Normative component of speech culture. Seminar on the topic: "National language. Signs of the modern Russian literary language" He took the belt and hit

Do not forget that the most important feature of the literary language is the presence of norms.

Do not forget that the most important sign of a culture of speech is its correctness. The correctness of speech is determined by the observance of the norms inherent in the literary language.

What is a norm?

What are the rules?

What is their feature?

How are norms born?

Here are the questions that need to be answered.

Norm - the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language.

Norm - uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences)

The norm is obligatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language.

The rules differ:

Task 128. It is worth saying - using the scheme, name the norms that are characteristic only for oral, only for written speech and that apply to both forms of speech. How can this division be explained?

Task 129. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of errors each of them belongs to.

1. It is worth noting that he took the belt and hit it. 2. Dogs run fast. 3. We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4. The general responded with gratitude to the health resort. 5. Engineers gathered for a meeting. 6. I live on a small lane leading to the Don. 7. It is worth noting that he said a touchy word. 8. The owner of the house was sleeping. 9. None of them found a word of sympathy for the patient, 10. - Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Some of them were developed a long time ago and are preserved to this day, and some have changed. Who, for example, is now called an applicant? It is worth saying that everyone will answer: “The one who enters the higher or secondary special educational institution". Do you know the data science of the ϶ᴛᴏth word? It is important to understand that it was borrowed in the 19th century. from German language. The German Abiturient goes back to the Middle Latin abituriens, -ntis "about to leave". Here, it turns out, what a contradiction: the one who is called an applicant must leave, leave, and not come, go somewhere. What's the matter? Indeed, in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov, the first volume of which was published in 1936, we read: the applicant is "a student of a secondary educational institution who takes final exams." As you can see, the semantics of the word ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ matches its data-logical meaning. In the future, applicants began to be called not only those who graduated from high school, but also those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to one person. The changes that have taken place with the use of the word entrant are reflected in the second edition of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, published in 1991. Here is how the word ϶ᴛᴏ is presented in it:

Enrollee. 1. Outdated. A student graduating from a secondary school; graduate.

2. Anyone who enters a higher or secondary educational institution. Lists of applicants. Advice for applicants.

Consequently, the norm of the use of the word entrant has changed.

Over time, the pronunciation also changes. For example, A.S. Pushkin in his letters there are words of the same root, but with different spellings: bankrupt and bankrupt. How to explain ϶ᴛᴏ? You might think that the poet has spoken out or made a mistake. No. The word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century. from Dutch or French and originally in Russian it sounded like a bankrupt. The derivatives had a similar sound: bankrupt, bankrupt, bankrupt. In the time of Pushkin, there will be a pronunciation option with "o" instead of "y". One could speak and write bankrupt and bankrupt. TO late XIX V. the pronunciation bankrupt, bankruptcy, go bankrupt finally won. It has become the norm.

Note that now let's do a little research. Task: to track how the pronunciation norm of the combination ch has changed and whether you are violating it.

Task 130. Rewrite the words and after each mark how you pronounce the combination ch: like [ch] or [shn]. If it seems to you that you pronounce both [ch] and [shn], then write both options.

Sample: of course - [shn].

Everyday, bakery, snack bar, toy, on purpose, decent, decent, creamy, scrambled eggs, apple, Ilyinichna, Nikitichna.

Task 131. It is worth saying - using the table, determine how many words out of twelve retain the same pronunciation [shn], how many have equal options [shn] and [ch], how many words the pronunciation [ch] wins. Make a conclusion in which direction this norm changes.

	Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (1935-1940)	Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language (1983)
everyday		[h] and add. [sn]
bakery		[sn] and add. [h]
diner
toy

decently
decent
creamy		add. obsolete [sn]

apple
Ilyinichna
Nikitichna

Check how you completed the previous task. Do you pronounce all the words correctly? Memorize their pronunciation.

Change and morphological norms. In ϶ᴛᴏ, the history of endings in the nominative plural of masculine nouns is indicative.

Task 132. Write each word in the nominative plural.

Fence, table, garden, side, coast, eye, sleeve, train, year, cruiser, tractor.

As you can see, not everything is so simple. Why do some words in nominative case plural ending -ы, and others -а? What does ϶ᴛᴏ depend on? Which of the endings in each case corresponds to the modern norm? To understand ϶ᴛᴏm, let's turn to the history of the language.

IN Old Russian in addition to the singular and plural, there was also a dual number. It was used when it was about two objects: a table (one), tables (two), tables (more than two); side (one), sides (two), booms (more than two) From the XIII century. the form of the dual number gradually begins to collapse and is lost over time. But the trace remains. Think about why the words side, coast, eye, sleeve in the plural have an ending -a? Guessed? Yes, because these words denote paired objects. In such words, first of all, the ending of the dual number was preserved, which became an indicator of the plural. Gradually, the ending -a spread to other words, displacing the ending -ы from them.

Look at the ending with which you chanted the word train. Of course, trains. But N.G. Chernyshevsky, in a letter to his father on February 8, 1855, writes: railway stop due to heavy snowfall for four days. In the 19th century the norm was not trains, but trains.

Task 133. Find in the sentences from Dead Souls N.V. Gogol's word, whose ending is not ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ corresponds to the norm of the modern Russian language. How do you explain such a phenomenon?

1. About ten of them (dogs. - Auth.) put ϲʙᴏ and paws on Nozdryov's shoulders. 2. Already the chair with which he decided to defend himself was torn out of his hands by serfs, already, closing his eyes, neither alive nor dead, he was preparing to taste the Circassian chubuk ϲʙᴏ of his master, and God knows what might happen to him; but the fates were pleased to save the sides, shoulders and all the well-bred parts of our hero.

The change in the norm for the word tractor is indicative. It is worth noting that it was borrowed at the beginning of the 20th century. from English, in which traktor is a suffixal formation from the Latin traho, trahere - “pull, drag”. It was first recorded by the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" in the 3rd volume, published in 1940. Only tractors are recognized as a literary form, and the ending -a (tractor) is considered colloquial, i.e. non-literary. After 23 years, the 15th volume of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language is published. In it, both forms - tractors and tractors - are given as equals, but the form of tractors is given preference, it comes first. After 20 years in Orthoepic Dictionary Russian language” (1983), the ending -a is put in first place as more common. It can be assumed that in 10-20 years the form of tractors, like trains, will be given obsolete in the normative dictionaries.

What plural ending do you think the words sweater and jumper should have?

Today, in official speech (for example, in articles, documents), the norm ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ has the ending -ы (sweaters, jumpers), in colloquial speech, i.e. somewhat reduced, perhaps to say sweaters, jumpers. Remember ϶ᴛᴏ.

Note that now let's pay attention to the plural ending of animate nouns.

Task 134. Write each word in the nominative plural. What can you say about the peculiarities of their endings?

Engineer, accountant, elevator operator, confectioner, associate professor, editor, designer, conductor, driver, rector, lecturer, inspector, professor.

Compare the endings that you narrated with those given in " Spelling Dictionary Russian language" (1983):

Engineer, pl. -s! grossly wrong, pl. engineer

Accountant, pl. -s! wrong, pl. accountant

Lifter (plural not specified)

Confectioner, pl. -s

Associate Professor (plural not specified)

Editor, pl. editors and editors

Constructor, pl. -s! not rivers. pl. constructor

Conductor, pl. conductors and conductors

Chauffeur, pl. -s! in the profession. speeches pl. driver

Rector, pl. -s! not rivers. pl. rector

Lecturer, pl. -s! not rivers. pl. lecturer

Inspector, pl. inspectors and inspectors

Professor, pl. professor.

Summarize your observations and write them down.

There is another group of words, which has ϲʙᴏ and features in the formation of the plural.

Task 135. Write each word in the nominative plural:

Camp, pass, order, sheet, teacher.

Have you guessed what the ending of the plural of these words depends on? It turns out that sometimes you should consider the meaning of the word.

