Those with accessory elements are divided into several groups. There are three in total. In speech, there may be a complex expression with homogeneous subordination adnexal, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?
General information
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. The last option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. So, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. Usually they are connected with each other by coordinating unions. If they have an enumeration value, then the relationship is unionless, as is the case with homogeneous members. Here, in general, what does homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses mean.
Communication in context
1. The hushed boys watched the car /1 until it left the intersection /2 until the dust it had raised dissipated /3 until it turned into a ball of dust /4.
Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.
3. If the unions "whether ... or" are used as repeating constructions (in the example, you can change to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.
It was impossible to tell if it was a fire or if the moon was starting to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.
Combined connection structures
A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses occurs in several variants. So maybe together. For this reason, when parsing, you do not need to immediately draw up a general scheme or rush to punctuate.
Context analysis
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is parsed according to a certain scheme.
1. Highlighting grammar basics, consider the number of simple elements that make up the structure.
2. They designate all and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate and main clauses.
3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.
4. Based on the construction of a vertical scheme, the nature of the subordination of subordinate structures is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, combined type.
5. A horizontal scheme is built, based on which punctuation marks are placed.
Analysis of the proposal
Example: The argument is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.
1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The argument is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to do /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.
1) the dispute is;
2) if your king will be here for three days;
3) something ... that you are unconditionally obliged to do that;
4) what I will tell you;
5) if he does not stay;
6) then I will carry out any order;
7) which you will give me.
2. The main sentence is the first (the dispute is that), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises a question (then I will carry out any order).
3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:
1->2: the argument is that... then you are absolutely obligated to do that;
2->3: you are absolutely bound to do this if your king is here for three days;
2->4: you are absolutely bound to do what I tell you;
6->5: I will execute any order if it does not remain;
6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.
Possible difficulties
In the above example, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type the sixth sentence is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating union "a". In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connecting element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 by a coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a union that has sentence 2, and connect 6 with it with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that I will carry out any order. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the union "what" is omitted.
Conclusion
It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To punctuate, you need to define the boundaries of simple elements. This takes into account the possible combination of proposals of several unions at the border.
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses can be divided into three main groups: with homogeneous, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential subordination.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination:
All subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause or to the same word in the main clause (if the subordinate clauses do not distribute the entire main clause, but one of its words);
subordinate clauses answer the same question, that is, they are subordinate clauses of the same type;
subordinate clauses are connected with each other with the help of coordinating conjunctions or non-union (with the value of the enumeration), just as homogeneous members are related to each other.
The boys, hushed, looked after the truck, / 1 until he drove off for the crossroads, / 2 until the dust he raised is scattered, / 3 until he himself became a cloud of dust/ 4 (Zhukhovitsky).
1 , (Bye- union) 2 , ( Bye- union) 3 , ( Bye- union 4 .
Complex sentence; consists of four simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are adjuncts of time. Subordinate clauses refer to one main clause, answer the same question - until when? Each clause is connected to the main conjunction bye. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.
The vertical scheme (a scheme that reflects not the location of simple sentences in a complex one, but their dependence) will be as follows:
1
↓
(Bye- union) 2 , ( Bye- union) 3 , ( Bye- union) 4
My father told me / 1 that he had not seen such loaves / 2 And / that this year's harvest is excellent/ 3 (Aksakov).
[ch.] 1 , ( What- union) 2 and ( What- union) 3 .
Complex sentence; comprises three simple offers; the first is the main one, the rest are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one word (predicate) said, expressed by the verb) in the main clause, answer the same question - what? Each subordinate clause is associated with the main union that. Between themselves, subordinate clauses are connected by a connecting union and. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.
Vertical layout complex sentence will be as follows:
1
↓
(What- union) 2 And (What- union) 3
Note!
1) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are attached to the main one by the same union, then this union can be omitted in one or more subordinate clauses (but the union is easy to restore).
Wed: Shatsky saw,/ 1 /2 and / the sailors for a long time, interfering with each other, pulled her up on hoists/ 3 (Paustovsky). - Shatsky saw,/ 1 how the last boat returned to the ship/2 and / how the sailors for a long time, interfering with each other, pulled her up on hoists / 3 .
