The ecological situation on our planet leaves much to be desired. Most of the population suffers from a lack of vitamins, minerals, important trace elements. The polluted air of cities constantly poisons our body, making it vulnerable to an army of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Even vegetables and fruits in stores cannot be as useful as possible, because they are grown on hungry soils. A few decades ago, they were much richer, as they contained humic acids. What is it, what properties do these compounds have, what are the benefits for the human body? We will try to answer all these questions in our article.

What are humic acids

These are compounds that have a long molecular chain. Soil, peat, plants contain humic acids. Oxidized coals also contain this substance. It can be found in small amounts in fried meat, tea, coffee and bread crust.

If we talk about natural humic acids, they have a rather complex structure, so their molecular weight can reach 2500. Humic acids practically do not dissolve in water, with the exception of fulvic acids.

The formation of these compounds occurs in the process of humus formation. For scientists, it still remains a mystery why the process of decomposition of organic matter in the soil does not end with the formation of water and carbon dioxide as end products, but at a certain stage, simple decay products are converted into humic acids.

Composition of humic acids

Humic acids, fulvic acids have a powerful effect on any living organism due to their rich composition. They contain a complete set of amino acids, trace elements and minerals, as well as:

• Polysaccharides of natural origin.
• Vitamins.
• Peptides.
• Hormones.
• Fatty acid.
• polyphenols and ketones.
• Catechins.
• Isoflavones.
• Tocopherols.
• Quinones and others. There are about 70 useful components in total.

Such a rich composition explains the positive biological effects of humic acid.

Scientists have discovered the fact that it is able to change the structure of water, to make it "melt". And it is known to have a healing effect on the body.

Biological and chemical properties of humic acids

These organic substances have a complex structure, they are quite common in nature and act as natural detoxifiers and adaptogens.

A wide range of biological effects distinguishes these compounds, and at the same time they are completely safe to use, as they are environmentally friendly. In the 60s of the 20th century, the effect of humic acids on animals was studied and it turned out that they significantly increase the body's resistance to negative factors. environment. The body becomes much stronger and healthier.

Studies by our and foreign scientists confirm that humic acids (what it is, we have already considered) can be used as medicinal raw materials.

If we consider the chemical features of the compounds, we can note them:

• Irregular structure.
• Polydispersity.
• Heterogeneity of structural components.

Humic acid monomers are aromatic compounds with side branches and heterocycles. Among the functional groups can be found:

• Phenolic.
• Carbonyl.
• Carboxylic.
• Alcoholic.
• Peptides.
• Polysaccharides.
• quinoid groups.
• mineral complexes.

The polymorphism of the structure provides a variety of positive effects of humic acids on the body, whether plant or animal. They are distinguished by their versatile binding potential, therefore they act as an intermediary, which significantly reduces the effect of toxic substances on the body.

How can you get humic acids

Most often, such compounds are obtained by processing waste coal production. They are then grown in water by adding inoculum. These are pathogenic bacteria that accelerate the decomposition process and increase the percentage of acid yield.

In this way, it is possible to accelerate the process of soil formation in the areas of coal mines, to cultivate infertile soils. Any organic is suitable for obtaining these compounds.

Obtaining humic acid is possible even from fallen leaves or cellulose.

The effect of humic acids on the human body

These compounds have powerful abilities to maintain the chemical balance in the body. The dual nature of humic acid allows it to act as an electron donor or acceptor. This makes it the strongest antioxidant, a trap for free radicals, and, as you know, they damage DNA molecules and accelerate the aging of the body. Humic acids are also useful for humans because they have a powerful healing effect:

From all of the above, we can conclude that if you take humic acids, the benefits to humans will be enormous.

Areas of application of humic acids

Given the large and varied composition of these compounds, as well as their numerous properties, there are several industries in which their use is justified and their effectiveness has been confirmed. Humic acids are in demand in the following areas:

1. Plant growing.
2. Livestock.
3. Human therapy.

Let's look at each area in a little more detail.

The benefits of humic acids for the plant body

The concept of humus has been known for more than 200 years, but the benefits of humic acids have been discovered relatively recently. There is a paradox: soil humic acids do not dissolve in water, so how can they have a positive effect on plant development? Scientists have found a way out of this situation. It turned out that the salts of these acids are quite soluble, so they are actively used in the production of fertilizers. The following positive effects on plants have been noted:

• The plant organism increases in size many times faster.

• Stimulate the growth and development of the root system.
• Salts of humic acids increase the resistance of plants to the effects of adverse factors environment. The incidence is decreasing.
• Accelerate fruit ripening.
• They have a positive effect on the intensity of photosynthesis, the synthesis of chlorophyll.
• Increase the yield of plants.

Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of the use of humic acids in crop production.

The use of humates in veterinary medicine

Not only in human therapy and plant cultivation, the use of humic acids is justified, but also in veterinary medicine. It has been established that when added to the diet of animals, it causes the following effects:

• The percentage of birth of healthy offspring is increasing.
• The survival rate of the young is increasing.
• Immunity increases, and animals become less susceptible to various infections.

• The weight gain increases.
• Improves metabolic processes in the body of the animal.
• Animals improve digestion.
• Since toxic substances and gases are removed from the body in a timely manner, the processes of decay and fermentation are suppressed in the intestines.
• Improves the general well-being of animals.
• Wool and leather look much better.
• Inflammatory processes are suppressed.

When added to animal feed, humic acid does not provoke side effects, it is well tolerated by both animals and birds. There is no fear that it will cause gene mutations. Its safety allows it to be used for making

Human treatment with humic acids

In the treatment of human diseases, these substances can be safely used. They are absolutely safe, do not cause allergies, there are no side effects, because the acids are completely environmentally friendly.

Humic acid is prescribed for the following pathologies and conditions:

• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Metabolism disorder.
• Therapy of poisoning.
• Elimination of inflammatory processes, which allows replacing antibacterial drugs with humic acids.

These compounds allow you to neutralize and remove toxic and harmful substances from the body, therefore, the general condition of a person improves.

The use of humic acids in cosmetology

The external application of humic acid is no less effective than the internal one. It is used in cosmetology for therapeutic ointments and masks, baths. As a result, toxic substances that are in the skin and provoke allergic manifestations and other pathologies are removed.

Ointment based on humic acids has the following effect:

• Relieves pain.
• Fights inflammation.
• Helps to eliminate the consequences of injuries of the musculoskeletal system.

Such a therapeutic effect justifies the use of external application of humic acids in the presence of varicose veins, hematomas, injuries of the joints and muscles.

Where can you buy humic acids?

Humic acid is sold in pharmacies in the form of dietary supplements. These include, for example, "Gumavit". Its cost, of course, is high, reaching 1000 rubles for just 50 ml. Among the medicines can be called "Supropol".

This drug is prescribed to patients even with cancer. Humic acids are able to penetrate into cancer cells and kill them. The price of the medicine reaches 10 thousand per bottle, but in our country this remedy does not have official registration, therefore, its use is treated with caution.

Buying animal feed with humic acids is much easier. For example, fish food with such a composition will cost about 300-400 rubles, and Elytrium for pigs and poultry will cost about 500 rubles.

These are the miraculous humic acids. We have discussed what it is, but it remains to be added that before using products containing them, you should consult your doctor. This is especially true for the treatment of children, pregnant women and nursing mothers. Any, even the most harmless drug can cause unexpected reactions in the body, so you must first discuss this issue with the doctor.

Nature creates amazing and diverse substances that man finds useful use in various areas. There are compounds called humic acids. Man has studied their structure and chemical composition and now uses their useful and unique properties. What are the benefits and harms of humic acids?

What are humic acids and what are they for?

Humic acids are high-molecular organic compounds formed during the decomposition of dead plants in the process of humification. They are not a substance with a single chemical formula, but a mixture of many compounds with different structures.

Composition of humic acids

Data chemical compounds are a long chain of molecules. These chains include various biologically active substances: hormones, catechins, flavones, peptides, quinones, polyphenols, carbohydrates, and about 20 amino acids. Moreover, minerals are also present in these acids.