Check: camp (sports, school) - camps, camp ("socio-political group") - camps, pass ("document") - passes, pass ("something missed") - passes, order ("insignia" ) - orders, order ("community, secret community") - orders, sheet (papers) - sheets, sheet (trees) - leaves, teacher ("teacher") - teachers, teacher ("head, author of the doctrine") - teachers .

If the letter A denotes the old, original norm, and the competing variant is denoted by the letter B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this:


B is wrong.	B razg., and

At the first stage, the only form A dominates, its variant B is outside the literary language and is considered incorrect. At the second stage, option B penetrates the literary language, is considered acceptable in colloquial speech (litter colloquial), Later, depending on the degree of its distribution, it qualifies as equal to A (litter i) At the third stage, norm A loses its dominant role, finally yields to place B norm and goes into the category of obsolete norms. At the fourth stage, B becomes the only norm literary language.

Task 126. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic “Is it easy to be young?” Using rhetorical and compositional questions.

The means of expression include direct speech, which is entered into the text. This speech can be accurate or approximate, and sometimes even fictional. Literally transmitted direct speech is called quote. Sometimes it seems that quoting does not require special skill. However, this also has its own characteristics, its positive and negative sides, which have to be taken into account. For example, some people build their speech on some quotes. Such texts cause bewilderment: after all, the reader, the listener wants to know the opinion of the author himself, the result of his observations. In addition, the abundance of quotations is tiring, making it difficult to read the text. Therefore, before using quotes, you need to select the most interesting, meaningful, original or least known.

It is important to submit a quote correctly, that is, to enter it into the text so that it is clear where it begins and ends. It is necessary to ensure that the author's thought is not distorted, because a single sentence or several sentences may have a different meaning than in the context.

It is impossible to arbitrarily change the text, i.e., rearrange words, introduce others instead of some words, change the grammatical form of words. The quotation must be accurate.

It is necessary to know to whom the quoted words belong, from which source they are taken, what is the output of the source. Sometimes this information is given after the citation, sometimes at the end of the text in the list of references.

In oral speech (in conversations on various topics in which you have to discuss other people's thoughts, actions, actions, talk about people's feelings), approximate or fictitious direct speech is mainly used. It enlivens the statement, makes it emotional, attracts the attention of listeners. Successfully used direct speech in the lecture "Scientific and technological progress and mathematics" Academician B.V. Gnedenko:

After we demonstrated the machine and our guests worked with it themselves, Professor Ivanov, whom I told you about, said: “Come work with us, we can diagnose well, with us you will be able to create a machine that will diagnose no worse than the best diagnostician of the world.

The general practitioner, a specialist in the diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract, said differently: “Why did you take on such a difficult task as diagnosing heart disease? Let's work together and we will create a machine that will diagnose with virtually no errors.

Finally, psychiatrists reacted like this: “Well, why did you take up the diagnosis of heart disease? they said. - Every engineer will tell you that the heart is a simple pump that drives fluid through the pipes. But no one knows the human psyche. Let's work with us. Things cannot go on here without mathematicians. And any step in the field of studying higher nervous activity will be the greatest boon for mankind. Not only human diseases are associated with the psyche. All daily human activity depends on it. We do not know the possibilities of the human psyche, we do not know how much we can load it. We do not know whether we are teaching people correctly, whether we are treating them correctly.

It is advisable not only to introduce direct speech into the text, but also to comment on someone else's statement, to determine one's attitude to it, and sometimes to enter into a debate with a specific (or fictional) person. Let us give an example of the use of this technique in the lecture “On the most important subjects of education”, read by Professor of Moscow University P.S. Alexandrov:

Yesterday, a statement from one of the largest modern physicists, the old Göttingen professor Max Born: “The future of science depends on whether this need, impulse and desire for creativity succeeds in harmonizing and harmonizing with the conditions social life and ethics."

To these words one can only add that not only the fate of science, but, perhaps, the fate of mankind depends on this.

As a form of transmission of someone else's statement in the text, indirect speech is also used, which conveys someone's words from a third person. Introduction Example indirect speech we find in the already mentioned lecture by P.S. Alexandrova:

Tchaikovsky spoke of music as a special means of communication between people, which cannot be replaced by any other means of communication. I remember one concert at the conservatory: they gave Beethoven's First Symphony. I noticed the expression on the faces of our students.

Indirect speech, in comparison with direct speech, is less expressive and expressive. A good effect is given by a skillful combination of direct and indirect speech in the speech: on the one hand, this allows you to avoid abundant quoting, and on the other hand, it makes the statement more diverse and vivid.

Task 127. Read an excerpt from an introductory lecture on the work of N.A. Nekrasov. Determine in what forms the speaker uses someone else's speech. Illustrate your answer with examples from the text.

We are convinced that truly innovative creations always cause conflicting opinions, ambiguous assessments of contemporaries. Remember the critics' rejection of The Thunderstorm, the struggle and controversy surrounding the novel Fathers and Sons... The same fate befell Nekrasov's lyrics. The opinions and assessments of readers and critics were sharply divided.

Thus, a connoisseur of elegance, a well-known esthete critic Vasily Botkin, argued that Nekrasov’s poems cannot “truly excite - what a rude syllable, clumsy phrases ... as if it were not a sculptor who sculpted from noble marble, but a peasant chopped a log with an ax.”

At the same time, Belinsky "gave his head to cut off that Nekrasov has a" talent ", that he is" a poet - and a true poet. Turgenev, in a moment of irritation, assured that "poetry did not spend the night in Nekrasov's verses," but he also admitted that the poem "I'm driving at night ..." he "completely lost my mind": "day and night I repeat this amazing work and already learned by heart."

Nekrasov himself exclaimed contritely: "There is no free poetry in you, my harsh, clumsy verse." And Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov called him "the only fine hope of our literature", "the most beloved Russian poet."

Which of them is right? How to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable? Where is the truth?

The work that we will do today will allow us to approach the solution of this issue.

V. Norm, its dynamics and variation

5.1. The language norm is a historical phenomenon

The most important feature of the literary language is considered the existence of norms.

The most important feature of the culture of speech is its correctness. The correctness of speech is determined by the observance of the norms inherent in the literary language.

What is a norm?

What are the rules?

What is their feature?

How are norms born?

Here are the questions that need to be answered.

Norm - the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language.

The norm is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

The norm is obligatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language.

The rules differ:

Task 128. Using the scheme, name the norms that are characteristic only for oral, only for written speech and related to both forms of speech. How can this division be explained?

Task 129. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of error each of them belongs to.

1. He took the belt and hit it. 2. Dogs run fast. 3. We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4. The general responded with gratitude to the health resort. 5. Engineers gathered for a meeting. 6. I live on a small lane leading to the Don. 7. He said a touchy word. 8. The owner of the house was sleeping. 9. None of them found a word of sympathy for the patient, 10. - Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Some of them were developed a long time ago and are preserved to this day, and some have changed. Who, for example, is now called an applicant? Everyone will answer: "The one who enters a higher or secondary special educational institution." Do you know the etymology of this word? It was borrowed in the 19th century. from German. German Applicant goes back to Middle Latin abituriens, - ntis - "going to leave" Here, it turns out, what a contradiction: the one who is called an applicant should leave, leave, and not come, act somewhere, What's the matter? Indeed, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, the first volume of which was published in 1936, we read: enrollee -"a student of a secondary educational institution who holds final exams." As you can see, the semantics of the word corresponds to its etymological meaning. Further applicants they began to name not only those who graduated from high school, but also those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. Changes that have taken place with the use of the word enrollee, are reflected in the second edition of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, published in 1991. Here is how this word is presented in it:

Enrollee. 1. Obsolete A student graduating from a secondary school; graduate.

2. Anyone who enters a higher or secondary educational institution. Lists of applicants. Advice for applicants.

Therefore, the use of the word applicant has changed.

Over time, the pronunciation also changes. So, for example, A.S. Pushkin in his letters there are words of the same root, but with different spellings: bankrupt And bankruptcy. How can this be explained? You might think that the poet described himself or made a mistake. No. Word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century. from Dutch or French and originally in Russian it sounded like bankrupt. Derivatives had a similar sound: bankrupt, bankrupt, bankrupt. In the time of Pushkin, a pronunciation variant appears with "o" instead of "y". could speak and write bankrupt And bankrupt. By the end of the XIX century. finally won pronunciation bankrupt, bankruptcy, go bankrupt. It has become the norm.