2) If homogeneous clauses are connected by a single connecting or dividing union (and, yes, in the meaning of "and", or, or), then a comma is not placed between the subordinate clauses.
my father said me that he had never seen such loaves and that this year's harvest was excellent(Aksakov); He strongly stated that we must immediately get out of his house or he will call the police.(Grigoriev) - the union that before the second subordinate clause is omitted, but can be restored ( He stated emphatically that we should immediately get out of his house or that he would call the police.).
3) With repeated coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses.
While in the hospital, he recalled how the Nazis attacked them suddenly, and how they were surrounded, and how the squad managed to break through to their own.
4) The unions whether ... or are considered as recurring (in this case, or can be replaced by whether), and homogeneous clauses connected by these unions are separated by a comma.
Wed: It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, or was about to ascend moon(Chekhov). - It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, whether the moon was about to rise.
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
all subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause;
subordinate clauses answer different questions, that is, they are subordinate clauses of different types.
Heterogeneous (parallel) will also be subordinate clauses that have the same meaning, but refer to different words in a general main clause.
/ 1 Yegorushka strained his eyesight, / 2 / 3 (Chekhov).
(When- union) 1 , 2 , ( to- union) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; the second sentence is the main one, the first and third are subordinate clauses. Relative clauses refer to the same main clause, but answer different questions (cf.: [When?] When he pulled up to the backyard / 1 / 2 ; Yegorushka strained his eyesight[why?], / 2 to get a better look at it/ 3). These are different types of subordinate clauses: when he drove up to the backyard- subordinate time; to get a better look at it- adjective of purpose.
2
↓ ↓
(When- union) 1 ( to- union) 3
must be taken into account exactly Wednesday, / 1 wherein poetry develops, / 2 / 3 (Mayakovsky).
[n.] 1 , ( wherein- union. sl.) 2 , ( to- union) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third clauses are subordinate clauses. The subordinate clauses refer to one main clause, but the first subordinate clause (the second simple clause) refers to one word - the environment expressed by the noun; the second subordinate clause (the third simple clause) refers to the entire main clause. Relative clauses answer different questions (cf.: must be taken into account exactly Wednesday [which one?], / 1 wherein a poetic work develops, / 2; Need to take into account the environment[why?], / 1 so that a word alien to this environment does not accidentally fall / 3). These are different types of subordinate clauses: wherein poetry develops.- attributive clause; so that a word alien to this environment does not accidentally fall into- adjective of purpose.
The vertical layout of the proposal will be as follows:
[n. ] 1
↓ ↓
(wherein- union. next) 2 ( to- union) 3
I asked his, / 1 Why he went so far from fanza, / 2 And said, / 1 that worried about him/ 3 (Arseniev).
[Ch., ( Why- union. next) 2 , ch.] 1 , ( What- union) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third clauses are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one main clause and answer questions of indirect cases (cf.: I asked his[about what?], / 1 Why he is so far gone from fanza / 2 ; I asked him and said [what?], / 1 that worried about him/ 3). These are the same types of subordinate clauses - additional clauses. But these clauses refer to different words within the main clause: the first clause (the second simple clause) refers to the predicate asked, expressed by the verb; the second subordinate clause (the third simple sentence) refers to the predicate said also expressed as a verb. Therefore, these accessory clauses are heterogeneous (parallel).
The vertical layout of the proposal will be as follows:
[ch. ch.] 1
↓ ↓
(Why- union. next) 2 ( What- union) 3
3. In complex sentences with sequential subordination one subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree) is subordinate to the main clause, and another subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) is subordinate to this subordinate clause, etc. Thus, the 1st degree clause is the main clause for the 2nd degree clause, and so on.
I heard, / 1 how Gaidar cleaned the kettle with sand and scolded his for that, / 2 that the handle fell off/ 3 (Paustovsky).
[ch.] 1 , ( How- union ch. + UK. sl.) 2 , ( What- union) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third clauses are subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause of the 1st degree (the second simple sentence) refers to the first (main) sentence, namely, to the predicate heard, expressed by the verb; subordinate clause II degree (third simple sentence) refers to the subordinate clause I degree (second simple sentence), namely, to the predicate scolded expressed by the verb.
