Department of High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles. Department of High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles Department of Quantum Theory and High Energy Physics

About the professors of the department

Lifshits Ilya Mikhailovich(01/13/1917, Kharkov - 10/23/1982, Moscow, buried at the Troekurovsky cemetery). Theoretical physicist. Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkov University (1936).

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1939). Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1941). Professor of the Department of Quantum Theory (1964-1977) and the Department of Low Temperature Physics (1978-1982) of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1964, at the invitation of the rector of Moscow State University I.G. Petrovsky organized at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University the specialty "Theory solid body"and led it until 1982. He gave lectures: "Quantum Theory of Solids", "Physical Kinetics", "Theory of Polymer Chains", "Quantum Theory of Disordered Systems", etc. Led the scientific seminar "Theory of Solids". Academician of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1970) Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1967) Chairman of the Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on solid state theory (1961-1982) Honorary member of Trinity College, Cambridge University (1962) Foreign member of the American Academy of Sciences (1982) Member of the editorial boards a number of scientific journals: Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Solid State Physics, Low Temperature Physics, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Journal of Statistical Physics, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids.

Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975) and medals. Awarded them. L.I. Mandelstam of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1952), the F. Simon Prize of the English Royal Physical Society (1962). Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1967).

Research interests: theory of real non-ideal crystals; electronic theory of metals; quantum liquids and quantum crystals; physics of polymers and biopolymers; theory of disordered systems. Created a dynamic theory of real crystals, predicted the existence of local and quasi-local frequencies. One of the founders of the modern quantum theory of solids. He owns the idea of restoring the energy spectrum of solids from experimental data, based on the concept of quasiparticles - bosons and fermions. He showed that the restoration of the Bose branches of the spectrum is possible not only in the traditional way (by inelastic neutron scattering), but also by the temperature dependence of thermodynamic characteristics. The restoration of the Fermi branches of the spectrum of metals was achieved thanks to the creation by him and his collaborators modern form electronic theory of metals. Developed a geometric language commonly used in metal physics. He built the theory of the electronic spectrum of disordered systems. He made a significant contribution to the theory of phase transitions. He formulated the basic concepts of the kinetics of phase transitions of the first and second kind and created the theory of nucleation. He predicted electronic topological transitions of the 2.5th kind in metals. Author of pioneering works on statistical physics of polymers. He created the theory of coil-globule type transitions in polymer and biopolymer systems.

Subject of Ph.D. thesis: "On the theory of solid solutions". Subject of doctoral dissertation: "Optical behavior of imperfect crystals in the infrared region".

Prepared more than 60 candidates and doctors of sciences. Published about 250 scientific papers.

Main works:

"On anomalies in the electronic characteristics of a metal in the region of high pressures" (JETF, 1960, 38 (5), 1569-1576).
"On the structure of the energy spectrum and quantum states of disordered condensed systems. (UFN, 1964, 83 (4), 617-663).
"Some Problems of the Statistical Theory of Biopolymers" (JETP, 1968, 55 (6), 2408-2422).
"Selected works. Physics of real crystals and disordered systems" (Moscow: Nauka, 1987, 551 pp.).
"Selected Works. Electronic theory metals. Physics of polymers and biopolymers" (M.: Nauka, 1994, 442 p.).

Department of Physics atomic nucleus and Quantum Collision Theory prepares specialists (both experimenters and theorists) for work in the following main areas: high energy physics and elementary particle physics, physics of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, physics of nanostructures, applied nuclear physics and nuclear medicine. Students, graduate students and graduates of the department work in the largest scientific experiments. For example, in all collaborations at the Large Alron Collider at CERN (ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE), at the D0 and RHIC facilities (USA), in the NICA project (JINR, Russia), in the ELISe, A2, ZEUS and FAIR experiments (Germany ), in the GRAAL experiment (France), at the National Research Center INFN (Italy), at Stanford University (USA), at LAN (Los Alamos, USA), at the German research centers DESY and GSI, in research teams associated with the creation of next-generation accelerators ILC and CLIC.

Students and graduate students of the department have unique opportunities to participate in various international and Russian scientific schools, seminars, conferences such as summer schools for students and young scientists CERN, Fermilab, DESY, GSI, QFTHEP international workshops, seminars for young talents held by the foundation " Dynasty”, and many other scientific events.

