix, no dependent word, imperfective): knitted gloves, bechet n th wolf, sluggish n oh vobla, smoother n trousers, golden n products, scrap n th line, puta n th answer, ditch n oh wound, sowing n herbs, washing n oh underwear . In combinationsironed and ironed trousers, patched and patched fur coat. Exceptions: sacrednnoh, wishnnouch, nechayannoh, uglynnoh, invisiblennoh, unheardnnoh, slownnoh, bad lucknnoh, unexpectednnoh, readnnth

H-, -NN- in adverbs on -O (-E) (How?)

In adverbs to - O And - e so much is written H, how many in adjectives and participles from which they are formed.

H- derived from adj. With H	NN - formed from the verb. adj. With HH
miracles n th - miracles n O safe n th - safe n O	scattering nn th - scattering nn O fright nn oh - fright nn O

H-, -HH- in nouns (who what?)

-НН- and -Н- are written, as in the adjective or participle from which they are formed:

Task 7. Phrase.

Ways of subordination of words
agreement	control	contiguity
The dependent word is put in the same form as the main word. Questions: what? which? which? which? whose? whose?	The dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition Questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? What? by whom? how? (o)com? (about what?	Dependent word - immutable word(adverb, gerund and N.F. of the verb)
APP. + N.	VERB + N. No. + N. APP. (COMP.) + NO.
dependent word can be expressed: adjective (difficult task) - difficult tasks), pronoun-adjective(our Friend - our friend), communion (incoming wave - incoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance - second entrance)	dependent word can be expressed: noun (break up vase - smashed vase, hit in the back - blow in the back, × crimson out of shame ), pronoun-noun (say to him) , cardinal number (divide for five ),	dependent word can be expressed: adverb (loud crying) N.F. verb(ready help ), × gerund(work without ceasing ), form comparative degree adjective or adverb (boy older , come up closer ), immutable possessive pronouns (her girlfriend).

Task 8. The grammatical basis of the sentence.

SUBJECT AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

The subject can be expressed:

- noun in them. P.: Fog silver.

- places. in them. P. : ALL tired.

- infinite.(n.f. ch.): enemy destroy - big merit.

- whole phrase: two drops splashed in face. Me and a friend together wonderful live. One of us already visited in the museum.

- adj., incl. : Brave to victory seeks. Future belongs people of honest work.

- adv.. : Light Tomorrow in our hands, friends!

- counts.: Five - My lovely number.

3. PREDICIAL AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

Simple verb predicate	Compound verb predicate
Expressed in one verb form: Unsown grains will not ascend (excerpt. n.); - I wolf would gnaw red tape ( conditional n.); - let it shine Sun (led. n.); - I I will sing (bud. difficult); - He easily found mutual language (phraseology, in which there is a conjugated verb form).	( auxiliary verb or short adjective glad, ready, able, must, intend + infinitive) wished wanted start + infinitive I will continue finish mustmonkey took it into her head work .
Compound nominal predicate
linking verb + - to be, to become, to become, to be, to become, He is an engineer . - verbs of motion, states: Autumn came rainy.	nominal part(noun, adj., num., local, short par., adv.) - Greenery – is a song earth. Sky was V smallclouds . - Youth Always selfless . Is it true lighter sun. All room amber shine illuminated. - five plus five there will be ten . - Yes You who it? - To me sad.

Types one-part sentences

Main member- predicate

- Definitely personal : predicate - a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or many numbers of the present or future tense; in led. incl..

Waiting (waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting) news from you (I, we, you, you).

- Uncertain-personal: predicate - a verb in the form of the 3rd l. plural present and bud. temp. and in the plural form. past temp.

knocking (knocking) in the door.

- Impersonal: the predicate has no subject.

It's getting dark.

Two-part sentences	impersonal proposals		How is the predicate expressed in an impersonal sentence
	It's getting light.		impersonal verb
	(state of nature)
Nicesmells bird cherry.	Nicesmells bird cherry. (environment state)		Personal verb in impersonal meaning
I Not sleeping		To menot sleeping. (human condition)	Reflexive verb in impersonal meaning
Will storm!		Be thunderstorm! (inevitability)	N. F. verb
Eat beast stronger cats.		Stronger than a cat beastNo. (absence of something)	There is no invariable verb form
In the forestAll quiet		In the forestquiet. (state of nature)	State word
I sad		To mesad	State word
		No smoking!	State word (should, can, must not, must+ N.F. verb)

Task number 9. Separation of minor members of the proposal.

