Gorynina Alexandra 9 in class
The project reveals the role of Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and works of A.S. Pushkin
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MBOU "Rylskaya secondary comprehensive school№4"
Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin
The work of a student of the 9th "in" class
Gorynina Alexandra Alexandrovna
Project Manager:
Zalunina Tatyana Nikolaevna
Rylsk
2018
Introduction………………………………………………………………2
Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin……………………………………………………………………..3
1.1. Biography of Arina Rodionovna………………………………………………………………3
1.2. Tales of the nanny and A.S. Pushkin himself………………………………………………………………….7
1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion……………………………………………………………13
References…………………………………………………...14
Introduction
Who does not know Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin? After all, he is one of the most the greatest poets of all times and peoples, if not the most. He is considered the creator of modern Russian literary language. A. S. Pushkin became one of the main all-Russian national poets during his lifetime. I believe that anyone who has ever read at least one of his works, could not help but fall in love with his work. A significant role in the life of the writer and poet was played by his nanny Arina Rodionovna. Her beloved pupil always spoke of her with pure love and deep respect. Around the legendary, I would even say, the image of the great poet's nanny has arisen and there are many disputes, legends and rumors.
Target: to find out what influence Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva had on the life and work of A. S. Pushkin.
Tasks:
- To study the biography of Arina Rodionovna;
- Analyze the images of Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin to understand her role in his work;
- Find out the role of Arina Rodionovna in the life of A. S. Pushkin.
Hypothesis: Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva made a great contribution to the life and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin
1.1 Biography of Arina Rodionovna
Arina Rodionovna was born on April 10, 1758. For only one year she was a serf of Fyodor Alekseevich Apraksin. In 1759, the Suida estate and the villages closest to it, together with the peasants, were bought from Fedor Alekseevich by Pushkin's great-grandfather, A.P. Gannibal.
In ancient times, the birthplace of Alexander Sergeevich's nanny was called the Izhora land. These regions belonged to Veliky Novgorod and were part of the Vodskaya Pyatina. Most likely, the knowledge of fairy-tale and song material came from the ethnographic features of the homeland.
Arina Rodionovna's parents were Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna. They lived in the village of Voskresensky. The future nanny was the third child in the family. The oldest was her sister named Evdokia. The next in seniority was their brother Semyon.
In 1768, at the age of 10, Arina Rodionovna lost her father.
Rodion Yakovlev died at the age of thirty-nine, leaving a wife and seven children (two sons and five daughters). Since childhood, Arina Rodionovna was taught to work hard, but she also knew how to spin, weave, sew, embroider, knit and weave lace. She has been a needlewoman since childhood. Later, when she lives in the village of Mikhailovsky, she will teach needlework to all the girls of the estate.
In 1780, the elder brother of Arina Rodionovna Semyon married. It was her turn to get married. The future nanny remembered her difficult childhood in colors. The stories of Arina Rodionovna about her past were reflected in the work of Alexander Sergeevich, and in particular in the work "Eugene Onegin". Pushkin's nanny was the prototype of Tatyana's nanny - main character novel. In the work, she was known under the name Filipievna. In fact, that was the name of Arina Radionovna's grandmother. Full name - Nastasya Filippovna. Apparently this heroine was also created by Alexander Sergeevich under the impressions of the stories of the nanny. Indeed, Arina Rodionovna's grandmother was also married at the age of 13, just like the heroine of the novel.
“Let's talk about antiquity,” Tatiana insists in the third chapter of Eugene Onegin. I think that Alexander Sergeevich more than once turned to his nanny, “the confidante of magical antiquity”, “who kept in her memory a lot of old stories, fables ...”
They married Arina Rodionovna to a poor peasant named Fyodor Matveev. The relatives of the bride and groom were in a hurry to marry the young. Because the owner of these two villages Hannibal was dying. And after his death, the inheritance will be divided by his sons. And if Arina and Fedor are husband and wife, they will not be able to separate them.
Fedor, like his wife, was an orphan, and also did not have his own hut. In his village called Kobrino, rarely anyone lived in his own yard. One fortress yard consisted of three or more families. In 1782, Arina and Fyodor had a son, whom they named Yegor. Four years later, a daughter named Nadezhda was born. Two years later, daughter Maria was born. The last child in the family was a boy named Stephen, who was born in 1797.
The family of peasants lived in cramped quarters and not offended for about fourteen more years. After she was taken as a servant in the Pushkin-Hannibal family. In 1795, the grandmother of Alexander Sergeevich Maria Alekseevna presented a separate hut in Kobrin for the family of Arina Rodionovna. She knew Arina herself and her older sister well, so she took the first one to serve in the master's house.
Arina Rodionovna gave all her love to Alexander Sergeevich. She treated him like a mother.
Alexander Sergeevich truly appreciated and loved Arina Rodionovna. Growing up, the poet sketched a portrait of his nanny. He removed the wrinkles from his native face. He depicted her with a long braid in a sundress with a perky look. He presented her as she might have been as a girl.
The family of Arina Rodionovna, of course, was in special location with the masters, as a family of a nurse and nanny of the master's children. They were not given freedom, but they certainly were given some benefits: they were released for a certain time, the opportunity to earn money. Such relations between the master and the serfs were quite common.
In 1808, Nadezhda Fedorova, the daughter of Arina Rodionovna, lives with her in the Pushkins' house in Moscow. In 1816, her sons lived with her in the village of Mikhailovsky, as well as the wife of Yegor Agrafen with their daughter Katerina.
Maria Alekseevna was unable to give freedom to the children of Arina Rodionovna, but she was able to take care of them. In the village of Kobrino, there was a hut specially built for this family. In 1800, while selling the village with the peasants and all the buildings, Alexander Sergeevich's grandmother somehow managed to agree with the new owners that the husband and children of Arina Rodionovna would live in this hut. They were, of course, excluded from sale.
