1936 treaty in Berlin between fascist Germany and militaristic Japan for the purpose of gaining dominance in the world. Directed against the Comintern.
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"ANTI-KOMINTERNOV PACT"
agreement signed on 25 Nov. 1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan and formed a bloc of these states under the flag of the struggle against the Comintern in order to fight for world hegemony. "A.p." consisted of three articles and a "Signing Protocol". In Art. The 1st side mutually pledged to inform each other about the activities of the Comintern and in close cooperation to fight against it. In Art. 2nd Germany and Japan invited other states to join the pact. Art. The 3rd set the duration of the pact - 5 years. Along with other points, the "Protocol of Signing" obliged the parties to take severe measures against those "who, inside or outside the country, directly or indirectly act in favor of the Communist International." This article made it possible for the aggressive powers, under the pretext of fighting against the Comintern, to intervene in internal affairs. affairs of other state-in. "A.p." was supplemented by a special secret agreement, Art. The 1st to-rogo provided for joint measures to fight against the USSR. Nov 6 1937 to "A. p." Italy joined on 24 Feb. 1939 - Hungary and the puppet "state" of Manchukuo, and March 27, 1939 - Spain. The unwillingness of the ruling circles of Britain, France and the United States to pursue a policy of creating a system of collective security, the policy of condoning aggression, pursued by them in order to direct this aggression against the USSR, facilitated the fascist. state-you the task of creating an aggressive bloc. In 1939-40 "A. p." was turned into an open military. alliance of Germany, Italy and Japan (see Berlin Pact 1940). Nov 25 1941 "A. p." was extended for 5 years; at the same time reactionaries joined him. production of Finland, Croatia, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia and Bulgaria, as well as the "production" of Wang Ching-wei formed by the Japanese in the part of China they occupied. The victory of the USSR and other participants of the antifascist. coalition in the 2nd World War led to the liquidation of "AP". Publication: Reader by recent history, vol. 1, M., 1960, p. 250-53. Lit .: History of diplomacy, vol. 3, M. - L., 1945, p. 479-700.
Meaning of the ANTI-COMINTERN PACT in the Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
ANTI-COMINTER PACT
An agreement signed on November 25, 1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan, which formed a bloc of these states under the flag of the struggle against the Comintern for the purpose of gaining world domination. It consisted of three articles and an Additional Protocol. Under the "Anti-Comintern Pact", Germany and Japan pledged to fight closely against the Comintern in close cooperation and invited "third states, whose internal peace is threatened by the activities of the Communist International, to take defensive measures in the spirit of this agreement or to join this pact." According to the "Signing Protocol" attached to the "Anti-Comintern Pact", the parties agreed "to take severe measures against those who, inside or outside the country, directly or indirectly act in favor of the Communist International." In fact, this provided for interference in the internal affairs of other countries. The secret Additional Protocol, signed simultaneously with the pact, provided that in the event of a war or threat of war between the USSR and one of the contracting parties, the other side "will not take any measures, the implementation of which could ease the situation of the USSR." The parties also agreed not to conclude any political treaties with the USSR that contradict the spirit of the pact for the period of the Anti-Comintern Pact. The term of the pact was initially set at 5 years, and in 1941 it was extended for another 5 years. Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact on November 6, 1937; Hungary and the puppet state of Manchukuo on February 24, 1939; Spain on March 27, 1939; . Thus, Germany and Japan, under the guise of "fighting the Comintern," used the "Anti-Comintern Pact" to prepare for a war for world domination. After the defeat of the block of aggressors in the 2nd World War, the pact was liquidated.
Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the ANTI-KOMINTERNOV PACT in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ANTI-COMINTER PACT
- ANTI-COMINTER PACT
pact", an agreement concluded on November 25, 1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan, which formalized a block of these ... - ANTI-COMINTER PACT
an agreement concluded on November 25, 1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan and formalized (under the flag of the struggle against the Comintern) a bloc of these states in ... - PACT in the One-volume large legal dictionary:
(from Latin pactum - agreement, agreement) - one of the names of an international agreement (for example, the Briand-Kellogg pact of 1928 ... - PACT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
(Latin pactum - contract, agreement) - one of the names of an international treaty (for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. International Pact ... - PACT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Latin pactum - contract agreement), one of the names of the international ... - PACT in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Latin pactum - contract, agreement), a term used to refer to various kinds of international treaties, as a rule, of great political significance ... - PACT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. An international treaty (usually of great political significance). P. about non-aggression. ||Wed. CONVENTION, TRACTAT... - PACT V encyclopedic dictionary:
, -a, m. (official). international treaty... - PACT
THREE POWERS 1940, see Berlin Pact ... - PACT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from lat. rastum - contract, agreement), one of the names of the international. … - ANTIKOMINTERNOVSKY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"ANTI-KOMINTERNOV PACT", an agreement concluded on November 25, 1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan and formalized (under the flag of the struggle against the Comintern) a block of these ... - PACT in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
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Dip. … - PACT in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
An agreement between two... - PACT in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
'1. a set of mutual obligations between states 2. a document fixing mutual obligations between states’ Syn: treaty, agreement, convention ... - PACT in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(Latin pactum agreement) an international agreement, usually a large political ... - PACT in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[an international treaty, usually a large political one... - PACT in the Russian Thesaurus:
'1. a set of mutual obligations between states 2. a document fixing mutual obligations between states’ Syn: treaty, agreement, convention (of. ... - PACT in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
1. a set of mutual obligations between states a document fixing mutual obligations between states Syn: treaty, agreement, convention ... - PACT in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
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pact, … - PACT full spelling dictionary Russian language:
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pact, … - PACT in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
international treaty... - PACT in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(from Latin pactum - contract, agreement), one of the names of the international ... - PACT in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
pact, m. (from Latin pactum - agreed) (polit.). An international treaty, usually of major political significance. A non-aggression pact between... - PACT in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
m. An international treaty, an agreement, usually a large political ... - PACT in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
m. An international treaty, an agreement, usually a large political ... - PACT in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. An international treaty, an agreement, usually a large political ... - SHOWA
1) period - the reign of Emperor Showa (Hirohito) - from 1926 to 1989. The period is the most tragic in the history of the country ... - NEUTRALITY PACT in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
between the USSR and Japan was signed on April 13, 1941 in Moscow. It says that "The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet ... - THE USSR. FOREIGN POLICY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
policy of the USSR The basic principles of the Soviet foreign policy The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 created a state of a new type - the Soviet socialist state ... - Kellogg - Briana PACT 1928 in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
- Briana Pact 1928, the Paris Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, signed on August 27, 1928 ... - SHIGEMITSU MAMORU in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
(1887-1957) - diplomat. Born in Oita Prefecture. In 1911 he graduated from the University of Tokyo and went to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. IN … - 1936.11.25 in Pages of History What, where, when:
Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, pledging to fight together against international communism. Germany declares recognition of the pro-Japanese regime in...
With the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany, France and Great Britain decided that the threat of the German-Soviet alliance had gone into oblivion. “The Asian revolt, multiplied by German industry,” as the British ambassador to Germany, Lord d “Abernon, put it in the early 1920s, retreated. So in the first half of the 1930s, Paris and London turned a blind eye to the remilitarization of Germany. Berlin in a favorable political environment The Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan was signed on November 25, 1936. Italy joined it in November 1937.
The Austrian epic of 1934, which outwardly had all the signs of the failure of the Nazi policy, gave additional political trump cards to the German dictator. The failure of the attempt to seize Austria was quickly used by Hitler as an advantage over France and Great Britain. Italy was the only country that came out decisively in defense of Austria. Rome finally felt like one of the key guarantors of the inviolability of the Versailles system in the region. This mission was tacitly delegated to him by the victorious states, which cheated Italy at Versailles and were not ready to teach the aggressor a lesson. Therefore, Mussolini launched the creation of a bloc: in 1934, the Rome Protocols were concluded between Italy, Austria and Hungary.