The Department of Atomic Nuclear Physics and Quantum Collision Theory traces its history back to the first at Moscow State University and one of the world's first nuclear departments - the Department of Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity, which began its work in 1940 under the leadership of Academician D.V. Skobeltsyn. The department is the direct successor of the Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy (Head L.V. Groshev) and the Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Head D.I. Blokhintsev). From 1971 to 1991, Professor A.F. Tulinov is an outstanding experimental physicist, one of the authors of the discovery of the shadow effect, the founder of a number of new directions in the field of studying the properties of crystalline bodies by beams of charged particles. From 1991 to 2007, the head of the department was Professor V.V. Balashov is a well-known theoretical physicist in the field of the theory of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, the quantum theory of scattering of intermediate and high energies, and an outstanding teacher. In 1998, the department was given a new name "Department of Atomic Nuclear Physics and Quantum Collision Theory". Since 2009, the Deputy Director of SINP MSU, Head of the Department of Theoretical High Energy Physics, Professor V.I.Savrin, who has made a great contribution to the relativistic theory of the density matrix and the theory of bound states, has become the head of the department.

Currently, the department is taught by employees of leading Russian scientific centers: SINP MGU (Moscow), IHEP (Protvino), INR RAS (Moscow), JINR (Dubna). Among them are Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professors, doctors and candidates of physics and mathematics. Sciences. A high percentage of actively working scientists is one of the distinguishing features of the department, its calling card. Syllabus The department includes the following courses (the list may change slightly over several years):

Interaction of particles and radiation with matter (associate professor Kuzakov K.A.)
Experimental Methods of Nuclear Physics (Professor Platonov S.Yu.)
Quantum collision theory (associate professor Kuzakov K.A.)
Kinematics of elementary processes (associate professor Strokovsky E.A.)
High-energy particle detectors (Academician Denisov S.P.)
Experimental methods in high-energy physics (corresponding member Obraztsov V.F.)
Group Theory in Particle and Nuclear Physics (Associate Professor Volobuev I.P.)
Physics of the atomic nucleus (structure of the nucleus) (Professor Eremenko D.O.)
Quantum Electrodynamics (Associate Professor Nikitin N.V.)
Introduction to elementary particle physics (Professor Arbuzov B.A.)
Physics electromagnetic interactions(Professor Nedorezov V.G.)
Selected questions of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) (associate professor Snigirev A.M.)
The Standard Model and Its Extensions (Professor Boos E.E.)
Nuclear Reactions (Professor Eremenko D.O.)
Nuclear physics of heavy ions (Professor Eremenko D.O.)
Hadron spectroscopy (Ph.D. Obukhovsky I.T.)
Electronics in High Energy Physics (Professor Basiladze S.G.)
Selected questions of scattering theory (Professor Blokhintsev L.D.)
Particle Physics at Colliders (Associate Professor Dubinin M.N.)
Physics of nuclear fission (Professor Platonov S.Yu.)
Density matrix (associate professor Nikitin N.V.)
Physics of collisions of relativistic nuclei (Professor V.L. Korotkikh)

The position of the department is that the student and his supervisor have the opportunity to choose those special courses that best suit their needs. scientific interests. Therefore, the number of special courses offered to students at the department exceeds the mandatory number of subjects to be passed, provided for by the official curriculum.

The staff of the department conducts and supports a special nuclear workshop of the Department of Nuclear Physics (NF). This workshop currently includes 9 laboratory work designed to acquaint students with the basics of modern experimental nuclear physics techniques. The objectives of the workshop are closely related both to the lecture courses in general nuclear physics and to the system of special courses created at most departments of the Nuclear Physics.

The theoretical workshop developed by Professor V.V. Balashov back in the mid-1960s is unique. At the workshop, students acquire the skills of computing necessary in daily work theoretical physics. Currently, this workshop is supported, developed and improved by the staff of the department and numerous students of V.V. Balashov.

The main scientific directions of the department are listed below. If any direction seemed interesting to you, then you can always contact the head of this direction, using the contact information available on the site, and find out all the details that interest you. Staff and teachers of the department are always happy to answer your questions.

I. Experiments in the field of high energy physics

1. Research of the properties of the t-quark and physics outside the framework of the Standard Model in collisions of elementary particles and nuclei at modern high-energy accelerators.

The experiments are carried out in the laboratories of CERN (Switzerland), DESY (Germany), FNAL (USA), Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino, Russia), JINR (Dubna, Russia).

Head: Professor Eduard Ernstovich Boos, head. Department of SINP MSU, e-mail:

2. Development of new methods for detecting particles and measuring their characteristics.

The experiments are carried out in the laboratories of CERN (Switzerland), FNAL (USA) and the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino, Russia).