Now let's do a little research. Task: to trace how the pronunciation norm of the combination has changed ch and if you are violating it.

Task 130. Rewrite the words and after each mark how you pronounce the combination ch: like [ch] or [shn]. If it seems to you that you pronounce both [ch] and [shn], then write both options.

Sample: Certainly-[shn].

Everyday, bakery, snack bar, toy, on purpose, decent, decent, creamy, scrambled eggs, apple, Ilyinichna, Nikitichna.

Task 131. Using the table, determine how many words out of twelve retain the same pronunciation [shn], how many have equal options [shn] and [ch], how many words the pronunciation [ch] wins. Make a conclusion in which direction this norm changes.

Word	Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (1935-1940)	Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language (1983)
everyday	[sn]	[h] and add. [sn]
bakery	[sn]	[sn] and add. [h]
diner	[sn]	[h]
toy	[sn]	[h]
on purpose	[sn]	[sn]
decently	[sn]	[sn and ch]
decent	[sn]	[sn and ch]
creamy	[sn]	add. obsolete [sn]
fried eggs	[sn]	[sn]
apple	[sn]	add. [sn]
Ilyinichna	[sn]	[sn]
Nikitichna	[sn]	[sn]

Check how you completed the previous task. Do you pronounce all the words correctly? Memorize their pronunciation.

Morphological norms also change. In this respect, the history of endings in the nominative plural of masculine nouns is indicative.

Task 132. Write each word in the nominative plural.

Fence, table, garden, side, coast, eye, sleeve, train, year, cruiser, tractor.

As you can see, not everything is so simple. Why do some words in the nominative plural have an ending -s, A others - A? What does it depend on? Which of the endings in each case corresponds to the modern norm? To understand this, let us turn to the history of the language.

In the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural, there was also a dual number. It was used when it was about two subjects: table(one), table(two), tables(more than two); side(one), sides(two), bonds(more than two). From the 13th century the form of the dual number gradually begins to collapse and is lost over time. But the trace remains. Think about why the words side, coast, eye, sleeve plural ending - A? Guessed? Yes, because these words denote paired objects. In such words, first of all, the ending of the dual number was preserved, which became an indicator of the plural. Gradually ending -A spread to other words, displacing their ending -s.

See what ending you wrote the word with train. Certainly, trains. But N.G. Chernyshevsky, in a letter to his father on February 8, 1855, writes: “Jo- ride on the railway they stop due to heavy snowfall for four days. In the 19th century was not the norm trains, A trains.

Task 133. Find in the sentences from "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol, a word whose ending does not correspond to the norm of the modern Russian language. How do you explain such a phenomenon?

1. Ten of them (dogs. - Auth.) put their paws on Nozdryov's shoulders. 2. Already the chair with which he decided to defend himself was torn out of his hands by serfs, already, closing his eyes, neither alive nor dead, he was preparing to taste his master's Circassian chubuk, and God knows what might happen to him; but the fates were pleased to save the sides, shoulders and all the well-bred parts of our hero.

The change in the norm for the word is indicative tractor. It was borrowed at the beginning of the 20th century. from English, which tractor - suffix formation from latin traho, trahere - pull, pull. The first to fix it is the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" in the 3rd volume, published in 1940. Only tractors, and the ending -a (tractor) considered colloquial, i.e. non-literary. After 23 years, the 15th volume of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language is published. It contains both forms tractors, And tractor - are given as equal, but in the form tractors preferred, it comes first. After 20 years, in the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (1983), the ending -a is put in first place as more common. It can be assumed that in 10-20 years the form tractors, like trains, will be given in normative dictionaries with a mark obsolete.

What plural ending do you think the words should have? sweater And jumper?

At present, in official speech (for example, in articles, documents), the ending corresponds to the norm -s (sweaters, jumpers), in colloquial speech, i.e. somewhat reduced, perhaps sweaters, jumpers. Remember this.

Now let's pay attention to the plural ending of animate nouns.

Introduction. Qualities of good speech.

Answer the questions

1. What is a "culture of speech" and what are its components?

2. What meaning do we bring to the concept of " speech etiquette»?

2. Give a definition of the concept of "norm of the literary language."

3. List characteristics norms.

4. Tell us about the variants of the norms of the literary language.

5. Describe the grammatical, lexical, orthoepic norms of the literary language.

6. What groups are divided into linguistic dictionaries?

7. What explanatory dictionaries do you know?

8. Tell us about etymological dictionaries.

10. What does "speech accuracy" mean?

11. What is "comprehensibility", "comprehensibility" of speech?

12. Describe the vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use.

13. What is the wealth of the Russian language?

14. What is "expressiveness of speech"?

15. Describe the main means of speech expressiveness.

16. Tell us about the use of proverbs, sayings, catchwords, phraseological expressions in speech.

No. 1. Write how you greet your family, friends, neighbors, colleagues, boss at work.

No. 2. Get to know the greetings and think about which ones contain Additional information and what?

- Hello, dear Evgeny Petrovich!

- Hello, Zhenya!

– Hello!

- Great!

- Good afternoon!

- Hello!

- Hi!

- Greetings!

- Glad to welcome you!

- Let me greet you!

- What a joy!

- What a meeting!

- Well, a meeting!

Who do I see!

- What a surprise!

- Is that you?!

No. 3. The following letter is included in one of the works of the writer and philosopher G. Grachev.

What makes it difficult to read and understand correctly? What role does observance / non-observance of language norms play in the process of communication?

Hello, dear, dear spouse, the father writes to you, your faithful wife, iraba, was in order, chi go itibe, zhalaim, healthy taxi, the life of the galubchik calmed the soul, dirzhis, better nipadai sgara ta.

No. 4. Using the diagram, find errors in the sentences and determine what type of errors each of them belongs to.

Norm types

1. Orthoepic (pronunciation)

2. Spelling

3. Punctuation

4. Lexical

5. Morphological

6. Derivational

7. Syntactic

1. He took the belt and hit it. 2. Dogs run fast. 3. We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4. The general responded with gratitude to the health resort. 5. Engineers gathered for a meeting. 6. I live in a small lane leading to the Volga. 7. He said a touchy word. 8. The owner of the house was sleeping. 9. None of them found a word of sympathy for the patient. 10. - Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.

№ 5. Build phrases, taking into account the difference in the lexical meaning of these words.

Successful - lucky, heritage - inheritance, whole - whole, ardent - furious, adviser - adviser, tourist - tourist.

No. 6. Write each word in name. plural case.

Fence, garden, side, sleeves, train, rail, year, cruiser, tractor, director, contract, accountant, vacation.

No. 7. Write all the possible variations of your name. Determine which of them are used in official, which in informal speech. What is the function of each option?

No. 8. Prepare a message on the topic: "The language norm and the history of its development." See VD Chernyak Russian language and culture of speech. – M.: Forum, 2004.

No. 9. Using the qualities of a good speech, write a reasoning on the topic: “A person who is dear to me” / at least three pages /.

Phonetics

No. 10. Read, indicate what role stress plays in words.

Put the stress, make 5-7 sentences.

flock protein - vegetable protein; organ of speech- sounds organ, majestic lock- door castle; smells spirits - smells breeze; picturesque shores- from the opposite bank; full-flowing rivers- along the shore rivers; news from loved ones lead by the hand of a child; dense forests- edge forests; drank coffee - drank tree.

No. 11. Rewrite. Name the sounds and letters in the underlined words.

Write these words in three columns: in the first - those in which the number of sounds and letters is the same; in the second - those in which there are more sounds than letters; in the third - those in which there are more letters than sounds.

No. 12. What is the theme of these statements? Determine the lexical meaning of the word communication. Explain the meaning of the first sentence. Do phonetic parsing highlighted words.