From 1824 to 1826, Arina Rodionovna lived with Alexander Sergeevich in the village of Mikhailovsky, where the poet was sent into exile. According to neighbors, Pushkin's nanny was a respectable old woman, with a full kind face, her hair was completely gray. Among the peasants of the estate, she also occupied a high place. Alexander Sergeevich loved his nanny with all his heart. Always extremely concerned about her health. After the expiration of the term of exile, Alexander Sergeevich left for St. Petersburg, and Arina Rodionovna remained the mistress of the estate. The sister of Alexander Sergeevich in 1828, against the will of her parents, married Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlishchev. Olga Sergeevna decides to take Arina Rodionovna to her place. Therefore, recent years of her life, the nanny spent in the house of her pupil.
Arina Rodionovna arrived at the Pavlishchev estate in March 1828. Before that, she last saw her son Yegor, granddaughter Katerina and other relatives. A few months later, the nanny died. For a very long time, the exact date of Arina Rodionovna's death was not known. The only thing we managed to find out was that she was buried at the Smolensk cemetery. And then the date of death became known - July 29, 1828.
Perhaps that is why Alexander Sergeevich did not like city cemeteries, knowing that his beloved nanny was buried in one of them? His experiences can be seen in the lines of the poems "Do I wander along the noisy streets" and "When outside the city, thoughtful, I wander."
Perhaps that is why in the eighth chapter of "Eugene Onegin", when the main character Tatyana's memories of the grave of her nanny are described, the poet wrote about it so touchingly?
A commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Smolensk cemetery during the June Pushkin Days of 1977. At the entrance to the cemetery, in a special niche on the marble, an inscription is carved: “Arina Rodionovna nanny A.S. is buried in this cemetery. Pushkin. 1758-1828."
1.2. Tales of the nanny and A. S. Pushkin himself
Arina Rodionovna really knew folk tales but she also knew the stories of the serfs. The first fairy tales that she told Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin were called "The Tale of Bove the Cow", "Yeruslan Lazarevich". While studying at the Lyceum, Alexander Sergeevich wrote the poem "Dream".
Mental anguish magical healer,
My friend Morpheus, my old comforter!
I have always loved to sacrifice to you,
And you blessed the priest long ago:
Will I forget that golden time
Will I forget the blessed bliss of the hour,
When, in the corner in the evening, lurking,
I called and waited for you in peace...
I myself am not happy with my talkativeness,
But I love remembering my childhood.
Oh! I will keep silent about my mother,
About the charms of mysterious nights,
When in a cap, in an old robe,
She, evading the spirits with a prayer,
Cross me with zeal
And in a whisper it will tell me
About the dead, about the exploits of Bova...
I won’t move from horror, it happened,
Barely breathing, I'll snuggle up under the covers,
Feeling neither legs nor head.
Under the image of a simple night lamp made of clay
Slightly illuminated deep wrinkles,
Dragoy antique, great-grandmother's cap
And a long mouth, where two teeth chattered, -
Everything in the soul involuntary settled fear.
I trembled - and quietly at last
The languor of sleep fell on his eyes.
Then the crowd from the azure height
On a bed of roses winged dreams,
Wizards, sorceresses flew
My sleep was enchanted by deceptions.
I was lost in a fit of sweet thoughts;
In the wilderness of the forest, among the Murom desert
Met the dashing Polkanovs and Dobrynyas,
And a young mind rushed in fiction ...
Unfortunately, only a fragment of the poem, which Pushkin also wrote during his years of study at the Lyceum, "Bova", has survived. This story was very popular at the time. The plot was as follows: The stepfather of Bova the King imprisoned his stepson and wanted to execute him. But Bove is helped by an ordinary maid and he runs away. The rest of the time he travels, defeating his enemies. His assistant was a werewolf (half dog, half man) named Polkan. Bova marries a very beautiful daughter of the king, but was separated from her. He returned to the princess only when she was about to marry another. Then they separate again. Bova decides to marry another girl. But his children find him and report to their mother. In general, Alexander Sergeevich really liked this tale. Around 1822, he wanted to write a poem on this subject. But, to our regret, only drafts and excerpts have been preserved.
In 1820, Alexander Sergeevich finished his work on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". I think that he changed the name of the main character from Eruslan, which was also in one of the nanny's fairy tales. They also inspired him to create the sorcerer Finn. Such wizards are mentioned in northern tales. And Pushkin heard them from Arina Rodionovna.
Here's another example. "The tale of wonderful children and a slandered wife."
Plot: One king decided to marry. But he didn't like anyone. One day he accidentally overheard a conversation between three sisters. The eldest boasted that the state would feed with one grain, the second that the state would dress with one piece of cloth, the third that from the first year she would give birth to 33 sons. The king decided to marry his younger sister. The stepmother of the ruler was terribly jealous of the girl and, in the end, decided to ruin her. After nine months, the princess has now given birth to 34 boys. The last one was born unexpectedly.
Doesn't it remind you of anything? Of course, it reminds, because this is the basis of "The Tale of Tsar Saltan and his son, the brave and mighty hero, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess." In the fairy tale of Arina Rodionovna, the king's name was Sultan Sultanovich. In the Pushkin fairy tale, the Swan Princess has magical powers, and the nanny has 34 sons.
On the basis of another tale of the nanny, Pushkin created "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda." But I haven't found a single story similar to her.
It is also interesting that Arina Rodionovna named the main character exactly Balda, and not Ivan the Fool, as in many fairy tales.
Another tale served as a plot for writing "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs." Similar ones are very popular in European folklore, but with Arina Rodionovna it is a little peculiar. The content of similar tales is as follows: the evil stepmother, jealous of her stepdaughter, decided to destroy her. But the girl is sure to escape and live in the house of robbers, gnomes or dwarfs. The stepmother must try to kill her three times. The last time becomes fatal for the girl. She is placed in a coffin, but at the end of the tale she comes to life.