Supervisor: Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Sergey Petrovich Denisov, head. IHEP laboratories (Protvino), e-mail: [email protected]

3. Study of extremely rare decays of lovely particles and physics outside the framework of the Standard Model at the LHCb facility of the Large Hadron Collider.

The experiment is being carried out at CERN (Switzerland).

[email protected]

4. Nuclear-nucleus interactions at relativistic energies

Research at the RHIC (USA) and LHC (CERN) colliders.

Supervisor: Professor Korotkikh Vladimir Leonidovich, e-mail:

5. Study of electromagnetic interactions of hadrons and nuclei

The work is carried out at INR RAS together with the leading European centers for the study of electromagnetic interactions of nuclei (GRAAL collaborations, Grenoble (France), ELISe, Darmstadt, A2, Mainz, Germany).

Supervisor: Professor Nedorezov Vladimir Georgievich, Head. Laboratory of INR RAS, e-mail: [email protected]

6. Study of the role of strange quarks in the structure of nucleons and nuclei

The experiment is carried out on the NIS-GIBS magnetic spectrometer (JINR, Dubna).

Head: d.f.-m.s. Strokovsky Evgeny Afanasevich Department of LHE JINR (Dubna, e-mail: [email protected]

7. Search for new physics in kaon decays

The experiments are being carried out at various facilities that operate on the U-70 accelerator (IHEP, Protvino).

Leader: Corresponding Member RAS, Professor Obraztsov Vladimir Fedorovich, Ch. scientific collaborator IHEP (Protvino), e-mail: [email protected]

II. Experiments in the field of nuclear structure and nuclear reactions

8. Nuclear reactions with heavy ions, fission physics

Supervisors: Professor Yuminov Oleg Arkadievich, Head of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences Platonov Sergey Yurievich, Professor of the Department and Ved. scientific collaborator SINP, e-mail:

9. Study of single-particle characteristics of nuclei and scattering of charged particles of low and medium energies by atomic nuclei

Head: Cand. Phys.-Math. Sciences Bespalova Olga Viktorovna, old. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, 19th bldg. SINP MSU, e-mail:

10. Investigation of the mechanisms of nuclear reactions and the structure of light nuclei by the method of angular correlation of gamma rays and charged reaction products

Leaders: Professor Zelenskaya Natalya Semyonovna, Ch. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail: [email protected].. laboratory of SINP MSU, e-mail:

III. Theoretical studies

1. Quasipotential method in the relativistic theory of bound states

Supervisor: Professor Savrin Viktor Ivanovich, head. department and head Department of SINP MSU, e-mail:

2. Nonperturbative effects in gauge theories of the Standard Model

Supervisor: Professor Arbuzov Boris Andreevich, leading. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

3. Theories of interactions of elementary particles in space-time with additional dimensions

Head: d.f.-m.s. Volobuev Igor Pavlovich scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

4. Physics at colliders and gauge models of quantum field theory

Head: d.f.-m.s. Dubinin Mikhail Nikolaevich scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

5. Rigid processes in quantum chromodynamics and diagnostics of quark-gluon matter

Head: d.f.-m.s. Snigirev Alexander Mikhailovich scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

6. Rare decays of charming and charmed particles in the Standard Model and its extensions. Correlations in relativistic systems.

Head: Ph.D. Nikitin Nikolai Viktorovich, Associate Professor of the Department e-mail: [email protected]

7. Production of exotic hadrons (dibaryons and light scalar mesons) in nuclear collisions and the structure of light nuclei

Supervisor: Professor Kukulin Vladimir Iosifovich, Head. laboratory of SINP MSU, e-mail:

8. Quantum theory of systems of several bodies

Supervisor: Professor Blokhintsev Leonid Dmitrievich, Ch. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

9. Interaction and decay of complex nuclei

Head: d.f.-m.s. Eremenko Dmitry Olegovich, Professor of the Department and Leading. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

10. Quantum theory of collisions of fast particles with multielectron systems

Leaders: Associate Professor Popov Yury Vladimirovich, Head. laboratory of SINP MSU, e-mail: [email protected].website; Associate Professor Kuzakov Konstantin Alekseevich, Associate Professor of the Department, Art. scientific collaborator SINP, e-mail:

IV. Research in related fields

1. Interaction of fast charged particles with matter

Supervisor: Professor Chechenin Nikolai Gavrilovich, head. Department of SINP MSU, e-mail:

2. Application experimental methods of nuclear physics for research in the field of solid state physics, materials science and nanotechnology

Leaders: Professor Borisov Anatoly Mikhailovich, c. n. With. SINP MSU, e-mail: [email protected]; Ph.D. Tkachenko Nikita Vladimirovich, junior researcher SINP MSU, tel. 939-49-07, e-mail:

3. Experimental studies of nanostructures, magnetic materials, and thin surface layers by conversion Mössbauer spectroscopy

4. Superconducting tunneling detectors

5. Development and experimental studies new cryogenic detectors of nuclear radiation

Head: d.f.-m.s. Andrianov Viktor Alexandrovich scientific collaborator SINP MSU, e-mail:

6. Nuclear medicine and biology

Leaders: Professor Yuminov Oleg Arkadyevich, Leading. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, tel..phys.-math.sci. Platonov Sergey Yuryevich, Professor of the Department and Ved. scientific collaborator SINP MSU, tel..phys.-math.sci. Eremenko Dmitry Olegovich, professor of the department and head. department of SINP MSU, tel. 939-24-65, e-mail:

7. Study of the impact of simulated factors of deep space on the human body

Department head
Professor Denisov Viktor Ivanovich

The Department of High Energy Physics was founded in 1970 on the initiative of Academician S.N. Vernova. From the moment of foundation to the present time, the department has been permanently headed by Academician Anatoly Alekseevich Logunov. The department was created as training base training of highly qualified specialists for the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino and other research institutes with similar profiles. In turn, IHEP became the main scientific base of the department. The relationship between the department and IHEP was the closest: 5th-6th year students spent most of their study time in Protvino, where they worked in laboratories, attended special courses, and completed their theses.

Head of the Department of Quantum Theory
and high energy physics
Professor V.I. Denisov

Significant changes took place in 1982, when, after the reorganization, most of the employees of the Department of Electrodynamics and Quantum Theory (whose origins were such prominent scientists as Academicians L.D. Landau, M.A. Leontovich, A.S. Davydov, later worked there Academician I.M. Lifshits) was transferred to the department headed by A.A. Logunov. The updated department was named Quantum Theory and High Energy Physics. The staff of the department increased significantly in 1992, when such famous scientists as academicians V.G. Kadyshevsky, JINR Director (Dubna), V.A. Matveev, Director of INR RAS (Troitsk), D.V. Shirkov, which strengthened the relationship of the department with the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In addition to the institutes mentioned above, the department has always had a close relationship with the Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University, where the Department of Theoretical High Energy Physics was organized from the graduates of the department. The growth of the number of members of the department was accompanied by the expansion of scientific topics - the department became general theoretical.

Academic work

Department staff read general courses lectures: "Quantum Theory" (6.7 semesters, Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov, Prof. O.A. Khrustalev, Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov, Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Electrodynamics" (5 , 6 semesters, Prof. V. I. Grigoriev, Prof. V. I. Denisov, Prof. A. A. Vlasov, Associate Professor V. S. Rostovsky, Associate Professor A. R. Frenkin).

The following special courses are taught at the department: "Group Theory" (Prof. O.A. Khrustalev, Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Quantum Field Theory" (Prof. D.A. Slavnov), "Theory of Renormalizations and Renormalization Groups" (Prof. D.A. Slavnov), "Numerical methods in theoretical physics"(Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics" (Academician V.A. Matveev, Associate Professor K.V. Parfenov), "Additional Chapters of Classical Electrodynamics" (Prof. A.A. Vlasov ), "Introduction to the Theory of Gravity" (Prof. V.I. Denisov), "The Theory of the Gravitational Field" (Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov), " Modern methods Quantum Field Theory" (Academician D.V. Shirkov), "Nonlinear Quantum Field Theory" (Associate Professor M.V. Chichikina), "Dynamical Equations in Quantum Field Theory" (Prof. V.I. Savrin), "Theory calibration fields" (Prof. Yu.S. Vernov), "Systems and subsystems in quantum mechanics"(Prof. O.A. Khrustalev), "Physics of quantum computing" (Associate Professor O.D. Timofeevskaya), "Solitons, instantons, skyrmions and quark bags" (Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov).

The department has original practicums: "Computer Computing in Theoretical Physics", "The Language of Analytical Computing REDUCE", a practicum on the course "Numerical Methods in Theoretical Physics" (the head of the practicum is researcher V.A. Ilyina).