1. Man cannot live one. Higher happiness, human joy - communication with other people (V. Sukhomlinsky). 2. An affectionate word that spring day (proverb) 3 learning light, and ignorance is darkness (proverb). 4. Word - great instrument of life (V. Korolenko). 5. Error in thought causes a mistake in words, a mistake in words causes a mistake in deeds. (D. Pisarev)

No. 13. Determine the place of stress in words

Worthless, introduced, imported, brought in, donated, nonsense, loaded, brought in, gutter, induced, glider, brought, of the same name, faded, point, emphasize.

No. 14. Place the stress in the words. In difficult cases, refer to dictionaries. Remember the place of stress in these words:

a) agent, argument, alphabet, alcohol, arrest, aristocracy, anatomist, august, agronomy, agency, apartments, pamper, disinterested, acquisition, run, bourgeoisie, bombard, gross, perceive, introduced, belief, creed, election, reprimands, genesis, group, stamp, penny, caterpillar;

b) democracy, dialogue, dispensary, booty, contract, agreement, document, slumber, leisure, dollar, ancient, conspiracy, frost, clog, rust, malice, jagged, sealed, significance, long ago, invention, occasionally, import, industry, tool, inform, spark, spoil, otherwise, incident, confession, gradually, catalog, catastrophe, quarter, kilometer, combiner, more beautiful, kitchen, self-interest;

c) skillfully, medicine, metallurgy, miserable, youth, monologue, maneuver, thinking, exchange, intention, hatred, worthless, rationing, provision, alleviate, embittered, inform, uncork, partly, simultaneously, of the same name, parterre, funeral, reward, sentence, call, force, acquisition, pseudonym, mindful, anticipate, precedent, plowing;

d) developed, dispersal, get angry, belt, lead, symmetry, case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, means, status, statute, statue, carpenter, modern, customs, immediately, flicker, expedite, notice, notified, Ukrainian, mention, exacerbate, porcelain, phenomenon, form, forum, hypocrisy, solicit, owners, workshop, gypsies, scoop, driver, sorrel, expert, expert, export, escort.

No. 15. Determine whether a soft or hard consonant is pronounced in position before [e] in these words. In which words is only one option possible, and in which both options are acceptable?

Aggression, adequate, academician, accordion, anemia, antithesis,

anesthesia, mezzanine, apartheid, artesian, asteroid, atheist, outsider, barter, business, bestseller, sandwich, steak, meringue, beret, bacon, brunet, genesis, hypothesis, debate, debut, devaluation, degenerate, decade, deanery, demagoguery, dispatch, deposit, depositor, dispensary, deficit, index, interval, code, competent, computer, specific, correct, coffee, cafe, coefficient, compartment, Lutheran, leader, manager, museum, neologism, unpresentable, pastel, pate, press, summary, sweater, sideboard, strategy, text, telefax, pace, trend, term, terror, jacket, plywood, charter, overcoat, energy, ephemeral, jurisprudence

No. 16. Divide the given words into three groups depending on the pronunciation option h:

a) words in which [ch] is pronounced;

b) words in which [shn] is pronounced;

c) words that allow both pronunciations

Antique, library, bakery, bottle, oriental, forever,

mustard plaster, sunflower, secondary, single, unprofitable, pepper pot, shopkeeper, of course, penny, Kuzminichna, feverish, pettiness, scientific, on purpose, night, eyeglass, excellent student, monotonous, oven, kidney, decent, trifling, manual, Savvichna, cordial, boring, shooting, birdhouse, sunny, creamy, accuracy, training, unprofitability, street, hat, barley, scrambled eggs

No. 17. Fill in the missing vowels.

Pay ... hush, paid ... paid, paid ... paid, underpaid ... overpaid ... paid, paid ... chenny, one ... lie, defer ... assign, assign ... time ... temporize, condition ... infuse

No. 18. Say the following words. What errors in the pronunciation of these words are found in the speech of poorly educated people?

Can, cardboard, sinusitis, deception, comfort, corridor, tram, compost, compliment, incident, compromise, ascertain, badminton, post office, cap, ruble, performance, sausage, crane, escalator, military leader, jacket, currant, handwriting, other, viands

No. 19. Read. Indicate which sounds are indicated by the highlighted letters.
Make a phonetic analysis of the highlighted words, indicating in each: 1) the number of syllables, the place of stress;

2) vowel sounds (stressed and unstressed);

3) consonant sounds (describe each: deaf or voiced, hard or soft);

4) the number of sounds and letters in a word.

1) ABOUT flies (birds)- (young) athlete; unfold e to be (downwind)- (violently) unfold And to be; ve h ti (hay)- lead (conversation). 2) Night patrol, imperious gesture, our dreams, stand at the box office, the growth rate. 3) The streets are deserted. away something is smoking.

No. 20. Read aloud, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of words with highlighted letters. Write the words in this order:

1) with unpronounceable consonants; 2) with a combination of th, pronounced as [pcs]; 3) with a combination of ch, pronounced as [shn]; 4) with combination ch, allowing pronunciation [shn] and [ch].

Late evening, former owners, something new, something famous, eternal call, done on purpose, heart attack, new laundry, Natalia Savvichna, Olga Nikitichna, trifling accident, go to the bakery, end result, of course, perform, rather boring, dairy products, our peers, participate in the parade, feel responsible.

No. 21. Read aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of foreign words with double consonants and consonants before e. Write out words with double consonants that are pronounced as singles, and words with solid consonants before the sound [e]. Indicate (orally) the lexical meaning of the written words.

Thick mass, plant area, appeal, group of students, fuel tanks, correct person, fight the occupiers, double the pace, be an atheist, folk art museum, plywood sheet, youth cafe, a cup of coffee, atelier for renting things, participate in cross-country, press reviews, ballot, stand, decade of Ukrainian art, silk muffler.

No. 22. Read and indicate the stress in the underlined words. Rewrite, denoting it.

Convincing argument, English aristocracy, large bourgeoisie, public activity, to conclude contract, rust from the damp calling phone, useful invention, plantations rubber new residential quarter, work combine operator solid intent to ease pain, place in stalls, express condolences, funds connection, a cup of porcelain, solicit about course enrollment.

No. 23. Rewrite. Indicate the stress in the underlined words.

What are the rules for spelling missing letters?

1) Ducks over lakes raised cry. (A.K.T.) 2) We broke into the stop and occupied his. (Versh.) 3) There were already lights ignite .. us. (Ch.) 4) His long hair was completely white. (P.) 5) Half of these bands were already bevel..on.(L.T.) 6) Buildings and fences were okle..us posters. (First) 7) In the tomb found..but grain of dry Egyptian wheat. (Pinch.) 8) On the middle portrait image..on was a young woman. (T.) 9) Crowded and numerous..us cities scattered .. in our country. On many languages say the people who inhabited this majestic .. this country. (CM.)

No. 24. Rewrite the phrases, inserting the missing letters z or s. Graphically explain the spelling

Calculate ... even, ra ... reckon with anyone, judicious ... savvy owner, magnificent ... draper, and ... kusny worker, and ... bite ... tawny silk, at least ... dimly hot water, no... a shaped pile of rubble, no... delicious thing. precious gift, materialistic worldview, restored railway station, ... save strength, inexhaustible source, climbing a mountain, descending ... walking order of numbers, destroy through ... a strip, raise through... saddle, perfect taste, no... temperature, no... neck formation.

No. 25. Group the words in two columns: Yo or O after hissing. Compare: arson of a house - set fire to a house

I. Smooth stitch - smooth wool(wool), narrow zh.forehead, fallen zh..ludi, complex calculation ..t, black. give poshch..rank, forest sh..rohi, sh..sweat of leaves, torments life..ha, bring bech..vku, set fire..g, burn...gi faces, set fire...g grass, modern prich..ska, buy cheap..vke, zh..strict conditions, forest slum..ba.

II. Flag over the tower..y, upset by failures..y, a car with a brick..m, paralysis is broken..m, follow the match..m, rare push..k, hard nut..k, close bench..nka , see a hare ..nka, scoop a bucket ..m, tension before the finish line ..m, mock a hypocrite ..th, be ashamed of a stranger ..th person, gusts of fresh ..th wind.

