Homogeneous members of the sentence, not connected by unions, are separated by commas: Cold, emptiness, lifeless spirit meets home(Sol.); bloom ahead cherries, mountain ash, dandelions, wild rose, lilies of the valley...(Sol.); The smell of the smoke of rural stoves is no longer heard. Only silence remains water, thickets, ancient willows(Paust.); Shcherbatova spoke about her childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried, old willows came to life in their estate in the spring(Paust.); Looking at him [Davydov], I remembered about Przhevalsky, ancient explorers of the Gobi and the Sahara, about generals who lost thousands of armies in the sands, about all the childhood romance that the desert was saturated in my school years(Paust.); Now she wanted to remember this town for the rest of her life, the guest yard with yellow peeling vaults, the pigeons in the market, the green sign of the tavern "Tea and sugar!", Every chip on the humpbacked pavement(Paust.). If the last member of the list is joined by the union And, then no comma is placed before it: He[wind] brings coldness, clarity and some emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, high thickets stretch for kilometers chamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentian, plantain, bluebells, buttercups and dozens other flowering herbs(Paust.).

Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by repeating unions, are separated by commas: None no stormy words, no passionate confessions, no oaths, but only heart-rending tenderness(Paust.); After parting from Lermontov, she could not look either at the steppe, or at people, or at passing villages and cities.(Paust.).

Homogeneous members of a sentence, fastened by single connecting and separating unions, are not separated by a comma: The ship stood across the river and allowed the current to turn it downstream(rasp.); Will he support Uzdechkin or not?(Pan.). In the presence of an adversative union, a comma is placed: He caught the eye of Falling Leaves, but did not stop.(Pan.).

With various combinations of allied and non-union combinations of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed - if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union And is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery - long shadows ran far away from everything.(Gonch.); It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the car(Ch.). If there are only two homogeneous members, the comma is usually not put (even if the union is repeated twice), especially if their combination represents a semantic unity: And day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.). If the separation of homogeneous members of the sentence is especially emphasized, then a comma is placed: Everything reminded me of autumn: both yellow leaves and fogs in the mornings..

With a double repetition of other unions, except And, a comma is always placed: And the old man paced the room, now humming psalms in an undertone, now impressively instructing his daughter(M. G.); He was ready to believe that he had come here at the wrong time - either too late or too early.(rasp.); From a large room in the "rooms" occupied by officers, one could hear friendly laughter, then sobbing groans of a guitar and discordant singing(Paust.); They [lamps] only illuminated the walls of the cave hall, then the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.).

When combining secondary members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And works locally, only within groups): Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform(Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come(Geych.); Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).

Note. In sentences with homogeneous members and unions, it is possible for them to use the same unions, but put on different grounds(between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when arranging punctuation marks, these different positions of unions are taken into account: ... Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly and assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) - in this sentence, unions And cannot be considered repetitive, as they combine different members of the sentence (fun and friendly, met and assured); these are single unions that unite; pairs of different members of the sentence. In the example ... No one else broke the silence of the channels and rivers, did not cut off the lure of cold river lilies and did not admire aloud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) the first and combines word-dependent silence of the word forms of channels and rivers, the second And closes the row homogeneous predicates (did not violate, did not interrupt and did not admire).

Homogeneous members of the proposal, combined in pairs, may be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, oppositional relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, bowed to someone and smiled not softly and touchingly, as always, but respectfully and tightly, which did not go well with his face.(Ch.). Considered and different level connecting relationships: In them[shops] you will find and calico for shrouds and tar, and candy and borax to exterminate cockroaches - but you will not find anything fresh, hot, nothing healthy!(M. G.) - here, on the one hand, the word forms calico are combined and tar, lollipops and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already on the rights of single blocks, constitute a group united by a repeating union And; a comma with such a combination fixes the articulation of the first level.

Note. There may be other blocks of homogeneous members of the sentence, not so much structural as semantic, when the group is formed on the basis of semantic unity: The letter was cold; she re-read it several times with tears and crumpled and crumpled it, but it did not become warmer from this, but only got wet(M. G.) - members of the proposal and crumpled and lumpy as a single whole, formed as a result of the similarity of semantics, are combined with the predicate reread a completely different semantic plan, which is why the comma is not put here and unions And regarded as qualitatively ambiguous: the first And connects the predicate reread and the combination of crumpled and lumped, the second And turned out to be inside the combination.

At homogeneous members sentences, in addition to single or repeated unions, paired unions can be used, which are divided into two parts, located at each member of the sentence: not so much... how much, as... so and, not only... but also, although... but, if not... then, not that... but (but), how much.. so. A comma is always placed before the second part of such unions: Green loved not so much the sea as the sea coasts he invented ...(Paust.); Fogs in London happen, if not every day, then every other day(Gonch.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holiday-goers, that is, not so much resort-goers, but vacationers who come to spend their holidays by the Black Sea(Sol.); Mom was not only angry, but still was unhappy(Kav.).

A semicolon can be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or groups of them), especially if there are internal selections: It turns out that there are subtleties. It is necessary that the fire be, firstly, smokeless; secondly, not very hot, and thirdly, in complete calm(Sol.). The need for the semicolon is reinforced if the members of the sentence are common: Both of them respected him for his excellent, aristocratic manners, for rumors about his victories; for the fact that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel; for the fact that he dined well in general, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe's; for the fact that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camping bath; for the fact that he smelled of some unusual, surprisingly "noble" perfume; because he was a master at whist and always lost...(T.).

A dash can also be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence - when an opposing union is omitted: Zoya is windy not from mediocrity and depravity - from loneliness, hopeless longing for true love(gas.); Not the heavens of someone else's homeland - I composed songs for my homeland(N.); with a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another (usually when the predicate denotes a quick change of actions or an unexpected result): Barriers come across to him - and detain him for a long time(Vlad.); He rustled some paper on the table - he folded up a newspaper, got up and left the compartment.(Shuksh.).

Homogeneous members of a sentence, connected without unions, are separated by a dash if they form gradation series. This is most often seen in headers: Word - deed - result(gas.); Teacher - team - personality(Sukhomlinsky); Play - publishing house - stage(gas.).

Homogeneous members of the sentence and their various combinations can be packaged, and then the dot sign is used: And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortals, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near the forest blockages with Chechens, the screech of bullets. Pyatigorsk, strangers with whom you had to behave like friends. And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus, the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk. Short peace, broad ideas and verses, light and soaring up to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains. And duel. And the last that he noticed on the ground - at the same time as Martynov's shot, he seemed to have a second shot, from the bushes under the cliff, over which he stood(Paust.).

In the presence of generalizing words in the series of homogeneous members of the sentence, punctuation marks depend on the place of the generalizing words in relation to the enumeration series.

If generalizing words precede the enumeration, then a colon is placed after them: There were three of them at the collection point, three women: one for receiving linen, the other for issuing, the third for issuing receipts and receiving money(Pisces); There are different types of ice fisherman: a pensioner fisherman, a worker and employee fisherman, a military fisherman, a minister fisherman, so to speak, statesman, intelligent fisherman(Sol.); They wrote a lot about him and all in different ways: sometimes with delight, reaching to worship, sometimes with bewilderment, and sometimes with mockery(gas.); In this story you will find almost everything I mentioned above: dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the rumble of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain sheep dog, night flight and much more(Paust.); Just as the magic current is turned on, sounds burst in: voices speaking together, the crackling of a cracked nut, a half-step of tongs carelessly handed over.(Nab.).

Generalizing words that conclude the enumeration series are separated by a dash: Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even the high thresholds of the cabins - all this was copper(Paust.); Artists Arkhipov and Malyavin, sculptor Golubkina - all from these Ryazan places(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her - everything was imbued with aching, hopeless longing.(Beck.); And the fact that for the first time I saw a real seasoned elk, and the fact that for the first time I would have to destroy a huge living creature, and the fact that it was beautiful how he walked through a frosty forest - all this made me waste three or four seconds(Sol.); A warm wooden house surrounded by dry weeds, long days, the thunder of rare shots at wild ducks, five boxes of books (of which only one was read) - all this was left behind, hidden by black water.(Paust.).