On the other hand, France, after Hitler's first revanchist steps, needed a decisive ally, so she draws closer to Italy, giving de facto consent to the conquest of Ethiopia. The basis for the agreements was to ensure the guarantee of peace and stability exclusively in Europe, as Mussolini clarified as a result of negotiations on January 4, 1935. So, he spared his new ally the need to give explanations about the passive position in the Italo-Ethiopian conflict. Italy triumphed: Mussolini seemed to put Hitler in the Austrian question and created a bloc in Central Europe. Until recently, the leading states of the Versailles system were looking for support for a country that was secondary in big European politics. Mussolini stepped up the creation of the "Mediterranean Empire", consolidating success and not suspecting that he was doing the dirty work for Hitler to destroy the Versailles system.
Italy's aggression against Ethiopia, a member of the League of Nations, effectively destroyed this organization as a guarantor of peace and demonstrated that the only guarantee against aggression is readiness for war. Therefore, Hitler's hands were untied, and no one showed a willingness to put forward counterarguments to his rhetoric about arming Germany.
The frenetic actions of France did not add the last confidence in international politics and alienated it from the traditional ally of Great Britain, which actively developed relations with Germany and saw in it the only guarantor of stability in Europe. The pro-German policy of Great Britain was well illustrated by the naval agreement of 1935. In fact, British policy was aimed at supporting Berlin in the process of remilitarization of the Reich. The British note about the introduction of universal conscription in Germany and the almost tripling of the army contained an unexpected call. Britain expressed hope for Germany's participation with its military aviation in ensuring air security in Europe?! And this sounded when the provisions of Versailles were still in force, forbidding Germany to maintain military aircraft.
In 1934, a neutrality pact was concluded between Poland and Germany, which, at first glance, seemed like a solution to the global continental confrontation. But it became a maneuver, as a result of which Hitler received a buffer state with a potential enemy - the USSR. Now he could calmly demonstrate the anti-Soviet orientation of his own policy. Sometimes Hitler's rhetoric was supported by inspired rumors about an alliance between Germany and Poland against the USSR.
So, Poland left the orbit of the Locarno guarantees of 1925, securing itself, as it believed, with bilateral guarantees with Germany. Recall that in October 1925 in the Swiss city of Locarno, Germany settled its relations with France, and also came out of political isolation by concluding a guarantee agreement. The German-Polish treaty of 1934 contained a brilliant article, a creation of German diplomacy: all problems arising between Berlin and Warsaw should be the subject of only bilateral relations. This article excluded the receipt by Poland of any guarantees from outside and made the specified agreement incompatible with the guarantee agreement between Poland and France of 1925, and also actually canceled the military convention with Romania of 1926 (with the participation of France as a military consultant), we will especially note in part of it action against Germany. Hitler obtained an obedient ally against Czechoslovakia, given Poland's longstanding interest in Cieszyn Silesia.
The Polish side, in turn, was flattered by the agreement with Germany, because from a country that was hypothetically guaranteed by the states that created the Versailles system, it turned into a player with whom a powerful state is considered. The illusion so eclipsed Poland's eyes that she went further and herself began to break the foundations of the Versailles system, abandoning the obligation to guarantee the rights of national minorities. From a threat to Germany from the east, Poland turned into an obedient instrument of her policy.
German policy is pushing Czechoslovakia to look for a new allied configuration to guarantee security. Prague Castle is forced to move closer to the Kremlin. In parallel, Benes begins consultations with France in order to obtain additional security guarantees instead of Locarno. The latter gave a crack with the withdrawal of Poland from Locarno (Warsaw and Prague after the war for Teszyn in 1919 were actually in a state of war). Continental countries in the game on the European chessboard found themselves in a situation where each next move only worsened their situation. Berlin acts in this game as the queen of the winning side.
Poland deliberately fails to conclude the Eastern Guarantee Pact, which could protect her from aggression. She expects to decide the fate of the countries of Central Europe. France, however, noticing the collapse of its geopolitical constructions, which were supposed to contain Germany, goes to the creation of a system of guarantee agreements with Czechoslovakia and the USSR. In this way, it is trying to save the remnants of its until recently strong positions in Central Europe.