The rich chemical composition contributes to the use of these compounds in various fields.

Where are humic acids found and how are they obtained?

They are found in plants, peat and, of course, in the soil layer - humus. In the form of salts, these compounds are present in oxidized coal. Usually biodegradable organic compounds 2 final products are formed - carbon dioxide and water. In the case of the substances under consideration, this does not happen: the biomass does not break down to these constituents. On the contrary, the remaining components (previously mentioned polyphenols, amino acids and carbohydrates) cooperate and combine into long molecular chains.

It is possible to artificially obtain these compounds by specially processing coal production waste. They are added to water, and then a culture of bacteria is added to this medium, accelerating decomposition, respectively, producing the production of the target product.

Comment! In small concentrations, they are found in some foods: fried meat, coffee, tea.

Application of humic acids

The compounds have been used in various fields. For example, in agriculture, humic acids are actively used as fertilizers for plants. In addition, they are very often used in medicine, veterinary medicine and cosmetology. Another application of these substances is their use for the purification of waters and territories that a person has harmed with oil products, other organic matter and heavy metals.

What is useful humic acid for humans

The benefits of these substances for humans are widely known.

Due to their chemical structure, they are antioxidants. In addition, their antiviral and antibacterial activity has been studied. They can be used as an enterosorbent for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Moreover, in this case, the effect will be intense in comparison with the usual sorbents, for example, activated carbon, since humic acid is a complexing agent capable of attracting other substances to itself, and not just a mechanical sorbent. Perceptible harm and discomfort from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be eliminated with the help of humic acids.

These substances also help eliminate harm from toxic substances such as heavy metals. They take part in the metabolism of the liver, thereby eliminating and neutralizing toxic substances, preventing them from also participating in chemical reactions.

They have anti-stress activity, regulating the production of adrenal hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline, and an increased level of these hormones in the blood is harmful. psycho-emotional state person, causes a feeling of anxiety. However, humic preparations block excess hormones, preventing them from reaching their goal - nerve receptors.

Humic acids are also part of the mummy. Moreover, they have anti-inflammatory properties and can improve the body's immune response. Thus, the tangible benefits of humic acids for humans have been proven, and harm can only be done by using them for other purposes.

Humic acids for plants

In agriculture, the properties of these substances are used to accelerate the growth of plants, and also as a fertilizer. However, their benefits do not end there:

1. In the case of their long-term use, various properties of the soil are improved, for example, buffering and ion exchange, as well as its structure.
2. The activity of microorganisms inhabiting the soil increases.
3. In addition, they improve the ability of plants to adapt to unpleasant conditions, both external (abrupt changes in temperature and humidity) and their own diseases.
4. The compounds contribute to the accumulation of nutrients by plants, which allows you to reduce the use of other fertilizers and the damage caused by them to a minimum.

Important! Since these compounds do not dissolve in water, their properties are useful in crop production in the form of ammonium, sodium, potassium salts dissolved in water.

The use of humic acids in veterinary medicine

The compounds are used as feed additives for livestock. This allows you to accelerate the growth of muscle mass of animals without harming their body, which is very useful for meat breeds. The best survival of individuals, the composition of the feed of which included these compounds, has been proven. In addition, these compounds contribute to better digestion of food in animals, which improves their well-being.

Important! These substances do not harm the health of animals, do not cause genetic mutations.

Humic acids in cosmetology

These substances are actively used in mud therapy. With the help of masks, ointments, baths and other cosmetic products containing these compounds, toxins and toxic elements are removed that can accumulate in the skin and cause an allergic reaction or provoke other diseases that are harmful to the skin. Thus, their usefulness in this field has been proven.

Conclusion

The benefits and harms of humic acids have been studied in some detail. Some scientists consider these substances to be a lost component of the human food chain. Therefore, the benefits of these compounds for improving health are already well known and beyond doubt. In addition, the need for their use in many areas of human activity cannot be underestimated.

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It belongs to the category of detox products, that is, its purpose is to effectively cleanse the body of all kinds of garbage that has time to accumulate in it. This is called detoxification, hence the term detox water. The body periodically needs such cleansing so that all internal organs function correctly. Detox water is also called "infused" because it contains various additives, the meaning of which is to support the body with various nutrients. Water removes wastes and toxins, has a positive effect on metabolism, improves digestion and the functioning of internal organs, and delivers healing substances to their destination. Since a cleansed body gets rid of extra pounds faster, detox water is an excellent choice for dietary nutrition. It contains antioxidants that have a positive effect on the cells of our body, improves the condition of the skin, hair and nails. Various herbs, fruits, citrus fruits can act as additives in detox water. In addition, water can be enriched biologically active substances, in particular, the humic complex, which gives the drink a characteristic black color. The benefits of black water - is it a fact? Can it harm the body? Let's talk about this in more detail.

Humic complex

Mineral water is useful on its own, and in combination with the humic complex it turns into the very “living water” from a fairy tale. What is this miracle complex? According to foreign researchers, humic acids are the missing link in our food chain. Alas, we have to live in not the cleanest atmosphere, and we ourselves have made and are making it so. Ecology leaves much to be desired, humanity is sorely lacking vitamins and mineral compounds, the air of megacities is poisoned by microbes and allergens. But the worst thing is that we cannot expect food support, because the soils on the planet are depleted, you can’t grow truly high-quality vegetables and fruits on them. All hope is only in the deep layers, where the most ancient soils lie, remembering the era of dinosaurs. They are rich in mineral salts and other valuable substances, which are stored in the form of humic acids. This is a long molecular chain released from coal or the soil layer. The main component of the humic complex is fulvic acid, which, together with humic acid, is the most powerful combination that can heal the body. It is a bioavailable compound containing a spectrum of mineral salts, trace elements and amino acids.

In the humic complex, you can find polysaccharides, about twenty amino acids, vitamins and mineral compounds, fatty acid, flavonoids, tocopherols. And this is only a small part of what is present in this miraculous complex. Recent studies have identified a little less than seventy substances valuable for the human body from the humic complex. Do you know the positive effects of melt water on health? This is a proven fact, and humic acids change the structure of water, turning it into melted water. It is the structure of melt water that has water in our tissues. And it is these properties that black water with a humic complex has.

Black water

Black detox water is 100% natural, high quality artesian water, brought to the surface from a deep well located in an ecologically clean area. It is enriched with a humic complex, due to which it has a rich black color. The well from which water is extracted is located at a depth of one and a half kilometers, so the product is saturated with mineral compounds and has a high pH level (8.2). The source has healing properties and is one of the rarest on the planet. Black water not only effectively quenches thirst, but also effectively heals the body, it has no contraindications and is suitable for people of all age groups, ladies in position and people with weakened immune systems. Water does not cause allergies and is completely excreted from the body.

The benefits of black water

The health benefits of black water for men and women have been confirmed by numerous studies. So, its antioxidant effect on the body has been proven. The humic complex maintains balance in the body and is a barrier to free radicals that negatively affect DNA and can lead to the formation of oncology. In addition, water has antiviral activity. Humic molecules, like cocoons, surround viruses, thereby preventing their reproduction and penetration into the cell. And that's not all, because humic molecules not only "keep" viruses, but also notify the immune system about them, like a respectable citizen who detained a criminal and handed him over to the police. Since the virus is securely bound to the humic molecule, the immune system can easily deal with it, and you do not get sick or recover faster. Black water removes from the body all the garbage accumulated there, including heavy metals, which are not excreted on their own. The humic complex has a positive effect on the liver, protecting it from toxic substances. Toxins cannot penetrate the liver and enter into a chemical reaction, as they are retained by humic acids and are quickly excreted from the body.