Vocabulary and phraseology

Answer the questions

1. What is the "lexical meaning of the word"?

2. Tell us about commonly used and non-common words.

3. What is the direct and figurative meaning of the word?

4. On the basis of what and how is the transfer of the name of one object (attribute, action) to another?

5. What are the words by origin?

6. Tell me how polysemantic words differ from homonyms.

7. Define dialectisms, neologisms.

8. What groups are obsolete words divided into?

9. What is a lexical norm?

10. What is a tautology?

11. What is alogism?

12. Define the phraseological turnover.

13. Define homonyms.

14. Tell us about the varieties of homonyms.

15. Define synonyms, antonyms, paronyms.

16. What words are called professional?

17. What groups are scientific terms divided into?

No. 26. Compose a message on the topics: “ Lexical norms and speech culture”, “Borrowed words in the modern Russian language. My attitude to borrowed vocabulary ”(See the textbook edited by V.D. Chernyak“ Russian language and culture of speech ”, M .: Forum, 2004, pp. 92-99, 102-106.

No. 27. In the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, find phraseological units related to your future profession.

No. 28. Fill in the table with examples (10 examples each)

No. 29. In the explanatory "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov, find the words of the colloquial style, professional words. Read the dictionary entry, give your examples for all the meanings of the selected words. What labels in the dictionary indicate the stylistic characteristics of the word?

No. 30. From the "Dictionary of Foreign Words" write out words from the field of science, music, sports, medicine. What languages are they borrowed from? Find Russian synonyms for them.

No. 31. Using the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by L.A. Voinova, V.P. Zhukov, explain the meaning of the following phraseological units:

a thorn in the eye, the soul hurts, a sore spot, from a sick head to a healthy one, twist the brains, to the marrow of the bones, you can’t collect the bones, blood plays, the blood freezes, blood from the nose, the heart bleeds, eyes climb on the forehead, an extra mouth, sink into oblivion, puzzle, break your back, put on both shoulder blades, burst with fat, tinned throat, go crazy with your mind, drip on your brains, callous your tongue, only through my corpse, set your brains, scatter your brains, suck in with milk, frost on the skin, goosebumps on the back, turbidity in the eyes, wash the bones, fill the eye, took water in the mouth, put on a mask, inflate in the ears, find access to the heart, do not breathe much, smear the heels, step on the throat, insatiable womb, ruffle the nerves, living place no, there will be no legs, go under the knife.

Write winged expressions (at least 5) based on the myths of ancient Greece.

No. 32. Choose borrowed words from a newspaper or magazine whose meanings you do not know or do not fully understand. Find out their meanings in the dictionary of foreign words.

Write out the lexical meanings of words from the explanatory dictionary or dictionary of foreign words precedent And incident. Make sentences with these words.

No. 33. Based on newspaper and magazine articles, make a list of 10-15 borrowed in last years profession words. If you do not know the meanings of some words or know them inaccurately, write down their meanings from the dictionary.

No. 34. Pick up a few examples of how a new word is explained directly in the text of a newspaper or magazine article. Think about how justified this borrowing is used, whether it is possible to replace it with a Russian equivalent. Justify your point of view.

No. 35. Formulate the meanings of the following words:
internet, chat, site, virtual, pentium, laptop.

Check the correctness of your wording in the dictionary of new words or the dictionary of foreign words.

№ 36. Select examples of unmotivated use of borrowed words in oral or writing(newspapers, magazines, TV and radio programs). Confirm the correctness of your observations and conclusions with the help of dictionaries.

No. 37. Make sentences with the following words, using
attention to the difference in their compatibility:

spectacular - effective, everyday - everyday, selective - qualifying, display - reflection, care - caring, diplomatic - diplomatic, militant - militant, color - color, criminal - criminogenic, economical - economic - economical.

No. 38. Compare combinations of paronyms:

put on (oneself) a coat - dress a child, do smth. on purpose - to behave deliberately defiantly, to give the floor - to present a picture of the incident. Make sentences with these phrases

No. 39. Find the erroneous phrases among the following, make the necessary corrections.

demonstrative material, methodological literature, defensive line, tear-off calendar, find respect, pay fares, express

recognition, win the key, earn a livelihood, find the way home, put on a hat, submit a report to the management, water plants.

№ 40. Determine how the compared words differ: lexical meaning, presence, lack of figurativeness, expression, emotionality, evaluation.

Loafer - loafer - loafer, chatterbox - balabolka - empty talker - empty talk, modify - vary - modify, delimitation - split, frail - flimsy - dead, squirrel - squirrel, horse - nag - bucephalus - horse - horse - horse - horse - savraska - trotter - horse, waste - squander, writer - poet - rhymer - poet - versifier, careless - reckless - extravagant, slow-witted - stupid, cute - expensive - beloved, crybaby - nurse, face - physiognomy - muzzle - mug - snout, warrior - warrior, husband - spouse - faithful, miser - miser - greedy - greedy.

№ 41. Choose synonyms for the following borrowed words Make sentences with borrowed words and their synonyms of Russian origin. Justify in each case the justification of your choice:

Anomaly, spontaneous, resuscitation, degradation, dilettante, tendentiousness, rarity, tolerant, citadel, electorate, unprecedented, killer, devaluation, legitimate, presentation, exclusive, variable

No. 42. Write the names of birds, insects, animals, plants that are in figurative meaning characterize a person. Think of a few sentences with them and write them down.

№ 43. Make up phrases with each of the paronyms:

subscription - subscriber; life - being; memory - reminder;

heroism - heroism - heroism; pride - pride; kindness - goodness; rigidity - cruelty; conservation - conservation; posture - posturing - position; theme - subject; fact - factor; booths - everyday; deep - deep; distant - distant; game - sparkling - playful - playing - gambling; diplomatic - diplomatic; trusting - trusting; executive - performing; lyrical - lyrical; intolerable - intolerable; editorial - editorial; effective - effective; breathe in - breathe in; to call - to call; put on - dress; to cover - to cover, to gain - to find

No. 44. Write out from the proverbs first general language antonyms, and then contextual ones.

1. The beginning is not expensive, but the end is laudable. 2. A lot of noise, but little use. 3. Highly raised, but lowered low. 4. Prepare a sleigh in summer, a cart in winter. 5. Whoever wants to know a lot needs little sleep. 6. He looks like a morel, and eats porridge like a hero. 7. Every quarrel is red by the world. 8. Take care of an hour - you will live a century. 9. Labor always gives, but laziness only takes.

No. 45. Find the words used incorrectly, without taking into account their meanings (for reference, refer to one of the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language), offer your own version of the edit.

1. In a dispute, the intellect of a person is best reflected.

2. At night, the dogs came to the camp and ate the garbage of people.

3. These functions are entrusted to the departments of propaganda and advertising.

4. In anticipation of the cold season, a matter of particular importance in
area is preparing for winter.

5. Journalists have different manners of broadcasting.

6. A whole galaxy of passenger cars of new brands will soon be released by the plant.

7. Ionych prancing on a britzka with a lazy coachman on a goat.

8. The plot of patriotism runs through the whole novel.

No. 46. Rewrite the examples, eliminating repetitive cognates.

1) The appearance of plays by A. N. Ostrovsky was a huge event in the history of our theater. 2) The author satirically portrays the images of the landowners. 3) Having inherited his uncle's inheritance, Onegin began to live in the village. 4) The French emperor miscalculated, counting on a quick victory. 5) When the enemy troops began to approach closer, the whole people came out against the enemies. 6) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" called on the Russian people to unite together.

No. 47. Read. Indicate what mistakes are made when using stable turns. Rewrite to correct these errors.

1) The truth contained in the poet's verses hits in the face. 2) Already the early romantic works of the writer made an indelible impression on his contemporaries. 3) The "Song of the Petrel" played a great revolutionary role. 4) At Plyushkin, the peasants are dying like flies. 5) Throughout the work, the thought of the future of Russia is a red thread. 6) Among artistic means poems have a special role to compare. 7) Immediately after the arrival of Bazarov, life on the Kirsanov estate began to beat in a different way. 8) Famusov does not like to do business for a long time, he has such a custom: "Signed, and off with your shoulders." 9) According to Chatsky, "the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant for everyone."