It must be recalled that Western democracies found themselves in an extremely difficult situation after the economic crisis of the early 1930s. Their governments were faced with a complete lack of tools to influence society. The success of Nazi propaganda, aggressively spreading far beyond Germany, made Hitler more popular in most of Europe than their own politicians. Hitler only had to wait and not take openly aggressive steps, while maintaining the appearance of fairness and legitimacy of his demands.
He succeeded brilliantly in this. After all, since 1932 the regular international conferences on disarmament have produced no results. At the same time, huge amounts of money were spent on the maintenance of the military armadas of European states against the backdrop of economic collapse and poverty in France, mass unemployment and stagnation in the UK. Hitler condemned the refusal to disarm and grant Germany equality in armaments with the victorious countries in the First World War, which was perceived public opinion European states as a fair reproach to their governments. Hitler's pacifist rhetoric at the NSDAP congress in 1934 is vividly recorded in L. Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will. The dictator talked about cultivating peacefulness and, at the same time, stamina. These speeches, which delighted the inhabitants of all European states, were a continuation of his policy of discrediting inefficient and militarized democracies. And this at a time when Nazi Germany was building up the latest weapons. The USSR also militarized its economy, spreading rhetoric about the direction of its military machine against the fascists and Nazis. However, these actions fully worked to justify the German militarization and played their role when Germany introduced on March 16, 1935, universal conscription.
The reaction of the countries of the Locarno system was almost instantaneous. On April 14 of the same year, a conference of representatives of the governments of Italy, France and Great Britain is held in Stresa (Italy). The resolution adopted at this conference declared the interest of the participants in preserving the independence of Austria. For the sake of this, it was supposed to convene a conference of all states that were parties to the Rome Protocols of 1934 (Italy, Austria, Hungary), and develop an agreement on Central Europe. In addition, the inadmissibility of unilateral termination of treaty obligations and readiness to revise the military provisions of all post-war peace treaties was stated. In Stresa, a desire was declared to preserve the validity of the Locarno Treaties. On April 17, 1935, at the Extraordinary Session of the Council of the League of Nations, the practice of unilateral revision of the provisions of international treaties introduced by Germany was condemned. Berlin protested, accusing the League of Nations of discrimination.
In 1935, treaties were concluded between the USSR and France (May 2) and the USSR and Czechoslovakia (May 16) on mutual assistance in case of aggression. The motive for such steps on the part of Paris and Prague was the disruption of work on the Eastern Pact. But the Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty contained an article according to which the USSR agreed to provide military assistance to Czechoslovakia only if such assistance was provided by France.
Berlin reacted sharply to the move by Paris, motivating the inadmissibility of concluding a guarantee agreement with Moscow by the fact that it contradicts Locarno. After all, as the German government justified its position, France has guarantees of its security within the framework of the Locarno Treaties, therefore all issues related to guaranteeing the security of France should be resolved exclusively within the framework of relations between the signatory countries of the treaty, i.e. without the involvement of other states. Great Britain also supported the German position regarding the conclusion of an agreement with the USSR by France.
March 7, 1936 German troops entered the demilitarized Rhineland; in fact, the Locarno agreements were terminated. The basis for such a step on the part of Hitler is the ratification by the French Parliament of the guarantee agreement with the USSR. The entire security system in Europe was under threat. One of the countries of the Locarno system of guarantees, Belgium, on October 14, 1936, decides to renounce its neutral status. But Brussels is playing along with Berlin's policy of curtailing the system of collective guarantees and replacing it with bilateral interstate guarantees. Belgium makes it clear that it does not consider the guarantees it received 11 years ago in Locarno to be reliable and wants to guarantee its own security on its own. The new format of relations imposed by Germany allowed her to fight her potential enemies one by one.
France and Belgium proposed to the Council of the League of Nations a draft resolution on Germany's action on the Rhine, which was adopted by a majority of votes. And already at the London Conference on March 19, 1936, the representatives of Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy supported proposals for further joint actions. The draft resolution condemned unilateral acts in international relations. A desire was expressed to resolve the situation, which had gotten out of control of the Versailles institutions, and it was decided to convene an international conference.