The colon after the generalizing words before the enumeration of homogeneous members and the dash after the enumeration are placed when the sentence does not end with the enumeration, including when the generalizing word is repeated after the enumeration: Everywhere: in the club, on the streets, on the benches at the gates, in the houses - there were noisy conversations(Garsh.); Everything: a carriage that quickly drove down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be made; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation - everything painfully irritated the wound, seemed to be an insult(L. T.); Everything: the sublunar hills, and dark red clover fields, and wet forest paths, and the lush sunset sky - the whole world around me seemed beautiful to me(Sol.). The same when homogeneous members enter one of the parts complex sentence: In a few minutes he could draw anything: a human figure, animals, trees, buildings - everything came out of him characteristically and vividly(Beck.).

Note. In business and partly scientific speech, a colon can be placed before the enumeration without a generalizing word: The meeting was attended by: students, graduate students, teachers.

In artistic and journalistic texts, such a punctuation mark is extremely rare. It is possible only in the text interspersed with elements of scientific speech in order to warn about the subsequent enumeration: As the page-by-sheet "insert inscription" on the book, made after the death of Ibrahim Gannibal, testifies, she somehow miraculously found herself in ... A firebox at the local priest Pyotr Pogonyalov. But the main miracle is not in this, but in the fact that twenty-six letters and other authentic documents of A.P. were recently discovered in the leather cover of the book by its present owner. Hannibal! Among them: "Eestract[summary. - S. G.] on the state of the Pskov fortress in 1724”, a letter of 1756 addressed to the Opochets landowner Vasilisa Evstigneevna Bogdanova, whom he calls his benefactor, and a letter in response to Abram Petrovich about the purchase from her for Petrovsky of “nine male and female peasants from the village of Bryukhov”(Geych.); compare: The great humanists of that time raised their voice against the Turks. Victor Hugo, Charles Darwin, Oscar Wilde, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, D.I. Mendeleev, V.M. Garshin, V.V. Vereshchagin(Sol.).

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be separated from the generalizing word by a dash (instead of the usual colon in this case) if they perform the function of an application with a refinement value: So after it[rain] mushrooms begin to climb violently - sticky butterflies, yellow chanterelles, mushrooms, ruddy mushrooms, honey agarics and countless grebes(Paust.).

If homogeneous members are in the middle of a sentence and it becomes necessary to present them as an expression of a passing, clarifying remark, a dash is placed on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds - carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture- Grieg has long been removed from the house(Paust.); To everyone - and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka- I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.); For everything that exists in nature - water, air, sky, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs- in Russian there are a great many good words and names(Paust.). (Homogeneous members of the sentence act as an insert.)

The general trend of replacing the colon with a dash sign also affected the design of homogeneous members of the sentence with generalizing words: in contemporary practice dashes are often placed after generalizing words: By noon, over the dim water, a distant piling up Baku- gray mountains, gray sky, of gray houses patched with bright but also gray sunlight(Paust.). This use of the sign can be considered acceptable: All signs are marked on this map - a dry pine by the road, a boundary post, euonymus thickets, an ant heap, again a lowland, where forget-me-nots always bloom, and behind it a pine tree with the letter “o” carved on the bark - a lake(Paust.); Everything came in handy for me - and the Pskov childhood, colored by an unconscious desire to understand and feel spiritual world of the older generation, and Moscow adolescence, when, breaking down and stumbling, I still did not stop listening to the voices coming from this cherished world(Kav.); Along the figure [on the page of the book] all the names of the philosopher's stone are carefully listed - the great magisterium, the red lion, the only tincture, the life elixir(Kav.); Everything then excited his mind - and meadows, and fields, and forests, and groves, in "the chapel of a dilapidated storm, the noise, the old woman's wonderful legend"(Geych.); We are now investigating the so-called evoked magnetic fields brain, i.e. its magnetic response to a stimulus presented to a person - a sound, a flash of light, a weak electricity (journal); It has been proven that by studying the weak physical fields of the body - magnetic, electric, thermal, acoustic, radio emission - one can obtain interesting information.(journal); All these words - both okoe, and stozhary, and lying, and the verb "september" (about the first autumn colds) - I heard in everyday speech from an old man with a perfect childish soul, a zealous worker and a poor man, but not because of poverty, but because, that he was content with the smallest thing in his life, from a lonely peasant in the village of Solotchi ...(Paust.); Lucy I forgot everything - and Sundays in the spring, when they harvested firewood, and the fields where I worked, and Igrenka, who had collapsed, and the incident at the bird cherry bush, and much, much more - that was even earlier, I forgot completely, to the point of emptiness(rasp.); During bad weather, you begin to appreciate simple earthly blessings - a warm hut, a fire in a Russian stove, the squeak of a samovar, dry straw on the floor, covered with a rough row for an overnight stay, the sleepy sound of rain on the roof and sweet drowsiness.(Paust.); ...I'm looking for meetings with everything related to the block, - with people, environment, Petersburg landscape(Paust.); lived there people brown from the sun, - gold diggers, hunters, artists, cheerful vagabonds, selfless women, cheerful and gentle, like children, but above all - sailors(Paust.); The hotel smelled of the 17th century - incense, bread, leather(Paust.); Everything that catches the eye, - forest, barge, rows of birches - grew overnight, stretched up and rejuvenated(Lip.); We went for a walk, and I began to tell Valya about everything at once - the Arabic category, the university, the “serapion”(Kav.); And where everything was gone so soon - and the hopeless endless darkness in the sky, and the rain, and the nightly anxieties, and fears - it was impossible to imagine(rasp.); In the end, Mityai also felt this and lagged behind him. Sanya, on that bright morning, was delighted with everything - and the way raindrops broke off from the cedar and splashed on the hut; and how peacefully and sadly, causing some incomprehensible sweetness in the chest, the fire died down; and that, how intoxicating and tart the forest land smelled after the rain; how the lowland where they had to go became whiter and whiter; and even how unexpectedly bad-voiced, frightening them, the nutcracker screamed over their heads(Spread).

Homogeneous definitions are separated by a comma, heterogeneous definitions are not separated. Definitions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on their semantics, location, and way of expression.

Definitions-adjectives denoting different features of an object are not homogeneous: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) - size and material designation; Former eliseevsk the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) - designation of a temporary sign and a sign of belonging; Thick draft the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) - designation of size and purpose; Found in my archive yellow school cursive notebook(Kav.) - designation of color and purpose; The forests, obliquely illuminated by the sun, seemed to him heaps of light copper ore.- designation of weight and material; Our famous and most courageous traveler Karelin gave me a very unflattering writing attestation(Paust.) - designation of assessment and form; Black bog oaks lie at the bottom of the Hotz(Paust.) - designation of color and method of dressing; The foreman served tea gooey cherry jam(Paust.) - designation of the property and material of the object; From the corridor went to narrow stone back stairs(Dost.) - designation of the shape, material and location of the object.

Note. As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives act as heterogeneous (they denote different features): Behind the church glittered in the sun fine clayey pond(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic classes can also be characterized as heterogeneous: Here on the ground began to fall cold large drops(M. G.).

Definitions denoting signs of the same, but related to different subjects, are homogeneous: A talented student who spoke five languages ​​and felt French, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).

Homogeneous definitions that express similar features of one object, i.e. characterize the object on the one hand: appeared in the mirror self-confident, self-satisfied boy(Kav.); It was boring, tedious day(Kav.); Lena arranged for her spacious, empty room(Kav.); Winter at first swayed reluctantly, as last year, then burst in unexpectedly, with sharp, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of signs can manifest itself on the basis of some generalization of values, for example, along the line of evaluation: And at this moment discreet, gentle, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation:(Kav.).