The vertical layout of the proposal will be as follows:
[ch.] 1
↓
(How- union ch. + UK. next) 2
↓
(What- union) 3
Note!
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause may appear inside another subordinate clause. At the same time, at the junction of these subordinate clauses, there may be two subordinating unions or a subordinating union and an allied word nearby.
The maid was an orphan/ 1 which , / 2 to feed / 3 should have been in service / 2 (L. Tolstoy).
[n. ] 1 , (which is union. word, 2 (to - union ...), 3 ...) 2 .
[n. ] 1
↓
(which- union. next) 2
↓
(to- union) 3
Nearby are the allied word which and the union to. They belong to different subordinate clauses: subordinate clause of the 1st degree - who was to be put into service; subordinate clause II degree - to feed. The subordinate clause of the II degree is located inside the subordinate clause of the I degree, and the subordinate clause of the II degree can be removed from the complex sentence without prejudice or placed after the subordinate clause of the I degree, cf .: The maid was an orphan who was to enter the service; The maid was an orphan who had to enter the service in order to feed. Between the allied word which and the union to, belonging to different subordinate clauses, there is a comma.
Thus, when two subordinating unions meet (or a subordinating union and an allied word) comma between them put if the withdrawal of the second clause does not require restructuring of the entire complex sentence (in this case, the second part of the double union does not follow - then, so, but).
Comma at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions (or a union and a union word) not put in the event that the second subordinate clause cannot be removed without changing the entire complex sentence (in this case, the second part of the double union follows - then, so, but).
I'm holding bet, / 1 what / 2 / 3 That/ 2 (Leskov).
[n. ] 1 , ( What- union 2 ( If- union ...), 3 then ...) 2.
[n. ] 1
↓
(What- union) 2
↓
(if...then- union) 3
In this sentence, the main sentence can be distinguished: I bet/ 1, as well as two successively related subordinate clauses: the I degree subordinate clause: something... then he will stay here for another three days/ 2, inside which there is a subordinate clause of the II degree: if you pass it to the duke/ 3 (cf.: I bet that... then he will stay here for another three days; he will stay here for another three days if you pass this on to the duke). At the junction of the 1st degree and 2nd degree clauses there are two subordinating unions what and if. However, a comma is not placed between them, since the subordinate clause of the II degree cannot be removed without changing the subordinate clause of the I degree, cf .: I bet, / 1 that he will stay here for another three days/ 2 . This is prevented by the second part of the double conditional union if ... then, which is in the main conditional clause for the conditional clause - the 1st degree clause: he will stay here for another three days. If this second part (then) is removed, then at the junction of unions what and if it will be necessary to put a comma, cf .: I bet/ 1 what , / 2 if you give it to the duke, / 3 he will stay here for another three days / 2 .
In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, bond combinations: there can be both homogeneous and consistent subordination; parallel and serial, etc. Therefore, when parsing and arranging punctuation marks, one should not strive to immediately draw up a general scheme or immediately place punctuation marks.
The following analysis algorithm seems to be the most optimal:
- Set the total number of simple sentences in a complex one, highlighting all the grammatical foundations.
- Select all subordinating means of communication (subordinating conjunctions and allied words); Based on this, establish the main clause and subordinate clauses.
- For each subordinate clause, set the main clause, that is, divide the complex sentence into pairs: the main clause is the subordinate clause.
- Build a vertical scheme of a complex sentence, and on this basis, determine the nature of the subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential subordination).
- Build a horizontal diagram, and on this basis, arrange punctuation marks.
The wager is that if your master stays here for three days, then you must do what I tell you without any excuses, and if he does not stay, then I will do whatever order you give me.(Leskov).
There are 7 simple sentences in this complex sentence:
Bet is that / 1 what / 2 if your master stays here for three days / 3 then you without any excuses must fulfill That / 2 What I will tell you/ 4 a / if he doesn't stay / 5 then I will fulfill any order / 6 which will you give me/ 7 (Leskov).