Separation of agreed definitions

Agreed Definitions (dependent word consistent with the mainr., h., p. ): before wooden house, at my sisters - agreement.

Separate agreed definitions expressed :

1.Participle turnovers or single participles:

A) Cloud, / fitting half the sky / , gradually dissipated.

B)/ Excited / ( single ), He spoke for a long time.

2) Common and single adjectives:

A) Sky , / thunderstorm / (common adjective), everything in the lightning trembled.

B) This thought / simple and clear / (single adjective), haunted.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions - noun in R. p. with and without a preposition and other case forms with various prepositions: branches (which ?) birches ; boat (what?) with a sail ).

Application isolation

Application - definition, expressed by name noun, agreed with a defined word in case. The application gives a different name that characterizes the item.

Freezing-governor patrols his dominions.

He came with son, / ten year old boy /, to the exhibition.

Pushkin, / great Russian poet / , was born in Moscow.

Separation of circumstances

Circumstances answer the following questions: Where? When? for what reason? for what purpose? How? etc.

Separate circumstances are expressed:

1. Participles

gerund- This

invariant form of a verb that answers questions doing what? what having done? The gerund signal is suffixes -I (A), -B, -lice(chitaI, careI, readV).

Single gerunds and participles are almost always isolated.

The fire burned out long ago, | disintegration lice sit on the coals | , faded away .

2. Nouns with prepositions:

A) Nouns with prepositionsDESPITE THE, DESPITE THE:

/Despite the impending storm / , shewent into the mountains.

B) Circumstances causes with prepositions owing to, owing to, owing to, due to lack of.

IN) concessions circumstances with a suggestion despite

D) Circumstances conditions with prepositions in the presence, in the absence.

3. Clarifyingmembers(members of the sentence that clarify the previous member of the sentence and perform the same syntactic function with it.

Clarifying words in writing separated by commas.

Examples:
In the basement (Where?), /under the shelves / (where exactly?), grandfather kept his tools.
ABOUTadditions

Additions with prepositions: besides, in addition to, instead of, excluding, except for, beyond, along with, including.

* Except schoolchildren parents attended the evening.

10. Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to.

A) This labor,Vania , was terribly huge.

B) Neighbor, my light! Please eat.

IN) Oh heaven , above us blue! So this is the fate of your sons, oh Rome, oh loud power.

G) Hello,Sun Yes fun morning!

Introductory words - these are words or a combination of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports, points to sequence of thoughts, indicates to the source of the message.

The main groups of introductory words	Introductory words
Confidence	of course, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, certainly, without a doubt, indeed
Uncertainty	It seems, perhaps, probably, apparently, probably, perhaps, apparently, probably, apparently
Different feelings of the speaker in connection with the message	fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to horror, unfortunately, to surprise, to chagrin
Message source	say, report, according to, in my opinion, according to, according to, according to
Order of thought, sequence of presentation	so, therefore, first of all, finally, by the way, so, for example, in this way, on the contrary, vice versa
Way of expressing thoughts	in a word, in general, in other words, so to speak, it is better to say
A call to draw attention to a message	you see (whether), you understand, please, let's say, let's say

Remember:
Introductory words are not members of the sentence; they are separated by commas in the letter.

Tasks №12,14Difficult sentence

Allied Means of communication: unions, allied words, intonation			Unionless Communication means: intonation
compound	complex
Means of communication: intonation, coordinating conjunctions unions:and, or, but (coordinating conjunctions also connect homogeneous members offers) Parts of a sentence equal : [Ascended young month], And [All around sunk in a fantastic light.	Means of communication: intonation, subordinating conjunctions, allied words (relative pronouns and adverbs) unions:what, to, if, when allied words:which, who, what, where, where, where, when, how Parts of a sentence unequal : There is main part And dependent (subordinate) , from the main to the dependent part, the question is asked , (connection word) [I'm having a dream], ( What I sleep soundly).	Means of communication: intonation Parts of a sentence equal (often formally equal) [Everybody knows] : [elephants are a curiosity with us].