Context conditions can bring definitions closer on the basis of the unity of the sensations they convey (touch, taste, etc.): On a clear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo, two horses were brought to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov to be reforged.(Ch.); Bliss was cool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off the shoulders(Kav.).

The entry into synonymous relations is clearly found in artistic definitions, when one or another adjective is used not in direct meaning: It was May glorious, merry May!(M. G.); Away, he has already grown in solid, wide a sound like rubbing a huge brush on dry earth(M. G.); I shook the hand extended to me big, stale hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring poured buds kills(Ahm.). The synonymy, and thus the homogeneity, of the definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them with a coordinating union and : In them[songs] dominated heavy, dull and hopeless notes(M. G.); Such miserable, gray and deceitful siskin! (M. G.); Tired, tanned and dusty faces were quite the color of brown rags(M. G.).

Adjective definitions can be combined with participle definitions or participial phrases. The setting of the comma depends in this case on the location of the participial turnover. If participial stands in second place (as if breaking the close connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: The grove listened and felt something good and strong, this feeling filled her with warmth and light, and even old, covered with gray lichen the branches of the trees whispered of days gone by(M. G.); Small, sometimes dry in summer rivulet against the Mokhovsky farm in marshy, overgrown with alders the floodplain spilled over a whole kilometer(Shol.); On the other side, in the collective farm shed, he was waiting for us old, worn out"jeep", left there in the winter(Shol.); In the spring, as soon as the air warms up, and with it our rustic, closed for the winter, frozen over during the long winter months house, we are moving to the village(Sol.); The sun is gaining dull, somewhat silvery color(Paust.). (Compare another arrangement of definitions: old branches covered with gray lichen; in some places a small rivulet that dries up in summer; swampy floodplain overgrown with alders; battered old "jeep"; a country house closed for the winter; a rustic house frozen over during the long winter months.) Thus, the participial phrase before the adjective definition refers to the following combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined: Each time appeared and again drowned in pitch darkness a steppe stanitsa leaning against wide beams(Paust.); One night in early April forty-three floodplain meadows flooded with melt water between Sevsky and Yurasov farms, then further to Sennoy (as you can see, even the name of the village spoke of how rich and remarkable the place was) reflected the cold radiance of the moon, piercing in the running rare clouds ...(Paust.); Sergei saw white sheets floating in the air notebooks(Sparrow.).

Note. If the participial turnover acquires a clarifying shade of meaning, it, being located between the adjectival definition and the word being defined, is isolated: Brother did not tear from her face blue, now as if radiant, huge eye(cf.: ... blue, now as if radiant eyes).

A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (an inconsistent definition is placed in the second position): Meanwhile in a squat, with brown walls wintering Klyushins really burned while slightly dodged seven-line lamp(Bel.); She took off the table thick, fringed tablecloth and spread another, white(Nile.).

Definitions after the word being defined, regardless of their meaning, act as homogeneous: in postposition, each of the definitions is provided with an independent logical stress: Word grandiloquent, false, bookish hit him hard(Boon.).

Note 1. If these definitions are not closely related in meaning to the word being defined, then they simultaneously become isolated, as evidenced by a natural pause after the word being defined: The pond shone in the sun, fine, clayey; Drops began to fall on the ground cold, large; Built a house nice, double storey.

Note 2. Commas do not separate postpositive definitions in terminological combinations: early terry aster, wheat winter hardy. In addition, sometimes post-positive definitions in rhythmic (poetic) speech are not separated by commas: And bottomless blue eyes bloom on the far shore(Bl.).

Definitions connected by explanatory relations are separated by commas, although they are heterogeneous, since the second of them reveals the content of the first: He... carefully stepped on the glittering wire with a new, fresh sense of delight.(Gran.) - here new in the meaning of "fresh"; without a comma, i.e. when the explanatory relations are removed, a new meaning will appear: “there was already a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared” (the logical stress is one: a new fresh feeling, but a new, fresh feeling); - Shelter an orphan, - entered the third, new voice(M. G.) - definition new clarifies definition third; Nature has no more talented and less talented works. They can be divided into those and others only with ours, human points of view(Sol.); Each seminar had its own, special atmosphere.(Kav.); Noticing that he was wearing a light velvet jacket, he thought about it and ordered other, cloth frock coat(Dost.) .

Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas: laureate Nobel Prize, academician A.D. Sakharov - honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig - academic degree and rank; World Cup Winner, European Champion- sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army- position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer- position and profession; general director of the production association candidate of technical sciences- position and academic degree.

When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, Absolute World Champion Student of the Institute of Physical Education.

Applications after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey (each of them has a logical stress), are separated by commas, and besides, they must be separated: Ludmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, multiple world and European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; S.P. Korolev, designer of the first rocket and space systems, founder of practical astronautics, academician.

Valgina N.S., Eskova N.A., Ivanova O.E., Kuzmina S.M. Rules of Russian, spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 480 p.
ISBN 978-5-699-18553-5
Download(direct link) : pravilarusskogoorfografii2007.djv Previous 1 .. 80 > .. >> Next

Note. Do not put a comma before the particle and followed by demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to enhance the meaning of the previous member of the sentence: Even the table somehow moved from its place (Panf.).

§ 28. When pairing homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is placed between pairs (the union is valid only within groups): Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage (Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come (Geych.); Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria (Sol.).

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Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same unions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when arranging punctuation marks, different positions of unions are taken into account. For example: ... Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly and assured her that she was good, sweet, rare (Ch.) - in this sentence, unions are not repeated, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of the sentence (fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else broke the silence of channels and rivers, did not cut off the glittering cold river lilies and did not admire aloud what is best to admire without words (Paust.) - the first connects the word-dependent silence of the word forms of channels and rivers, the second closes a number of predicates (did not break, did not break off and did not admire).

Homogeneous members of the proposal, combined in pairs, may be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrasting relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, bowed to someone and smiled not softly and touchingly, as always, but respectfully and stiffly ( Ch.). Different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them [shops] you will find both calico for shrouds and tar, and lollipops and borax for the extermination of cockroaches (M. G.) - here, on the one hand, the word forms calico and tar, lollipops and borax are combined, and on the other, these groups, already on the rights of single members, are connected by a repeating union and. Wed option without pairwise association (with separate design of homogeneous members): ... You will find calico for shrouds, and tar, and lollipops, and borax for the extermination of cockroaches.

Note. There may be other groups of homogeneous members of the sentence, for example, when the group is formed on the basis of semantic unity: The letter was cold; she re-read it with tears several times and crumpled and crumpled, but it did not become warmer from this, but only got wet (M. G.) - the members of the sentence crumpled and crumpled as a whole, formed as a result of semantic similarity, are combined with the reread predicate -

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shaft of a different meaning, which is why the comma is not put here and the unions are different in function.

§ 29. With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeated unions, double (comparative) unions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located at each member of the sentence: as ... and, not only ... but U9 not as much ... how much, as much ... as much, although ... but, if not ... then, not that ... but, not that ... but, not only not ... but, rather ... than etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such unions: I have an order both from the judge and from all our acquaintances (G.); Green was not only an excellent landscape painter and master of the plot, but he was also a very subtle psychologist (Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holiday-makers, that is, not so much holiday-makers, but vacationers who come to spend their holidays by the Black Sea (Sol.); Mom was not only angry, but still was unhappy (Kav.); Fogs in London happen, if not every day, then every other day without fail (Gonch.); He was not so much upset as surprised by the situation (gaz.); He was more annoyed than saddened (journal).

§ 30. A semicolon can be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups).

1. If introductory words are included in their composition: It turns out that there are subtleties. It is necessary that the fire be, firstly, smokeless; secondly, not very hot; and thirdly, in complete calm (Sol.).