1) bet is that;
2) something ... then you without any excuses must fulfill That ;
3) if your master stays here for three days;
4) What I will tell you ;
5) if he doesn't stay;
6) then I will fulfill any order;
7) which you give me.
first offer ( bet is) - the main thing, the rest - subordinate. Only the sixth simple sentence raises the question ( then I will fulfill any order ).
This complex sentence can be divided into the following pairs of complex sentences:
1→2: bet is that that ... then you without any excuses must fulfill That
;
2→3: you without any excuse must fulfill That if your master stays here for three days;
2→4: you without any excuse must fulfill That what i tell you;
6→5: I will fulfill any order if he doesn't stay;
6→7: I will fulfill any order, which you give me.
It is still difficult to determine what type of sentence the sixth sentence belongs to. In this case, you should pay attention to the coordinating union a. A coordinating union, unlike a subordinating union, in a complex sentence consisting of three or more simple sentences, may not come before the sentence to which it refers. Therefore, it is necessary to find out which simple sentences are connected by this adversative conjunction. To do this, it is necessary to remove all simple sentences, leaving only those that contain opposition. These are sentences 2 and 6, cf.: you without any excuse must fulfill then, and I will fulfill any order. But sentence 2 is a subordinate clause. Therefore, sentence 6, connected with sentence 2 by a coordinating union, must also be subordinate. This can be verified by inserting the same conjunction that sentence 2 has, and linking sentence 6 to the same principal on which sentence 2 depends, cf.: bet thing is I will fulfill any order. This means that sentences 2 and 6 are homogeneous clauses, only the union that in sentence 6 is omitted (1→6).
Based on the data obtained, it is possible to build a vertical diagram of this complex sentence:
[ch. + UK. next] 1
↓
(What- union ch. + UK. sl.) 2 , and (- n. + uk. sl.) 6
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
(if...then- union) 3 ( What- union. next) 4 ( if...then- union) 5 ( which- union. next) 7
Thus, this sentence is complex, in which the subordinate clauses are connected uniformly (sentences 2 and 6), in parallel (sentences 3 and 4, sentences 5 and 7), also sequentially (sentences 2 and 3; 2 and 4, 6 and 5, 6 and 7).
To punctuate, it is necessary to mark the boundaries of simple sentences by drawing Special attention on a possible combination of several alliances on the border of proposals, as well as to build a horizontal proposal scheme.
[ch. + UK. next] 1 , ( What- union ( If- union) 3, That ch. + UK. sl.) 2 , ( What- union next) 4, A (If- union) 5 , ( That noun + UK. sl.) 6 , ( which- union. next) 7 .
This sentence has a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (what if). In addition, the coordinating union a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with a subordinating conjunction if (and if). According to the general rules, they should be separated by commas, but then the second part of the double union follows if ... then. It is this second part of the union that does not make it possible to withdraw conditional clauses without changing the structure of sentences as a whole, cf .: The wager is that ... then you must fulfill that without any excuse; well ... then I will fulfill any order. That is why a comma is not put at the junction of these unions.
So, punctuation marks in a sentence should be arranged as follows:
The bet is that if your master stays here for three days, then you must do what I tell you without any excuses, and if he does not stay, then I will fulfill any order that you give me (Leskov).
Plan for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
- Specify the type of complex sentence (compound sentence).
- Name the main clause and subordinate clauses (highlight the grammatical foundations).
- Indicate how the subordinate clauses are related to the main clause (serial, parallel, homogeneous subordination).
- Disassemble each subordinate clause according to the plan.
- Build vertical and horizontal sentence schemes.
Sample parsing
Participates in the adventures of Baron Munchausen runner, / 1 which, / 2 not to run very fast, / 3 ties weights to the feet/ 2 (Soloukhin).
The offer is complex; comprises three parts; sentence 1 - the main thing; sentences 2 and 3 are subordinate clauses. The subordinate clauses are connected with the main one sequentially.
The subordinate clause of the 1st degree (sentence 2) refers to the main one (sentence 1). This is a relative attributive; it refers to the subject runner, expressed by a noun, the means of communication is a union word which; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
The 2nd degree clause (sentence 3) refers to the 1st degree clause (sentence 2). It is an adjective of purpose; it refers to everything important, the means of communication is the union to; the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause.