1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin
Let's remember Pushkin's poem " Winter evening". By genre, it is a message, an appeal to the nanny. In this work, the lyrical hero understands that, like an attack of a bad mood, a snowstorm and a storm will subside, you just need to wait it out. Lyrical hero encourages his interlocutor - the nanny, tries to explain that there is no reason to be sad.
Or howling storms
You, my friend, are tired
Or slumber under the buzz
Your spindle?
He invites the nanny to remember the folk songs that she sang to him earlier and in which life is captured in bright colors. The poet offers the interlocutor another way to cheer up during bad weather
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
According to Pushkin, it is unnatural for the human heart to be in a state of depression and sadness, a person is created for happiness and love.
In another poem by the poet "Nanny" we hear lines filled with Pushkin's love for his old nanny. He calls her
Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
The poet describes the nurse's longing for him, but in these lines we hear Pushkin's longing for the woman who became his second mother.
Looking through the forgotten gates
On a black distant path;
Longing, forebodings, care
They squeeze your chest all the time.
Arina Rodionovna was also the prototype of Yegorovna in Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky". “She looked after him like a child, reminded him of the time of food and sleep, fed him, put him to bed.” In these lines, Arina Rodionovna stands before us, as if alive.
Nostalgia for Mikhailovsky and for the deceased nanny was the poem "... I visited again", written in 1835. Thematically, the work is devoted to Pushkin's return to Mikhailovskoye, where he had not been for a long time. The poet sees the "disgraced house" where he lived with his nanny, his faithful companion from birth. But the nurse is no longer alive. Only memories of her remain.
Here is a disgraced house,
Where I lived with my poor nanny.
Already the old woman is gone - already behind the wall
I don't hear her heavy steps...
In 1833, Pushkin wrote the poem “Holy Ivan, how we will drink…” (it was not published during his lifetime). Here, under the name of Pakhomovna, the poet recalls the late Arina Rodionovna. In poems, as if written on behalf of a Russian peasant, Pushkin recreated the atmosphere of the nationality that surrounded the nanny. It is dedicated to the memory of Arina Rodionovna - a wonderful storyteller:
Let's also remember it:
We will tell fairy tales
The master was
And where did it come from.
And where are reasonable jokes,
Sayings, jokes,
Fables, epics
Orthodox antiquity!...
Listening is so comforting.
And I wouldn't drink or eat.
Everyone would listen and sit.
Who came up with them so well?
Listen, matchmaker, I'll start first.
The story will be yours.
Conclusion
Having studied the biography of the poet's nanny and his work, I concluded:
- Thanks to A.S. Pushkin, the name of Arina Rodionovna became known to the whole world.
- Not just a nanny, but a great friend became Arina Rodionovna for the poet.
- Nanny influenced the formation of Pushkin as a poet and a person.
- Many stories and motifs fairy tales told by the nanny, the poet used in his work.
- From Arina Rodionovna Pushkin learned the first lessons of literary skill.
Bibliography
- Blinova S.G. "Pushkin and his time", Moscow, "Terra", 1977.
- Korovina R.N. "Creativity of A.S. Pushkin", Moscow, 1992. 4. Pushkin A.S. "Poems", Moscow, "Ripol Classic", 1977
- Internet resources
The name of the nanny of the great poet Arina Rodionovna is known to almost every schoolchild. Everyone knows that the nanny loved, as she said, her "angel Alexander Sergeevich." The poet always appreciated her kindness and affection. more than once said that Arina Rodionovna became the prototype of the nanny of the main character Tatiana in the poem "Eugene Onegin". He also "brought" Arina Rodionovna in a number of female images in the tragedy "Boris Godunov", the play "Mermaid", the novel "Arap of Peter the Great". Many lines of poetry were dedicated to her. However, we have not reached complete biography Arina Rodionovna, memories of her are found in the notes of some of Pushkin's contemporaries, but many of them are superficial. Perhaps that is why Pushkinists to this day are arguing about Arina Rodionovna herself and about the role she played in the life and work of the poet ...
Arina Rodionovna was born on April 10, 1758 in the village of Suyda, Petersburg province, which belonged to Count F.A. Apraksin. In 1785, Count Apraksin sold all the inhabitants of the village to Abram Petrovich Gannibal, the grandfather of A.S. Pushkin.
Like all the inhabitants of the village, Arina was a serf. When she was ten years old, her father died, leaving seven children. The girl had to work from an early age - already at eight she washed and cleaned the hut, sewed and embroidered, from the age of ten she worked in the field, looked after horses and cattle. “Poverty, malnutrition, the backbreaking labor of a serf — these are her childhood memories,” notes S. Boyko, the author of an article about her. Despite the hard life, Arina was a kind, cheerful girl - she was loved in the village; She also told great stories. A real storyteller sometimes came to the village, an elderly peasant who could not do hard peasant work, but knew many fairy tales and knew how to tell them talentedly, and lived by this. Arina listened with admiration to the storyteller, and then retold the tales to the children - she had a very good memory. Having matured, she mastered the skill of a storyteller and began to compose fairy tales herself, applying the laws of construction of this folk genre: peculiar beginnings, sayings and endings, constant paths (epithets, comparisons) and inventing epithets on their own, storylines and so on, talentedly telling fairy tales - where it is necessary to raise or lower your voice, change intonation, make precise pauses, convey with facial expressions and gestures everything that needed to be conveyed in performance. Having become a wonderful storyteller, already an adult Arina, whom we know as Pushkin's famous nanny Arina Rodionovna, she conveyed to the future great poet her love for Russian folk art, for the rich Russian language.
When Arina was 23 years old, she married a serf Fyodor Matveev from a neighboring village. In his poem "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin describes the conversation of the main character of the work - Tatyana Larina with a nanny (as Pushkin himself said, "the original nanny Tatyana"); it is likely that it conveys the mood of this fact in the life of his beloved nanny - such was the typical fate of a Russian woman - a peasant woman in those years.
"Tell me baby 
About your old years:
Were you in love then?
And yes, Tanya! In these summers
We haven't heard of love;
And then I would drive from the world 
My dead mother-in-law. —
“But how did you get married, nanny?”