2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or clauses related to them): He was respected for his excellent, aristocratic manners, for rumors of his victories; for the fact that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel; for the fact that he dined well in general, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe's; for the fact that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camping bath; for the fact that he smelled of some unusual, surprisingly "noble" perfume; for the fact that he masterfully played whist and always lost ... (T.)

Homogeneous members of the proposal (main and secondary), not connected by unions, are separated commas : In the study stood brown velvetarmchairs , bookcabinet (Nab.); After dinner hesat on the balcony,kept kneeling book(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, lifeless spirit meets home(Sol.); bloom aheadcherries, mountain ash, dandelions, wild rose, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remainswater, thickets, ancient willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova toldabout my childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried, old willows came to life in their estate in the spring(Paust.).

If the last member of the series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then no comma is placed before it: He[wind] bringscold, clarity and some emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, high thickets stretch for kilometerschamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentian, plantain, bluebells, buttercups, and dozens of other flowering herbs (Paust.).

§26

Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by repeated unions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... neither... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, that... that... that, not that ... not that ... not that, either ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sadAnd in the spring airAnd in the darkened skyAnd in the wagon(Ch.); Did not haveneither stormy words,neither passionate confessions,neither oaths(Paust.); After parting from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watchneither on the steppeneither on people,neither to associated villages and cities(Paust.); You could see her every dayThat with a can,That with a bag andThat and with a bag and a can together -or in the oil refineryor On the market,or in front of the gates of the house,or on the stairs(Bulg.).

With no union And before the first of the listed members of the proposal, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the proposal and the union And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and put them on the table, and here in front of mefire, and turmoil, and crimson dance lights (Ill.); And today the rhyme of the poet -caress, and a slogan, and a bayonet, and a whip (M.).

With a double repetition of the union And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All reminiscent of autumnand yellow leaves and mists in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separatelyand the sound of rain, and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of these conditions with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all aroundand light and green (T.); Day and night cat scientist all walks around the chain(P.).

With a double repetition of other unions, except And , comma is always included : Prick my eyes incessantly with gypsy lifeeither stupid or ruthless (A. Ostr.); He was ready to believe that he came here at the wrong time -or too late,or early(rasp.); ladynot that barefoot,not that in some transparent ... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes byor snow,or rain with snow. They[lamps] only highlightedThat cave walls,That most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Earlywhether , latewhether but I will come .

Note 1. A comma is not put in whole phraseological combinations with repeating unions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposite meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither the bottom nor the tire, neither this nor that, nor become nor sit down, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, nor myself nor people, neither fish nor meat, neither this way nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor roll, neither that nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when the third is not given: and husband and wife, and earth and sky . Note 2. Unions whether ... or are not always repetitive. Yes, in the proposal And you can’t understand if Matvey Karev is laughing at his own words or at the way students look into his mouth(Fed.) Union whether introduces an explanatory clause, and the conjunction or connects like members. Wed unions whether ... or as recurring: Goeswhether rain,or the sun shines - he doesn't care; Seeswhether he is,or does not see(G.).

§27

Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or separating unions ( and yes in meaning " And »; or, either ) not separated by a comma : Motor shipgot up across the riverand gave flow turn it down, along the way(rasp.); Day and night - a day away(ate); Will support he Uzdechkinaor not support ? (Pan.).

If there is an opposing union between homogeneous members ( ah but yes in meaning " But », however, although, however, nevertheless ) and connecting ( and also, and also ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and surreptitiously threw a surprised look,but not on the arrested, but on the procurator (Bulg.); The child washarsh but cute (P.); A capable studentalthough lazy ; He went to the library on Fridayshowever not always ; Mokeevna had already brought a wicker basket out of the house,however stopped decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is smallbut cozy (gas.); She knows Germanand French .

§28

When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys planted withlilacs and lindens, elms and poplars , led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different.about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come (Geych.); Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).

Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same unions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when arranging punctuation marks, different positions of unions are taken into account. For example: ... Everywhere she was greeted cheerfullyAnd friendlyAnd assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) - in this sentence, unions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of the sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else broke the silence of the channelsAnd rivers, did not cut off the lure of cold river liliesAnd did not admire aloud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) - the first And connects word dependent silence word forms streams and rivers, the second and closes the series of predicates (didn’t break, didn’t break off and didn’t admire).

Homogeneous members of the proposal, combined in pairs, may be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the whole complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrasting relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someonebowed and smiled not softly and touchingly , As always,but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). Different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[shops] you will find both calico for shrouds and tar, and lollipops and borax for the extermination of cockroaches(M. G.) - here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, lollipops and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already on the rights of single members, are connected by a repeating union And . Wed option without pairwise union (with separate registration of homogeneous members): ... You will find calico for shrouds, and tar, and candy, and borax for the extermination of cockroaches .

§29

With homogeneous members of the sentence, in addition to single or repeating unions, double (comparative) unions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located at each member of the sentence: like… so and, not only… but also, not so much… how much, how much… as much, although… but, if not… then, not that… but, not that… ah, not only not… but rather… how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such unions: I have an assignmentHow from the judgeSo equalsAnd from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only great landscape painter and storyteller,But It was stillAnd very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holiday-makers, that isNot really holidaymakers,A vacationers who came to spend their holidays by the Black Sea(Sol.); Mothernot that angryBut was still dissatisfied(Kav.); There are fogs in Londonif not every day,That in a day for sure(Gonch.); He wasnot so much disappointed,How many surprised by the situation(gas.); He wasquicker annoyed,how saddened(journal).

§thirty

Between homogeneous members of the proposal (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .

1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fireFirstly , smokeless;Secondly , not very hot;and thirdly , in complete silence(Sol.).

2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or relative clauses of sentences): He was respectedbehind his excellent, aristocraticmanners , for rumors about his victories;for that that he dressed well and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel;for that that he dined well in general, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe's;for that that he carried a real silver dressing-case and a camping bath with him everywhere;for that that he smelled of some unusual, surprisingly "noble" perfume;for that that he was a master at whist and always lost...(T.)

§31

Between homogeneous members of the proposal is placed dash: a) when skipping an opposing union: Knowledge of the laws by people is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, not sonorous - deep, chesty, "Mkhatov"(gas.); b) in the presence of a union to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexei clenched his teeth, screwed up his eyes, pulled the fur coat with all his strength with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness.(B.P.); ... I always wanted to live in the city - and now I end my life in the countryside(Ch.).

§32

Homogeneous members of the proposal and their various combinations when dismembering the proposal (parceling) are separated dots(see § 9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortals, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near the forest blockages with Chechens, the screech of bullets.Pyatigorsk , strangers with whom it was necessary to behave like with friends.And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus , the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk.short rest , broad ideas and verses, light and soaring up to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains.And duel (Paust.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words

§33

If the generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then the generalizing word is followed by colon : There is an ice fishermandifferent : a retired fisherman, a fisherman - a worker and an employee, a military fisherman, a minister fisherman, so to speak, a statesman, an intellectual fisherman(Sol.); In this story you will find almosteverything I mentioned above : dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the rumble of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain sheep dog, night flight and much more(Paust.).

With generalizing words, there can be clarifying words. as for example, for example, as that, namely preceded by a comma and followed by a colon. Words like for example, like that are used to explain the preceding words, the words namely – to indicate the exhaustive nature of the enumeration that follows: Many businesses and services operate around the clock,such as : communications, ambulance, hospitals; Introductory words can express an emotional assessment of what is being reported,For example : fortunately, to surprise, to joy, etc.(from the textbook); Katya ... explored the barn, finding there, in addition to the balloon and tiles, a lot of useful things,somehow : two low green benches, a garden table, a hammock, shovels, a rake(Step.); Everyone came to the meetingnamely : teachers, students and staff of the institute. After clarifying words such as (with a comparative connotation of meaning) no colon: Flowers are the first to bloom after winter.such as crocuses, tulips(gas.).

§34

The generalizing word after homogeneous members is separated from them by the sign dash : Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of devices and even high thresholds of cabins -all this it was copper(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her -All it was imbued with aching, hopeless longing(Beck.).