[n.] 1
def. ↓
(which- union. next) 2
goals ↓
(to- union) 3
[n.] 1 , ( which- union. sl., ( to- union) 3 ,) 2 .
def. goals
In this chapter:
§1. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses
There can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN. In this case, it is important to understand how all parts of a complex sentence are interconnected, what is subordinate to what. Three types are possible:
1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.
Sequential submission
With consistent subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first clause is subject to the main clause, the second clause is subordinate to the first clause, and so on. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.
I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which should start early in the morning.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction What...), (connection word which…).
With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called the subordinate clause of the first degree, and the following clause is called the subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.
Parallel subordination
If subordinate clauses of different types belong to one main clause, then a parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main one. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.
When the teacher came in, the children stood up to greet her.
Scheme: (union word When...), [ ... ], (conjunction to …).
Homogeneous submission
If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the main clause as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, the subordinate clauses answer the same question.
I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how easy it became in my soul.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction How...) and (conjunction How …).
Subordinate explanatory sentences are similar to homogeneous members of the sentence, they are interconnected by the union And. Both subordinate clauses refer to the member of the sentence in the main clause. There is no comma between them.
It is important that with homogeneous subordination, unions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that there can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN?
What is the name of subordination when the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second - to the first, etc.?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when different types of clauses belong to the same main clause?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when the subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the main one as a whole?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
When the performance ended, the children clapped to make the artists feel their gratitude.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode, the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and the people in the hallway talking.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals
Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [ Habit over usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):
[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ididn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union And.
Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessneighing horses ], [from the taborfloated tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [ fluttered half asleepbirdie ] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):
[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):
1) [ Items were lost form]: [everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow, yourfather is like that ]: [ would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part, which has meaning of speech, thoughts, feelings or perceptions, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear and so on.):
1) [ Nastya during the storyremembered ]: [she has from yesterdayremained whole intactcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).
v. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):
1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Chinfollowed to him]- [he service suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.
VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .
2) [ see you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):
[Smallthe rain sows since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic constructions
The identification of two levels of articulation of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which whole complex sentences act as constituent components. Since the subordinating connection is the closest connection (in comparison with the coordinating one, for example), it is natural that as a single component of a complex syntactic construction usually a complex sentence appears, although an allied union of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.
A complex sentence can be a component of a compound sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.
1. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of the word, and the richer, fuller it is, the happier the days and years that we passed through the field of joys and sorrows, happiness and grief (Dry.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence lies in the fact that the conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction with something - that, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a definitive clause.
In addition to the union and, other composing unions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our courtship with the countess's house is destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, he would not be again (Vost.); What happened is gone, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe (Ch.).
The following complex constructions with a coordinative connection at the first level of articulation are similar in structure, although they have a different degree of internal complexity:
1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);
2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in a car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the Press House was located, the evening ended and Blok left for the Society of Italian Literature Lovers (Past.).
2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with an allied connection: For a long time it was conducted like this: if a Cossack was traveling alone, without comrades, on the road to Millerovo, then when he met with the Ukrainians ... he did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A feature of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is concretized by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by a non-free lexical part cost ...
3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of a heterogeneous syntactic connection in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such sentences and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in the presentation.].
1) Let the father not think that if a person was nicknamed Efficient Momun, then he is bad (Aitm.).
2) Everyone knows that since the fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such a good failure will happen to him that they will talk about it in the village for at least ten years (Paust.).
This structural type of a complex sentence is distinguished by the unity of construction: the first subordinating union does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating union has a double union that fastens its parts (if ... then, with what ... by that, although ... but etc.) or subordinating unions with particles-strings (if ... then, if ... so, when ... then, since ... then, once ... then, etc.). For example: Who does not know that when a patient wants to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on the completely opposite military enterprise of the year 45 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of pride and in response said loudly, with some even pomposity, that since there was an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it cost him, he would fulfill the order (Sim.).
In these examples, there is varying degrees internal complexity, however, they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate” scheme (more often explanatory, but causal, concessive and investigative is also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations of condition, cause, time, comparisons, less often - concessions and goals). The specified feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.