So, apparently, God commanded.
My Vanya was younger than me, my light ...
And I was thirteen years old.
For two weeks the matchmaker went 
To my family, and finally
Father blessed me.
I cried bitterly from fear
They untwisted my braid with weeping
And with singing they led to the church.
And then they introduced someone else into the family ...
Arina Rodionovna had two sons and two daughters. The direct descendants of Pushkin's nanny lived in the Leningrad region in the 1930s.
In the same year, when Arina got married, Abram Petrovich Gannibal died, and she, together with her husband, became the serf of his son, Osip Abramovich. And in 1797, Arina Rodionovna was taken to the Pushkins' house - she was chosen from all the serfs for her kind disposition, diligence, ability to get along with children and was taken into the house as a nanny for the daughter Olya, who was born to Sergei Lvovich and Nadezhda Osipovna, Pushkin's older sister. Two years later, the gentlemen gave Arina Rodionovna freedom, and she could have left, but she remained in the house and nursed the other Pushkin children.
The children loved their nanny very much. Olya recalled many years later: “Arina Rodionovna skillfully told fairy tales, knew folk beliefs and poured proverbs and sayings.”
And Pushkin later wrote:
Confidante of magical old times,
Friend of fiction, playful and sad,
I knew you in the days of my spring,
In the days of joys and initial dreams.
I was waiting for you: in the evening silence 
You were a cheerful old woman
And she sat above me in a shushun,
In big glasses and with a frisky rattle.
You, rocking the cradle of a child,
My youthful ear captivated me with melodies
And between the sheets she left a flute,
Which she herself enchanted.
But the moment came when the nanny, a simple peasant woman, was replaced by a real “madame” - a poor but noble lady who spoke French perfectly: at that time she was “in honor” French, the whole world spoke only French, and Maria Alekseevna Gannibal, and Sergei Lvovich did not want their son to "listen to the yard" and speak Russian; in Russian, the children - Olya, Sasha and the youngest son Lev - could speak only in the nursery, and outside it - only in a foreign language. Little Sasha was very worried about this, he asked his parents to leave Arina Rodionovna in the house, but they were adamant. On the very first evening, Sasha asked the new nanny to tell him a fairy tale, but she began to speak French. The boy fell silent and turned to the wall. He then realized for the first time that he was interested only in those fairy tales that Arina Rodionovna used to say.
Arina Rodionovna returned to the village of Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province. It was there that the disgraced poet Pushkin was exiled from St. Petersburg in July 1824 under the supervision of the local authorities. And here, with joy, he was greeted by his aged nanny, Arina Rodionovna, who still loved her Sasha just as much, and he called her "mother". Pushkin often came to her small house, standing next to the master's, and listened to the nurse's songs, her fairy tales. In a letter to a friend, Pushkin wrote in December 1824: “... in the evening I listen to my nanny's tales ...; she is my only friend - and with her only I am not bored.
To my beloved nanny, dear and close person, a simple peasant woman, the poet dedicated his poem, which is called “Nanny”. The poem was written in October 1826 in Moscow, where Pushkin was unexpectedly summoned by the tsar, which greatly alarmed Arina Rodionovna.
Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
Alone in the wilderness of pine forests
For a long, long time you've been waiting for me.
You are under the window of your room
Grieving like clockwork
And the spokes are slowing down every minute
In your wrinkled hands.
Looking through the forgotten gates
To the black distant path:
Anguish, foreboding, worries
They squeeze your chest all the time ...
Several letters to Pushkin have been preserved, written under the dictation of Arina Rodionovna, in which all the deepest love of the nanny for her Sasha is manifested: “... you are constantly in my heart and mind; and only when I fall asleep, I will forget you and your favors to me ... Your promise to visit us in the summer makes me very happy. Come, my Angel, to us, in Mikhailovskoye, I will put all the horses on the road ... I will wait for you and pray to God to let us see each other ... "
Arina Rodionovna died in 1828 in the house of Olga Sergeevna Pavlishcheva, nee Pushkina, the same Olya, by whose nanny she was introduced into the Pushkins' house.
In the same year, Pushkin published the second edition of his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", in which he placed the Prologue, written in Mikhailovsky, where he spoke about how Russian folk tales were dear to him, which he listened to with pleasure both in childhood and in the years of Mikhailovsky references from her nanny Arina Rodionovna.
Almost all Russians since primary school the name of Arina Rodionovna, the nanny of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, is familiar. However, few people know that she lived for 70 years, gave birth to four children and refused to go free, deciding to remain a serf in the Pushkin family.
And the woman’s name was actually not Arina, but Irinya or Irina - that was the name that was recorded at her birth in the metric book of the church in the village of Suyda in the territory of the modern Leningrad region. However, then people more often used not “official” names, but their colloquial forms - so everyone knew the nanny as Arina. The serfs did not have surnames, but Arina Rodionovna is often called Yakovleva (after her father Rodion Yakovlev), less often - Matveeva (after her husband Fyodor Matveev). It is interesting that the poet himself almost never mentioned the name of the nanny and more often spoke of her as “my old lady” or “good friend”, as in the work “Winter Evening”.
The husband of Arina Rodionovna Fyodor was, like her, a serf. In the year of the wedding, she was already 23 years old - at that time she got married quite late. Becoming Fedor's wife, she settled in his native village of Kobrino near Gatchina. It is possible that it was this event that influenced the fate of the woman, because these lands, together with the serfs, were owned by A.P. Hannibal - the grandfather of A.S. Pushkin. In 1792, Maria Alekseevna, the poet's grandmother, took Arina Rodionovna to the Hannibals' house as a nurse for her nephew Alexei. She nursed not only Alexander, but also his brother Leo; the woman was also the breadwinner of his older sister Olga. Of course, the poet met Arina Rodionovna back in early age, however, he really became close to her only during his exile in Mikhailovsky.