If there is an introductory word before the generalizing word, separated from homogeneous members by means of a dash, then the comma before the introductory word is omitted: In the lobby, in the corridor, in the offices -word , people crowded everywhere(Pop)

§35

Dash is placed after the enumeration of homogeneous members, if the enumeration of the sentence does not end: Everywhere : in the club, on the streets, on the benches at the gates, in the houses - there were noisy conversations(Garsh.).

In the presence of two generalizing words - before homogeneous members and after them - both of the indicated punctuation marks are put: a colon (before the enumeration) and a dash (after it): All : a carriage that quickly drove down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl's question about a dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation -All painfully irritated the wound, seemed an insult(L. T.). The same with a common generalizing word: In a few minutes he could drawanything : human figure, animals, trees, buildings -All came out characteristically and lively(Beck.).

§36

Homogeneous members of a sentence that are in the middle of a sentence and have the meaning of a passing remark are highlighted dash from two sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds -carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture - Grieg removed from the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone -and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka - I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.).

Note. The usage used in modern printing practice for all positions of generalizing words is acceptable dash, including - before the enumeration (in place of the traditional colon): Mass production is organized in the new workshopproducts for mechanical engineering – bushings, glasses, toothed meshes(gas.); good kayakersthere were only three - Igor, Shulyaev, Kolya Koryakin and, of course, Andrei Mikhailovich himself(Tendr.); loveAll - and dew, and fog, and ducks, all other birds and animals(Tendr.); If itsomething distinguished from others - talent, intelligence, beauty ... But Duke really didn’t have anything like that(Current.); Everything, everything I heard - and the singing of the herbs of the evening, and the speech of the water, and the dead cry of the stone(Ill.); All then his mind worried - and meadows, and fields, and forests, and groves, in "the chapel of an old storm, the noise, the old woman's wonderful legend"(Geych.); He posted it on the wallyour precious collection - knives, sabers, saber, dagger(Shcherb.). Wed the same with K. Paustovsky, B. Pasternak: After him[rain] start to climb violentlymushrooms - sticky butterflies, yellow chanterelles, mushrooms, ruddy mushrooms, honey agarics and countless grebes(Paust.); By noon, over the dim water, a distantpiling up Baku - gray mountains, gray sky, gray houses covered with patches of bright, but also gray sunny color(Paust.); I had the opportunity and the good fortune to know many elderspoets who lived in Moscow , – Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Khodasevich, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Baltrushaitis(B. Past.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

§37

Homogeneous definitions expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - do not separate (for an exception, see § 41).

Note 1. The difference between homogeneous and not homogeneous definitions consists in the following: a) each of the homogeneous definitions refers directly to the word being defined; b) the first definition from a pair of heterogeneous refers to the subsequent phrase. Wed: Red, green lights changed each other(T. Tolst.) - red lights and green lights; Soon the chimneys of factories will smoke here, they will lay downstrong iron path on the site of the old road(Bun.) - strong → iron tracks. It is possible to insert a union between homogeneous definitions And , between inhomogeneous - is impossible. Wed: Glasses coldly play with multi-colored lights, exactlysmall precious stones(Boon.). - It's cold in the hallway, like in a senza, and it smellsraw, frozen wood bark...(Boon.). In the first case, the union cannot be inserted ( small precious stones), in the second it is possible ( damp and frozen bark). Note 2. Often, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives act as heterogeneous: Her[siren] muffled the soundsbeautiful string orchestra(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups can also be perceived as heterogeneous: Here on the ground began to fallcold large drops(M. G.).

1. Homogeneous definitions denoting signs of different things : A talented student who spoke five languages ​​and feltFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).

Homogeneous definitions that express similar features of one object, i.e. characterize the object On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train was moving slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(rasp.); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena arranged for herspacious, empty room(Kav.); Winter at first swayed reluctantly, as last year, then burst in unexpectedly, withsharp, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of signs can manifest itself on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of evaluation: And at this momentdiscreet, gentle, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing your elbows(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo, two horses were brought to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov to be reforged(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, delicious water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).

Similarity of features may occur in adjectives used in figurative meaning: I shook the hand extended to mebig, stale hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring poured buds kills(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them with a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, dull and hopeless notes(M. G.); Suchmiserable, gray and deceitful siskin(M. G.); Tired, tanned and dusty faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M. G.).

2. Definitions-adjectives that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) - size and material designation; Former eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) - designation of a temporary sign and a sign of belonging; Thick draft the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) - designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school cursive notebook(Kav.) - designation of color and purpose; The forests, obliquely illuminated by the sun, seemed to him heapslight copper ores(Paust.) - designation of weight and material; Our famous and most courageous traveler Karelin gave me a veryunflattering writing attestation(Paust.) - designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) - designation of property and material; Enoughtall antique faience the lamp burned softly under a pink shade(Bun.) - a designation of a quantity, a temporal sign and a material.

§38

Adjective definitions can be combined with participial phrases. The setting of the comma depends in this case on the location of the participial turnover, which either acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with an adjectival definition, or as a heterogeneous one.

If the participial phrase is after the definition-adjective and before the word being defined (that is, it breaks the direct connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: Evenold, covered with gray lichen the branches of the trees whispered of days gone by(M. G.); No, not only cry in a dreamelderly, gray-haired during the war years men(Shol); Small, sometimes dry in summer rivulet<…>spread over a mile(Shol.); Standing, lost in the air the smell of flowers was nailed motionless to the flowerbeds by the heat(B. Past.).

If the participial phrase comes before the adjective definition and refers to the next combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined, then a comma is not put between them: Each time appeared and again drowned in pitch darknesscrouching to the wide beams of the steppe stanitsa(Paust.); Sergei sawwhite floating in the air notebook sheets(Sparrow.).

§39

A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (an inconsistent definition is placed after the agreed one): Meanwhile insquat, with brown walls in the wintering of the Klyushins, a slightly dodged seven-line lamp really burned(Bel.); She took off the tablethick, fringed tablecloth and spread another, white(P. Neil.).

However, the comma not put if the combination of agreed and inconsistent definition denotes a single sign: White checkered tablecloth; she hadblue polka dot skirt .

§40

Definitions after the word being defined are usually homogeneous and are therefore separated by commas: Wordgrandiloquent, false, bookish hit him hard(Boon.). Each of these definitions is directly related to the word being defined and has an independent logical stress.

§41

Inhomogeneous definitions are separated by a comma only if the second of them explains the first, revealing its content (it is possible to insert words, that is, namely): He ... carefully stepped on the shiny wire withnew, fresh a feeling of delight(Gran.) - here new Means " fresh»; without a comma, that is, when removing explanatory relations, there will be a different meaning: there was a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared (a new fresh feeling, but: a new, fresh feeling); - Shelter an orphan, - enteredthird, new voice(M. G.) - definition new clarifies the definition third; Nature has no more talented and less talented works. They can be divided into those and others only withours, human points of view(Sol.). Wed: IN holiday village appearednew brick Houses(other brick houses were added to the existing brick houses). - In the holiday village appearednew, brick Houses(before that there were no brick houses).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications

§42

Applications (definitions expressed by nouns), not connected by unions, can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Applications in front of the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous. They are separated by commas: Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR E. N. Gogoleva- honorary titles; World Cup Winner, European Champion NN- sports titles.

Applications denoting different features of an object, characterizing it from different angles, are not homogeneous. They are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation General of the Army NN- position and military rank; Chief Designer of the Design Institute for Construction Engineering for Precast Concrete Engineer NN- position and profession; general director of the production association candidate of technical sciences NN- position and academic degree.

When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education NN .

§43

Applications after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey, are separated by commas and must be highlighted (see § 61): Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, world champion, multiple European champion, coach; N. V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the State Prize of the USSR, author of the project for the Ostankino television tower; V. V. Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero Soviet Union; D. S. Likhachev, literary critic and public figure, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, chairman of the board of the Russian Cultural Foundation, laureate of the State Prize; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, Nobel Prize winner .

