1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):
Example: Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.(Soloukhin).
Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.
For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - definitely personal in structure one-part sentence; In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - in structure, a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.
Digits of introductory words by value
| Meaning | Introductory Components | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, credibility | Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev). |
| 1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption | Probably, it seems, apparently, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc. | She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Gift bread, apparently, to your taste(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by another way, of knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear(Twardowski). My head hurt a bit. Must be bad weather(Chekhov). |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to the indescribable admiration of Petya, on the old kitchen table, a whole locksmith's workshop is arranged(Kataev). |
| 2.2. regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc. | Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died(Turgenev). |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table(Sholokhov). |
| 2.4. Fear | Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc. | Just look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy). |
| 2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell in honor, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc. | Followed him, however, some weakness(Turgenev). I confess, I do not like this tree - aspen too much ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me so much, I dare say, offends me so much, as ingratitude.(Turgenev). |
| 3. Message source | According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc. | Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, has made a fortune with his garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linen Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky). |
| 4. The order of thoughts and their connection | Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc. | On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure.(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the doors and listened to how my fate was decided.(Dostoevsky). |
| 5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts | In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc. | In a word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well, or rather, to the fountain.(Garshin). |
| 6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts | at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc. | Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, almost the entire width of the opening stood Nikolai Ivanovich ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov). |
| 7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining | Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc. | You were scared, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young ones are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was it, please?(Pavlenko). |
2. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts of speech and various grammatical forms:
- impersonal offers;
She thought we all remember well.
- indefinitely personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;
No doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree;
Right, to blame, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
Besides, besides, meanwhile.
adverbs in positive or comparative degree;
Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, rather.
verbs in various forms indicative or imperative mood;
I think, do you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.
infinitive or combination with infinitive;
See, know, admit, it's funny to say.
combinations with adverbs;
To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.;
For as long as I can remember, I often think.
That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Note!
Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, you should remember that:
A) a question can be put to a member of the proposal;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
V) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.
Compare the following sentences in pairs:
This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).
During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You might think that I'm asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).
Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we, right, will get along, if we sit next to each other(Krylov).
In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the possibility of adding a word saying.
By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("in short"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").
When determining the syntactic function and punctuation, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.
1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently":
The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).
The word probably is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly":
If I know(How?) Maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).
2) The word is finally introductory:
if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration:
Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).
Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:
Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).
Note!
The word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.
Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).
In this meaning, the particle -to can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).
Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).
3) The distinction between the combination in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - circumstances are similar in terms to the word finally.
Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").
4) A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:
Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).
At the beginning of a sentence (parts complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative union (it can be replaced by a union but), so a comma is placed only before this word:
However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).
Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).
5) The word of course is usually set off with commas as a lead:
Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about " folk heroes» (Furmanov).
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:
Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of "yes, that's right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).
As an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate):
I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).
7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking":
In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:
- in the sense of "in general", "as a whole":
Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. at all (Goncharov);
- in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
He kindle fires at all forbade it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
- in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
He at all looked weird(Turgenev).
This provision also applies to the form in general.
Wed: Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but All in all very much praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value:
Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information anyway in short term , it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:
You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's(Dostoevsky).
9) The combination, in turn, is not highlighted as busy if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning of “in response”, “on its part”:
He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.
IN figurative meaning the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out:
Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.
11) In particular, indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, it is separated from both sides by commas:
He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.
But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), then it is distinguished by being occupied together with this structure:
Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.
If, in particular, it is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:
Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.
For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it.(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important"). The combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it, for example: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance(Pavlenko).
The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most of all":
He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.
13) The word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important":
You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be put after the union a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).
14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became:
People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
in the position between the subject and the predicate, it serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:
To fight is to win;
in other cases, it means that it is not separated or distinguished by any signs:
if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:
If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself.
15) The word vice versa means “as opposed to what is said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas:
Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head.(Kataev).
If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed before the union and:
In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);
when, on the contrary, it joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:
The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);
when, on the contrary, it joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union is not put:
This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating union And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed:
One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).
If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:
Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).
The combination is at least not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least":
From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).
