Create space You can do all the work with desires in one sitting - some in the evening when their head is clear, and some late at night when they feel most alert. It is a very individual and flexible process. For some it takes several hours.

Plan.

1. Communicative space and its levels. 2

2. Communication process. 6

1. Communicative space and its levels.

Interaction socionic types takes place in a certain extended environment, which I will henceforth call the communicative space. This space is heterogeneous: its density is not the same in different places, so the information exchange of the same types in different places will have different intensity.

Let us assume that the communicative space is four-dimensional, like the material space. Under the dimension of space, I will understand the level of sustainable information exchange, which is separated from other similar levels by a potential barrier? the energy of overcoming, i.e., the effort required to move from level to level.

In order to determine at what level of space communication takes place, it is necessary to determine two parameters? communicative distance (parameter of the length of space) and density of communication (parameter of permeability of space).

To build a model, I will use the binary principle familiar to socionics? splitting in half. Therefore, the communicative distance will take two values? near and far. From the point of view of the permeability of space, for a full-fledged information exchange, I will distinguish between communication, on the one hand, deep and, on the other hand, superficial.

I will dwell on these poles in more detail. Close distance means that communication takes place in close contact in space. It is most typical for groups of two to eight people. When interacting at a long distance, sociotypes are separated by a significant distance, determined by social and cultural indicators of development. Such a distance between people usually occurs in communication groups of more than eight people.

Deep communication means a dense information exchange, when almost all information resources available to the sociotype are involved in communication. There is a close interlacing L lines of force"information fields, which indicates a high level of confidence in the contact.

Superficial communication occurs with incomplete involvement in the exchange of cash information resources. The density of the information flow is much less than in the first case. The degree of confidence is also low.

Since the complexity of communication equally depends on both parameters, the information exchange between systems can be considered as the product of the communicative distance and the density of communication:

information exchange = distance ¦ density.

Info exchange takes discrete values, being an indicator of the object being at one of the levels of the communicative space. There are four such provisions:

It is very important that the described levels are not stretched into a line, but form a circle, that is, they are connected by relations of contiguity and opposition. Opposites are the physical level and the intellectual level. This means that they are related to each other. inverse proportionality: the more a person lives a physical life, the less he develops intellectually and vice versa.

The social and psychological levels also exclude each other. It is impossible to take care of an individual person (individual approach) and a whole group of people (mass approach) at the same time. The macro-society encourages a person to bring the personal to the altar of the public, and the micro-society, for example, his family, would like the opposite: to close person spent more time at home. Moreover, the proportion of 50% to 50% means a communicative crisis: the state of fluctuating L-weights is very painful, because it greatly complicates the choice.

Although the communicative levels are cyclical, it is more convenient and technologically advanced to depict their vertical hierarchy on a plane. Their subordination in the communicative space has the following form:

It is interesting to note that attempts to streamline the communicative space have been made since ancient times. According to the philosophical system of the Chinese "Book of Changes", the world is divided into three potential layers: heaven? man? earth. The socionic coordinate system is four-dimensional, therefore it complicates the world by one more step:

sky? society? Human? Earth
info socio psycho physio

First level interactions in the communicative space: the distance is close, but the communication is superficial. bears the name physical, as it is typical for dense, materially mediated contact of physical substrates (carriers) of information systems. Are human needs met at this level? in food, housing, procreation, production and consumption of material products.

Second level interactions in the communicative space: the distance is close, but the communication is deep. called psychological, since the exchange of intimate, personal information coming from the soul (from the ancient Greek psyhe - soul) comes to the fore. Does this psychological level presuppose the most trusting relationships, since at this level a person satisfies his intimate-emotional needs? in love, friendship, family, empathy, etc.

Third level interactions in the communicative space: the distance is far, communication is superficial. called social, as it is regulated by social norms, traditions and rituals, legislation, government institutions etc. This level of communication subordinates the interests of the individual to the interests of society, and therefore is of the most formal nature. The object of social communication does not act as a unique personality, but as a representative of a particular social class or professional group. At this level, a person satisfies his needs for career, training, work and respect.

Fourth level interactions in the communicative space: the distance is far, but the communication is deep. bears the name intellectual, or informational, level. It is possible to carry out deep communication without contact with the other side only by transferring the entire information exchange inside oneself, into one's brain. At the same time, the memory and imagination of a person work intensively. Only at this level can you access the depths of your subconscious and extract information accumulated by generations of people who lived before you.