No. 48. Rewrite, choosing the right word or phraseological phrase.

The city of Nizhny Novgorod is (valid, genuine) volzhsk.. (capital, main city). He/she rises where (combine, merge) waters of the Volga and Oka. It is no coincidence that the symbol (her his)- slender (thrown up, lifted up) deer horns. It seems as if the city itself is easy (take off, take off) on steep and (stopped, stopped) there, (looking around, looking) from the height of the Kremlin towers beyond the river gave.

The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was pleasing to the eye even when the river (slowly, at a snail's pace, slowly) (moved, glided) sailing ship.

Parts of speech

Answer the questions

1. What parts of speech are called independent? Name them.

2. What parts of speech are called service? Name them.

3. How is the gender of indeclinable nouns of foreign origin determined?

4. How is the gender of Russian indeclinable nouns determined?

5. The form of what kind is retained by nouns denoting persons by profession, position, scientist or military rank?

6. What should I pay attention to when using adjectives in speech?

7. What should be taken into account when using the numeral both (both) in speech?

8. In what case are collective numbers used?

9. Tell us about the features of cardinal numbers?

10. What pronouns should be paid attention to when using them in speech in order to avoid mistakes?

11. Tell us about difficult cases of nominal and verbal administration.

12. Tell us about the use of adverbial phrases.

No. 49. Indicate the numbers of phrases formed in accordance with the modern norms of the Russian literary language.

1) black coffee, 2) red dahlia, 3) sore callus, 4) thick mascara, 5) ancient hall, 6) expensive shampoo, 7) thick whisker, 8) fashionable shoe, 9) fashionable shoe, 10) pickled iwashi, 11) marinated ivasi, 12) expensive salami, 13) warm muffin, 14) checkered muffin, 15) my counterpart, 16) my counterpart, 17) oral Hindi, 18) written Hindi, 19) green Sochi, 20) green Sochi, 21) Ivanov silver medalist, 22) Ivanov silver medalist, 23) vet friend, 24) left rail, 25) steel rail.

No. 50. Choose sentences that correspond to the norms of the literary language

1. This dead forest, perhaps, had its own poetry. 2. In the "Forest" by Ostrovsky, all the characters in the play are written out with great talent. 3. The story Green wrote was "Reno Island". 4. For all the speed of the pace chosen by Charlie Chaplin, he did not leave the confidence that he was right. 5. There was neither a rumor nor a spirit about travelers. 6. From the world on a thread naked shirt. 7. Trees in the cherry orchard. 8. The scenery in The Cherry Orchard was skillfully done. 9. According to the plan, we need to arrive on time. 10. The role of Ne-schastlivtsev in Ostrovsky's "Forest" was played by a young talented actor. 11. Michurin creatively reworked much of what was created by Darwin. 12. Buy me a pair of stockings and two pairs of socks. 13. Sirius could be clearly seen in the sky today. 14. We ask all persons with tickets to take their seats. 15. The girl wanted to buy all these dolls. 16. We observed a passing satellite of the Earth. 17. The state farm garden occupies over a hundred hectares. 18. Documents must be issued by the first of August. 19. A large crop of tomatoes has been harvested. 20. Divide it all into several equal shares. 21. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction by the denominator of the second. 22. On the night of the second, a severe frost hit.

No. 51. Choose the correct options, explain the errors in the use of the number forms of nouns.

1. Our acquaintances belong to different social environments.

2. Incorrect expressions are often found in the speech of children.

3. Partisans often got into encirclement, but boldly broke out of them. 4. All workshops of the plant operate at full capacity. 5. In the representations of Chernyshevsky's heroes, everything was different. 6. The most diverse segments of the population participated in the partisan movements. 7. Tatyana is characterized by subtle understanding of Russian nature.

No. 52. Choose the correct option.

1. The student was capable of mathematics. 2. Such an answer is meaningless.

3. We were in even worse conditions. 4. The poems were successful both in content and in form. 5. The first student answered more briskly than the second. 6. The room is low for such furniture. 7. The room is low for such furniture. 8. The party has been delayed for more best position for whites. 9. The student is always smart, always dressed in uniform, cultured in circulation. 10. life path the hero is heavy and tragic. 11. His contribution to the work was significant. 12. The most capable student. 13. This work is worse. 14. This is his worst work. 15. The plot of the story is interesting in many ways. 16. The plot of the story is interesting in many ways.

No. 53. Choose the correct option.

1) three boys, 2) three girls, 3) three students, 4) 22 scissors, 5) 22 pieces of scissors, 6) 22 pairs of scissors, 7) with both hands, 8) with both hands, 9) two hundred and fifty years of the city, 10) two hundred and fifty years cities.

No. 54. Choose the correct option.

1. This transition was about four hundred and sixty-five kilometers. 2. This transition was about four hundred and five kilometers. 3. This event took place at the beginning of the year 1804. 4. This the event took place at the beginning of the year eighteen hundred and four. 5. I vote for her with both hands. 6. I vote for her with both hands. 7. Add one and a half full cups of flour. 8. The ship was in orbit for 383 days. 9. Cars were parked at both gates. 10. Of the 21 participants in the competition, three athletes stood out in particular. 11. To start a business with five hundred thousand means to fail the business from the very beginning. 12. Both contenders for the medal have equal chances.

No. 55. Choose the wrong option.

1. There is no name for her. 2. Their child. 3. Their child. 4. People crowded around him. 5. She wrote to her daughter in a letter that she should come. 6. She wrote to her daughter that she should come. 7. Provincial bureaucracy is denounced as a comedy. Bribery, lawlessness, and theft flourish among them. 8. The comedy exposes the provincial bureaucracy. Bribery, lawlessness, theft flourish among it. 9. Turgenev leads the hero to a gradual realization of his mistakes. 10. Turgenev leads the hero to a gradual realization of his mistakes. 11. Everyone persuades the guest to go to his place. 12. The boy is now an orphan; father died when he was three years old. 13. The tenant asked the janitor to take things to himself. 14. The professor invited the assistant to read his report. 15. The professor invited the assistant to read his report. 16. The group passed all tests and asked to be examined at the beginning of the month. 17. When the holidays came, the students went to their relatives; they were waiting for them with great impatience, hoping to have a good rest. 18. The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water. 19. The first performance of the young artist brought him great success, and you can expect a lot from him in the future. 20. The adjutant crumpled up the note, lit a cigarette, then threw it into the wastebasket.

No. 56. Choose the correct option. Pay attention to the highlighted words.

1. He often (a) lies, b) lays down) things on the table. 2. He lies down in hospital. 3. I (a) feel, b) can feel) This is when I myself experience something similar. I (a) I will win, b) I will be able to win, c) I will win). I (a) I will run away, b) I will convince, c) I will be able to convince, d) I will be able to convince) him in the correctness of the decision. 6. Results (a) summed up, b) summed up). 7. After a lecture, listeners often delayed in the audience.
8. After a lecture, listeners often remain in the audience. 9. After a lecture, listeners often detain in the audience. 10. He (a) responds, b) responds) to life events and (c) noted, d) notes) phenomena arising from it. 11. To get it right (a) make up, b) make up) documents must be carefully (c) study, d) study) documentation management. 12. In the center of the story is a representative (a) nascent, b) nascent) class. 13. The meeting was attended by representatives of all departments, with the exception of two employees, (a) absent, b) absent) for good reasons.

No. 57. Choose the correct option.

1. The store is closed by the seller at exactly eight in the evening. 2. The seller closes the store at eight o'clock in the evening. 3. Sunflower seeds are crushed, kneaded and washed with cold water from impurities. 4. The grandson often dresses as a grandmother. 5. Grandmother often dresses her grandson. 6. We need to help young people grow and show their abilities. 7. The part is thrown into the bath and then washed out. 8. The part is thrown into the bath and then dried thoroughly. 9. Don't damage furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table. 10. Where did you hear about it? 11. On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a solution of soda. 12. Flowers dried in a vase. 13. Dry in the sun. 14. The door opens automatically. 15. The harvested crop is sent to different parts by rail, by air and by water. 16. Our department has repeatedly been awarded.