17) A turnover, including a combination from the point of view, is separated by commas if it has the meaning "according to":
Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.
If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas:
I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of "for example" and is not introductory in the sense of "approximately".
Wed: I try about her, about("For example"), not to think is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).
19) The word for example is associated with the following punctuation:
- separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel all over the world during his whole life. Earth (Turgenev);
- stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is:
requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:
Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Note!
Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:
as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.
3. General rules for punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.
1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:
I confess that he did not make a good impression on me.(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her that evening(Turgenev).
2) If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:
Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on his desk in complete disarray.
If the sentence is complex, then a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:
The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).
3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:
What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); So, according to you, physical labor should be done by everyone without exception?(Chekhov).
Amplifying particles with introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:
This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.
4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (isolation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:
The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).
Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or at the very end of the sentence:
Apparently afraid of snowdrifts, the leader of the group canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments unconvincing and far-fetched of course.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
The child, apparently afraid of the horse, ran up to his mother.
Note!
It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.
Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical manual.(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).
In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be doubt to which of the homogeneous terms, preceding or following, the introductory word between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.
This information is taken from the new seems special for thiscase drawn up, directory(no introductory word between homogeneous definitions there would be a comma); Silence and grace reigned in it, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for demonstrative pronoun this).
If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:
Both posts (apparently recent) have received widespread attention.
5) If there is a coordinating union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the previous coordinative union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with unions and, but). If the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then a comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a).
Wed: The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale one of these days. (The entire edition has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This question has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This question has already been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Here, not coal, but rather liquid fuel can be used. (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily, and therefore inaccurately.(impossible: Calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, and maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).
Note!
Homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the introductory words and therefore, therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.
For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and hence the strength of reception, increases many times over; This scheme, and therefore the whole project as a whole, needs to be verified.
6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:
And imagine, he nevertheless staged this performance; And I can assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think he got his way; But anyway, the decision was made.
Less often (when intonation emphasizes introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by means of subordinating union) after the connecting union, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:
But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).
7) The introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:
All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The son thought for a moment, probably to collect his thoughts.(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).
8) A dash can be used instead of a comma for introductory words, phrases and sentences.
The dash is used in the following cases:
if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one comma:
Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself(Gogol) (comma before subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);
a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma, if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and can be referred to either the preceding or the subsequent part:
The dog disappeared - probably someone drove it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).
Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes causal or conjunctive relationships between parts of a sentence:
It was difficult to check his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.
Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word, which is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and a comma after it, to avoid possible ambiguity:
Since there is still time, we will call someone else for the exam, for example, those who are retaken (allowable in the meaning of "suppose", "say");
a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:
Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who was the governor in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who prosecutor, in a word, did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);
using a dash, introductory sentences can be distinguished if they are quite common (have secondary members):
To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy get away, or - as it is said in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).
to (great / great / extreme / mine ...) unfortunately- introductory expression It is distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. (Appendix 2) Unfortunately, I don't remember any frost. You deign to be mistaken... M. Bulgakov, Beg. To hell with them, with ... ... Punctuation Dictionary
Adverb, number of synonyms: 4 unfortunately (4) unfortunately (11) unfortunately ... Synonym dictionary
Adverb, number of synonyms: 11 a sinful deed (3) to great regret (4) unfortunately ... Synonym dictionary
Adverb, number of synonyms: 4 to great regret (4) to deep regret (1) ... Synonym dictionary
Unfortunately- see regret; To (great, deep, extreme, etc.) regret / in the sign. introductory phrase use to express disappointment about what is being reported. Unfortunately, I have to refuse... Dictionary of many expressions
"Mozart" redirects here; see also other meanings. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ... Wikipedia
Wikipedia has articles about other people with this last name, see Schubert. Franz Peter Schubert Franz Peter Schubert ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 Chronicle 2 Preparing for the 2008 season 2 ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 Chronicle 2 Preparation for the 2008 season 2.1 ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 Chronicle 2 Preparation for the 2008 season 2.1 Fees ... Wikipedia
Books
- Survive a divorce. Universal rules, Andrey Kurpatov. Dear listeners! I present to you the audio version of the book “How to survive a divorce”, which I wrote after several years of working as a psychotherapist in the crisis department of the Clinic of Neurosis named after ... audiobook
- Smart Guys (collection), Sergey Leskov. No country in the world has seen so many revolutions, fateful upheavals and decisive restructurings as in Russia. Unfortunately, the result too often turned out to be not only ... eBook
In this chapter:
§1. Introductory sentences
Introductory words are distinguished in oral speech by intonation, and in writing - by commas.