At the information level, a person satisfies his needs for actualization, disclosure of his talents and abilities, creativity, knowledge and self-improvement.

2. Communication process.

The exchange of information broadly covers different parts of the organization and is directly proportional to its effectiveness. But the exchange of information is not always as effective as it should be. In fact, people communicate with each other less effectively than they think.

For example, let's take the fact illustrated by Rensis Likerto when studying the work of foremen and their subordinates at one of the public utilities.

While 85% of foremen felt that their subordinates felt free to discuss important business matters, only 51% of subordinates actually had this sense of freedom. In another study, a department head recorded instructions or decisions passed on to subordinates on 165 special occasions. Judging by the records of subordinates, they were aware of only 84 such messages. One researcher analyzed the performance of a California healthcare company and found significant differences between senior, middle and grassroots leaders in how they evaluate the effectiveness of communications in their organization.

In addition, in many cases the message being conveyed is misunderstood and therefore the exchange of information is ineffective.

John Miner, an eminent researcher in the field of management, points out that, as a rule, only 50% of the exchange of information leads to the mutual consent of the communicating. The most common cause of poor performance is forgetting the fact that communication is an exchange.

During the exchange, both parties play a huge active role. For example, if you, as a manager, describe to one of your subordinates how work needs to be changed, this is only the beginning of the exchange. For communication to be effective, your subordinate must tell you how he understands your task and expectations regarding the results of his activities. The exchange of information occurs only when one side offers information and the other perceives it. For this to be the case, close attention must be paid to the communication process.

Communication process.

Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people.

The main goal of the communication process - ensuring the understanding of the information that is the subject of communication, i.e. messages. However, the mere fact of information exchange does not guarantee the effectiveness of communication between people participating in the exchange. In order to better understand the process of information exchange and the conditions for its effectiveness, one should have an understanding of the stages of the process, in which two or more of people.

Elements and stages of the communication process.

In the process of information exchange, four basic elements can be distinguished.

Sender , a person who generates ideas or collects information and communicates it.

HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY 2009 Vol. 1

UDC 81.42 T.A. Vorontsova

COMMUNICATION SPACE IN THE LINGUISTIC-PRAGMATIC PARADIGM

The communicative space is considered in the system of key concepts and categories of linguistic pragmatics, such as addresser, addressee, speech behavior, communicative intention, communicative strategy. The spheres of the communicative space that are significant for the process of speech interaction between the addresser and the addressee are identified. The communicative-pragmatic types of speech behavior are defined as a tool for the formation of a communicative space.

Key words: communicative space, speech behavior, linguistic pragmatics, spheres of communicative space, communicative-pragmatic types of speech behavior.

The concept of communicative space in linguistics does not have a stable and unambiguous definition. IN general theory communication, this term can be interpreted extremely broadly as "a territory, an environment within which interaction takes place" . In "Communication Theory" G.G. Pocheptsov, the communicative space is, in essence, an informational space with the only caveat that “in the case of communication, we are already talking about a two-way process, where both the generator and the recipient of information have active roles that form this communication”

Often the concept of communicative space is actually equated with the concept of discourse. At the same time, the typology of discourse can have various grounds: the dialogical or monologic nature of communication (communicative space of colloquial speech); method of communication depending on the type of "technical" information carrier (virtual communicative space, communicative space of the Internet); stylistic and functional parameters of the discourse (game communicative space), etc.

In more narrow sense communicative space can be interpreted as a proxemic space (actual communicative space) between participants in communication; as the space of a separate text (the communicative space of the article).

N.V. Muravyova under the communicative space of a person understands the level of his communicative competence: knowledge and ideas about how it is customary to communicate in a given situation.

The famous literary critic and linguist B.M. Gasparov defines language as the environment of human existence, with which he constantly interacts: “Every act of using a language - whether it is a work of high value or a fleeting remark in a conversation - is a particle of a continuously moving stream of human experience. In this

as it absorbs and reflects in itself the unique set of circumstances under which and for which it was created: the communicative intentions of the author, always multiple and contradictory and never completely clear to himself; the relationship between the author and his immediate and potential, close and distant, known to him and imaginary addressees; all sorts of "circumstances" - large and small, generally significant or intimate, decisively important or accidental - somehow imprinted in this message; general ideological features and stylistic climate of the era as a whole, and of the specific environment and specific individuals to whom the message is directly or indirectly addressed, in particular, the genre and style features of both the message itself and the communicative situation in which it is included; and finally - a lot of associations with previous experience, one way or another falling into the orbit of a given linguistic action: associations explicit and vague, close or distant, transparently obvious and esoteric, conceptual and figurative, relating to the entire message as a whole or its individual details. The totality and interaction of all these aspects is, according to B.M. Gasparov, and there is a communicative space - a holistic communicative environment, “into which the speakers seem to be immersed (highlighted by us. - T.V.) in the process of communicative activity” (Ibid., p.297).