Scientific work

The department is Scientific research in the following main areas:

Relativistic theory of gravity (supervisor - academician A.A. Logunov).
Search and study of new nonlinear and quantum effects in gravity, cosmology, particle physics and vacuum state (supervisor - Academician A.A. Logunov).
Problems of Quantum Field Theory (supervisor - Academician DV Shirkov).
Effects of non-linear electrodynamics of vacuum and their manifestations in laboratory and astrophysical conditions (supervisor - Prof. V.I. Denisov).
Study of gravitational effects (supervisor - Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov).
Nonlinear effects in quantum field theory, quantum computers, quantum cryptography (supervisor - Prof. OA Khrustalev).
Problems of quantum mechanical theory of measurements (supervisor - Prof. D.A. Slavnov).
Chiral quark-meson models of the low-energy baryon state (supervisor - Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov).
Theory of baroelectric and baromagnetic phenomena (supervisor - Prof. V.I. Grigoriev).

The staff of the department obtained major scientific results:

Academician A.A. Logunov made a fundamental contribution to the development of quantum field theory, substantiation and application of dispersion relations, to the creation of the renormalization group method, which has found application in solving a wide range of problems. He established rigorous asymptotic theorems for the behavior of the characteristics of the strong interaction at high energies. He offered new approach to the study of multiple processes, which turned out to be the most adequate to the composite structure of particles and made it possible to discover at the accelerator of the Institute of High Energy Physics a new most important regularity of the microworld - scale invariance.
Developing the ideas of Poincaré, Minkowski, Einstein and Hilbert, Academician A.A. Logunov created a consistent relativistic theory of gravity (RTG), which, in full agreement with all experimental facts, eliminated fundamental difficulties general theory relativity. In RTG, the single space-time continuum for all fields, including the gravitational one, is the pseudo-Euclidean Minkowski space, and the source of the gravitational field is the conserved energy-momentum tensor of matter, including the gravitational field itself. This approach makes it possible to unambiguously construct a theory of gravitation as a gauge theory, in which the gravitational field has spins 2 and 0 and is a physical field in the spirit of Faraday-Maxwell, and therefore localization of gravitational energy is possible, the concept of an inertial coordinate system is preserved, and the energy-momentum conservation laws are strictly observed. and moment of momentum. In this case, due to the universality of gravity and the tensor nature of the gravitational field, an effective field Riemannian space necessarily arises. The equations of the gravitational field in the RTG contain an explicitly metric Minkowski tensor, and the gravitational field becomes massive. The graviton mass is extremely small, but its presence is fundamental, since due to the presence of mass terms in the RTG, it is always possible to unambiguously separate the forces of inertia from the forces of gravity. The theory unambiguously explains the results of all gravitational effects in solar system. In RTG, the property of the gravitational field was most fully revealed: by its action not only to slow down the passage of time, but also to stop the process of time dilation, and, consequently, the process of compression of matter. There is also a new "field self-limiting" property that plays important role in the mechanism of gravitational collapse and evolution of the Universe. In particular, "black holes" are impossible: a collapsing star cannot escape under its gravitational radius; the development of a homogeneous and isotropic Universe goes cyclically from a certain maximum density to a minimum one, and the density of matter always remains finite and the state of a point big bang is not achieved. At the same time, the Universe is infinite and "flat", and there is a large hidden mass of "dark matter" in it.
Professor Yu.M. Loskutov effects are predicted: depolarization of Cherenkov radiation near the threshold; spontaneous radiative polarization of electrons in a magnetic field; induced polarization of fermions in a magnetic field; asymmetries of the angular distribution of neutrinos generated in a magnetic field and the possibility of self-acceleration neutron stars. The apparatus of quantum electrodynamics in a strong magnetic field has been created, and a number of effects have been predicted (fusion and splitting of photons, modification of Coulomb's law, etc.). A hypothesis about gravisweak interactions violating charge and space parity has been proposed and implemented; the gravitational rotation of the plane of polarization of electromagnetic radiation is predicted.
Professor O.A. Khrustalev Based on the general principles of local field theory, a number of asymptotic relations between the interaction cross sections of hadrons at high energies have been predicted. A probabilistic description of scattering at high energies is developed. A scheme for describing quantum fields against the background of classical ones is developed that satisfies the required conservation laws. An apparatus of a conditional density matrix has been created that consistently describes the behavior of subsystems in a large system.