One of the points for discussion at it were the proposals of the German government from
March 7, 1936 regarding the conclusion of non-aggression pacts with neighboring states on eastern border Germany (Austria and Czechoslovakia), like the one she concluded with Poland on January 26, 1934, Berlin also expressed a desire to return to the League of Nations, since with the restoration of Germany's equality by establishing full sovereignty throughout its territory, the main obstacle to the stay of the state in this international organization was removed. Hitler intended to continue the revision of the provisions of the Versailles system in a non-military way, at the same time securing himself from military opposition with a mutual non-aggression pact. Germany would have been able to neutralize the possibility of using force against Berlin within the framework of the Charter of the League of Nations.
As a reaction to the Rhine action of Germany, the so-called Stresa Front was formed, which included France, Great Britain, Belgium and Italy. This format of diplomatic opposition to the policies of the Nazis was a continuation of the consultations begun in Stresa regarding the introduction of universal conscription by Germany. At the same time, Polish Foreign Minister J. Beck confirmed to France his intention to remain faithful to treaty obligations: in the event of a war with Germany, Poland would support its ally.
This position of Poland had serious consequences in the completion of the process of destruction of the Locarno system, since the declared allegiance of Poland to allied relations with France was not realized due to the lack of reaction from Paris to a clear violation of the principles declared in Locarno. Therefore, this precedent exempted both Poland and France from mutual obligations under the Locarno Treaties. Italy, in turn, is practically "washing its hands", motivating its position by the fact that it is busy with obligations in the Mediterranean region.
So France and Great Britain are left alone against Germany. Berlin is striving to form its own aggressive bloc, which, in contrast to the practically denounced guarantees of the Versailles and Locarno systems, would guarantee the realization of the aspirations of its participants. Italy sought to become the ruler of the Mediterranean, Japan - the Far East, and Germany - the hegemon in continental Europe. Therefore, in 1936 favorable conditions developed for the formation of such a bloc.
Timely for the appearance of the subject of the formation of a new aggressive bloc was the Spanish problem, closely connected with the activities of the Comintern. The transition of the process of solving Spanish internal social problems into a hot phase in 1936 became symbolic. For the Pyrenees, a desperate struggle ensued between two models of the unification of society within one state: fascist / Nazi and communist. The result of the civil war in Spain was a matter of principle for everyone: for the USSR and the Comintern, and for Italy, and for Germany. Mussolini was trying to dominate the Mediterranean, and Hitler was trying to use the opportunity to test the latest weapons.
The fight against the Comintern was a good occasion for the alliance of Italian fascism, German Nazism and Japanese traditionalism. Hitler strongly supported the Italian policy of active intervention in Spanish affairs. Mussolini, in his characteristic victorious pathos, got bogged down in the struggle for illusory goals, and his Mediterranean adventurous policy created the prerequisites for Germany's final denunciation of Locarno's provisions.
On the basis of the Spanish political foothold, the Anti-Comintern Pact completed its formation. This pact had an ambiguous orientation, given the ratification by France on March 7, 1936 of the guarantee agreement with the USSR. The provisions of the pact provided for the coordination of actions by Germany and Japan directed against the Comintern. This international organization, according to the signatories, was a system of political agents of the USSR abroad. An additional secret agreement to the pact assumed that in the event of a war of one of the states with the USSR, they should refrain from actions that could alleviate the situation of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, indirectly, this secret treaty provided that the signatories of the pact should also refrain from all kinds of relations with the states with which the USSR maintained allied treaty relations. Therefore, regarding them, the countries of the Anti-Comintern Pact had to adjust their policies in accordance with the provisions of the secret treaty and in consultation with a partner.