Almost nothing is known about the nanny's appearance; one of the poet's contemporaries, Maria Osipova, described her as a "full-faced" gray-haired old woman, and the poet Nikolai Yazykov said that she was rather plump, mobile, cheerful and talkative. A portrait by an unknown artist is widespread - it depicts a thin elderly woman with a tired face and a rather sad look. However, this contradicts the available descriptions, so it is impossible to say that this is a portrait of Arina Rodionovna. Another portrait of the nanny, carved on bone by Ya. P. Seryakov, has been preserved - he spent a long time in Italy and was brought to Russia only at the end of the last century. This image is similar to a sketch by A. S. Pushkin, on which the poet allegedly painted a nanny at a young and old age.
All members of the Pushkin family treated Arina Rodionovna well; at the end of the 18th century, the poet's grandmother gave her a separate house in Kobrino, where four children of the nanny subsequently lived - two girls and two boys. The poet's grandmother was going to give her freedom, but Arina Rodionovna refused and remained in her service, performing not only the duties of a nanny, but also various other assignments. When Maria Alekseevna died, she passed to A. S. Pushkin's sister Olga, but the elderly woman did not manage to babysit the poet's nephews for long: she lived with Olga for about six months and died due to illness at the age of 70 years. The pupil did not come to the funeral of the nanny, but he did not forget about “his old woman”: a few years later the poet published the poem “Winter Evening” dedicated to her in the almanac “Northern Flowers”, and in the later work “I visited again”, Arina Rodionovna is also mentioned . Others also remember her: in the 70s of the last century, the museum “House of A. S. Pushkin’s nanny” was opened in Kobrino - its exposition is located in the very house that belonged to her family, and monuments dedicated to the nanny are installed in many parts of the country.
Kaluga region, Borovsky district, Petrovo village
It was installed on the territory of ETNOMIR on December 21, 2008, in honor of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the nanny A.S. Pushkin - Arina Rodionovna. The touching monument is surrounded by traditional huts from different regions of Russia. They have workshops and guided tours. According to the plan of the sculptor Ekaterina Shchebetova, the nanny and pupil are resting in the apple orchard. Therefore, ETNOMIR employees, together with students of the Borovsk noospheric school, planted apple trees around the monument.
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Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva (1758-1828) - the nanny of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - was born in the village of Lampovo, Koporsky district, St. Petersburg province, in a family of serfs. Her mother, Lukerya Kirillova, and father, Rodion Yakovlev, had seven children. The real name of the nanny was Irina or Irinya, and at home they called her Arina.
When Arina Rodionovna was a child, her family belonged to Lieutenant of the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment Count Fyodor Alekseevich Apraksin. In 1759, the Suidu estate and the surrounding villages with people were bought from Apraksin by great-grandfather A.S. Pushkin - A.P. Hannibal. So Arina Rodionovna became a serf of the Hannibals. Arina in 1781 married the peasant Fyodor Matveev (1756-1801), and she was allowed to move to her husband in the village of Kobrino, which belonged to the Hannibals, not far from Gatchina. They lived in poverty, there was not even cattle on the farm. Arina and Fedor had 4 children: Maria, Nadezhda, Egor and Stefan. At 43, Arina Rodionovna was widowed and never remarried.
On Wikipedia, I read that Arina Rodionovna was the nanny of Pushkin's mother Nadezhda Osipovna. It was possible locally. As a child, Nadezhda Osipovna often lived in the village of Kobrino. However, it does not grow very well over time. Nadezhda Osipovna was born in 1775, and Arina Rodionovna came to live in Kobrino with her husband in 1781, when the girl was already six years old. And then she herself began to give birth and feed four children. It is possible, though, that she performed some duties of a nanny. It is more likely that Arina Rodionovna became a nanny in 1792, when she was taken by Pushkin's grandmother Maria Alekseevna Gannibal as a nanny to his nephew Alexei, son of brother Mikhail. In 1795, Maria Alekseevna gave Arina Rodionovna a separate hut in Kobrin for her impeccable service. In 1797, the poet's sister Olga was born, after which Arina Rodionovna was taken into the Pushkin family, replacing her relative or namesake Ulyana Yakovleva in this post. First, Arina Rodionovna was Olga's nurse and nanny, then the nanny of Alexander Pushkin and his brother Lev.
Sergei Lvovich Pushkin retired shortly after the birth of his daughter and moved with his family to Moscow, where his mother, brother and other relatives lived. Arina, as Olga Sergeevna's nurse and nurse, left with them. In 1799, the Pushkins had a son, Alexander. Soon Maria Alekseevna Hannibal also decided to move to Moscow. In 1800 she sold Kobrino with people, and in 1804 she bought Zakharovo near Moscow.
Arina with her family and the house in which they lived, Maria Alekseevna excluded from the sale. In 1801, her husband Fyodor died of drunkenness. After the death of her husband, Arina Rodionovna's four children remained in Kobrino, and she herself was with Maria Alekseevna, first among the numerous domestics in Moscow, and after the sale of Kobrino - in Zakharovo. Then Arina, among the household members, moves to Mikhailovskoye.
After Olga, Arina nursed Alexander and Lev, but she was only a nurse for Olga.
She was a nanny for little Sasha until she was 7 years old, and then an “uncle” and a tutor were assigned to him. Pushkin had Nikita Kozlov, a faithful and devoted "uncle" who accompanied the poet to the grave.
However, in the biographies of Pushkin, the nanny overshadows Kozlov. Veresaev was the first to notice this:
“How strange! The man, apparently, was ardently devoted to Pushkin, loved him, cared for him, perhaps no less than the nanny Arina Rodionovna, accompanied him throughout his independent life, but is not mentioned anywhere: neither in Pushkin's letters, nor in the letters of his relatives. Not a word about him - neither good nor bad.
But it was Nikita Kozlov who brought the wounded poet into the house in his arms, he, together with Alexander Turgenev, lowered the coffin with Pushkin's body into the grave.