Black water also has a positive effect on the quality of blood, which more actively saturates tissues with oxygen. Black water has an antibacterial effect, destroying pathogenic microorganisms. The product improves the intestinal microflora, clearing it of dangerous bacteria. As a result, a clean intestine, which is the key to good health and a long life. Humic acids cover the gastric mucosa with a thin gel film that prevents the absorption of harmful substances. Due to this, peristalsis and tone are normalized, pain syndrome disappears. Interestingly, the humic complex has a selective effect, that is, it removes only harmful substances, useful ones remain in the body. Moreover, thanks to black water, valuable trace elements are absorbed faster, which means they bring more benefits. And this is not all the positive aspects of black water with a humic complex. It has a positive effect on the immune system, has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes the speedy healing of wounds. The recommended portion of black water in the diet will help strengthen blood vessels and minimize the risk of atherosclerosis, since the product helps get rid of "bad" cholesterol. Reducing the sensitization of the body is another plus of humic acids, which bind and remove allergens from the body. Thanks to this, allergy symptoms disappear, and the number of eosinophils normalizes. Humic acids help to cope with stress, and due to the active saturation of the cells of the body with oxygen, they improve the general condition, increase efficiency and stimulate brain activity.

Harm of black water?

There is a question mark in the title of the paragraph, since the health risks of black water are under a big question. Moreover, it has not been proven and has not been identified. The product has no contraindications, but it is not worth replacing ordinary water with it. They drink black water in courses, and the recommended norm is half a glass / glass per day, on an empty stomach. Drink slowly, in small sips, enjoying the unusual taste of the drink. Now you know that " living water” happens not only in fairy tales, but also in real life The important thing is to know where to look.

Humic acids are the missing link of the body in the food chain - literally all foreign researchers believe so.

Today we are, indeed, in not the best environmental situation for life. Our body lacks many minerals, vitamins, trace elements, we are attacked by allergens and microbes, we are poisoned by the air big city not to mention our bad habits. Today, we cannot even rely on food in stores and markets. This applies especially to fruits and vegetables. Even agricultural soils for growing various crops are completely depleted. Only ancient soils rich in minerals, which are still preserved in the depths of our earth's crust in the form of humic substances, can ensure human health and longevity. And with the advent of the latest biotechnologies, such soil has become available to us.

What substances does humic acid consist of?

Humic acids are large, long chains of molecules that can be isolated in the form of humate from a layer of soil or coal. Its important component is also fulvic acid, its properties are considered separately.

The complex of fulvic and humic acids is the most powerful combination for the recovery of your body. It also has a high level of bioavailability. It contains a full range of amino acids, minerals and trace elements. These include the following substances:

• peptides,
• natural polysaccharides,
• vitamins,
• more than 20 amino acids,
• minerals,
• hormones,
• sterols,
• fatty acid,
• ketones and polyphenols with subgroups,
• flavones,
• catechins,
• flavins,
• tannins,
• isoflavones,
• tocopherols,
• quinones and others. There are about 70 useful components in total.

Such a polymorphic, saturated structure is due to the variety of positively acting biological effects of humic acid.

Facts: it was found that humic acid is able to change the structural structure of water, turning water into "thawed". It is known that melt water has healing properties when exposed to organisms. Water, which is in the tissues of a living organism, has the structure of melt water.

How does humic acid affect the body

Humic complexes have a pronounced ability to maintain the chemical balance in the body. Humic acid in various situations can behave as an acceptor of its own electrons or as a donor. This makes the acid in question a powerful antioxidant, free radical scavenger. After all, it is free radicals that damage the DNA molecules of our cells and protein structures, disrupt their genetic codes. Free radicals make it possible to develop cancer. This aspect is especially important for the inhabitants of all of Russia, since epidemiological studies revealed a significant deficiency of many antioxidants in them.

Virus activity

Humic acid shows high viral activity. Molecules of humic acid envelop viruses like a "coat", blocking their entry into cells and preventing reproduction. In this case, humic acids send a signal to your immune system when an invader appears. This is what pushes your immune system to fight viruses that are in vulnerable positions as a result of the binding of humic acid molecules. Thanks to this, the number of viruses is reduced, and your immune system copes better with all diseases.

The inhibitory effect of humic acid is directed against the replication of the virus at an early stage, therefore, when using humic acids, prophylactic use is possible, especially during influenza.

Hepatoprojector and detoxifier

Humic acid is a powerful complexing agent, removing and binding heavy-type metals (mercury, lead, copper, zinc, cobalt, cadmium and others) from the body. Getting into the human body through food and air, they can accumulate in all tissues of the body. When a certain concentration is reached, cell mutations and severe poisoning are caused.

Heavy metals are not excreted from the body on their own, if no therapeutic measures are taken. Humic acid is actively involved in the metabolism of the liver and acts as a filter for metals. It captures and immobilizes toxic substances, preventing them from entering into chemical reactions. The toxin is then removed from the body very easily.

Long-term use of humic acid has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the liver. Respiration is stimulated, the level of all liver enzymes is normalized, and the regeneration of damaged liver cells is accelerated.

The influence of this acid on the basic properties of blood

Humic acid at a dose of 150-300 mg per kilogram of body weight human body does not affect blood clotting, bleeding, platelet aggregation or thrombin time. Hemoglobin and red cells in our blood remain at the required level. In the presence of humic acid, erythrocytes supply a sufficiently large amount of oxygen to the tissues of our body.

Manifestations of antibacterial activity

Humic acid has an established antibacterial effect on pathogenic microorganisms: St. pyogenes, St. epidermidis, St. aureus, S. Typhimurium, Ps. Aeruginosa, Prot. Vulgaris, C. albicans. They accelerate the metabolism of bacteria significantly, which leads to complete destruction of microbial cells. In the intestine, humic acid neutralizes pathogenic microflora. Toxins and associated bacteria are eliminated naturally.

Enterosorption

Adsorption by humic acid has its own peculiarity. It is a complexing agent, and not a mechanical enterosorbent, which acts much more intensively than other, conventional enterosorbents. As a result, humic acid is able to remove diarrhea and many other digestive disorders much faster. Due to the tanning effect, the intestinal mucosa is completely compacted, its excess secretion of tissue fluids and permeability are reduced, which helps to avoid excessive water loss in case of diarrhea.

Humic acid has the property of forming a thin gel film on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, which protects the body from toxins and infections. If the villi of the intestinal epithelium are inflamed or destroyed, humic acid penetrates the subepithelial tissues and promotes recovery. This is what they differ from other known physical adsorbents (the following substances should be included here: silicates, clay minerals and activated carbon), which will remain unchanged on the mucous membrane. Thanks to protective gel films, all pathological impulses are reduced along with peripheral ones. nerve endings intestines, the pain syndrome disappears, the tone and normal peristalsis are restored.

Humic acid exhibits several more important properties for the human body as an enterosorbent. There are a number of experimental data showing the selective removal of excess minerals and toxins from the body when using humic acids. This means that as a result of taking humic acids, there is no loss of essential minerals. So, having enterosorbent properties, there is no bad influence humic acids on the balance of essential and useful substances inside the body.

Humic acids have a wide composition of acids of organic origin. This provides additional support for the digestive tract, as they, along with enzymes, help break down food. In addition, inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria of the digestive tract is observed, there is a significant increase in beneficial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract, the digestion of protein substances and the absorption of calcium, nutrients and trace elements improve.

The immune system

A positive effect on immune responses is another effect of humic acids on the human body. With the help of humic compounds, the number of glycoprotectors in the body is regulated, which affect the balance of B- and T-lymphocytes.

They also activate the release of interleukins 1 and 2, the synthesis of gamma globulins, endogenous interferon, and all this leads to an improvement in the functions of the immune system. According to medical research, humic acids also exhibit anti-cancer properties, slowing down the process of tumor formation, and suppress the effects of viruses that can cause cancer.

Anti-inflammatory properties

Humic acid has anti-inflammatory effects. It accelerates the healing of all wounds and ulcers due to increased fibroblast proliferation, and also activates water, protein and fat metabolism. It also has an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of mediators and inflammation of prostaglandins. Activation of tissue tissue occurs locally, which contributes to the rapid healing of wounds. The inhibitory effects of humic acid on the damaging parts of the skin, vascular walls and proteolytic enzymes have been established.