France was in allied relations with the USSR on the basis of the system of treaties of 1935, respectively, and the additional treaty to the Anti-Comintern Pact was directed against allied relations between the USSR and France. And to the French colonial possessions in pacific ocean and Japan was interested in Indochina. Thus, based on the fact that Japan, as a result of its expulsion from the League of Nations, found itself isolated from active politics within the institutions of the Versailles system, it gained influence on European politics through the mediation of Germany. At the same time, Germany sought to monopolize the initiative to revise the provisions of Versailles, so Japan and Italy were its most successful allies. Germany had the opportunity to initiate a revision of the provisions of the Versailles system, being at the center of the functioning of its provisions and institutions. In turn, Italy and Japan withdrew from active participation in political processes under the provisions of Versailles. Consequently, they were not Germany's competitors in the initiative of revisionist measures.
The nullification of the Rhine articles of the Treaty of Versailles was reinforced by Germany with the Anti-Comintern Pact (November 26, 1936), which was officially directed against the USSR: with this pact, Germany responded to Japan's loyalty in the Rhine issue. In November 1937, Italy joined the pact, and the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis was created. In fact, as J. von Ribbentrop declared to J. Stalin in 1939, the Anti-Comintern Pact was directed against England.
(extract)
The formation of the "axis" of aggressive states, Germany, Italy and Japan, was finally formalized by the signing of the "anti-Comintern pact" on November 25, 1936 between Germany and Japan. A year later, Italy joined him. The members of the bloc proclaimed their goal to be the fight against the Comintern. However, in fact, the German-Japanese-Italian bloc was directed not only against the USSR, but also against England, France and the USA. Under the guise of calls to fight communism, the Nazis were preparing a world war for the redivision of the world in favor of the German monopolies.
The government of the Great Japanese Empire and the government of Germany, realizing that the goal of the communist "international" (the so-called "comintern") is subversion and violence by all means at its disposal, in relation to the existing states, being convinced that a tolerant attitude towards interference of the communist "international" into the internal affairs of the nations not only threatens their peace, public welfare and social order, but is also a threat to world peace, and expressing their intention to cooperate in defense against communist subversion, have concluded the following agreement.
Article 1 The High Contracting Parties undertake to mutually inform each other about the activities of the communist "International", to consult on the adoption of the necessary defensive measures and to maintain close cooperation in the implementation of these measures.
Article 2 The High Contracting Parties undertake to jointly recommend to any third state whose internal security is threatened by the subversive work of the communist "International" to take defensive measures in the spirit of this agreement or to accede to it.
Article 3 This agreement is written in Japanese and German, and both texts are authentic. This agreement is concluded for five years and comes into force from the date of its signing. Both Contracting Parties in a timely manner, before the expiration of this agreement, must reach an understanding regarding the nature of their further cooperation.
Additional Protocol
When signing the Agreement against the Communist "International", the plenipotentiaries agreed on the following regarding this agreement:
a) the respective authorities of the two High Contracting Parties will maintain close cooperation in the exchange of information on the activities of the communist "international" and on the adoption of explanatory and defensive measures in connection with the activities of the communist "international";
b) the respective authorities of both High Contracting Parties will take, within the framework of the current legislation, strict measures against persons directly or indirectly in the country or abroad in the service of the communist "international" or assisting in its subversive activities;
c) in order to facilitate the cooperation referred to in paragraph "a" between the respective authorities of both High Contracting Parties, a permanent commission will be established in which further defensive measures necessary to prevent the subversive activities of the communist "international" will be studied and discussed.
"Documente der deutschen Politik",
bd. (V, Berlin, 1942.
"History of the Pacific War"
vol. II, M., 1957, pp. 343 - 345.
(extract)
Preparing to kindle the flames of the Second World War, the Japanese and German imperialists hypocritically attributed their aggressive plans to the Soviet Union. Hiding behind the legend of imaginary "Soviet aggression", the Japanese and German militarists were engaged in the preparation of aggression, and anti-comintern pact was one of the important elements of this training.