According to B.M. Gasparov, for the speaker, the communicative space is a cognitive-discursive space: “In order to create or interpret a message, the speaking subject needs to feel a certain environment to which, in his mind, this message belongs - a kind of broader spiritual “picture of the area” , on which this language artifact is located and fits into. Any message occupies some place in a wider mental picture, and this rootedness in a certain mental space largely determines its semantic appearance. The communicative space, along with the genre characteristic, includes "such properties of a linguistic message as its "tone", subject content and the general intellectual sphere to which this content belongs", as well as the communicative situation "with all the multitude of immediately available, implied and conceived components that form the idea of ​​each participant about it” (Ibid., p. 295).

Such a voluminous linguo-philosophical interpretation of the communicative space in this case is quite justified, since the research task of the author is to give a multidimensional and multidimensional idea of ​​the language in the process of communicative activity. Let us pay attention to the fact that the definition of the communicative space given by B. M. Gasparov is largely projected onto the linguopragmatic (pragmalinguistic) understanding of the process of communicative interaction, which is considered in this branch of linguistic knowledge within quite specific concepts and categories.

In linguo-pragmatic studies, the concept of a communicative (communicative-pragmatic) space is defined as a speech situation, including the roles of the speaker and the listener, the characteristics of time and place, the rules for coordinating these goals within the framework of the cooperative principle, the rules for transferring the role of the speaker from one communicant to another, etc. The linguopragmatic approach to language correlates the communicative-pragmatic space with linguistic (types of speech acts, speech moves, etc.) and mental structures (propositions, presuppositions, implicatures), which ensure purposefulness, expediency and relevance, as well as the success and success of communicative actions of each of the communication partners.

For us, a fundamentally important fact is that with any understanding of the communicative space, the starting point in it is always the addresser.

According to B.M. Gasparov, it is the cognitive-discursive representations of the speaker that form both the process and the “product” of communicative activity. This is “the idea of ​​the author of the message about the real or potential partner he is addressing, his interests and intentions, about the nature of his personal and linguistic relationships with him”, as well as “the self-consciousness and self-esteem of the speaker, the idea of ​​what impression he himself and his the message should be made on others ".

In the communicative-pragmatic sense, the speaker is the one who not only creates, but also controls the communicative space. In accordance with this, concretizing the concept of communicative space, we consider it as a zone of real and potential contacts of each of the participants in communication from the point of view of the speaker (addresser).

The creation of a harmonious communicative space is the orientation of communicants towards dialogic communication in the broadest sense of the word. The conditions for the success of such communication in various aspects have been repeatedly considered in linguistic studies. Entering into communicative relations, each of the participants in communication has its own vision of the communication process, its role in it, has its own value orientations and its own ideas about a particular subject of speech. However, the responsibility for the "quality" of the communicative space in a particular communicative act always lies with the sender. It is clear that in direct dialogic communication, from time to time (ideally, in turn) both communicants find themselves in this role, therefore, here the communicative space is a zone of mutual responsibility of the participants in communication.

Obviously, with any understanding, the communicative space is multidimensional, mobile, changeable, it is impossible to structure it, at least unambiguously. At the same time, from the perspective of a specific subject of research in the communicative space, it is possible, with a certain degree of conventionality, to designate areas related to this subject. Linguoprag-

The mathematical approach in a broad sense, as is known, explores not only the structural components of the communicative process, but also its discursive characteristics (which, by definition, should include the cognitive aspect)1.

In accordance with this approach, the following areas seem significant to us in the communicative space:

1. The actual speech sphere is relevant in direct interpersonal communication. These are a kind of discursive conventions regarding the speech participation in the communication process of each of the interlocutors. The boundaries of this sphere are determined by the rules of communication in a particular discourse and the parameters of a particular speech situation. For example, the situation scientific conference assumes, on the one hand, a regulated sequence of speech participation of communicants (report - questions to the speaker - discussion of the report), on the other hand, in accordance with the conventions of scientific discourse ("no one has a monopoly on scientific truth") - the equal right to speech of all participants communication regardless of positions and academic titles.