№ 58. Using the words below, make up the phrases “noun + adjective”. Choose your own adjective. Sample: taxi.

Avenue, aerosol, parcel, meringue, borjomi, sconce, bourgeois, veil, riding breeches, house, depot, jury, ivasi, cockatoo, kohlrabi, contralto, coffee, lady, salmon, menu, corn, mole, pemoxol, penalty, pony, purse, salami, travesty, tulle, roofing felt, flamingo, foyer, frau, smart girl, tsetse, shampoo,

№ 59. From the nouns below, write out the indeclinable ones, determine their gender. Which words have gender fluctuations? Which words only have a plural form?

Curler, bikini, biennale, bureau, whiskey, tour, ghetto, depot, child, domino, blinds, jelly, ivasi, rosin, koala, entertainer, coffee, mango, menu, subway, lady, coat, jam, journeyman, puree, stew, soprano, spaghetti, dressing table, fillet, hippie, popsicle, Mississippi, Capri, Tbilisi, Gobi, Baku, Sochi.

No. 60. Divide nouns into three groups:

1) nouns female;

2) masculine nouns;

3) common nouns.

Attache, bulldozer, mediocrity, grouche, counterpart, bigwig, doctor, head, thug, dandy, greedy, victim, bully, arrogant, snake, impresario, cockatoo, hummingbird, entertainer, croupier, maestro, touchy, rake, porter, protégé, sucker, pig, sweetheart.

No. 61. Put the words below in the form singular. Where applicable, please provide two options.

Graceful giraffes, Russian idioms, terrible sluts, open shutters, red dahlias, comfortable chairs, white keys, dirty cuffs, new shoes, strict elders, theater curtains, crumpled banknotes, black fires, high boots, starched sheets, children's knees, concert halls , old corns, steel rails, new sanatoriums, old pianos, curly sideburns, early vegetables, cheap reserved seats, merry singers, nasty sneaks.

No. 62. Form, if possible, the nominative singular form of the nouns below. Are there any words with hesitation in gender forms? 1

a) Meatballs, zrazy, waffles, biscuits, croutons, dumplings, chickens, pancakes, dumplings, meatballs, sprats;

Someone else's speech. Illustrate your answer with examples from the text.

Which of them is right? How to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable? Where is the truth?

The work that we will do today will allow us to approach the solution of this issue.

V. Norm, its dynamics and variation

5.1. The language norm is a historical phenomenon

The most important feature of the literary language is considered the existence of norms.

The most important feature of the culture of speech is its correctness. The correctness of speech is determined by the observance of the norms inherent in the literary language.

What is a norm?

What are the rules?

What is their feature?

How are norms born?

Here are the questions that need to be answered.

Norm - the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language.

The norm is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

The norm is obligatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language.

The rules differ:

Task 128. Using the scheme, name the norms that are characteristic only for oral, only for written speech and related to both forms of speech. How can this division be explained?

Task 129. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of error each of them belongs to.

Enrollee. 1. Obsolete A student graduating from a secondary school; graduate.

2. Anyone who enters a higher or secondary educational institution. Lists of applicants. Advice for applicants.

Therefore, the use of the word applicant has changed.

Now let's do a little research. Task: to trace how the pronunciation norm of the combination has changed ch and if you are violating it.

Task 130. Rewrite the words and after each mark how you pronounce the combination ch: like [ch] or [shn]. If it seems to you that you pronounce both [ch] and [shn], then write both options.

Sample: Certainly-[shn].

Everyday, bakery, snack bar, toy, on purpose, decent, decent, creamy, scrambled eggs, apple, Ilyinichna, Nikitichna.

Word	Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (1935-1940)	Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language (1983)
everyday	[sn]	[h] and add. [sn]
bakery	[sn]	[sn] and add. [h]
diner	[sn]	[h]
toy	[sn]	[h]
on purpose	[sn]	[sn]
decently	[sn]	[sn and ch]
decent	[sn]	[sn and ch]
creamy	[sn]	add. obsolete [sn]
fried eggs	[sn]	[sn]
apple	[sn]	add. [sn]
Ilyinichna	[sn]	[sn]
Nikitichna	[sn]	[sn]

Check how you completed the previous task. Do you pronounce all the words correctly? Memorize their pronunciation.

Morphological norms also change. In this respect, the history of endings in the nominative plural of masculine nouns is indicative.

Task 132. Write each word in the nominative plural.

Fence, table, garden, side, coast, eye, sleeve, train, year, cruiser, tractor.

Task 133. Find in the sentences from "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol, a word whose ending does not correspond to the norm of the modern Russian language. How do you explain such a phenomenon?

What plural ending do you think the words should have? sweater And jumper?

Now let's pay attention to the plural ending of animate nouns.

Exercise 134. Write each word in the nominative plural. What can you say about the peculiarities of their endings?

Engineer, accountant, elevator operator, confectioner, associate professor, editor, designer, conductor, driver, rector, lecturer, inspector, professor.

Compare the endings you wrote with those given in the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (1983):

Engineer, pl.-s! grossly wrong, pl. engineer

Accountant, pl.-s! wrong, pl. accountant

Lifter (plural not specified)

Confectioner, pl.-s

Associate Professor (plural not specified)

Editor, pl. editors and editors

Constructor, pl.-s! not rivers. pl. constructor

Conductor, pl. conductors and conductors

Chauffeur, pl.-s! in the profession. speeches pl. driver

rector, pl.-s! not rivers. pl. rector

Lecturer, pl.-s! not rivers. pl. lecturer

Inspector, pl. inspectors and inspectors

Professor, pl. professor.

Summarize your observations and write them down.

There is another group of words that has its own characteristics in the formation of the plural.

Task 135. Write each word in the nominative plural:

Camp, pass, order, sheet, teacher.

Have you guessed what the plural ending of these words depends on? It turns out that sometimes you should consider the meaning of the word.

Check: camp(sports, school) - camps, camp("socio-political group") - camps, pass("document") - pass, pass("something missing") - passes, order("Mark of distinction") - orders, order("community, secret community") - orders, leaf(paper) - sheets, sheet(tree) - leaves, teacher("teacher") - teachers, teacher("head, author of the doctrine") - teachers.

If the letter A denotes the old, original norm, and the competing version is denoted by the letter B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this:

1st stage	2nd stage	3rd stage	4th stage
A B is wrong.	A B razg., and	B And outdated.	B

At the first stage, the only form A dominates, its variant B is outside the literary language and is considered incorrect. At the second stage, option B penetrates into the literary language, is considered acceptable in colloquial speech (mark colloquial), In the future, depending on the degree of its distribution, it qualifies as equal to A (litter i). At the third stage, norm A loses its dominant role, finally gives way to norm B and passes into the category of obsolete norms. At the fourth stage, B becomes the only norm of the literary language.

5.2. Variation of the norm

Changes in norms are preceded by their appearance options, which really exist in the language at a certain stage of its development, are actively used by its speakers.

Options are presented at all levels of the language:

Level	Options
Phonetic	To - to, fern - fern, empower - empower
derivational	Comprehension - comprehension, locksmith - locksmith, heroically - heroically, reading room - reading room, she-wolf - she-wolf
Morphological	This roofing - this roofing, coffee is cold - coffee is cold, towels - towels, in the workshop - in the workshop, go - go - go, the most important - the most important - the most important, a hundred meters - a hundred meters - a hundred meters
Syntactic	Wait for the train - wait for the train, buy bread - buy bread, ride the train - ride the train - ride the train, recommend as a coach, recommend as a coach, recommend as a coach
Phraseological	Tongue stuck / stuck to the larynx, the tongue does not turn / does not turn to speak.
Phraseological	to wag / scratch / chat / grind, as if / as if / as if a cow licked its tongue

Task 136. Determine the type of word variants.