The government of the Great Japanese Empire and the government of Germany, recognizing that the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is striving to realize the goals of the communist "international" and intends to use its armed forces for this, and being convinced that this is a serious threat to the existence of not only states, but and the existence of world peace, in order to safeguard their common interests, agree as follows:
Article 1. In the event that one of the Contracting Parties is subjected to an unprovoked attack by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or is threatened by such an unprovoked attack, the other Contracting Party undertakes not to take any measures that could help alleviate the situation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In the event of the above situation, the Contracting Parties should immediately discuss the measures necessary to protect their common interests.
Article 2. For the period of validity of this agreement, the Contracting Parties undertake, without mutual consent, not to conclude any political treaties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that would be contrary to the spirit of this agreement.
Article 3 This Agreement is written in Japanese and German, both copies being equally authentic. This agreement enters into force simultaneously with the agreement against the communist "international" and has the same duration as it.
"History of the Pacific War", vol. II, M., 1957, pp. 345 - 346.
An agreement between Germany, Italy, Japan and other states directed against the USSR and the Communist International.
The signing of the treaty was the result of a rapprochement between the two aggressive states on the basis of the desire to revise the results of the First World War. Germany, after A. Hitler came to power on January 30, 1933, set a course to overcome the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, militarization and territorial expansion - primarily in Europe. The establishment of the Nazism regime in Germany was accompanied by an anti-communist campaign, the Comintern was accused of preparing a revolution in Germany and setting fire to the Reichstag on February 28, 1933. In preparing for a clash with Great Britain and France, Hitler tried to create the impression that his main foreign policy goal was to fight communism and expand into east, as mentioned in his book Mein Kampf. Without abandoning the task of destroying the USSR, Hitler actually did not consider it a priority, but used the banner of anti-communism for his domestic and foreign policy goals.
Japan also used anti-communism to cover up its expansionist intentions. Since the intervention Far East in 1918-1925 Japan considered the eastern part of Russia as an object for its expansion. But China and Southeast Asia were more attractive to her.
On September 18, 1931, the Japanese military organized a sabotage in the area of the South China railway, which was used as an excuse to invade the territory of the Republic of China. As a result of the Japanese-Chinese conflict of 1931-1933. The Japanese army captured Manchuria, where on 03/01/1932 the puppet state of Manzhou Guo was created. The League of Nations protested against Japanese aggression, but Japan withdrew from this international organization on March 27, 1933. In the same year, Japan annexed several more regions of China, approaching Beijing. Japan's desire to get "its own China" in Manchuria, Shanghai and other regions of the country closed the rest of China to Japanese goods, which began a campaign to combat the aggressor's goods, focusing on Western imports, which undermined the hopes of Japanese leaders to turn China into their economic appendage. Japan, which was industrializing, was in dire need of Chinese raw materials. Now for Japan, the path to China lay only through a big war.
All this was very important for the USSR, which, since the civil war and intervention, feared a repetition of the Japanese landings in the Far East. Now Japan could attack the USSR from land.
On October 30, 1933, Germany also withdrew from the League of Nations. Relations between Germany and the USSR continued to remain hostile in connection with the Soviet Union policy of "collective security", and the Comintern - "popular front".
Under these conditions, joint hostility to the USSR and the communist movement was a good reason for an alliance between Germany and Japan, which should not have disturbed Great Britain, France and the United States.
The A.P. consisted of three articles and a signing protocol. The contracting parties pledged to fight against the Comintern, declaring that a tolerant attitude towards the Communist International threatens the "tranquility, social and social order" of third states, and also represents a "threat to world peace." The first article obliged the parties to the Agreement "to inform each other about the activities of the Communist International and to consult on the adoption of the necessary defensive measures and to maintain close cooperation in the implementation of these measures." In the second article, the contracting parties pledged to "jointly recommend to any third state whose internal security is threatened by the subversion of the Communist International to take defensive measures in the spirit of this agreement or to accede to it." The agreement was concluded for a period of 5 years and entered into force from the date of its signing. In an additional protocol to the Agreement, the contracting parties pledged to take "severe measures against those who, inside or outside the country, directly or indirectly act in favor of the Communist International." At the same time, a secret military agreement was signed, in which they pledged "not to take any measures that could help alleviate the situation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" in the event that one of these countries is subjected to an "unprovoked attack" by the USSR or it is threatened by such an unprovoked attack"; not to conclude with the USSR "any political treaties that would be contrary to the spirit of this agreement."