2. The axiological sphere of the communicative space is considered by us as a system of values ​​and assessments of each of the communicants that is relevant for a given communicative act. The interaction of communicants in this area of ​​the communicative space occurs both in direct (interpersonal) and indirect communication (for example, through the media), when there is no change in the communicative roles of the addresser and addressee.

3. The cognitive sphere of the communicative space is a system of key concepts that are relevant for a given communicative act, a kind of picture of the world, which is represented by the sender and addressee within the framework of this discourse. This sphere of communicative space can be defined for any type of communication and for any type of discourse: from private conversations to socially significant types of discus.

The idea of ​​the addresser (speaker) about the communicative space within the framework of a particular communication determines the communicant's choice of the type of speech behavior. Speech behavior is a kind of tool for the formation of a communicative space, so the parameters this concept are of fundamental importance. The fact is that the term "speech behavior", along with the concepts of "speech activity", " verbal communication”, “communication”, being in the sphere of interests of socio-, psycho-, pragmalinguistics and the theory of speech acts, still does not have an unambiguous interpretation. .

A number of researchers deny awareness and purposefulness of speech behavior. R. Jacobson, as you know, argued

1 In principle, it would be more correct to designate this approach with the term “communicative-discursive” (see: Vorontsova T. A. Speech aggression: an invasion of the communicative space. Izhevsk: Publishing House"Udmurt University", 2006).

that "any speech behavior is purposeful". It is this approach to speech behavior that is typical, for example, for sociolinguistics, where speech behavior is understood "as the process of choosing the best option for building a socially correct statement." On the socio-communicative aspect, without denying the activity nature of speech behavior, T.G. Distiller. She believes that “the interpretation of the concept of “speech behavior” should be based exactly as much on the very fact of the implementation of speech as on the selection of speech means that has taken place ...” . T.G. Vinokur considers speech behavior as a set of speech actions. From the intralinguistic side, speech behavior is determined by the patterns of language use in speech, and from the extralinguistic side, by the socio-psychological conditions for the implementation of linguistic activity (Ibid., p. 12).

In linguopragmatics, verbal behavior is “understood as a set of conventional (carried out in accordance with the rules) and non-conventional (carried out of one’s own free will) speech acts performed by an individual or a group of individuals”, that is, awareness and purposefulness are considered as key characteristics of speech behavior. From these positions, speech behavior can be defined as "empirically observed motivated, intentional, addressed communicative activity of an individual in a situation of speech interaction, associated with the choice and use of speech and language means in accordance with the communicative task" .

At the same time, it seems to us appropriate and logical to distinguish between the terms "communicative behavior" and "speech behavior" (not all linguistic studies distinguish these terms). In our opinion, communicative behavior is a broader concept than speech behavior. This is how communicative behavior is considered, for example, by I.N. Borisova, A.K. Mikhalskaya, N.V. Muravieva, I.A. Sternin1 and others.

Communicative behavior includes non-verbal and verbal behavior, in turn, the components of verbal behavior are intentional and linguistic behavior, i.e. “Speech behavior is considered as a “verbalized, verbally expressed part of communicative behavior” . The non-speech elements of communicative behavior in oral communication include the volume of the voice, intonation, gestures, in written communication - images, the nature of the font. Of course, non-speech elements can play important role in the process of forming a communicative space. However, as A.K. Michalskaya, “in communicative behavior, it is speech behavior that is the main thing, it is it that structures, organizes everything else, but at the same time reflects the features of the rest” .

1 I.A. Sternin and his followers use the terms verbal communicative behavior and non-verbal communicative behavior for such a distinction (Essay on American communicative behavior. 2001, p. 13)

This allows us to say that the communicative-pragmatic types of speech behavior are actually the speaker's attitudes towards one or another way of forming a communicative space. By and large, the addresser (speaker) is guided by one of three settings:

1) to carry out an invasion into the communicative space of the addressee, to deform it in accordance with their own picture of the world, ideas, assessments, etc.;

2) to explicate their own ideas and assessments, without seeking to significantly change the ideas and assessments of the addressee;

3) to create a qualitatively new communicative space with the addressee for himself and for him.

These attitudes can be projected onto the main communication strategies: aggression, tolerance and politeness.