Antiatherosclerotic effect

Due to the ability to bind and recognize substances that are in excess in the body, humic acid forms and removes complexes with lipoproteins and cholesterol from your body, which makes them effective in combating the consequences of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis themselves.

Antiallergic effects

Humic acid reduces the sensitization of your body by actively removing and binding allergens from the body. At the same time, allergy symptoms disappear, the number of eosinophils in the blood normalizes, and stable remission is achieved.

Antistress actions of glutamic acid

Humic acid regulates the action of stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands (norepinephrine, adrenaline). Elevated levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine indicate high level anxiety. Humic acids block excess hormones and prevent them from reaching their receptors, which are located in the cells. Also, humic acid affects the oxygenation of red blood cells, improves well-being and contributes to a surge of strength in humans.

Glutamic acid

In the processes of nitrogen distribution, glutamic acid plays a leading role. Glutamic acid makes up about 25% of the total amount of all (essential and non-essential) amino acids in the human body.

Although glutamic acids are considered non-essential amino acids, it has been found that glutamic acid is indispensable for certain human tissues and cannot be replaced by any other (any other amino acid).

There is an original “fund” of glutamic acids in the human body. Glutamic acids are consumed first where they are most needed, thereby ensuring the maximum ability of the body to withstand negative factors and excessive physical exertion.

Let's try to determine the main functions of this glutamic acid in the human body.

The main effect of glutamic acid on the human body

The main functions of glutamic acid include the following:

• Synthesis of n-aminobenzoic acids;
• The ability to increase the permeability of their walls in muscle cells for the penetration of potassium ions into them, which leads to the accumulation of this substance in the cells;
• Participates in the synthesis of serotonin (through tryptophan, mediated);
• Participates in the synthesis of various enzymes that carry out redox reactions in the cells of the body;
• Participates in the synthesis of c-GMP, which are mediators of mediator and hormonal signals;
• Participates in the synthesis of c-AMP;
• Has the ability to turn into aminobutyric acid;
• Participates in the synthesis process nucleic acids;
• Neutralizes ammonia.

The synthesis of amino acid substitutes occurs with the participation of glutamic acid. However, according to recent research, glutamic acid has the ability to convert into a number of essential amino acids, in particular arginine and histidine.

The conversion of glutamic acid to glutamine occurs when an ammonia molecule is attached to it. Ammonia is a highly toxic compound formed as a by-product during nitrogen metabolism. When ammonia is added to glutamic acid, it is converted into glutamine, which is a non-toxic substance. Glutamine is also included in the process of amino acid metabolism. Sports nutrition, which is a complex complex of substances, uses both glutamine and glutamic acid. Which of these substances is more preferable for athlete's nutrition?

The answer is no doubt obvious. Having a detoxifying effect, glutamic acid is a more preferable substance for the human body, because if it is necessary to obtain glutamine, the body can attach an ammonia molecule to it. After all, ammonia is present in the human body in excess.

The process of biosynthesis of carbohydrates from glutamic acid is a complex reserve mechanism for supplying glucose to the brain. This is important with large amounts of physical activity and the absence of carbohydrates in the diet.

Glutamic acid is also a participant in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, which are involved in the process of building RNA and DNA molecules. These nucleotides have a pronounced anabolic effect, which is especially important in relation to rapidly dividing cells. For this reason, they have the greatest influence on the process of hematopoiesis, since it is hematopoietic cells that have a rapid process of division. A weaker anabolic effect is manifested in relation to the gastrointestinal tract, and the weakest anabolic effect is on the skeletal muscles.

However, even in the case of its complete absence, pyrimidine and purine nucleotides have a positive effect on increasing muscle volume. This is due to the improvement in the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. The highest content of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides is in brewer's and baker's yeast. They are currently being marketed as a separate food supplement.

Glutamic acid is a compound that, together with glucose, is an excellent source of brain nutrition. This is due to its ability to oxidize in mitochondria during the passage of the stage of occurrence of ketoglutaric acid. This also leads to the release of energy, which is stored in the form of ATP.

Glutamic acid is also referred to as independent neurotransmitters in some parts of the brain and spinal cord. This is manifested by the existence of large groups of nerve cells that use glutamic acid as the only substance that transmits a nerve impulse between cells. She is the main assistant in the processes of excitation. But since inhibitory neurotransmitters are also formed from this amino acid, the excitatory effect is neutralized by the calming one, as a result of which glutamic acid does not have a pronounced excitatory effect.

Glutamic acid in brain cells is converted into GABA - gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters. GABA has a pronounced anabolic effect on the body's muscle tissue, lowers the cells' need for oxygen - this is ensured by the activation of oxygen-free oxidation in energy substrates.

GABA can be oxidized by oxygen and oxygen-free ways, and energy will be released in large quantities. When a person gets into extreme conditions - mental and nervous strain, severe infection, physical overload, low or high temperature, the oxygen demand of the brain increases significantly. As a result, the so-called aminobutyrate shunt is triggered. In this case, large amounts of glutamic acid are converted into GABA, which is oxidized in nerve cells, providing the necessary amount of energy under extreme conditions. The body's resistance to extreme conditions is determined by the presence of the necessary amount of energy in the nerve cells. This increases the body's need for glutamic acid. Glutamic acid does not have a pronounced inhibitory or stimulating effect, but it exhibits a significant anti-stress effect on the central nervous system and on the body as a whole. In this case, glutamic acid manifests itself as a kind of adaptogen.

Also, glutamic acid is an active participant in the synthesis of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which later turns into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). For most neurotransmitters (catecholamins) and hormones (first of all, insulin should be included here), the absence of the possibility of penetration into the cell is characteristic, their action is limited only to the receptors of the outer part of the cell membrane. The change in metabolism inside the cell occurs with the participation of the intracellular mediator that transmits the hormonal signal, c-AMP. When exposed to receptors, cAMP synthesis occurs, as a result of which a chain of metabolic reactions inside the cell is launched. Large physical loads lead to adaptation of the body to them due to the release of a significant amount of neurotransmitters and hormones into the blood. Repeated physical activity leads to an increase in the fitness of the body, while the release of hormones and neurotransmitters is reduced, since intracellular synthesis of cAMP increases.

This reaction is more economical, helping to “save” the mediator and hormonal reserves of the body, protecting it from exhaustion. Thus, the transformation of glutamic acid leads to an increase in the sensitivity of cells to mediator and hormonal signals, and this, in turn, leads to a more accurate and adequate response to significant physical exertion.

C-AMP, being an intracellular mediator of hormonal signals transmitted indirectly, increases the level of cell sensitivity to the action of sex hormones, while stimulating their release into the blood and an increase in the content of sex hormones in muscle tissue. In this case, there is an increase in muscle anabolism.

At a time when bodybuilding did not exist, glutamic acid was used in the treatment of hereditary muscle atrophy as an anabolic agent.

Glutamic acid is also a source of GMF (gluanidine monophosphate) in the body. This substance has the ability to turn into c-GMP (cyclic gluanidine monophosphate). Like c-AMP, c-GMP serves as an intracellular mediator of mediator and hormonal signals with different properties. For example, c-GMP is an intracellular mediator of acetylcholine cell action on muscle cells.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of nerve cells that make up motor centers and conducts motor impulses to the muscle. With an increase in the sensitivity of muscle and nerve cells to the action of acetylcholine, muscle strength increases, and the anabolic processes of the muscle itself are also activated.

Since glutamic acid is involved in the synthesis of NAD, its energizing properties are manifested. NAD (nicotinanide adenine dinucleotide) is a specific enzyme that takes part in the process of biological oxidation. This process takes place in the mitochondria. In the process of redox reactions of NAD, the transfer of hydrogen ions and electrons occurs.

Also, glutamic acid has the ability to turn into tryptophan - not non-essential amino acid. Deficiency in the body of nicotinic acid (this is vitamin PP) is the conversion of tryptophan into nicotinic acid, which prevents the occurrence and development of beriberi. Tryptophan synthesizes serotonin - a neurotransmitter nervous system a person that has an anabolic effect, accelerates the synthesis of protein in the body, and also promotes the activation of the adrenal cortex, the release of glucocorticoid hormones into the blood during intense physical exertion.