Sawmill - sawmill, endless - endless, drink - drink, annual - annual, two-cavity - two-cavity, cellulose - cellulose, arm - arm, foil - foil, driver - driver, arabesque - arabesque, bekesha - bekesh, tablet - tablet, rabbit - rabbit, turkey - turkey - turkey, reach - reach, splash - splash.

Task 137. Can you tell me if the given words are variants? If not, why not?

Two-part - two-part, two-year - two-year, two-fold - two-fold, half-platoon - half-platoon, semicircle - half-circle, peninsula - half-bark, half-bark - half-bark, youth - youth, head - head, gate - gate, cold - cold, environment - middle, quarry - career, manners - manner, keys - key, cataract - cataract, drive - drive, cuff - cuff.

Task 138. Say what is the fate of the following variants of words.

Osm - eight, sharp - eastern, fatherland - patrimony, smallpox - vospa, ocher - vohra, octushka - eight, onbar (Turkic) - anbar - barn.

There are a lot of variants of various types in the Russian language, which indicates its richness, but this creates difficulties, because in order to choose the right option, you need to know what place each of the options occupies, what is its characteristic, its stylistic coloring. Options are available in explanatory dictionaries and in dictionaries created as a result of the study of the use of various options in written and oral speech. Yes, JLC. Graudina, V.A., Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya published a frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants "Grammatical correctness of Russian speech" (M., 1976), which contains 6 thousand pairs of variant word forms.

5.3. Formation of the norms of the literary language

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of establishing the language norm will be the works of classical writers and contemporary writers, media language analysis, common contemporary usage, live and questionnaire data, Scientific research linguists.

Thus, the compilers of the dictionary of grammatical variants used sources stored in the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences:

1) a card file of grammatical fluctuations, which was compiled on the basis of Soviet fiction during 1961-1972;

2) materials of a statistical survey on newspapers of the 60-70s. The total sample was one hundred thousand options;

3) recordings in the music libraries of modern colloquial speech;

4) materials of answers to the questionnaire;

5) data of all modern dictionaries, grammar and special studies on grammatical variants.

Enormous work was done by the compilers of the dictionary to determine which of the grammatical forms should be considered the norm, the use of which should be limited, and which should be considered incorrect.

To get an idea of the questionnaires that are filled out by native speakers, here are a few examples from the "Questionnaire on Modern Russian Literary Pronunciation" (1960):

35. How do you pronounce:

When or when?

Where or Where?

Sometimes or otherwise?

smog or smoh?

nemoc or nemoX?

67. How do you pronounce the following words (underline):

A) arteria or artery?

bacteria or bacterium?

bruNET or brunet?

inert or inert?

conserves or canned food?

criterip or criterion?

portpvine or port wine?

progRESs or progress?

strateg or strategist?

TEMA or Subject!

ShinEl or overcoat?

b) buterbrod or sandwich?

Degassing or Degassing?

Dean or Decak?

Demobilization or Demobilization?

intense or intensive?

instanceInstance or instance?

Why questions are asked about the pronunciation of words when, where, sometimes And I could, I couldn't!

This is due to the fact that in the literary language the letter G in position before vowels, sonorant consonants ( R, l, m, n) And V conveys the sound [g]: newspaper, dwarf, thunder, rumble, nail. When the sound [g] is formed, the back of the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate; noise occurs at the moment when the jet of exhaled air opens the closed organs of speech. Therefore, the sound [g] is called explosive, instant.

South Russian dialects, including Don dialects, are characterized by [r] fricative. With the formation of a slit [r], the back of the back of the tongue does not close, but only approaches the soft palate, a gap is formed between them. Noise arises from the friction of the exhaled air on the edges of the contiguous organs of speech. This sound is denoted by the letter "".

In the Russian literary language (with rare exceptions), only the pronunciation of [g] explosive is permissible. The exception is the word God in indirect cases: god, god, oh god And sometimes, then, always. They should have pronounced [] slotted: bo[]a, bo[]om, o bo[]e, ino[]yes, then[]yes, all[]yes.

It was important for scientists to find out what sound the majority utters and whether the norm should be changed.

At the end of words, the sound [g], like other voiced consonants, is deafened: bank [g] a - take [k], but [g] a - but [k], la [g] y - la [k]. In the South Russian dialect, [] at the end of words also turns into a voiceless consonant, but not in [k], as in the literary language, but in [x]: take [] a - take [x], but [] a - but[x].

Thus, violation of one orthoepic norm, i.e. pronunciation [] instead of [r], leads to violation of other pronunciation norms.

The formulation of the 67th question is also understandable. In this case, we are talking about the pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation.

So, in most borrowed words before [e] consonants are softened: ka[t"]et, faculty [t"]et, [t"]e-oriya, [d"]emon, [d"]espot, [n" ] ervy, [s "] section, [s "] series, mu [s "] her, ga [s"] eta, [p "] enta, [p"] vector.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the hardness of consonants before [e] is preserved: sh [te] p-sel, o [te] l, s [te] nd, ko [de] ks, mo [de] l, ka [re] , [dz]mi-urg, [de]mping, kash[ne], e[ne]rgia, [de]march, mor[ze], k[re]do, etc.

[se], criterion [te and add, those], port wine [ve and add. ve], progress [re and add. re], strategist [te and additional, te], theme [te], overcoat [not]; b) sandwich [te], degassing [de and de], dean [de and add. de], demobilization [de and additional, de], intensive [te], international [te], copy [ze and additional, ze].

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity.

Task 1. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of errors each of them belongs to. Write down the corrected version

He took the belt and hit it.

Dogs run fast.

We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army.

In the near future the weather will be somewhere around zero degrees.

Engineers have a meeting.

I live on a small lane leading to the Don.

He said a hurtful word.

The owner of the house was asleep.

None of them had a word of sympathy for the patient.

‒ Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.

Task 2. Read phraseological units with the word LANGUAGE. You write only those of them , which characterize speaker (person) , dividing them into two groups: positively evaluating and negatively. With any three phraseological units, come up with sentences.

Strike on the tongue. Keep your mouth shut/on a leash. Long tongue. Bite/bite your tongue. Angry on the tongue. Spins on the tongue. Reach an understanding. Hold your tongue. Sharp on the tongue. Swallow your tongue. Get on the tongue. Untie tongue. Loosen the tongue. Ripped off the tongue. Asks for the tongue. Pull / pull the tongue. Pip on your tongue. Well suspended/suspended tongue. The tongue is twisted. Boneless tongue. Tongue stuck / stuck to the larynx. The tongue won't/doesn't turn to speak. Wag your tongue / scratch / chat / grind. Swallow the tongue. The tongue itches. You will break your tongue. The language is gone. Shorten your tongue. Shorten your tongue! The devil pulled his tongue. Run with your tongue out / sticking out / sticking out your tongue. As if / as if / as if a cow had licked it with its tongue. How the tongue licked. Show/show language. Shoulder tongue. Rolls on the tongue/tip of the tongue. Unleash the language. Does not leave the tongue (for whom). Aesopian/Aesopian language. Speak in different languages.

Task 3. Write each word in the nominative plural. Specify the meanings of the words (depending on the ending):

Camp, pass, order, sheet, teacher, conductor, son.

Task 4. Preparing a public speech

Repeat the materials of the last lecture (topic "Culture and skill of public speech": techniques and principles for constructing public speech. Ways to attract attention, evidence and refutation. Organization of the beginning and end of speech. Means of structuring the text. Intonation, pauses, logical stress, tempo, rhythm. non-verbal means) and prepare his public speech (for 2 minutes!) on any of the proposed topics.

THEMES:

The purpose of a woman is a family, not a career.

The purpose of a woman is a career, not a family.

In modern Russia there is no real equality of men and women.

The institution of the family is a thing of the past.

TV series are not a genre for smart people.

At the university they demand a lot of superfluous things from us.

To succeed in life, you need a good education.

There is no real equality of citizens in Russia.

The abolition of the death penalty in Russia is premature.

The state should not force people to serve in the army.

Happiness, what is it?

What does freedom mean to me?

How to deal with a bad mood?

money in our life

You can't embrace the immensity

You can learn to be happy.

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