As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is the sentence with the union that (at the first level of articulation). However, other unions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. Such combinations of subordinating unions are possible: what once ... then; what if...then; that once ... then; that although ... but; because somehow... then; because once ... then; because if...then; because once ... then; because though...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once ... then; so although...but; because once ... then; because if...then; because just ... then; because although ... but; so as to; although if...then; although once ... then; at least once ... then; although so that others. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me a Roman villa (Kat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly and long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Greene).
Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment was in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the union but) is a complex sentence.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the place of logging, it suddenly became very warm and the sun shone so brightly that it hurt the eyes (gas.).
4. Compound sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I did not want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. As an explanatory clause, a compound sentence with a union is used here not only ... but also.
Such proposals are possible only with gradational unions, for example: not only ... but also; not that ... but; not so much...how much.
5. An allied complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand as an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).
48. Fundamentals of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - a formal grammatical one. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural articulation of written speech. It is this principle that gives stability to modern punctuation. On this basis, the largest number of signs is put.
The “grammatical” ones include such signs as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse structures introduced into the composition simple sentence(introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs with homogeneous members of the sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with distributors, standing after the word being defined or distantly located, etc.
In any text, one can find such "mandatory", structurally determined signs.
For example: But now I undertook to re-read a few things by Shchedrin. It was about three or four years ago when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy tale fiction. I took Shchedrin at that time in order to avoid accidental similarities, but as I began to read, having read deeply, having plunged headlong into the amazing and rediscovered world of Shchedrin's reading, I realized that the similarity would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Kass.). All signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.
The structural principle contributes to the development of solid commonly used rules for punctuation. Signs placed on such a basis cannot be optional, author's. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This, finally, is the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. The division of the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relation of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic articulation of speech ultimately reflects a logical, semantic articulation, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e. the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is covered with straw, with a chimney, the comma standing between the combinations covered with thatch and with a chimney fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relation of the prepositional case form with a chimney to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: There was an inner lightness. Freely walks the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (designation of one action). In the original version, there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help to establish the semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also performs a semantic function, which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer ... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and gate... in the air; The history of peoples ... in dolls; On skis... for berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (moreover, often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign that divides the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts also plays an important role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the state is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma contributes to a change in the logical center of the message, draws attention to the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the state with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of the sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: A tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo for a long time. They gave her such a nickname because she was really orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the union is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, the designation of the reason is necessary, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are put in non-union complex sentences, since it is they who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - There was a whistle - the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two definitions-adjectives (or participles) brings these words together in a semantic sense, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being close in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The crown of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at a cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow flew (Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take out of context the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic, then it is difficult to catch something in common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, not basic, figurative meanings, which become the main ones. in the context.
In part, Russian punctuation is also based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonational dashes, dots, etc. For example, an appeal can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special accentuating intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of a sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: Children will come, let's go to the park. - Children will come - let's go to the park. In the first case, enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonational principle acts only as a secondary, not primary. This is especially evident in cases where the intonation principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Frost lowered the bag and, cowardly putting his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs the snow with its front foot and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma is after the union and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (participle turnover and the subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonational principle is violated, because the pause is before the union.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not in an “ideal”, pure form, i.e. some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although it is fixed by a punctuation mark, but ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: My brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence, its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single consistent principle. However, the formal-grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the semantic and intonation principles act as additional ones, although in some specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that pauses (intonation) served as the initial basis for the articulation of written speech.
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning, intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity. As a rule, the intonational principle is reduced to semantic, semantic to structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Separate principles can be singled out only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although with a certain hierarchy. For example, a dot also denotes the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering the voice, a long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;
2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.
I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question, and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and between themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, to tell], (that the sun has risen), (that it trembled with hot light on the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives the real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native places], (where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may not have a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be any fish in it), [I don't trust water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies) or ( elk trumpets in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With such subordination, the subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words of the main sentence, or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When in my hands A new book ), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples of prose), [then we will make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called children's), door leading to space], (where they dine and drink tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc.