The effect of glutamic acid on the body is also manifested in an increase in cell permeability to potassium ions, which leads to its accumulation in the cells of the human body. This is of particular importance for the skeletal muscles, since muscle contraction requires a high content of potassium in the cells, which is ensured by the action of glutamic acid.

hippuric acid

Benzoylglycine - the second name of hippuric acid, has the formula C6H5CONH2CH2COOH and is a compound of glycine residues and benzoic acid. It is a colorless crystalline substance with a melting point of 187.5°C. Hippuric acid is formed in the human and animal body in the liver. Its excretion is carried out with urine. The biological significance of the synthesis of this acid in the body is the process of binding benzoic acid, which is released during the destruction of aromatic compounds. aromatic compounds found in various plant tissues. The test for the release of hippuric acid is an indicator of the ability of the liver to neutralize toxic substances. Thus, the Quick test is carried out.

General information about leucine

Leucine is an amino acid that is essential in creating structural new protein molecules. For this reason, leucine must be contained in sufficient quantities in the human diet. Valine, leucine and isoleucine are the so-called branched-chain amino acids. All three of these amino acids, due to the presence of branched side chains in them, can be used by the body in order to obtain energy.

Leucine - amino acid features

This amino acid plays important role in the nutrition of athletes. According to some studies, leucine and its use can have a significant effect. With the participation of leucine, the formation of new muscle fibers and tissues occurs, and protein synthesis also increases. At the same time, leucine helps stop the destruction of protein molecules, and this is an important component of muscle growth. This means that it is possible to reduce the protein breakdown that occurs after intense training by consuming enough leucine. In this case, a significantly more positive establishment of nitrogen balance will occur than in the process of using a placebo. With the help of leucine, other reparative processes that occur in the human body also take place.

Leucine

This element is necessary for the body to receive energy. With the help of leucine, glucose reserves are indirectly saved, and their destruction is also suppressed. This amino acid prevents the catabolism that occurs in the muscles. Valine and isoleucine, amino acids that have branched side chains like leucine, are substrates for glucogenesis, thus exhibiting their anti-catabolic properties. It is for this reason that the combined intake of the three listed amino acids is considered the most effective.

should not be considered oxidative processes exclusively negative. The high speed of anabolic processes that occur in the muscles during exercise is ensured precisely by the oxidation of amino acids in the body. This means that during the metabolism of leucine there is an increase and growth of muscles while suppressing the loss of muscle mass.

The anabolic properties of leucine should also include its ability to stimulate insulin secretion. Compared to the other two amino acids (valine and isoleucine), leucine has the highest insulinogenic effect. Insulin is considered one of the most important hormones for strength athletes and bodybuilders, because it is he who ensures the transport of amino acids and glucose into the cells of the body. This means that when the required amount of amino acids is received, protein synthesis is enhanced and cell growth is stimulated. An increase in blood insulin levels leads to a decrease in the secretion of cortisol and catecholamines, which have a pronounced catabolic effect.

With the help of cortisol - and this is its difference from insulin - the accumulation and storage of nutrients is carried out, the processes of destruction of these nutrients and the release of energy occur. Cortisol has a pronounced catabolic effect on muscles. However, over the long term, elevated cortisol levels can Negative influence on the number of muscle fibers. This poses a particular danger to athletes who exercise intensely and frequently and who are on a low-carbohydrate diet. You can neutralize this harmful effect by taking leucine before training, as well as immediately after it.

Alanine

Being one of the main sources of energy in the body, alanine is also responsible for the nutrition of the brain and central nervous system, helps strengthen the immune system, takes part in the metabolism of organic acids and sugars. Alanine is synthesized from branched amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine).

Alanine is also a raw material for the production of glucose in the body. This property of alanine allows us to call it one of the most important sources energy, a regulator of the amount of sugar in a person's blood. With a lack of carbohydrates in food and a decrease in sugar levels, muscle protein is destroyed, and the liver converts alanine into another substance - glucose. This is called the process of gluconeogenesis. This happens to stabilize a person's blood glucose levels.

A non-essential amino acid, alpha-alanine is involved in the metabolism of organic acids and carbohydrates, and its synthesis occurs with the help of pyruvic acid. Alpha-alanine is involved in the process of ammonia detoxification that occurs during heavy physical exertion.

β-aminopropionic acid, or beta-alanine, is part of coenzyme A, as well as a certain number of peptides that have biological activity. It can be found in brain tissue where beta-alanine is in an unbound free state.

Beta-alanine has a chemical structure that is completely different from that of the sex hormones. Beta-alanine does not allow histamine to be released sharply, while it does not impede the work of P1 receptors. With its help, peripheral vasodilation is eliminated (this mainly applies to the vessels of the skin), which is the cause of various vegetative reactions that have the form of hot flashes, headaches, fever, sensations of warmth.

The physiological mechanism for various vasomotor reactions in the process of reducing secretion by the ovaries is determined by imbalances in the centers of thermoregulation of the hypothalamus of neurotransmitters, and this leads to a gradual dilatation of the blood vessels of the skin. The use of the drug leads to an increase in the level of sensitivity to neurotransmitters of peripheral receptors, which are actively involved in this process.

Are there any special indications for use?

INDICATIONS:

• To strengthen the immune system of the human body;
• Reducing the possibility of formation in the kidneys of stones of various nature;
• As an aid in the treatment of hypoglycemia, mitigation of recurrent epileptic seizures;
• As one of the most important sources of energy and nutrition of the central nervous system and brain;
• Elimination of symptoms that are of a vegetative nature and manifest as hot flashes characteristic of premenopause, menopause and postmenopause;
• Before starting hormone replacement therapy;
• Application is possible in combination with hormone replacement therapy if this therapy is not effective enough.

Threonine

Hydroxyamino acid - threonine - is a molecule consisting of two chiral centers. It is this quality that provides the presence of four isomers of optical properties:

• L-threonine - 3D;
• D-threonine - 3D;
• L-threonine - 3L;
• D-threonine - 3L.

Along with other 19 proteinogenic amino acids, L-threonine takes part in the formation of proteins of natural origin. Threonine is an essential amino acid for humans. daily requirement it is 0.5 g for an adult, about 3 g for a child.

Plants and bacteria synthesize threonine through the formation of homoserine-O-phosphate from a substance called aspartic acid.

The main functions of threonine

Being an irreplaceable polar aliphatic hydroxyamino acid, threonine takes an active part in the formation of formyltetrahydrofolic acid, which is used to obtain amino acids. Threonine helps to maintain the necessary balance of proteins in the human body, is involved in the formation of elastin and collagen. With its participation, liver function and lipotropic function improve. Threonine increases the level of immunity by participating in the synthesis of antibodies.

metabolic process in the body

The main metabolic processes in which threonine takes part include:

• Participates in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids when cleavage products are converted into acetyl-CoA;
• When it is split, acetaldehyde and glycine are formed;
• It is an integral part of the polypeptide chain, which is composed of phosphoproteins, two residues are an integral part of the parahormone;
• Found in skeletal muscles, nervous system and heart.

Glycine

Glycine is an acid that contributes to the normal development of the nervous system, as well as improving the functioning of inhibitory receptors in the brain. At the same time, the use of glycine is not limited only to pharmacology, it is also used in cosmetology.

As an aminoacetic acid, glycine is a crystalline substance and is used as a thickener and structure-forming agent in cosmetic preparations used for skin care.

Also, glycine is an integral part of a large number of proteins and skin compounds that have biological activity. With the participation of glycine, the process of degeneration of muscle tissue slows down, since it serves as a source of creatine - this is a substance that is contained in human muscle tissue and is used in the process of RNA and DNA synthesis. Glycine is a necessary element for the production of bile acids, nucleic acids, and essential acids of the human body.