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence members

§44

Between the repeating members of the sentence is placed busy. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field; ding ding ding bell...(P.); Floated, floated in the blue vague depth clouds foamed by the wind(Shol.); points to big number objects or phenomena: On the Smolensk road -woods, woods, woods . On the Smolensk road -poles, poles, poles (OK.); stands for a high degree sign, quality, feeling, and each of the words repeated in this case has a logical stress: Scary, scary reluctantly among the unknown plains(P.); The sky was nowgray, gray (Sol.); What are you doing, my son?lonely, lonely ? (OK.); emphasizes the categorical statement: Now ... everything I live by iswork work … (Am.).

Note 1. For the use of a hyphen in repetitions, see "Spelling", § 118, paragraph 1. Note 2. On the repetition of prepositional combinations with forms of pronominal words ( in what in what, with whom with whom) see "Spelling", § 155, p. b. Note 3. The comma is not put if the repeating members with particles Not or So between them form a single semantic whole with the meaning of an underlined statement, agreement or express the meaning of uncertainty: NoSo No; DriveSo drive; Valeria looked at me again and said nothing: tomorrowSo Tomorrow(Sol.); Everything is at hand in our village: a forestSo forest, riverSo river(Sol.); RainNot rain, you don't understand. The same when expressing the value of the concession: TimeNot time, but you have to go . If repeated predicates with a particle So have conditional-investigative meanings with a touch of amplification, then a comma can be placed: - Well! he suddenly exclaims with an unexpected burst of energy. - Going to,So going to(Cupr.); Well, it will, thanks. made me feel betterSo comforted(Chuck.). (Compare: If we need to get together, then we will get together; If you made it easy, then with a vengeance .)

§45

Repeating members of a sentence with a union And with a sharp emphasis on their meaning, they are separated by a sign dash : Leave - and quickly leave; We need a win - and only a win. However, with a calmer intonation, a comma is also possible: You, and only you, are capable of this; We need facts, and only facts .

If union And stands between two identical verbs that act as a single predicate expressing a constantly repeating action, a comma is not put: And he is everythingwrites and writes letters to the old address .

not that calico ( foreign language bidding.) - wrong product, - wrong Wed Not that calico. Leikin. Wed Here's a girl! you can say it's a miracle calico! Gogol. Dead Souls. 1, 10. Nozdrev to Chichikov. calico = French calicot, paper cloth, Calcutta muslin. Cm. it's a completely different album.

Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and parables. T.T. 1-2. Walking and well-aimed words. Collection of Russian and foreign quotations, proverbs, sayings, proverbial expressions and individual words. SPb., type. Ak. Sciences.. M. I. Mikhelson. 1896-1912.

COLENCOR is:

COLENKOR COLENKOR (French coler - to glue). Cotton, glued fabric.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910.

calico french. calencar. Cotton, glued fabric.

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865.

Calico ( fr. calencar) binding cloth coated with a mastic layer and passed through a calender with a smooth or engraved surface of the rollers.

A new dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART, 2009.

Calico calico (calico), pl. no, m. [apparently from two fr. words: calicot - paper fabric, named after the Indian city of Calcutta, and calencar from Persian. kalamkar - a kind of dyed matter]. A kind of cheap paper matter is dense muslin, white or of a single color. І A completely different calico (colloquially joking) is a completely different matter.

Big dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007.

calico a, pl. No, m. (fr. chintz Persian. kalamkar).
Binding fabric coated with a mastic layer and passed through a calender with a smooth or patterned surface of the rolls.
Calico- from calico.
à This is another calico (unfold) is a completely different matter.
|| Wed leatherette, lederin, morocco, fiber.

Dictionary foreign words L. P. Krysina.- M: Russian language, 1998.

Calico: what is it and why is it needed?

Have you ever heard or met the word "calico" in the literature? Possibly, although we rarely use it. For this reason, not all of us can explain its meaning. However, enrich your lexicon it's never too late.

Calico - what is it?

There is no consensus on the origin of this term. Whether its roots should be sought in India, or in Persia. But it seems that all experts agree that the word “calico” came to the Russian language from French.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. it meant an inexpensive thick cotton calico fabric. It was a semi-finished product, from which chintz, muslin, upholstery and bed fabrics with or without a pattern were subsequently produced.

In addition, calico is still used today for the manufacture of oilcloth and leatherette, so both of these words are often used as synonyms for calico.

So what is calico? The definition given by dictionaries boils down to the following: calico is a plain-dyed stiff cotton fabric with a plain weave. It is used in the printing industry and clothing industry as linings in clothing.

But if the word "calico" is part of a phraseological turnover, its meaning changes. Most often, it means "business". For example: “this is a completely different calico”, that is, a completely different matter.

How is calico made?

We have already learned what calico is, as well as the fact that it serves for industrial production. different materials. Among them there is also a calico. To obtain it, a coarse calico is taken, dyed with acid dyes, dried well and smoothed.

The next stage is priming. Casein glue, kaolin clay, water, starch are mixed and applied to the wrong side of the fabric. Dye is added to the primer that will be used for the front side.

The calico is primed once or twice, after which it is smoothed on a calender - a machine that gives the fabric an even, smooth surface by passing between the shafts. If it is necessary to apply a pattern, then an embossing calender is additionally used. So calico turns into calico.

Everyone knows what printing is. Even in this day and age when e-books are becoming more and more popular, we still consider books with beautiful covers to be the best gift. But for their production they use calico.

Modern bookbinding materials

For centuries, books were considered a great luxury. They were copied and connected by hand. The situation changed only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. The development of the book trade led to the emergence of bookbinding workshops, where calico was widely used.

What is a book cover? What materials is it made from? The cover is the part of the binding that connects the pages of the book into a single block. It not only protects the paper edition, but also serves as part of the decoration.

Today, two types of binding materials are most often used in printing to create covers: "Modern" and "Premium". Both of them are made on the basis of calico. And if in the first case they use ordinary fabric, then in the second case they use high-quality, bleached material.

So, now we know what calico means. This is a material made on the basis of muslin, which is used in bookbinding.

Calico (disambiguation)

Calico

Wiktionary has an article "calico"

• Calico- plain dyed cotton fabric.
• Calico- cover binding material on a fabric basis with a special covering layer.

Sources

• Kolenkor // Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ch. ed. B. M. Volin, D. N. Ushakov (vol. 2-4); comp. G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakov; ed. D. N. Ushakova. - M.: State Institute « Soviet Encyclopedia"(vol. 1): OGIZ (vol. 1): State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries (vol. 2-4), 1935-1940. - 45,000 copies.
• Kolenkor // Publishing dictionary-reference book: [electron. ed.] / A. E. Milchin. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: OLMA-Press, 2006.

What is colinkor

Evgeniya Nikulina

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D. N. Ushakov:
calico (or obsolete kalinkor), calico (calico), pl. no, m. (apparently from two French words: calicot - paper fabric, named after the Indian city of Calicut, and calencar from Persian kalamkar - A kind of dyed matter). A kind of cheap paper matter - dense muslin, white or one-color. a completely different calico (colloquial joke) is a completely different matter.
New dictionary of the Russian language, edited by T. F. Efremova:
Calico
m.
Heavily starched or impregnated with a special composition of cotton fabric of a single color, currently used mainly for book bindings. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. I. Dahl:
COLENKOR m. French. kalenkor, mitkal, paper canvas, thin cotton fabric. Calico. related to the calico. Calico, made from calico.

What is a calico?

Blossoming almond

According to some sources, calico is glued and dyed calico - a harsh thin cotton fabric of plain weave, rather thick threads of unbleached yarn are visible, used for sewing cheap linen clothes, calico as a lining. loans.

Calico fabric (see fig.) when impregnated with a sizing was used in printing for the manufacture of covers, gift boxes, cases, book bindings.