Department professors

The Department of High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles has existed for more than 40 years. It was created by Professor Yu.V.Novozhilov under the direct supervision of Academician Vladimir Alexandrovich Fock, the founder of the St. Petersburg-Leningrad School of Theoretical Physics. This school is known all over the world by such names as A.A. Fridman, G.A. Gamov, L.D. Landau, V.N. Gribov and others.

Man has always been interested in two questions: what are the smallest particles from which all matter is formed, including man himself, and how the Universe works, of which he himself is a part. Moving in his knowledge in these two opposite directions, a person, on the one hand, moving down the steps (molecule atom nucleus protons, neutrons quarks, gluons), came to an understanding of the processes occurring at ultrasmall distances, and on the other hand , moving up the steps (planet solar system galaxy), came to an understanding of the structure of the Universe as a whole.

At the same time, it turned out that the Universe cannot be stable, and experimental facts were obtained confirming that about 10 billion years ago the entire Universe, at the time of its emergence as a result of the Big Bang, itself had microscopic dimensions. At the same time, to analyze the process of its development at this early stage, knowledge about the microcosm is needed, obtained in experiments on modern particle accelerators. Moreover, the greater the energy of the particles collided on the accelerator, the shorter the distances at which the behavior of matter can be studied, and the earlier the moment from which we can trace the evolution of the Universe. This is how the research of micro- and macro-cosmos came together.

Even 50 years ago, it was believed that all matter consists of atoms, and those, in turn, are built from three fundamental particles positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons that form the central nucleus, and negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus.

It has now been established that protons and neutrons are built from even more "fundamental" objects quarks. Six types of quarks along with six leptons (electron, muon, tau and three corresponding neutrinos) and four intermediate vector bosons serve as the building blocks from which all matter in the Universe is built.

Physics of high energies and elementary particles and studies the properties and behavior of these fundamental constituents of matter. Their properties are manifested in four known interactions gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, strong nuclear. By modern ideas weak nuclear and electromagnetic interactions are two different manifestations of the same type of interaction electroweak. Physicists hope that in the near future this interaction will be included in the Grand Unified Theory together with the strong nuclear one, and possibly together with the gravitational one in the Unified Theory of Interaction.

To study fundamental particles and their interactions, it is necessary to build giant accelerators (devices in which elementary particles are accelerated to speeds close to the speed of light, and then collide with each other). Due to their huge size (tens of kilometers), boosters are built in underground tunnels. The most powerful accelerators are operated or built in the laboratories of CERN (Geneva, Switzerland), Fermilab (Chicago, USA), DESY (Hamburg, Germany), SLAC (California, USA).

At present, the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland is in full swing building the most powerful accelerator of elementary LHC particles(Large Hadron Collider), capable of accelerating not only elementary particles (protons), but also atomic nuclei. It is expected that in the collision of lead nuclei accelerated to superhigh energies, this accelerator will be able to obtain a new state of matter quark-gluon plasma, in which quarks and gluons the constituent elements of protons and neutrons of the colliding nuclei will unite together. From the point of view of the analysis of the development of the Universe, such a state of matter was at the stage that existed approximately 10 microseconds after the "Big Bang".

To detect signs of the formation of quark-gluon plasma in the collision of lead nuclei, a huge experimental facility is being built at the LHC accelerator and it is planned to conduct a special experiment ALICE (A Large Ion Collision Experiment) on it. The Department of High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles takes part in the preparation of the ALICE experiment at CERN and the development of a physics research program for it.

Physics of high energies and elementary particles not only gives a person the opportunity to know the world around him, but also contributes to the development and implementation of the most modern technologies. Hundreds of scientists, engineers, specialists in the field of electronics, materials science and, especially, computer technology, usually participate in setting up and conducting experiments in high-energy physics. The necessary rate of collection and processing of information in the process of collision of particles at high energies exceeds all conceivable limits. Virtually all modern computer technology has evolved primarily because of the needs of high energy physics. The most significant achievement in this area for last years was the creation of the World Wide Web. various countries working in the field of elementary particle physics. The first WWW servers in St. Petersburg were launched at the Faculty of Physics of St. Petersburg State University, at the Research Institute of Physics of St. Petersburg State University and at the St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics in Gatchina.

With the development of the methods of quantum field theory, the main mathematical apparatus of the theory of elementary particles, it became clear that they can be used with great success in other areas of theoretical physics. As a result, along with ongoing research in the field of modern theory of elementary particles, which are a priority at the department, new directions have emerged. New mathematical methods the theory of quantum symmetry and non-commutative spaces. The methods of functional integration, Feynman diagrams, and the theory of renormalizations have been actively used recently in the theory of critical phenomena (the theory of phase transitions) and the theory of hydrodynamic turbulence.