Glycine is useful in case of damage to the human skin, since glycine is found in sufficiently large quantities in the connective tissue and skin, and with its participation, there is an improvement in blood microcirculation and blood circulation in general.

The use of glycine in cosmetology

This amino acid is found in silk fibroins. Glycine is used in the soap making process, and the essence of this process is the same as the use of silk in making soap. However, this does not require alkali hydrolysis. At the same time, even 5 percent of soap is quite problematic to introduce into the resulting soap, and glycine (the same 5 percent) is introduced perfectly, while avoiding fuss with dissolution, washing and the smell of a cocoon. The result is a lot of the most pleasant sensations - a large amount of coarse bubble foam with an extraordinary silky tactile sensations. Also, when glycine enters the surface of the skin, when it enters the composition of a cosmetic product, it is moistened, and when it penetrates into the deeper layers, metabolic processes in the cells improve, and cell membranes receive additional protection from the action of free radicals. As a result, there is a reduction in the processes that occur during skin aging.

Arginine

L-ARGININE, or arginine, is a protein-forming non-essential amino acid for adults, but for children it is indispensable. Arginine is a component of proteins, in particular progamines - about 85 percent, as well as histones. With the participation of arginine, the process of synthesis of the hormone responsible for growth and other hormones occurs.

With daily use of arginine in the amount of 6-17 grams, the content of LDL-cholesterol decreases, while the amount of HDL-cholesterol does not decrease. This amino acid is essential for normal coronary microcirculation. This reduces the formation of blood clots that cause strokes and heart attacks.

Arginine helps increase T-cell function immune link, which leads to an increase in the weight of the thymus, which is responsible for a significant part of the immune processes (about 1.5 g per day). With the joint intake of arginine and lysine in an amount of 1 to 2 g per day, an increase in the body's immune response, activity and number of neutrophils is observed.

Arginine is especially rich in proteins contained in seminal fluid. With a lack of arginine, male infertility can develop. Arginine also takes an active part in the work of the genital organs, indirectly stimulating the production of testosterone in men. Also, nitric oxide has a significant effect on achieving and maintaining an erection, and for this reason, it is possible to prescribe arginine in the treatment of impotence (within 2.5 g per day).

Also, this amino acid plays a significant role in the process of muscle metabolism - weight loss is observed, since there is an acceleration in the growth of muscle mass with a parallel decrease in adipose tissue. High concentrations of arginine are found in connective and skin tissues, which makes it possible to use it in the restoration and treatment of damaged tissues.

Participating in the process of protein synthesis, arginine is also an integral part of the urea cycle (the so-called ornithine Krebs cycle), which is considered the main way of detoxifying ammonia in the body.

This amino acid in the body is converted into a special substance called spermine. It is found in brain cells, blood and sperm. At low levels of this substance, memory loss can occur, which may be a consequence of aging. When spermine is formed from arginine, a rather complex process occurs, in which several coenzymes are involved. Consider the scheme of this process.

The manganese-activated enzyme reacts with arginine to form the amino acid ornithine. Further, ornithine reacts with vitamin B6 to form putrescine. In parallel with this, magnesium reacts with methionine - this is another amino acid. As a result, activated methionine is formed, with the help of which putrescine is converted into spermidine. Then spermidine is converted to spermine. This rather complex process can be significantly accelerated by taking food supplements of coenzymes and amino acids that take part in this process.

With the participation of arginine, blood is supplied to the limbs. Arginine is a building block for proteins synthesized by the body from food. Therefore, it is not surprising when it is sometimes lacking.

Beneficial features

The beneficial effects of arginine on the body include:

• Acting as a precursor of nitric oxide, arginine dilates blood vessels and enhances their blood supply;
• Lowers the level of blood pressure and cholesterol, which leads to a decrease in the risk of blood clots, a positive effect on blood rheology;
• Improves the process of growth hormone synthesis, which leads to growth intensification in children and adolescents;
• Promotes an increase in muscle mass of the body, while the content of adipose tissue in it decreases, the state of connective tissues improves;
• Increases the level of immunity and slows down the growth of tumors;
• The use of arginine leads to stimulation of spermatogenesis and increased potency.

Lysine

As an aliphatic amino acid, lysine is the main building block of proteins. Lysine is a necessary substance for the human body, since it is he who is responsible for the normal development of growth, the production of hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and is involved in the process of tissue repair.

The end of the 20th century was marked by the discovery by scientists of the unusual properties of L-lysine, which enable this amino acid to fight various viruses, the entry of which into the human body leads to the development of herpes and acute respiratory diseases. According to numerous studies, lysine significantly lengthens the relapse interval in different types herpes (this also includes genital).

L-lysine in the fight against the herpes virus

When the herpes virus enters the human body, its active reproduction begins. In this case, he needs to use the cells of the human body. The main material for creating new viruses is the amino acid arginine.

L-lysine plays an important role in this process, since when it enters the body, arginine cells are replaced by lysine cells. These amino acids have exactly the same Chemical properties and structure, because the herpes virus does not distinguish between them. The cultivation of new viruses from lysine, and not from arginine cells, begins. As a result, a rapid cessation of the development of viruses is observed.

Severe mental stress and trauma lead to a rapid depletion of lysine reserves in our body, as a result of which the process of development of the herpes virus begins again. It is in connection with this that herpes is most common in people who are very and often worried, and also a lot of nervous.

Biological qualities of L-lysine

The biological properties of this substance include:

• Helps improve erection;
• Reduces the frequency of recurrences of genital herpes;
• Slows down the development of osteoporosis;
• Thickens hair;
• Prevents the appearance and development of atherosclerosis;
• Increases female libido;
• Improves the quality of short-term memory;
• Promotes muscle growth - plays the role of an anabolic;
• Increases endurance and muscle strength.

According to numerous studies, regular and long-term use of L-lysine leads to the manifestation of its antidepressant properties. There is also a decrease in the incidence of headaches - migraines.

Histidine

One of the essential amino acids, histidine promotes tissue repair and growth.

This amino acid is an integral part of the myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells. Also, histidine is necessary in the formation of white and red blood cells.

The action of histidine is also manifested in the protection of the body from radiation damage, is involved in the excretion of heavy metals helps with AIDS infection.

At elevated content histidine in the body may cause stress and various mental disorders (psychosis and arousal).

Methionine lowers the level of histidine in the body.

Another important element of immunological reactions, histamine is formed from histidine.

Histamine is involved in the process of sexual arousal.

The simultaneous use of biologically active additives, which contain pyridoxine, niacin and histidine, which are necessary in the process of histamine synthesis, is effective in the treatment of sexual disorders.

Since histamine stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, histidine helps in the treatment of digestive disorders that are associated with low gastric acidity.

If a person suffers from a manic-depressive disorder, the use of histidine is unacceptable. The exception is when the deficiency of a given element is clearly established.

Histidine has the following actions on the human body:

• Regulates the work of the endocrine system;
• It has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties;
• Has an analgesic effect (reduces headaches, relieves pain associated with menstruation, diseases of the spine and joints);
• Improves the functioning of the central nervous and peripheral systems;
• Improves the functioning of the digestive tract.

Tyrosine

Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid formed in the human body from the amino acid phenylalanine.

What are the properties of this amino acid?

The main actions of tyrosine include:

• Mood enhancement - as a precursor to neurotransmitters that have a positive effect on the emotional background, tyrosine indirectly improves and stabilizes mood;
• Decrease in appetite and decrease in fat mass;
• Participates in the formation of melanin - a pigment that is responsible for the acquisition of color by hair and skin;
• Improves the work of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland. Reacting with iodine, tyrosine promotes the formation of active thyroid hormones.

The symptoms of a lack of tyrosine in the body include a feeling of heaviness in the muscles of the calves of the legs, a decrease in body temperature (feeling cold in the hands and feet) and blood pressure, inhibition of the thyroid gland.

The use of L-tyrosine as a dietary supplement is indicated to normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland, reduce headaches, relieve stress, and treat nervous disorders.