Complex sentence - is a sentence in which two or more simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, a, yes, but, or).

[Breeze restlessly shuddered in the dark trees] And[somewhere far away grumbledthunder]. , And .

(Coordinating conjunctions are located between simple sentences, do not belong to any part.)

[Comrades treated hostile towards him, soldiers same loved indeed]. ( Same, same, same occupy an unusual place: they are inside the second part.)

Coordinating conjunctions

Connecting

And, yes (= and), not only... but also, also, and... and, neither... neither, both... , and

Dividing

or, or... or, either, either... or, that... that, or... either, not that... not that

opposing

A, yes (= but), But, but, however, however, but, only, not only ... but also

difference compound sentence from a simple suggestion.

North breathes blown by the night And sagebrush sways (simple sentence).

No comma is placed in a compound sentence with single conjunctions and yes (in the meaning of "and"), or, either in the following cases:

if parts of a compound sentence have common minor term or general adnexal : [In September forest less often] And[bird vote quiet]. When the sun came up , [the dew dried up]And[ the grass has turned green].

if the parts of a compound sentence are incentive, interrogative or exclamatory offers: Where will the meeting beAnd who is its chairman? how quiet it is aroundAnd How clear is the starry sky!

Between parts of a compound sentence putdash if the sentence contains a sharp contrast or indicates a quick change of events, an unexpected result:

Put your stick on the waterAnd she will go with the flow.

She breathed in some air -And the smell of the cold sea.

I hurry thereA the whole city is there.

Complex sentence. Types of subordinate clauses.

Kinds subordinate clause, questions	Attaching Examples unions and allied words	Sentence examples
Determinative.	allied words: which, what, where, where, which, when, from where, whose	Huge cloud (what?), which slowly moving across the sky, made us give up the walk. She ran to the room (what?) Where passed her whole life.
Explanatory. Questions of indirect cases.	Unions: what, how, as if, to, whether, as if not. allied words: when, where, how much, what, how	I know that?), What have to go. The boss asked (about what?), everything whether ready for the meeting. Gotta feel (what?) When you have to start talking.
Degrees and modes of action. In what degree? How much? How? How?	Unions: that, as if, as if, as if, exactly. allied words: how, how much, how much	The work was done like this (how?), to then don't be ashamed. She was so smart (how?) to not notice it.
Comparative.	Unions: as if, as if, as if, exactly, as	He was calm (how?) How still water. Life went (how?) as if the arrow flew.
Where? Where? Where?	allied words: where, where, where.	I came to (where?) Where I was directed. Everywhere is dear to me (where?), Where breathe freely.
time. When? How long? Since when? How long?	Unions: when, until, barely, as soon as, while, as long as, after	Bye tourists were preparing for hiking, they studied the rules of behavior in the forest. (When?)
Goals. For what? For what purpose?	Unions: so that, so that, so that, so that, so that.	I take a compass with me (why?) to don't get lost in the forest.
Causes. Why? From what?	Unions: for, therefore, since, because, due to the fact that, because, since	We agreed to go on Friday (why?) because wanted to arrive on time for the meeting.
Consequences. What happened as a result of it?	Union: So	It was light from the lanterns (due to what happened?), So we were able to read the ad
Conditions. Under what condition?	Unions: when, if, if, if, times.	I'm ready to meet you (under what condition?), If do not you mind.
Concessions. Despite what?	Unions: although, despite the fact that, let it be, for nothing. allied words: no matter where, no matter how, when no, no matter how much, no matter what, whoever.	I'm at home (no matter what?) Although good weather.

Punctuation before conjunction HOW

A comma is placed

• Comparative turnover :

Her eyes shone, green, like a gooseberry .

Introductory combination as usual, as always, as a rule :

On the way, as always, we ran into a cafe.

Application with reasons. meaning :

You, like first love, the heart will not forget Russia!

The sentence has a correlation. words so, such, that, so :

The lyceum gave Russia such people as Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig.

After as follows and:

Trees, like people, have their own destiny.

No comma is placed

• Before the comparative turnover is Not or words quite, absolutely, almost , ...:

The newspaper did not come out as usual.