In recent years, completely unexpected applications have been found for the methods of quantum field theory, which, at first glance, are quite far from theoretical physics in its traditional sense. In particular, the theory of self-organizing criticality, economic physics, the theory of neural networks, in which the most universal mechanisms of self-organization are modeled complex systems based on elementary ideas about the nature of the interaction of their components. The experience of studying models of this type, accumulated in the field of quantum field theory and statistical physics, as well as the use of computer experiments, makes it possible to obtain interesting quantitative results in economics, neurophysiology, and biology.

The Department of High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles annually graduates up to 10 specialists under the Program "Theory of Interaction of Elementary Particles and Quantum Field Theory". The teaching and scientific staff of the department consists of 14 doctors and 7 candidates of sciences (there are no employees without scientific degrees at the department). The founder of the department Yu.V. Novozhilov and the head of the department M.A. Braun have honorary titles Honored Worker of Science, several employees in different years were awarded University Prizes, as well as the title of Soros Professor.

All members of the department have extensive connections with foreign colleagues from universities in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the USA, etc., and regularly travel on business trips to conduct joint research. The works of the department's employees are of a priority nature and are actively cited in world scientific periodicals. Almost all employees of the department work with the support of grants from the Russian Foundation fundamental research, some employees have funding from foreign funds INTAS, NATO, DAAD, CRDF, INFN, etc.

Graduates of the department receive a broad education in theoretical and mathematical physics that meets the highest international standards. Some students receive, along with a master's degree from St Petersburg University, degrees from foreign higher scientific institutions (for example, Ecole Politechnique). After graduation, graduates have ample opportunities to continue their education and scientific activity both in Russia and abroad. At least half of the graduates, as a rule, remain in postgraduate studies at the department, some of the graduates are admitted to the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, St.

The Department of High Energy Physics was founded in 1970 on the initiative of Academician S.N. Vernova. From the moment of foundation to the present time, the department has been permanently headed by Academician Anatoly Alekseevich Logunov. The department was created as a training base for the training of highly qualified specialists for the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino and other similar research institutes. In turn, IHEP became the main scientific base of the department. The relationship between the department and IHEP was the closest: 5th-6th year students spent most of their study time in Protvino, where they worked in laboratories, attended special courses, and completed their theses.

Academic work

The staff of the department read general courses of lectures: "Quantum Theory" (6.7 semesters, Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov, Prof. O.A. Khrustalev, Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov, Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Electrodynamics" (5,6 semesters, Prof. V.I. Grigoriev, Prof. V.I. Denisov, Prof. A.A. Vlasov, Assoc. Prof. V.S. Rostovsky, Assoc. Prof. A.R. Frenkin).

The following special courses are taught at the department: "Group Theory" (Prof. O.A. Khrustalev, Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Quantum Field Theory" (Prof. D.A. Slavnov), "Theory of Renormalizations and Renormalization Groups" (Prof. D.A. Slavnov), "Numerical Methods in Theoretical Physics" (Prof. P.K. Silaev), "Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics" (Academician V.A. Matveev, Associate Professor K.V. Parfenov ), "Additional chapters of classical electrodynamics" (Prof. A.A. Vlasov), "Introduction to the theory of gravity" (Prof. V.I. Denisov), "Theory of the gravitational field" (Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov), " Modern Methods of Quantum Field Theory" (Academician D.V. Shirkov), "Nonlinear Quantum Field Theory" (Associate Professor M.V. Chichikina), "Dynamical Equations in Quantum Field Theory" (Prof. V.I. Savrin), "Theory of Gauge Fields" (Prof. Yu.S. Vernov), "Systems and Subsystems in Quantum Mechanics" (Prof. O.A. Khrustalev), "Physics of Quantum Computing" (Associate Professor O.D. Timofeevskaya), "Solitons , instantons, skyrmions and quark bags" (Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov).

Scientific work

The department conducts scientific research in the following main areas:

Relativistic theory of gravity (supervisor - academician A.A. Logunov).
Search and study of new nonlinear and quantum effects in gravity, cosmology, particle physics and vacuum state (supervisor - Academician A.A. Logunov).
Problems of Quantum Field Theory (supervisor - Academician DV Shirkov).
Effects of non-linear electrodynamics of vacuum and their manifestations in laboratory and astrophysical conditions (supervisor - Prof. V.I. Denisov).
Study of gravitational effects (supervisor - Prof. Yu.M. Loskutov).
Nonlinear effects in quantum field theory, quantum computers, quantum cryptography (supervisor - Prof. OA Khrustalev).
Problems of quantum mechanical theory of measurements (supervisor - Prof. D.A. Slavnov).
Chiral quark-meson models of the low-energy baryon state (supervisor - Prof. K.A. Sveshnikov).
Theory of baroelectric and baromagnetic phenomena (supervisor - Prof. V.I. Grigoriev).