Pushkin became especially close to his nanny during his exile in Mikhailovsky in 1824-1826.
At that time, Pushkin listened with pleasure to her fairy tales, from her words he wrote down folk songs. In his work, he used the plots and motives of what he heard. According to the poet, Arina Rodionovna was the “original” of Dubrovsky’s nanny, Tatyana’s nanny from Eugene Onegin. It is generally accepted that she is also the prototype of Xenia's mother in "Boris Godunov", the female images of the novel "Peter the Great's Moor", the princess's mother ("Mermaid").
In November 1824, Pushkin wrote to his brother: “Do you know my classes? before dinner I write notes, I have dinner late; after dinner I ride, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby reward the shortcomings of my accursed upbringing. What a delight these stories are! Each is a poem! It is known that Pushkin wrote down seven fairy tales, ten songs and several folk expressions from the nurse's words, although, of course, he heard more from her. Proverbs, sayings, sayings did not leave her tongue. The nanny knew a lot of fairy tales and conveyed them in a special way. It was from her that Pushkin first heard about the hut on chicken legs, and the tale of the dead princess and the seven heroes.
We don't know what this woman looked like. Pushkin himself created a poetic, romantic myth about the nanny, the poet's idea was continued by his friends.
Here is how Pushkin wrote about the nanny:
Confidante of magical old times,
Friend of fictions playful and sad,
I knew you in the days of my spring,
In the days of joys and initial dreams.
I was waiting for you; in the evening silence
You were a cheerful old woman,
And she sat above me in a shushun,
In big glasses and with a frisky rattle.
You, rocking the cradle of a child,
My youthful ear captivated me with melodies
And between the sheets she left a flute,
Which she herself enchanted.
Infancy passed like a light dream.
You loved the careless lad,
Among the important Muses, he only remembered you,
And you quietly visited him;
But was that your image, your dress?
How cute you are, how quickly you have changed!
With what fire the smile revived!
What a fire flashed a welcoming look!
The cover, swirling like a naughty wave,
Slightly overshadowed your half-air camp;
All in curls, entwined with a wreath,
The head of the charms was fragrant;
Chest white under yellow pearls
Blushed and trembled quietly ...
We hardly know what she really was. Contemporaries wrote that she was talkative, talkative.
In his memoirs, the poet N. Yazykov noted her unexpected mobility, despite her fullness, -
"... she was an affectionate, caring troublemaker, an inexhaustible storyteller, and sometimes a cheerful drinking companion."
There are almost no descriptions of her appearance, except for a quote from the memoirs of Maria Osipova: “an extremely respectable old woman - with a full face, all gray-haired, passionately loving her pet ...”. Part of the phrase that follows is cut out in a number of publications: "... but with one sin - she loved to drink."
Winter evening
A storm covers the sky with mist,
Whirlwinds of snow twisting;
Like a beast, she will howl
It will cry like a child
That on a dilapidated roof
Suddenly the straw will rustle,
Like a belated traveler
There will be a knock on our window.
Our ramshackle shack
And sad and dark.
What are you, my old lady,
Silent at the window?
Or howling storms
You, my friend, are tired
Or slumber under the buzz
Your spindle?
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
Sing me a song like a titmouse
She lived quietly across the sea;
Sing me a song like a damsel
She followed the water in the morning.
A storm covers the sky with mist,
Whirlwinds of snow twisting;
Like a beast, she will howl
It will cry like a child.
Let's drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be happy.
He dedicated the poem "Nanny" to her.
Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
Alone in the wilderness of pine forests
For a long, long time you've been waiting for me.
You are under the window of my room
Grieving like clockwork
And the spokes are slowing down every minute
In your wrinkled hands.
Looking through the forgotten gates
To the black distant path:
Longing, forebodings, worries
They squeeze your chest all the time.
It's amazing to you.............
Pushkin A.S. 1826
“You know that I don’t pretend to be sensitive, but the meeting of my servants, boors and my nanny - by God, tickles the heart more pleasantly than fame, the pleasure of pride, absent-mindedness, etc. My nanny is hilarious. Imagine that at the age of 70 she had memorized a new prayer about TENDERING THE HEART OF THE LORD AND TAKING THE SPIRIT OF HIS FEROYNESS, a prayer probably composed during the reign of Tsar Ivan. Now her priests are tearing up a prayer service and preventing me from doing business.
The last time Pushkin saw his nanny was at Mikhailovsky on September 14, 1827, nine months before her death.
In January 1828, Pushkin's sister, against the will of her parents, married Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlishchev. Relations with relatives became cold. Only in March did they agree to give her a few yards. Olga Sergeevna at this time decided to take her already very old nurse and nurse, Arina Rodionovna, to her. The nanny arrived at the Pavlishchevs, apparently, at the beginning of March 1828, still on a winter journey. In Kobrin, she saw her son Yegor, granddaughter Katerina and other relatives for the last time.
Arina Rodionovna died after a short illness at the age of 70 on July 29, 1828 in St. Petersburg, in the house of Olga Pavlishcheva (Pushkina).
“In Mikhailovsky, I found everything in the old way, except that my nanny was not there, and that near the familiar old pine trees, during my absence, a young pine family rose, which annoyed me to look at, how sometimes it annoys me to see young cavalry guards at balls where I don’t dance anymore.”
Again I visited
The corner of the earth where I spent
Exiles two years invisible.
Ten years have passed since then - and many
Changed my life...
Here is a disgraced house,
Where I lived with my poor nanny.
Already the old woman is gone - already behind the wall
I do not hear her heavy steps,
Nor her painstaking watch...
In 1974, in the house of Arina Rodionovna in the village of Kobrino, the museum "House of A. S. Pushkin's nanny" was opened.
Monuments were erected to Arina Rodionovna in Boldino, in Pskov, in the Kaluga region, in the village of Voskresenskoye (Gatchinsky district of the Leningrad region).
Poet N.M. Yazykoa dedicated the following lines to Pushkin's nurse:
To the nanny A.S. Pushkin
Svet Rodionovna, will I forget you?