Sometimes they say "a completely different calico" - this set expression is used in the sense of "not what is needed" or "something else", apparently from the fact that there are a great many calico in the meaning of dyed fabric, and possibly from the fact that during impregnation the same tissue becomes heterogeneous.

Rakitin Sergey

The basis of many cotton fabrics is calico - a simple undyed cotton fabric. Outwardly, it is unattractive, rough to the touch, but it is very cheap. By impregnating calico with starch, calico was obtained - a rigid, slightly bending fabric (white or plain), which was used where it was important to keep its shape - for the manufacture of clothing linings and in the production of book bindings. The latter were subjected to further dressing, i.e. applying compositions in the form of varnishes, mastics, which turned cheap fabric into luxurious book binding (hence the expression "another calico").

grape marmalade

Kolenkor was originally called an Indian or Persian (that is, Iranian) cotton fabric used for book bindings and strengthening the inner layers of clothing.

Calico was in use in the 18th and 19th centuries, the spread of more modern fabrics led to its abandonment.

Also, a specialized binding material (made from the corresponding canvas) was called calico.

And finally, for some reason, a third meaning was fixed in everyday life (the expression "a completely different calico", meaning literally "not at all that").

Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected and not connected by unions, are separated by commas. At the same time | | “Some regularities are observed in the use of punctuation marks, dictated by the nature of the union (connective, dividing or adversative; single or repetitive), the features of the unification of homogeneous members of the sentence (single or groups) and the arrangement of coordinating unions in the ranks of homogeneous word forms.

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence, not connected by unions, are separated by commas: Looking at him [Davydov], I remembered Przhevalsky, about the ancient explorers of the Gobi and the Sahara, about the generals who lost thousands of armies in the sands, about all the children's romance that the desert was saturated in my school years (Paust.). If the last member of the list is joined by the union and, then a comma is not put in front of it: It [wind] brings cold, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body (Paust.).

Homogeneous members of the sentence, fastened by single connecting or separating unions, are not separated by a comma: Will he support Uzdechkin or not? (Pan.). In the presence of an opposing union, a comma is placed: He caught the look of Leaf fall, but did not stop (Pan.).

2. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of the sentence, connected using repeated unions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, this ... that and others, for example: Uncle Broshka went to the mountains, and stole from the Russians, and sat in prison twice (L.T.); ... Only mallows, marigolds, and twisted panych bloomed here and there in the yards (Pan.); There was no one on the right or on the left, neither on the water, nor on the shore (Hyde.); Ivan Ivanovich always gives each of them either a bagel, or a piece of melon, or a pear (G.); Either from the heat, or from a groan, fatigue approached (Bagr.).

3. A comma is not put if two homogeneous members of the sentence with the union and between them form a group that is closely related in meaning, connected by the union with the third homogeneous member, for example: Water has long since disappeared in the Terek and quickly ran and dried up along the ditches (L. T. ) (ran away and dried up form a paired group that has a common secondary member along the ditches).

4. With various combinations of allied and non-union combinations of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed - if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery - long shadows ran from everything (Gonch.); It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage (Ch.); And today the poet's rhyme is a caress, and a slogan, and a bayonet, and a whip (M.). If there are only two homogeneous members, a comma is usually not put (even if the union is repeated twice), especially if their combination represents a semantic unity: And day and night, the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain (P.). If the separation of homogeneous members of the sentence is especially emphasized, then a comma is placed: Everything reminded of autumn: both yellow leaves and fogs in the morning; There is both pride and direct honor in your heart (P.).

When other unions are repeated twice, except for and, a comma is always put: And the old man walked around the room and either sang psalms in an undertone, or impressively taught his daughter (M.

G.); He was ready to believe that he arrived here at the wrong time - either too late or early (Rasp.).

When combining secondary members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between pairs (the union also acts locally, only within groups): Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage (Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come (Geych.).

5. In sentences with homogeneous members and an alliance with them, it is possible to use the same unions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when arranging punctuation marks, these different positions of the unions are taken into account. For example: ... Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly and assured her that she was good, sweet, rare (Ch.) - in this sentence, the unions and cannot be considered repetitive, since everyone stands on its own basis (fun and friendly; met and assured); these are single unions that combine pairs of different members of the sentence. In the example ... No one else broke the silence of the channels and rivers, did not cut off the glittering cold river lilies, and did not admire aloud what is best to admire without words (Paust.) The first and combines word-dependent silence of the word forms of channels and rivers, the second and closes a series of homogeneous predicates (did not break, did not break off and did not admire).

6. Homogeneous members of the proposal, united in pairs, may be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have alliances. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the whole complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrasting relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, bowed and smiled at someone, not softly and touchingly, as always, but respectfully and stiffly, which did not suit his face very much (Ch.). Different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them [shops] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, and lollipops and borax for the extermination of cockroaches - but you will not find anything fresh, hot, nothing healthy! (M. G.) - here, on the one hand, the word forms of calico and tar, lollipops and borax are combined, and on the other hand, these groups, already on the rights of single members, form a group united by a repeating union and; a comma with such a combination fixes the articulation of the first level.

7. There may be other groups of homogeneous members of the sentence, not so much structural as semantic, when the group is formed on the basis of semantic unity. For example: The letter was cold; she re-read it with tears several times and crumpled and crumpled, but it did not become warmer from this, but only got wet (M. G.) - the members of the sentence and crumpled and crumpled as a whole, formed as a result of the similarity of semantics, are combined with the predicate reread - a completely different semantic plan, which is why the comma is not put here and the unions are considered as qualitatively ambiguous.

8. With homogeneous members of the sentence, in addition to single or repeating unions, double unions can be used, which are divided into two parts located at each member of the sentence: how ... and, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, how much ... so much, although ... but, if not ... then, etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such unions: They say that in the summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that is, not so much holidaymakers, but vacationers who come to spend their holidays by the Black Sea (Sol.); I have an order from both the judge and all our acquaintances to reconcile you with your friend (G.); Fogs in London happen, if not every day, then every other day without fail (Gonch.); The glow spread not only over the city center, but also far around.

After a homogeneous member following the second part of the pair union and not ending the sentence, a comma is not put, for example: The day, although cloudy, is warm and allows classes to be held in stale air; Send, if not a telegram, then a letter by airmail and state the day and hour of your arrival.

Inside comparative conjunctions, it’s not that ... but not that ... but (but) a comma before what and what is not put, for example: His features not only changed, but twisted and moved (T.).

9. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by means of opposing Unions a, but, yes (in the meaning of “but”), however, but, although (with a concessive connotation), etc., for example: Kashtanka ate a lot, but did not eat enough, but only got drunk (Ch.); I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); Yes, it was beautiful, although U is a somewhat sad city (Paust.).

10. A semicolon can be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups), especially if there are internal highlights: It turns out that there are subtleties. It is necessary that the fire be, firstly, smokeless; secondly, not very hot, and thirdly, in complete calm (Sol.).

11. A dash can also be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence - when an opposing union is omitted: Zoya is windy not from mediocrity and depravity - from loneliness, hopeless longing for true love (gaz.); With a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another (usually when the predicate denotes a quick change of actions or an unexpected result): Then Alexei clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the fur boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness (B.P. ), Today, in the conditions of the development of democracy, people's knowledge of the laws is not desirable - it is obligatory (gaz.); Do not visit - for experience (gaz.).

All-Union connected homogeneous members of the proposal can be separated by a dash if they form gradation series. Most often this is observed in heading constructions: Word - deed - result (gas.).

Exercise 14. Find homogeneous members of the sentence. Explain the use of punctuation marks with them. Determine the functions of unions with homogeneous members of the sentence.