Thus, the concept of communicative space is organically integrated into the system of key concepts and categories of linguistic pragmatics, such as addresser, addressee, speech behavior, communicative intention, communicative strategy. Further study of speech tactics, specific techniques, speech and language means characteristic of these types of speech interaction will eventually lead to the problem of optimal communication in various types of discourse.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Asmus N.G. Linguistic features of the virtual communicative space: dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences. Chelyabinsk, 2005.

2. Borisova I.N. Russian conversational dialogue. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House Ural. un-ta, 2001.

3. Borisova I.N. Russian Conversational Dialogue: Zones of Tolerant and Intolerant Communication // Philosophical and Linguistic and Cultural Problems of Tolerance. M.: Olma-Press, 2005.

4. Vinokur T.G. The speaker and the listener. Variants of speech behavior. Moscow: Nauka, 1993.

5. Gasparov B.M. Language, memory, image. Linguistics of linguistic existence. Moscow: New Literary Review, 1996.

6. Goroshko E.I. Theoretical analysis of Internet genres // Genres of speech. Issue. 5. Genre and culture. - Saratov: Ed. Center "Science", 2007.

7. Demyankov V.Z. Mystery of Dialogue: (Introduction) // Dialogue: Theoretical problems and research methods. Moscow: INION RAN, 1992.

8. Dridze T.M. Language and social psychology. M.: Higher. school, 1980.

9 . Klyuev E.V. Speech communication: textbook. allowance for high fur boots and in-comrade. M.: RIPOL CLASSIC, 2002.

10. Kreidlin G.E. Non-verbal semiotics in its relationship with verbal: author. dis. . Dr. Philol. Sciences. M., 2000.

11. Leontiev A. A. Psychology of communication. M.: Meaning, 1999.

12. Matveeva G.G. Update pragmatic aspect scientific text. Rostov-on-D.: Rostov Publishing House. un-ta, 1984.

13. Matveeva G.G. The translation method for the analysis of the speech behavior of the author of the source text and the translator // Problems of regional management, economics, law and innovation processes in education: materials of the first international. scientific-practical. conf. Taganrog: TIUE, 2000.

14. Mikhalskaya A.K. Russian Socrates: Lectures on comparative historical rhetoric. M.: Ed. Center "Academia", 1996.

16. Muravieva N.V. The language of conflict. M.: Thermal, 2004. 1 electron. opt. disc (CD-ROM).

17. Essay on American communicative behavior / scientific. ed. I.A. Sternin, M. A. Sternina. Voronezh: ORIGINS, 2001.

18. Pocheptsov G.G. Theory of communication. M.: Refl-book, K.; Wackler, 2001.

19. Susov I.P. Speaking personality in linguo-social and linguo-pragmatic spaces // Social stratification of language: materials of interuniversity. conf. Pyatigorsk. state ped. Institute of foreign lang. Pyatigorsk, 1989.

20. Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette: linguistic and methodological aspects M.: Russian language, 1982.

21. Sharkov F.I., Fundamentals of the theory of communication. / M.: Social relations, 2005.

22. Schweitzer A. D. Sociolinguistics // Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Sov. encycl., 1990.

23. Jacobson R. Linguistics and poetics // Structuralism: "for" and "against". Moscow: Progress, 1975.

Received 06.03.09

T.A. Vorontsova, doctor of philology, professor Communicative Space in the Linguistic and Pragmatic Paradigm

Communicative space is viewed within a system of the key notions and categories of linguistic pragmatics: addresser, addressee, speech behavior, speech intention, communicative strategy. Communicative space spheres, which are important for the addresser's and addressee's speech interaction, have been outlined. Communicative and pragmatic types of speech behavior as a communicative space forming instrument have been defined.

Vorontsova Tatyana Alexandrovna, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University»

426034, Russia, Izhevsk, st. Universitetskaya, 1 (building 2)

The interaction of socionic types takes place in a certain extended environment, which I will further call communicative space.This space is heterogeneous: its "density" is not the same in different places, so the information exchange of the same types in different places will have different intensity.

Let us assume that the communicative space is four-dimensional, like the material space. By the "measurement" of space, I will understand the level of sustainable information exchange, which is separated from other similar levels by a potential barrier - the energy of overcoming, that is, the effort necessary to move from level to level.

In order to understand at what level of space communication takes place, it is necessary to determine two parameters - the communicative distance (the parameter of the extent of space) and the density of communication (the parameter of "permeability" of space).