In those days, loving rural freedom,
I left for her both glory and science,
And the Germans, and this city of professors and boredom, -
You, the blessed mistress of that canopy,
Where is Pushkin, not smitten by a harsh fate,
Despising people, rumors, their caresses, their betrayals
He served as a priest at the altar of Kamena, -
Always greetings of kindness
You met me, you greeted me,
When through a long row of fields, under the heat of summer,
I went to visit the exiled poet,
And I was accompanied by your old friend,
Areev sciences young pet.
How sweet is your holy hospitality
Self-will spoiled our taste and thirst;
With what cordiality - the beauty of ancient years -
You got us a fancy dinner!
She herself served us vodka, and brashna,
And honeycombs, and fruits, and wine set
On the sweet crampedness of an old table!
You occupied us - kind and cheerful -
About the old bar with an intricate story:
We marveled at their venerable pranks,
We believed you - and laughter did not interrupt
Your artless judgments and praises;
The language was fluent,
And light hours flew carefree!
N.M. languages. 1827.
On the death of the nanny A.S. Pushkin
I will find that humble cross,
Under which, between other people's coffins,
Your ashes lay down, exhausted
Works and the burden of years.
You won't die in memories
About my bright youth
And in instructive legends
About the life of poets of our days ...
Over there - thin wallpaper
Somewhere a covered wall
The floor is unrepaired, two windows
And a glass door between them;
sofa under the image in the corner,
Yes, a couple of chairs; the table is decorated
Wealth of wines and rural brews,
And you, who came to the table!
We feasted. Not shy
You are our share - and sometimes
Moved to its spring
A heated dream; ..
You tell us: in the days of old,
Isn't it true, not for this
Your boyars are young
Did you like to spend the night? ..
And we ... As childhood is playful,
How our youth is free
How full of age is smart
And like wine is eloquent,
You were talking to me
Captured my imagination...
And here's a tribute to you
Fresh flowers for your coffin!
I will find that humble cross,
Under which, between other people's coffins,
Your ashes lay down exhausted
Works and the burden of years.
Before him with a sad head
bow; I remember a lot
And with a touching dream
My soul will melt!
Studying the historical roots of the biography of the nanny of the great poet of the Suydin period of life, Arina Rodionovna, it was possible to trace her ancestral origins in some detail, about which very little documentary evidence has survived to this day. Arina Rodionovna was born on April 10, 1758 in the village of Voskresenskoye in the family of serfs Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillova. This date has been documented thanks to the record found in the Register of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Suida, which is now stored in the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. In the metrics, the future nanny of A.S. Pushkin was recorded as "Irinya". Under this name, she is mentioned in all the surviving documents of the former Suydin temple. It is also indicated here that the birthplace of Arina Rodionovna is the "village of Suyda", Voskresenskoye, also in the Koporsky district of the St. Petersburg province. The village of Resurrection, which received its name in honor of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ erected in 1718 next to it, until that time was officially called the village of Suydoi. Ever since the time of Swedish rule (approximately since 1619), this ancient settlement has been attributed to the Suida Manor. In the documents of the 18th century, the double name of the village was often mentioned: Suyda and Voskresenskoye. So, for example, in the Metric Book of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ for 1737 it is reported: “In the village of Voskresensky, which was the Suydovskaya manor ...”.
Arina Rodionovna's parents were serfs of a local landowner, second lieutenant of the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment, Count Fyodor Alekseevich Apraksin. The owner of the Suida manor was the grandson of the famous Peter's associate, Count Peter Matveyevich Apraksin, to whom these lands were granted by Peter I shortly after they were liberated from the Swedish invaders. As you know, P.M. Apraksin was one of the main heroes of the Northern War.
A year after the birth of Arina Rodionovna, the Suydinskaya manor with the village of Voskresensky and neighboring villages assigned to it were acquired by the general-in-chief and cavalier Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who later became the legendary great-grandfather of A.S. Pushkin.
Arina Rodionovna's father, Rodion Yakovlev, was born in 1728. The boy lost his parents early and was left an orphan. At about the age of nine, he was taken as a “foster” to be brought up in a childless peasant family of Peter Poluektov and Vassa Emelyanova, who had lived in the village of Voskresenskoye since the time of Peter the Great.
The peasant family of the Poluektovs appeared on the Suyda land during the forced resettlement of several peasant families who arrived here from the central provinces of Russia. Petrovsky decree, in the period 1715 to 1725, they, like thousands of other immigrants, were expelled from their homes. Deserted, deserted after the Swedish occupation of the region, villages and villages, located on the lands that became part of the St. Petersburg province established in 1708, the tsar expected to quickly return to life. Peter Poluektov was the eldest son of the "Great Russian" peasant Poluekt Andreev. In the neighboring courtyards of the village of Voskresensky, his brothers Andrei and Kirill lived next to him.
No documentary evidence of the real parents of Rodion Yakovlev has been preserved. The place of his birth is also unknown. One can only assume that the village of Voskresenskoye was the birthplace of Arina Rodionovna's father. Answers to these and many other questions could be gleaned from the church documents of the Suydin temple. However, the metric book for 1728, when Rodion Yakovlev was born, was not preserved in the archive.
An unsubstantiated version, set out in research by the well-known Pushkin scholar, former curator of Pushkin places in the Gatchina region and the author of the first museum expositions in Suyda, Vyra and Kobrin, Nina Ivanovna Granovskaya (1917-2002) that Rodion Yakovlev “probably was a descendant of immigrants or baptized Karelians (Chuds) ”is not documented. Recently, a whole series of unsubstantiated materials has appeared in the press devoted to the Finno-Ugric origin of the great poet's nanny. There were daredevils who considered Arina Rodionovna almost a Lutheran. However, it is not. The Finnish theme occupies both places in the biography of Ina Rodionovna, in her wonderful storytelling heritage, which is so vividly reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin. But this is a topic for a separate post.While compiling the genealogy of Arina Rodionovna, we can say with full confidence that her parents - father and mother had Slavic, Orthodox roots. This is proved primarily by the fact that Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna were parishioners of the Suydin church. The ancient village of Voskresenskoye (former Suyda) has been considered a Novgorod settlement since time immemorial. It was first mentioned in the Novgorod scribe book of 1499 as the village of Suyda in the Nikolsko-Suydovsky churchyard in Vodskry Pyatina on the land of Veliky Novgorod.