The staff of the department obtained major scientific results:

Academician A.A. Logunov made a fundamental contribution to the development of quantum field theory, the justification and application of dispersion relations, and the creation of the renormalization group method, which has found application in solving a wide range of problems. He established rigorous asymptotic theorems for the behavior of the characteristics of the strong interaction at high energies. He proposed a new approach to the study of multiple processes, which turned out to be the most adequate to the composite structure of particles and made it possible to discover at the accelerator of the Institute of High Energy Physics a new most important regularity of the microworld - scale invariance.
Developing the ideas of Poincaré, Minkowski, Einstein and Hilbert, Academician A.A. Logunov created a consistent relativistic theory of gravity (RTG), which, in full agreement with all experimental facts, eliminated the fundamental difficulties of the general theory of relativity. In RTG, the single space-time continuum for all fields, including the gravitational one, is the pseudo-Euclidean Minkowski space, and the source of the gravitational field is the conserved energy-momentum tensor of matter, including the gravitational field itself. This approach makes it possible to unambiguously construct a theory of gravitation as a gauge theory, in which the gravitational field has spins 2 and 0 and is a physical field in the spirit of Faraday-Maxwell, and therefore localization of gravitational energy is possible, the concept of an inertial coordinate system is preserved, and the energy-momentum conservation laws are strictly observed. and moment of momentum. In this case, due to the universality of gravity and the tensor nature of the gravitational field, an effective field Riemannian space necessarily arises. The equations of the gravitational field in the RTG contain an explicitly metric Minkowski tensor, and the gravitational field becomes massive. The graviton mass is extremely small, but its presence is fundamental, since due to the presence of mass terms in the RTG, it is always possible to unambiguously separate the forces of inertia from the forces of gravity. The theory unambiguously explains the results of all gravitational effects in the solar system. In RTG, the property of the gravitational field was most fully revealed: by its action not only to slow down the passage of time, but also to stop the process of time dilation, and, consequently, the process of compression of matter. A new property of "field self-limitation" has also appeared, which plays an important role in the mechanism of gravitational collapse and the evolution of the Universe. In particular, "black holes" are impossible: a collapsing star cannot escape under its gravitational radius; The development of a homogeneous and isotropic Universe proceeds cyclically from a certain maximum density to a minimum one, and the density of matter always remains finite and the point state of the Big Bang is not reached. At the same time, the Universe is infinite and "flat", and there is a large hidden mass of "dark matter" in it.
Professor Yu.M. Loskutov predicted the following effects: depolarization of Cherenkov radiation near the threshold; spontaneous radiative polarization of electrons in a magnetic field; induced polarization of fermions in a magnetic field; asymmetries of the angular distribution of neutrinos generated in a magnetic field, and the possibility of self-acceleration of neutron stars. The apparatus of quantum electrodynamics in a strong magnetic field has been created, and a number of effects have been predicted (fusion and splitting of photons, modification of Coulomb's law, etc.). A hypothesis about gravisweak interactions violating charge and space parity has been proposed and implemented; the gravitational rotation of the plane of polarization of electromagnetic radiation is predicted.
Professor O.A. Khrustalev, based on the general principles of local field theory, predicted a number of asymptotic relations between the cross sections for the interaction of hadrons at high energies. A probabilistic description of scattering at high energies is developed. A scheme for describing quantum fields against the background of classical ones is developed that satisfies the required conservation laws. An apparatus of a conditional density matrix has been created that consistently describes the behavior of subsystems in a large system.

The department actively participates in organizing and conducting annual international seminars on problems of quantum field theory and the theory of gravity at IHEP - Protvino. Employees, graduate students and students of the department along with the main staff of the Institute theoretical problems microworld them. N.N. Bogolyubov Moscow State University form the basis of the leading scientific school of the Russian Federation "Development of field theory methods in particle physics, gravitation and cosmology", the supervisor of which is Academician A.A. Logunov.

About the professors of the department

Academic work

Scientific work

The staff of the department obtained major scientific results:

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