To build a model, I will use the binary principle familiar to socionics - dividing in half. Therefore, the communicative distance will take on two meanings - close and far. From the point of view of the permeability of space for a full-fledged information exchange, I will distinguish communication on the one hand - deep, on the other - superficial.

I will dwell on these poles in more detail. close range means that communication proceeds with close contact in space. It is most typical for groups of two to eight people. When interacting with far distance sociotypes are separated by a significant distance, which is determined by social and cultural indicators of development. Such distance between people usually occurs in communication groups of more than eight people.

Deep communication means a dense information exchange, when almost all information resources available to the sociotype are involved in communication. There is a close interweaving of "lines of force" of information fields, which indicates a high confidence in the contact.

Surface Communication occurs with incomplete involvement in the exchange of available information resources. The density of the information flow is much less than in the first case. The degree of confidence is also low.

Since the complexity of communication equally depends on both parameters, the information exchange between systems can be considered as the product of the communicative distance and the density of communication:

information exchange=distance× density

Communication space.

Lecture plan.

Definition of the term.

Primary and secondary communication processes.

Laws of communicative spaces.

Modern communicative space of the architect.

* * Definition of the term.

The life of every person is an endless series of different acts of communication - for various reasons, with different people, V different time, with different content, in different places. This leads to the fact that the actual reality is literally saturated with communications. Numerous acts of communication form the communicative space of society. Let's dwell on this concept.

Communication space

This is the basic concept for the analysis of communication. This is the area where there are different subjects of society, where their communication needs are realized - the impact and transmission of information. The communicative space is a certain “territory”, limited by time frames, where communicators, carrying out communicative activities, for which they create discourses (texts for various purposes) and act in accordance with their goals. The structure of the interaction of communicators corresponds to the structure communicative act, where the author, addressee of the message are highlighted. A special lecture in this section is devoted to the communicative speech act.

Communicative space is the area of ​​activity of communicators in accordance with their own goal-setting, limited by time frames.

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* * Primary and secondary communication processes.

The communicative space, according to G. Pocheptsov, is structured primary and secondary communication processes.

Primary communication processes are a set of facts of communication that actually occur in different areas of life, for example, communication in the field of art, education, interpersonal communications and other diverse events of the surrounding reality. In other words, that's all that happens in life. Secondary(or post-communicative) processes are associated with the discussion or dissemination of information first received on the primary process, that is, this is information about past communications, and not these communications themselves.

____________________________________________________________________

Primary communications are a set of actually occurring facts of communication.

Secondary communications - discussion of information about the ongoing communications.

____________________________________________________________________

An important role of secondary communications is that only they give communicative weight to various events that have occurred. That primary communicative process is successful, gains resonance in society, becomes known, if it then continues in secondary processes, is served different ways, is discussed [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 118]. Thus, a road accident becomes a communicative event only if it has become the subject of a report in a newspaper or on television. A natural phenomenon- a flood - will never receive the status of a social event if it does not become a post-communicative event, when it is broadcast on radio, television, it is discussed in newspapers, the Internet, and heard in conversations.

Primary communications in the field of architectural activity are all the variety of acts of professional communication taking place in different territories, in different organizations. The status of secondary communications is such that events become widely known only if they are discussed in the media, professional communities, in conversations, communication between architects and other interested parties. There are noisy discussions in TV programs and other types of mass media of the problems of the struggle for the preservation of historically valuable buildings, the restoration of valuable architectural objects, and urban development.

* * Laws of communicative spaces.

Let us turn to the phenomenon of interaction of different types of communication within the framework of the communicative space. In work G. Pocheptsova this interaction is characterized as laws of communicative attraction and repulsion. It is these laws that are decisive for the existence of a communicative space, namely attraction and repulsion different spheres of communication form modern society as a society of communicating individuals, it is these laws that determine the communicative intentions of people in their rich real activity.

____________________________________________________________________

The laws of communicative attraction and repulsion are the main laws of the communicative space

____________________________________________________________________

1. “Today’s communication space is characterized by borrowing methods that have received recognition both in one discourse and in another. Politicians use the tools of actors to win the hearts of their electorate. Artistic communication borrows the tools of the documentary mode. ... Feature films influence TV news. It also affects politics, when the problem of urban crime becomes the main topic of municipal elections, ... although this priority is dictated ... by the prevalence of the detective genre on the screens as the most advantageous in terms of artistic mode" - [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 295].