Information intended for professionals

The use of L-tyrosine is justified by the fact that it is a substrate used to obtain glutamic acid, adrenaline and thyroxine. This is possible because tyrosine is a direct precursor of thyroid hormone and adrenaline.

L-tyrosine also promotes the production of growth hormone, takes part in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter from phenylalanine, and plays a role in the production of melanin. The decrease in plasma tyrosine content is due to a decrease in thyroid function. In the absence of the required amount of tyrosine, there is a lack of norepinephrine in the brain, which leads to the onset of a depressive state.

Application of tyrosine

Tyrosine is used in the following situations:

• To improve mood and counter stress and depression;
• In order to normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Urea

Urea is intended as a dehydrating agent in order to reduce edema that occurs in the brain, as well as toxic edema in the lungs. Urea has the ability to lower intraocular pressure. The processes that occur with a decrease in the degree of edema with the use of urea have not yet been sufficiently studied. There are suggestions that an important role in this is assigned to the osmotic effect of urea. With the introduction of hypertonic solutions of urea, an increase in the level of osmotic blood pressure occurs, which leads to a significant flow of fluids from organs and tissues into the blood. The fluids of the tissues of the brain and from the cavities, as well as the eyes, also participate in this. The penetration of urea through the blood-brain barrier, as well as into the eyeball itself, is difficult. This creates a noticeable difference between the fluid of the eye and the cerebrospinal fluid and osmotic blood pressure. During the experiment, the hypotensive effect is preserved during bilateral nephrectomy. There are data that allow us to highlight the special role of central mechanisms in achieving an antihypertensive effect. The influence of hypertonic solution on the osmoreceptive fields of the hypothalamus should be attributed to the central mechanisms.

Urea is used in neurosurgery - it is used to prevent and reduce cerebral edema. It is especially effective in the early stages of edema development. In ophthalmology, urea is used in the development of glaucoma, especially during an attack and in preparation for surgery.

cystine

Cystine plays a rather important role in the formation of the protein secondary structure due to the creation of disulfite bridges. An example is the formation of enzymes in the digestive system and insulin.

The composition of the cystine molecule includes two molecules of cysteine, which are interconnected by a disulfite bond. Both of these substances are found in the blood, and cysteine ​​can be on the order of 70-100 percent. It is possible to replace cysteine ​​in food proteins with methionine. Cysteine ​​is needed for good nail and hair growth.

It contains sulfur, for this reason it has the property of binding heavy metals, which include mercury, cadmium and copper. For this reason, when poisoning with such metals occurs, this substance should be taken. With a lack of cystine, trace elements important for human health are excreted from the body.

Cystine is also considered an active antioxidant. When combined with vitamin E, this effect is enhanced and a synergistic effect is observed. Increased consumption of cystine is indicated for recovery after surgery, burns, cystine helps to strengthen the connective tissue, and the intake of cystine is indicated for the development of arthritis.

Synthesis of cystine can also occur in the human body, and this requires methionine. With the joint intake of both substances, a significant increase in the lipotropic properties of methionine is observed. When cystine is combined with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in a ratio of 1:3, the destruction of kidney stones is possible. The solubility of cystine in water is very low, therefore it is not used to obtain liquid forms.

TO natural sources cystine should be attributed to the following foods:

• Corn;
• Oats;
• Eggs.

Cystine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, a dimer of cysteine. It is formed in proteins during the formation of disulfite bonds between cysteine ​​residues -S-S-. These connections support spatial structure protein molecule.

Being one of the most important amino acids for the human body, cystine is involved in the formation and growth of nails and hair.

Cystine is a stable form of cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, an essential element involved in the fight against the aging process. The body converts one substance into another as needed, and the two forms should be considered as a single amino acid. During the exchange reaction, the formation of sulfuric acid occurs, when interacting with other compounds, the process of detoxification of all systems of the human body occurs.

With the help of cystine and cysteine, it is possible to cleanse the body of the action of toxic metals, the destructive effects of free radicals formed during smoking and drinking alcohol.

Histidine

This amino acid, used in the synthesis of proteins, histamine and enzymes, has no clear definition of whether it is replaceable or irreplaceable. Scientists are still investigating this issue. According to biochemists, histidine is an essential amino acid. With a lack of it in the diet, a lack of histidine in the body as a whole is manifested. However, some proteins contain histidine, they can become a source of this substance, and for this reason other scientists are of the view that histidine is a partially essential amino acid.

Histidine is involved in a number of important physiological processes. For example, it helps to suppress glutamine synthetase, which serves as a catalyst in the process of glutamine synthesis, inhibits the breakdown of proteins and slows down the formation of nitrogen in cells. In rats, the antioxidant and anti-catabolic effects of histidine were obtained. A study conducted while observing people showed that when histidine was excluded from the diet, there was a decrease in the total turnover of proteins in the body by 28 percent, and in the blood there was a decrease in the level of hemoglobin by 11 percent, albumin - by 12 percent. The data obtained allow us to conclude that histidine plays an important role in maintaining required level proteins in the blood and muscles.

Aspartic acid

With the help of aspartic acid, nitrogen is redistributed in the body. Glutamic acid together with aspartic acid neutralize the action of ammonia.

The main properties when interacting with ammonia aspartic acid include:

• Attachment of a toxic ammonia molecule with the conversion of non-toxic asparagine;
• The transformation of toxic ammonia into urea, which does not have toxic properties.

Aspartic acid is also characterized by the reaction of gluconeogenesis with conversion to glucose in the liver, which plays an important role during significant physical exertion.

Also, aspartic acid is actively involved in the biosynthesis of anserine and carnosine, in the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides.

By analogy with the glutamic amino acid, aspartic acid has the ability to enter into oxidative reactions in the mitochondria in the brain, while energy is released, which is stored in the form of ATP. In general, all amino acids are a source of energy necessary for the central nervous system, but in this perspective, aspartic and glutamine amino acids play a leading role. After all, they are best sources energy to feed the brain.

One of the most prominent features of aspartic acid is its ability to increase the permeability to magnesium and potassium ions. cell membranes. It is for this purpose that magnesium and potassium salts of aspartic acid are produced. In this case, a kind of “dragging” of magnesium and potassium aspartic acid into the cell occurs. Other amino acids do not have this property, with the exception of histamine acid, which has the ability to increase the permeability of cell membranes for potassium. At the same time, aspartic acid is also included in the process of intracellular metabolism. The result is an increase in physical endurance.

The greatest positive effect of aspartic acid is on the heart muscle. To understand the positive effect on the muscles (including the heart) of the salts of this amino acid, it is necessary to take a closer look at the process of the sodium-potassium pump.

Every cell in the body - nerve, muscle and nerve fibers - has a membrane potential. Membrane potential is the potential difference that occurs between the intracellular and extracellular environment. In the internal environment of the cell, there is a predominance of potassium ions, in the external environment - sodium ions. Each cell has a negative charge, while its magnitude is different for each cell. But that is not what is important.

In the process of arousal nerve cell there is a movement of potassium ions outside the cell, and sodium ions - inside. This is the process of depolarization of the cell membrane. When excited, an action potential is generated and transmitted to nearby cells. For example, in this way, excitation is transmitted between the cells of the nervous system and a nerve impulse is transmitted in the nerve fiber.

The cell needs potassium ions to enter the resting state. When potassium rushes into the cell, a simultaneous transition of sodium ions into the extracellular environment occurs. So the cell acquires the resting potential.

This mechanism is called the sodium-potassium pump. If there are enough potassium ions inside the cell, the resting potential of the cell can become higher than the initial one, resulting in hyperpolarization in the cell membrane. In this case, the cell acquires a high resistance to external disturbing influences.

Excitation of the heart muscle can occur very easily, and there are many reasons for this phenomenon. With the aging of cell membranes, which occurs with age, excitability increases even more. As a result of this, cardiac arrhythmias, which are uncontrolled excessive contractions of the heart muscle, are increasingly occurring, which sometimes leads to death. Athletes who have highly qualified, because their heart is especially often affected by norepinephrine and adrenaline. In this case, too frequent working depolarization of the membranes of heart cells occurs, which sometimes do not have time to restore their usual resting potential.