Fascist Italy showed interest in joining the A.P. Despite the disagreements between A. Hitler and B. Mussolini, especially because of the fate of Austria, thanks to the joint intervention in civil war in Spain 1936-1939 there was a rapprochement between the positions of the two fascist states. On October 21, 1936, Germany and Italy signed a protocol on the coordination of their foreign policy. Despite the fact that the protocol was secret, Mussolini on January 1, 1936 spoke about the new alliance at a rally in Milan: “This is mutual understanding, this Berlin-Rome diagonal is not a dividing line, but an axis around which all European states, inspired will for cooperation and peace. Germany, Italy, and later Japan also came to be called the Axis states because of this.
11/6/1937 Italy joined the A.P. Germany and Japan recognized this protocol as "equivalent to the signing of the original text of the pact", thus emphasizing that they recognize Italy as an equal partner. Thus, the A.P. and the Axis merged. On February 24, 1939, Hungary and Manchukuo joined the A.P., on March 27. 1939 - Spain.
A.p. design happened when the members of the military were actually fighting against the communists: Italy and Germany in Spain, where on the other side of the front were Soviet military personnel (see also “Operation X”) and communists of the “international brigades”; Japan - in China, where she unleashed the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. China was helped by the USSR, which carried out "Operation Z". Soviet pilots participated in the battles on the side of China. There were also direct Soviet-Japanese military clashes: at Lake Khasan in 1938 and on the Khalkhin-Gol River in 1939. But Germany and Italy did not help their partner, and the defeat of the Japanese army on the Khalkhin-Gol River took place during the Soviet-German convergence.
Although A. p. helped Hitler during the Anschluss of Austria, sanctioned by Mussolini, and the “Sudet Crisis”, where Italy acted as an intermediary, on the whole, the pact did not provide a strong alliance of its participants in Europe either. In May 1939, the "Steel Pact" was concluded between Germany and Italy, in which the two countries pledged to fight together against common enemies in Europe, but Mussolini entered the Second world war only after the defeat of the Allies in June 1940.
At the same time, Japan was dissatisfied with the conclusion of the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact in violation of the A. p. After that, the German-Japanese-Italian pact could no longer be considered anti-Comintern, since Germany officially had good relations with the USSR, and Japan was also forced to improve its relations with the USSR. After that, A. p. had to be re-signed on a new, non-anti-Soviet basis.
September 27, 1940 Germany (J. Ribbentrop), Italy (G. Ciano) and Japan (S. Kurusu) signed the Berlin (tripartite) pact. It provided for the division of the world between the participants in order to maintain "long-term peace." Japan recognized the leading position of Germany and Italy in establishing a "new order" in Europe, having received from them the same right to East Asia. The parties agreed on mutual assistance, including military assistance, in the event of an attack on one of them by other states not yet participating in the war. Hungary (20.11.1940), Romania (23.11.1940), Slovakia (24.11.1940) and Bulgaria (1.3.1941) joined the pact. During the Berlin negotiations in 1940, an offer to join the pact was made by the USSR, but it put forward counter demands, which were not accepted by Germany. On March 25, 1941, Yugoslavia joined the pact, but this decision was not approved, since on March 27, 1941, the government of D. Cvetkovic was overthrown, and on April 5, 1941, Germany attacked Yugoslavia. The European parties to the pact (except Bulgaria) attacked the USSR together with Germany on June 22-23, 1941, but Japan did not do this, hoping to wait for the defeat of the USSR. After the start of the Great Patriotic War the now anti-communist pact was joined by Manchukuo, Spain, Finland, Croatia, Denmark, Wang Jingwei's puppet pro-Japanese Chinese government, and Thailand. After the Japanese attack on the United States on December 7, 1941, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. But Japan again refrained from attacking the USSR. The Soviet-Japanese war began only in August 1945. In 1944-1945, the participants in the pact, except for Spain, were defeated during the final campaigns of World War II.