For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (though I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of the subordinate parts in this case is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the next one.
For example: Often in autumn I would closely watch falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating unions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.
For example: [ The water crashed so scary], (What, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, as it seemed, was peering, wanting to know), (where the guest will go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with several subordinate clauses
A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating unions.
For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was just delirious.(Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who advocated a great idea.(Ec.)
We remember that great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met the victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)
Comma not put between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting union (regardless of whether there is a subordinating union or a union word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first one).
For example: I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every slightest step we take matters for the present and future life.(Ch.)
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest, where the wagons stood and where there was a dressing station.(L.T.)
When it began to rain and everything around sparkled, we walked along the path ... out of the forest.(M.P.).
When repeating coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between subordinate subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone learned that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her , and that she is now in the nursery ...(L. T.).
Unions whether... or when connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered as repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether weddings were started in the city, or whoever celebrated a name day cheerfully, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Pis.).
In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or set off by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat dropped, it began to get cold and dark in the forest so quickly that I did not want to stay in it.(T.)
Whoever has not experienced excitement from the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between the subordinate parts according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate parts.
For example: Would our wanderers be under their native roof , if they could know , what happened to Grisha.(necr.)
Helen smiled like this , who spoke , that she did not allow , so that anyone can see her and not be rapt.(L.T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being himself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depends on the confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)
A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating unions or between an allied word and a subordinating union, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating unions meet, if the internal subordinate part is not followed by the second part of the double union this or that.
For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , When he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously.(M. G.)
We were warned that , If if the weather is bad, the tour will not take place.
The night is over and , When the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (inner) part here does not require the restructuring of the first adnexal part.
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of the complex union then, so, then a comma is not put between the previous two unions.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched out his hand through the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Kor.)
I thought that if I didn’t argue with the old man at that decisive moment, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship.(P.).
The withdrawal or rearrangement of the adnexal part (if he stretches his hand out the window and if at this decisive moment I don’t argue with the old man) is impossible, since there will be parts of a double union nearby.
Dash in a complex sentence
Between the subordinate part (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent main part of the sentence Maybedash , if the subordinate part or a group of subordinate parts preceding the main clause is pronounced with a logical selection of an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually, subordinate explanatory parts are distinguished in this way, less often - conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha did not know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time- the rocks began to move, crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come by themselves- Nejdanov never found out...(T.).
A dash is put also between the subordinate and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: Who is cheerful - he laughs, who wants - he will achieve, who is looking for - he will always find!(OK.).
A dash is put after the subordinate clause before the main one, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the clause is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is an honest nature is clear to me.(T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I myself do not know(compare full - what i said).
A dash is put between subordinate clauses in the absence of an adversarial union or the second part of a comparative union between them.
For example: The artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and to have as few words as possible(Black).
A dash is placed with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part.
For example: Only once she revived - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)
A dash is put to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate clause before the main clause or the intonational separation of the main clause from the subsequent clause.
For example: What is influence- You know?; Are you sure it's necessary?
A dash is also placed with an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we have gained experience , but for experience , as the saying goes , No matter how much you pay, you won't overpay.
Comma and dash in a complex sentence
Comma And dash as a single punctuation mark are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun , - all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)
Who is to blame, who is right , - It's not for us to judge.(Cr.)
The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of the sentence in order to connect with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good person. , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L.T.)
And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that he will seek reconciliation with his wife in order to sell this forest , This thought offended him.(L.T.)
A dash is put after the comma that closes the subordinate part, including before the word this.
For example: The best thing he could do , - leave on time The only thing I like here , is an old shady park.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of the subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look at the pale green star-studded sky(on which there is no cloud, no spot),and you will understand], (why summer warm air is motionless), (Why nature alert) (A. Chekhov).
[… n., ( on which…), And vb.], ( Why…), (Why…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (subordinate clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand, answer the question What?, are joined by the allied word why)).
2) [Any Human knows], (what does he need to do, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).
[…vb], ( What…., (What…), otherwise), (What…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows, answers the question What?, joins union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - clauses of pronominal-determinative (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which (That)?, joins with a union word What).