Potassium aspartate is used to restore the resting potential of the cell. For its penetration into the cell, magnesium aspartate is used.

Serene

Serine is one of the important amino acids that are used by the body to produce the necessary energy for cells. Serine, like other amino acids, supports the body's immune system. According to research by some scientists, it is useful to take serine between meals, as it increases blood glucose levels. This is especially important during competitions and increased physical activity.

Currently, the sports nutrition market offers the drug phosphatidylserine, which belongs to phosphoacylglycerols. The main action of this drug is transmission to the brain nerve impulses. Since the production of this substance decreases with age, phosphatidylserine is used to increase mental performance.

During exercise, catabolic processes in the body are activated.

An athlete can achieve maximum recovery in two ways: by stimulating anabolic processes or by reducing catabolism. As practice shows, the latter method is more effective. With the help of the drug phosphatidylserine, the level of cortisol decreases, while the transition of anabolic processes to a different level occurs. With intravenous or oral administration of this drug, there is a significant decrease in the level of cortisol in the blood - about 25-30 percent.

Given these properties of phosphatidylserine, its intake is indicated before training, and it should also be combined with an amino acid supplement, since the efficiency of amino acid absorption will increase.

According to experts, when using phosphatidylserine, our ideas about the need to load the so-called "carbohydrate" window change. In this case, there is no need for a large amount of carbohydrates to obtain glycogen.

Phofatidylserine has similar properties to phosphatidylcholine. This substance is considered a potential remedy, which is part of drugs used for age-related memory impairment. This means that phosphatidylserine is a stimulant of brain processes. This substance is not directly involved in the process of nerve conduction, but its other effects have a significant impact on mental performance.

An improvement in brain function occurs due to an increase in glucose levels - this is important for ensuring the normal functioning of the brain, as well as the level of cyclic AMP (this is adenosine monophosphate, which enhances nerve impulses).

Tironin

Synthetically analogs of L-thyronine are often used by bodybuilders for the reason that this hormone has more strong impact than L-thyroxine - about 4-5 times. L-thyronine in medicine is used to treat hypothyroidism, in the process of combating obesity, fatigue. When taking this drug for 7-12 days, there is already a significant decrease in body weight even without a reduction in calorie intake.

The question arises: after all, there is an active weight loss, this is almost the achievement of a dream. What more could you want? But here, the loss of necessary muscles can also occur, because L-thyronine has an effect on protein metabolism in the body. What can be done in this case?

It is considered necessary to increase the intake of protein, while in the process of "drying" its volume should be about 2-2.5 g per kilogram of weight. Experienced athletes have a recommendation not to limit themselves to this measure and to increase the dosage of steroids. In general, the combination of strong steroids, growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone is the golden formula of a professional, since the combined use of these drugs has a synergistic effect on the body.

To put it differently, we can say that taking them together gives the effectiveness of each to a much greater extent than taking each separately. Also, the negative impact of each is compensated in the form of taking other drugs. The disadvantage of insulin is the accumulation of adipose tissue. It is with this negative impact fighting L-thyronine. These recommendations may be useful to those bodybuilders who are ready for certain experiments to achieve serious goals.

When ordinary people taking this drug should be carried out carefully, very gradually and you need to carefully monitor your well-being. In the first days of admission, the following side effects may occur:

tingling felt in the area of ​​the thyroid gland;

• Frequent dizziness;
• Trembling fingers;
• Cardiopalmus;
• Light nausea.

Thyroid

Often, when mentioning the thyroid gland, many people associate with a lack of iodine and radiation, as well as with clearly bulging eyes - this is one of the main signs of the onset of Graves' disease, and women most often suffer from it. The question arises: what does these associations have to do with the process of building the body? However, at present, drugs related to thyroid hormones, which are called thyroids, are firmly included in the arsenal of many serious bodybuilders.

The point is the following. The human thyroid gland produces hormones L4 (also called L-thyroxine) and L3 (L-thyronine), which are very active in fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism in the body. In this case, fat metabolism is of particular importance for bodybuilders, since in the course of preparing for the upcoming competitions they solve two completely opposite tasks: maintaining the maximum amount of muscle and dropping more fat. And in this they are especially actively helped by thyroid hormones.

Proline

Proline is another important amino acid for the human body. It is used to produce collagen. And collagen is necessary for the formation of strong and elastic tissues on scars, and it is also the main construction material body - skin, ligaments, tendons and bones contain collagen in their composition. It is for this reason that many multi-component amino acid mixtures that are intended for tissue repair contain proline.

This substance is very important for the normal functioning of the joints and ligaments, takes part in strengthening and maintaining the performance of the heart muscle.

One of the proteinogenic amino acids is L-proline. Proline is also part of the proteins of the human body. Most of it is found in the main protein of connective tissue - collagen.

Synthesis of proline is carried out by means of glutamic acid.

Being a part of collagen, as well as in the presence of ascorbic acid, proline is oxidized and hydroxyproline is formed. The strength of a collagen molecule is determined by the presence of alternating residues of hydroxyproline and proline in it.

The properties of proline include:

• Contributes to the creation of healthy heart muscle, ligaments, tendons, joints;
• It is one of the main elements of collagen;
• Helps in the restoration of damaged tissues, this is especially important in the treatment of skin after burns.

Methionine

Being an essential amino acid, methionine is not synthesized by the human body. For this reason, the presence of methionine in food is mandatory. This substance is part of the protein in the human body, and also represents the basis of many substances necessary for health.

What compounds are formed when combined with methionine?

In the body, methionine is converted to cysteine, a precursor of glutathione. This substance is necessary to restore the body in case of poisoning and to neutralize toxic substances in the liver.

Being the source chemical elements and groups, methionine is involved in the biosynthesis of adrenaline, is considered a source of sulfur in the process of cysteine ​​biosynthesis.

Methionine is needed for the normal functioning of the human body with a possible lack of vitamin B12. Neurological disorders can occur when the formation of cysteine ​​from methionine is impaired.

Role in metabolism

Since methionine contains a group (-CH3) in its composition, its role is that this mobile methyl group is transferred to other compounds. This is due to the lipotropic effect of methionine, which allows you to remove excess fat from the liver.

When the mobile methyl group is donated, methionine takes part in the synthesis of choline. A lack of choline can cause disturbances in the process of synthesis of phospholipids from fats.

When giving away the methyl group, methionine makes it possible to neutralize toxic products. Therefore, based on these properties, the use of methionine occurs in the treatment and prevention of toxic lesions and liver diseases, in alcoholism with a chronic course, and diabetes mellitus.

Thanks to methionine, the content of cholesterol in the blood decreases and the deposition of fat in the liver decreases, and the functioning of the liver improves.

Methionine is also used when the following conditions occur:

• Stratification and fragility of bones;
• cirrhosis;
• Diabetes;
• Atherosclerosis;
• Deterioration of hair growth and condition;
• Osteoarthritis;
• Parkinson's disease;
• Fibrocystic mastopathy;
• fibromyalgia;
• Obesity;
• Early signs and manifestations of skin aging;
• Alcoholism.

As can be seen from the list of methionine's actions, its role in maintaining human health is very important. Methionine is also used in the implementation of complex therapy for toxicosis during pregnancy. It is also useful for women long time using hormonal oral contraceptives.

There is a dissenting opinion...

Methionine is traditionally referred to as an antioxidant substance that is able to prevent aging. There is an opinion that by limiting the use of methionine, an increase in life expectancy is possible. A lot of controversy met this opinion, but in the end it was proved that this opinion is wrong. And even vice versa, methionine is a kind of life stabilizer, helping in the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

Methionine is one of the amino acids important for the body, necessary for the human body to carry out a large number of processes important for normal life. Therefore, a sufficient intake of methionine in food should be mandatory.

The process of methionine metabolism directly depends on the regulatory systems of the body, this also includes the action of hormones. Methionine plays a particularly important role in the body's resistance to stress, which affects the overall duration of human life.