Turnover as part of the predicate :

There was a forest like a dream and snow like a dream.

Turnover = "as":

Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom.

With a double union, both ... and ...:

This topic has been covered as in poetry, and in prose.

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence .

Comma:

between parts of a relationship enumeration or simultaneity; complex sentence can be divided into several simple ones . Greentracks everything is like in the forestsmoking , fog everywhererises, water bubblessits down on the leaves. The offer consists of three parts.

Events are simply listed,
so between the parts is placed
COMMA.

Semicolon:

Between parts of a relation of enumeration or simultaneity, but parts are complicated(have separate members, homogeneous members, appeals, introductory words) or parts are completely unrelated to each other. 1) Blackshadows and redglare moved on the ground /replacing each other /; 2) They Thatwere removed from the fire, thenapproached close to him.

Colon in non-union complex sentence

(): cause(because)

Love a book: it will help you sort out the confusion of life.

(): explains (namely)

The picture changed: the snow was standing, the damp earth was smoking.

(): complements(What)

Suddenly I feel: someone is pulling me aside.

(): omitted from the first sentence:and saw and heard and felt:

Seryozhka looked around: the fire was engulfing the school more and more.

Dash in a non-union compound sentence

() - () (= and)
quick change of events, unexpected result:

Cheese fell out - with him there was a cheat.

() - ()
(ah, but)
opposition :

I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me.

time, action condition - () :

(when if)

They cut the forest - the chips fly.

() - result, output:
(so, so)

The smoky sun rises - it will be a hot day.

() - ()
(like, like, like)
comparison:

He says a word - the nightingale sings.

Russian language, new complete reference for preparation for the OGE, 9th grade, Simakova E.S., 2015.

The handbook is designed to prepare students in grade 9 for the main state exam In Russian.
The book contains 14 sections, including theoretical material throughout school course Russian language, recommendations for performing part C, generalizing test with comments. The practical part includes samples test items, approximate in volume, structure and selected material to those control measuring materials that are offered at the exam for the 9th grade course.
Answers to test tasks are given at the end of the manual.

MORPHEMICS.
Morphemics (Greek morphe - form) is a section of linguistics that studies the system of morphemes of a language and the morphemic structure of words and their forms.
Morpheme - the minimum significant part of a word (prefix, root, suffix, postfix, ending).
All morphemes are divided into root and non-root, non-root, in turn, into word-forming (prefix and word-forming suffix) and formative (ending and form-forming suffix). Prefixes, suffixes, endings and postfixes are affixes, i.e. morphemes that are attached to the root and serve to form words or their forms.