The problem of punctuation of sentences with introductory words is not related to punctuation marks as such, but to the recognition of introductory words. Since the introductory words are not members of the sentence and are not syntactically related to any members of the sentence, they can always be removed from the sentence. This can serve as a test in determining whether a word is introductory.
Fortunately, you are right.
(fortunately- introductory word, it can be omitted: You are right. The main content of the sentence and its structure will not be affected)
Dishes beat fortunately.
(fortunately - a member of the sentence, it cannot be omitted, because the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated. Dishes are breaking. And Dishes beat fortunately- it's not the same)
Introductory words with preceding conjunctions
1. Often introductory words end up in simple sentences right after coordinating conjunctions. In this case, unions and introductory words are not separated by commas, for example:
Call me tonight, but by the way, when you yourself will be more convenient.
Or maybe she got sick?
(union A and the introductory word are not separated by a comma)
In fact, we never met again.
(union And and the introductory word are not separated)
2. If introductory words appear after unions in complex sentences, then the union and the introductory word are separated by a comma, for example:
He came to us, but, unfortunately, I was away.
(conjunction and introductory word are separated by a comma)
Vitka knew that, unfortunately, she should not be trusted.
(subordinating conjunction and introductory word are separated by a comma)
Introductory words as part of a separate construction
Separated by commas
1) if they stand in the middle of a turn:
Having read, in my opinion, all the books in the school library, the boy signed up for the city library.
2) if they are in front of revolutions beginning with unions like and to, for example:
In the morning she woke up and could no longer fall asleep, in fact, as always.
He paused, perhaps to end the conversation.
Not separated by commas
1) often introductory words begin a clarifying turn. There is no comma after them, for example:
In the house opposite, more precisely on the third floor, there lived a girl.
2) a comma is not placed before the introductory word at the end of a separate turnover.
He constantly uses dictionaries, for example Ozhegov.
sentences with the word however.
The word however can be:
1) an introductory word,
2) union,
3) interjection.
Homonyms can be distinguished by meaning, place in a sentence, role.
1. However, it is an introductory word in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it must be separated by commas:
I should, however, meet with him.
I should have met him, however.
2. At the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, however, there is a union, a comma after it is not needed. However - a union synonymous with the union but. Examples:
He promised to visit us more often. However, he did not call again.
We were waiting for him, but he did not come.
3. However, it is used as an interjection. In this case, the word is separated by a comma or an exclamation point, for example:
However! Well, it's raining!
However, what a frost!
§2. Offers with introductory sentences
1. Constructions with introductory sentences are separated by commas.
I think you are wrong.
I think you are wrong.
You are wrong, I think.
(many introductory sentences have synonyms among introductory words. For example: I think, I think, I believe, I believe, I think, I think and in my opinion are synonymous)
2. If the offer is complicated homogeneous members, isolation, and other components that require commas, then introductory sentences can be highlighted with dashes or brackets. The same is possible in complex sentences.
§3. Offers with plug-in structures
Plug-in designs are more diverse and independent. They are separated by dashes or parentheses. Inside the insert, punctuation marks are placed according to the rules of punctuation. Plug-in structures are easy to recognize: they carry Additional information and are pronounced in a special way: they are distinguished by pauses, pronounced at a higher pace, most often in a lower voice.
The arrival of Lyudmila - it was she - turned out to be a complete surprise for everyone.
Following the Phoenicians in the 7th c. BC. the Greeks (Phocaeans) came to Spain, especially after the founding of Massalia (now Marseille) around 600 BC (Dictionary of Antiquity).
In contact with