Arina Rodionovna's mother, Lukerya Kirillovna, was born in 1730 in the village of Voskresenskoye into a large peasant family. Her father, Kirill Mikhailovich, was a "servant" of the Suidinsky manor. In the confessional books of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ mid-eighteenth century, it is called "the ancient village of Suida". Based on this, it can be assumed that her ancestors were Novgorodians who survived the Swedish occupation of the region. The family of Kirill Mikhailovich had several children. Among them is Irina Kirillova, after whom a newborn was named at baptism in 1758, who later became Arina Rodionovna. Interestingly, one of the recipients at her baptism was her mother's brother, Larion Kirillov (he is named Kirillin in the documents). Another recipient was the daughter of the Resurrection peasant, the maiden Euphemia Lukina.
Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna had a large family - seven children: in 1755, the eldest son Simeon was born. At that time, the name of Rodion Yakovlev was often mentioned in metrical documents. So, for example, in 1757, in connection with the birth of the daughter of Matryona at the Resurrection peasant Ivan Eliseev. Her godparent at baptism was Arina Rodionovna's mother - Lukerya Kirillovna was born in 1730 in the village of Voskresenskoye into a large peasant family. Her father, Kirill Mikhailovich, was a "servant" of the Suidinsky manor. In the confessional books of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in the middle of the 18th century, it is called "the ancient village of Suydy." Based on this, it can be assumed that her ancestors were Novgorodians who survived the Swedish occupation of the region. The family of Kirill Mikhailovich had several children. Among them is Irina Kirillova, after whom a newborn was named at baptism in 1758, who later became Arina Rodionovna. Interestingly, one of the recipients at her baptism was her mother's brother, Larion Kirillov (in the documents he is named Kirillin). Another recipient was the daughter of the Resurrection peasant, the maiden Euphemia Lukina.
According to the record of the Register of Metrics, in 1750, 22-year-old Rodion Yakovlev entered into a legal marriage with a local serf girl, 20-year-old Lukerya Kirillova. According to the Confessional books, it was possible to trace that the newlyweds, not having their own yard, settled in the house of their stepfather Peter Poluektov. Here their children were born. Four years later, the adoptive mother of Rodion Yakovlev, Vassa Emelyanova, died. She was 55 years old. And soon the widowed Pyotr Poluektov remarried the "plowwoman" of the Suidinskaya manor, the widow Nastasya Filippova, who had two daughters and a son Yeremey Agafonov from her first marriage.
Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna had a large family - seven children: in 1755, the eldest son Simeon was born. At that time, the name of Rodion Yakovlev was often mentioned in metrical documents. So, for example, in 1757, in connection with the birth of the daughter of Matryona at the Resurrection peasant Ivan Eliseev. Her future father at baptism was Arina Rodionovna.
Rodion Yakovlev died in 1768, when Arina Rodionovna was only 10 years old. In 1772, Peter Poluektov also died, having outlived his adopted son by four years. After the death of the breadwinners, both families, which consisted mainly of young children, continued to live together for some time. Yeremey Agafonov turned out to be the only male breadwinner in the house.
From adolescence, Yeremey Agafonov was appointed as a worker in a landowner's estate. In the documents of that time, he is often mentioned among the peasants assigned to the Suydinskaya manor. So, in the Confessional Book for 1795, among the "yard people" of the estate of Ivan Abramovich Hannibal are indicated:
“Eremey Agafonov, 58 years old, his wife Evdokia, 55 years old, his mother, widow Nastasya Filippova, 93 years old”
It was Yeremey who recommended the elder brother of Arina Rodionovna Simeon Rodionov, who later served as a coachman for the Hannibals, to work in the landowner's estate. It can be assumed that, in turn, Simeon brought the still very young sister Irinya, the future Arina Rodionovna, to the master's house of the old arap. Being in the service of a manor, she encountered hard peasant labor very early. Thus, Arina Rodionovna was associated with the Hannibals and their estate long before she became a nanny in the Kobrin estate, the so-called Runovskaya manor.
In Voskresensky, as in other Russian villages in Russia, all local girls with early years learned to do needlework. Arina Rodionovna was also an excellent needlewoman. This is told by ancient legends and documentary information. The Suydin region has always been famous for its craftswomen - embroiderers and lacemakers.
By the standards of that time, Arina Rodionovna got married quite late - at twenty-three years old. She was married to a peasant from the neighboring village of Kobrino, Fyodor Matveev. The wedding was in a hurry. Were coming to an end last days the life of an old black man, after whose death the bride and groom could end up in the possessions of different landowners: Suyda was to be inherited by Ivan Abramovich Gannibal, Kobrino - to Osip Abramovich Gannibal, the future grandfather of A.S. Pushkin.
The marriage of Fyodor Matveev and Arina Rodionova took place in the Suidinsky Church of the Resurrection of Christ on February 5, 1781. An entry in the Metric Book reports: “In the village of Kobrino, the peasant son, the youth Fyodor Matveev, in the village of Suyda, with the peasant girl Irinya Rodionova, both by first marriage.”
The guarantors at the wedding from the side of the groom were the peasants of the village of Taitsy Kuzma Nikitin and Efim Petrov, and for the bride, her closest relatives Larion Kirillov and Simeon Rodionov. After marriage, Arina Rodionevna moved to her husband in Kobrino. In the same year, on May 14, Abram Petrovich Hannibal died and this village was inherited by his son.
A. Burlakov
Photo by G. Puntusova