Preface.
PHONETICS.
Sound alternation.
Phonetic alternations of vowels.
Vowel reduction in I weak position.
Vowel reduction in II weak position.
Iotated vowels.
Sounds denoted by the letters e, e, u, i.
Alternating voiced and voiceless consonants.
Alternating hard and soft consonants.
stress.
Task samples.
MORPHEMICS.
Root.
Console.
Suffix.
Postfix.
Interfix.
Ending.
The base of the word.
WORD FORMATION.
Morphological way of word formation.
Lexico-syntactic way of word formation Morpho-logo-syntactic
way of word formation.
Lexico-semantic way of word formation
LEXICOLOGY.
The ambiguity of a word. Homonymy.
Homonyms.
Synonyms.
Antonyms.
Paronyms.
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view
areas of use.
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of active
and passive reserve.
Stylistic coloration of lexical means. Task samples.
EXPRESSION OF RUSSIAN SPEECH.
Lexical means of expression.
Task samples.
SPELLING.
Root spelling.
Unstressed root vowels.
Vowels in roots with alternation.
Task samples.
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants.
Unpronounceable consonants.
double consonants.
Task samples.
Vowels after hissing.
Vowels after C.
Vowels O - E after Ts.
Vowels I - Y after Ts.
Vowels And - S after prefixes.
Task samples.
Spelling words with b and b.
Words with separating b and b.
Words with b - an indicator of the softness of the consonant sound
Words with b - an indicator of grammatical form. Spelling prefixes.
Prefixes pre-, at-.
Prefixes ending in 3- and C-.
Prefixes grew-, race-, rose-, times-.
Task samples.
Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech.
Suffixes of nouns.
Suffixes of adjectives.
Verb suffixes in the past tense
and infinitive.
Participle suffixes.
Suffixes of adverbs formed
from adjectives.
Task samples.
Spelling -Н- and -НН- in different parts of speech.
Denominative and primitive adjectives
in full form.
Participles and verbal adjectives
in full form.
Participles and adjectives in short form. Nouns. Adverbs.
Task samples.
Spelling of the endings of different parts of speech.
Letters E / I in case endings
nouns.
Endings -th, -th in TV. P.
nouns.
Endings -o, -e, -a of nouns.
Noun endings R. p. pl. h.
Endings of adjectives and participles.
Personal endings of verbs.
Task samples.
Spelling of service words.
Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles.
Particles NOT and NI.
Particle NOT with different parts of speech.
Spelling unions.
Spelling of suggestions.
MORPHOLOGY.
Parts of speech.
SYNTAX AND PUNCTUATION.
Phrase.
Types of subordinate bonds in a phrase. Task samples.
Offer.
Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement,
emotional coloring.
The grammatical basis of the sentence.
Subject.
Ways of expressing the subject.
Predicate.
Classification of predicates.
Simple verbal predicate.
Compound verb predicate.
Compound nominal predicate.
Secondary members of the sentence.
Definition.
Application.
Addition.
Circumstance.
Offers are one-part and two-part.
Types of one-part sentences.
Definitely personal suggestions.
Indefinitely personal proposals.
Generalized personal proposals.
Impersonal offers.
Nominative (naming) sentences.
Offers are complete and incomplete.
Uncommon and common simple
offers.
Task samples.
Complicated simple sentence.

Generalizing words for homogeneous
members of the proposal.

with identical members.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
and punctuation marks between homogeneous
definitions.
Task samples.
Proposals with separate members.
Separation of definitions.
Separation of applications.
Task samples.
Separation of circumstances.
Separation of clarifying members of the proposal.
Separation of add-ons.
Task samples.
Proposals with introductory constructions.
Appeal proposals.
Punctuation marks in sentences
with introductory structures.
Task samples.
Offer types by quantity
grammatical foundations.
Complex sentences.
Punctuation marks in compound words
offer.
Task samples.
Complex sentences.
Classification complex sentences.
Complex sentences
with a definitive clause.
Complex sentences
with an explanatory clause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of time.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the place.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the cause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the mode of action,
measures and degrees.
Complex sentences
with a comparative clause.
Complex sentences
with a conditional clause.
Complex sentences
with a concessive clause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the corollary.
Complex sentences
with the adjective part of the goal.
Complex sentences
with an accessory part of the connecting.
Punctuation marks in the complex
offer.
Complex sentences
with several attachments.
Task samples.
Associative compound sentences.
Complex sentences with different types of connection parts. Compound sentences with a coordinative
and subordination of parts.
Compound sentences with a coordinative
and unionless connection of parts.
Compound sentences with a subordinating
and unionless connection of parts.
Complex sentences with a coordinative,
subordinating and non-union connection of parts.
Task samples.
Syntactic means of expression.
TEXT.
The main features of the text.
Types of text composition.
Text types.
STYLISTICS.
Style.
Functional styles of the language.
Stylistic coloration.
Stylistic mistakes.
Task samples.
SUMMARY.
Techniques for working on a concise presentation.
Isolation of microthemes.
Drawing up a plan.
Highlighting keywords.
Using text compression techniques.
We plan work.
Task samples.
ESSAY-REASONING
ON A LINGUISTIC TOPIC.
Task samples.
GRAMMAR STANDARDS OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE
Noun.
Adjective.
Numeral.
Pronoun.
Verb.
Norms for constructing phrases.
Agreement norms.
Management standards.
Proposal building rules.
Proposals with homogeneous members.
Offers with participles
and adverbial turns.
Norms for the use of participles.
Violation of grammatical norms.
Norms of lexical compatibility.
Speech errors.
Classification of speech errors.
GENERALIZING TEST WITH COMMENTS.
A brief dictionary of the meanings of borrowed words.
Answers.
Conditional abbreviations.

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