1. The approval of Thomas and his eyes burning with pleasure inspired Yezhov even more, he howled and growled louder and louder, now falling down on the sofa in exhaustion, then again jumping up and running up to Thomas (M. G.). 2. And again, everything did not happen as she thought. There were no stormy words, no ardent confessions, no oaths, but only heart-rending tenderness (Paust.). 3. Shcherbatova talked about her childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried, old willows came to life in their estate in the spring and soft, sharp leaves were released from the bark (Paust.). 4. Autumn came by surprise and took possession of the land - gardens and rivers, forests and air, fields and birds (Paust.). 5. Leaves fell days and nights. They then flew obliquely in the wind, then they lay down vertically in damp grass (Paust.). 6. There is a laugh under his mustache and in his eyes, and it’s hard to understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his own words, or at the way students look into his mouth, or at Arseny Arsenievich Bach, a biologist and publicist (Fed.). 1. They [lamps] only illuminated either the walls of the cave hall or the most beautiful stalagmite (Sol.). 8. Caves and grottoes, crevices and ledges, cracks and cornices gape in every rock (Sol.). 9. Here the channel seems to be a narrow gap, now it is approaching, expanding, the islands diverge in different directions, let the boat pass and converge behind it again, just do not clang against each other (Sol.). 10. Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria (Sol.). 11. It remained to solve the food issue: after all, there are no cafes or eateries on Ropotamo, nothing that could be counted on (Sol.). 12. At this time, a swallow swiftly flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, descended, almost touched the face of the copper statue in the niche with its sharp wing, and disappeared behind the capital of the column (Bulg.). 13. The secretary stopped writing down and surreptitiously threw a surprised look, but not at the arrested person, but at the procurator (Bulg.). 14. First in the garden, then behind it, then even further, along paths, in oak forests, in clearings and meadows, ruby, sapphire, topaz lights lit up, gradually laying out the night with colored beads (Nab.). 15. Not to the heavens of someone else's homeland - I composed songs to my homeland (P.).

Exercise 15. Place the missing punctuation marks. Explain their use with homogeneous members of the sentence.

1. Nadia woke up and went upstairs to her bed and immediately fell asleep (Ch.). 2. Lipa walked ahead of everyone and sang in a thin voice and flooded, looking up at the sky, as if triumphant and admiring that the day, thank God, was over and you could rest (Ch.). 3. To leave the city from the struggle from the noise of life, to leave and hide in one's estate - this is not life, this is selfishness, laziness, this is a kind of monasticism, but monasticism without a feat. A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the whole Earth all nature where in the open space he could show all the properties and features of his free spirit (Ch.). 4. Kurymushka, undressed without a hat, flew out into the snow and there he waves and dances and sings, meeting Marya Morevna (Prishv.). 5. Nikita seemed to even sniff Evgraf, and it seemed to him that he smelled not only of kitchen spices, but also of the steppe and apples (Fed.). 6. Green was not only a great landscape painter and master of the plot, but he was also a very subtle psychologist (Paust.). 7 ... The actor meticulously asked the author not only about the character and appearance of this person, but also about his biography about the environment from which he came out (Paust.). 8. I remember not only these little things, dozens of others (Kav.). 9. Mom was not only angry, but still was unhappy (Kae.). 10. The women, rushing to each other, screamed and wailed, bringing happiness and sorrow to people, and suddenly failing, hardening patience (Rasp.). 11. No matter how I turned in my hands a cup or a saucer or a decanter or a sugar bowl made in Troyan, I could not imagine how they were painted in such a bizarre way (Sol.).

Exercise 16. Rewrite, putting the necessary punctuation marks; emphasize paired alliances.

1. Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs (Gonch.). 2. She was not only timid, but distrustful and a little intimidated by her sister (T.) who raised her. 3. Lisa's eyebrows didn't just frown, but trembled (T.). 4. If I don’t love my husband, I should at least respect it (A. Ostr.). 5. Most of their faces expressed, if not fear, then anxiety (L.T.). 6. Alexander's apartment, although spacious, is not elegant and gloomy. (Ch.) 7. Green loved not so much the sea as the sea coasts he invented ... (Paust.) 8. An expression not only of pity, but of gloomy concern appeared on the face of the general ... (F.). 9. The work, although simple, is laborious and will take a lot of time to complete.

Exercise 17. Put punctuation marks. Find homogeneous members of the sentence. Determine their function and conditions for using punctuation marks with them.

Prishvin's language is precise, simple and at the same time very picturesque in its colloquialism. It is multicolored and thin.

Prishvin loves folk terms that, by their very sound, convey well the subject to which they relate. It is worth carefully reading at least the "Northern Forest" to be convinced of this.

Botanists have a term for herbs. It usually refers to flowering meadows. Rasnotgrass is a plexus of hundreds of diverse and cheerful flowers spread out in continuous carpets along the floodplains of the rivers. These are thickets of carnations, bedstraw, lungwort, gentian, tributary grass, chamomile, mallow, plantain, wolf's bast, St. John's wort, chicory, and many other flowers.

Prishvin's prose can rightfully be called "herbs of the Russian language." Prishvin's words bloom and sparkle. They are full of freshness and light. They either rustle like leaves, or mutter like springs, or whistle like birds, or tinkle like a fragile first ice, or finally lie down in your memory in a slow formation, like the movement of stars over a forest edge.

(K. Paustovsky)

Exercise 18. Find homogeneous members of the sentence. Define their functions and way of expression. Explain the use of punctuation marks.

1. ... Pushkin is one of those creative geniuses, those great historical natures who, working for the present, prepare the future ... But at the same time, let us emphasize for ourselves in V.G. Belinsky is prophetic: by reading his creations, one can educate a person in oneself in an excellent way. Each of us, sooner or later, begins to realize this, returning to Pushkin in his mature years or re-reading it with his children and grandchildren. Our personal, family Pushkin lessons - what could be better for education, the upbringing of high feelings: patriotism, internationalism, philanthropy, for realizing one's life recognition - to serve the people!

Pushkin, unlike many historical figures who have remained in history, belongs entirely to the new time. Get a grasp of his lines today, listen to their sound from a television screen or on the radio - and you will feel in them a spring harbinger, the living breath of modernity, the dazzling youth of a genius.

To love Pushkin means for each of us to become more humanly talented. No wonder Sergei Yesenin wrote: "To comprehend Pushkin is already necessary to have talent."

Isn't it the greatness and beauty of Pushkin, his spiritual affinity with the People, that - voluntarily or involuntarily - each of us checks his heart with Pushkin's. Remember, in Gorky: “A person dies -

The people are immortal, and the Poet is immortal, whose songs are the trembling of the heart of the sago People. We are thinking about this now, bending over Pushkin's line...

(Yu. Cherepanov)

2. Almost in all the stories of V. Rasputin, a woman is central - Maria in “Money for Mary”, Daria in “Farewell to Matyora”, Anna in “Deadline”, Nastena in the story “Live and Remember”. And in the stories of the writer, a woman comes first. And this is not at all accidental. For half a century of life, a kind of “matriarchy” has come true in our country, when a woman in the family took over the field and the garden, the market and haymaking, the stable and the cowshed. The whole house, the whole fate of the house, the family fell on the woman. Even in the hard times of war, the sacrificial labor of a woman, her endurance, high spirit and indestructible faith were at the level of genuine heroism. The writer saw and experienced this in early childhood, when he shared a piece of bread with his mother, cried the same tears with her, cherished one strip of rye and potatoes - the proceeds and the hope of getting rid of death.

A woman in the stories and stories of V. Rasputin is a surge of surprise and admiration for the wealth of her soul. There were no, I don’t remember, such old women in our literature, in which their soul would be expressed with such depth. As for Nastena, Anfisa from the Gloomy River and Aksinya from the Quiet Don come to mind from Soviet literature. They enchant us with femininity and strength of character, and for the time being there was no one to put next to them. But here came Nastena. She does not captivate with her external beauty, nor with her trick. She captivates us with age-old Russian features, accurately and strongly guessed, outlined to mirror and purity - such a great responsibility for this sinful earth lives in her.