2. In the communicative space there is a constant interaction many forms of communication. There exist, interacting, numerous types and forms of communication. For example, people in society communicate by building interpersonal communications that take on a verbal form. At the same time, there is also professional communication, when communication is mediated, for example, by visual signs (diagram, graph, table) placed in a book. In this case, one can observe the same action of the law of attraction and repulsion.

Vivid examples of the interaction of different communications are provided by modern television - we are talking about such widespread show programs where sports, theater, circus are combined in one discourse (theater stars, TV presenters become heroes of sports - figure skating, circus artists, famous politicians - stars of musical genres) . The expressiveness of such works is achieved through the play of masks, a kind of carnival dressing up technique, when recognizable characters perform functions that are unusual for them: a popular film actor becomes a figure skater, and a TV presenter performs in a circus performance. TV viewers are also involved in the communicative action - they act as addressees in the communicative field, who are well acquainted with the characters, empathizing with them.

3. Another manifestation of the mutual influence of individual modern types of communication occurs through mythologization different areas of reality « Myths today form the framework of the world in which we live. Myth is one of the hidden phenomena. Additional work is required to identify it," when it is necessary to become an external observer in relation to the myth [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 355]. Civilization has developed a number of myth-generating machines, they become the basis for the sphere of advertising and PR.

4. Various communicative fields are built using signs different semiotic systems , that is, there is an existence different types communications (a separate lecture is devoted to them), such as, for example, printed works using printed signs, TV and cinema using audiovisual signs, etc.

A separate area is a field of communication, characterized by a purpose for different purposes - domestic and professional. According to the purpose of our work, we will turn to the features of professional communication serving the activities of professional architects.

* * Modern communicative space of the architect.

The communicative space of a modern architect is built as a set of numerous acts of communication. This is a basic concept denoting the area of ​​communication, where there are different subjects of society. In accordance with the topic of our conversation, we will focus on the modern professional communicative space where professional architects exist today.

We are talking about the formation of the communicative image of a modern architect. The condition for the correct formation of this image is the knowledge of those communicative spheres within which professional communication of specialists takes place. One of the prerequisites for the formation of a communicative professional field in the described field of activity is the observance of communicative unity "architect - city", where the concept of the city is considered in a broad sense: these are people (communicants) - partners, customers, clients, and things (existing and created architectural objects). The unity of this level implies a dialogue between the architect and the city, which ensures the integrity of the urban environment. Description of the features of this space of communication is given in the article: [Lazareva E.A., Volchkova I.M. 1997].

The modern architectural and construction situation is significantly different from the situation of previous periods and requires active participation client-customer in choosing a building site, planning it, choosing materials, building design. That is, the client has the right to discuss construction problems together with professional architect. In connection with these new conditions, a completely new nature of feedback between communicants arises: this connection takes on a different character, becoming not regulatory and prescriptive, but recommendatory. This new communicative phenomenon has two sides: both positive and negative.

Let us turn to the phenomenon of interaction of different types of communication within the framework of the communicative space. The professional communication of an architect is represented by all known types of communication, but opposition plays a decisive role in it. verbal-non-verbal communication.

In non-verbal communication, the whole range of different non-verbal symbols is used to convey information. When talking about the professional communication of an architect, it is important to refer to visual means of conveying meaning. Visual cues are important in conveying the meanings of architectural objects and in constructing text using verbal and visual codes. In the works of W. Eco and Y. Lotman. as shown in F.B. Sharkov, it is noted that in visual communications it is impossible to single out discrete semantic elements. Their components do not mean anything by themselves, but appear only in the context of the whole work.

The modern architect is in difficult conditions when presenting his project customer-client. The description of an architectural object under construction or just planned is based on verbal and non-verbal codes, but non-verbal elements occupy a predominant position.

The well-known theorist of visual communication A. Berger in his book “Seeing is believing. Introduction to Visual Communication" says: "Visual communication plays an important role in the life of every person: all of us, consumers of visual products, watch TV, read newspapers, magazines and books, go to the movies. We live in an "information" society, where the information received is predominantly visual. It is very important that each of us understand the impact of visual images on a person and how to learn to “read” and interpret their various forms” [Berger 2005, p. 18] . It is clear from this statement that the attention modern means communication, their influencing role, attention to visual communication. This fully extends to the communicative image of a modern architect. It seems necessary in the architect's communicative activity to take into account the semantic significance of each visual element and the relationships in which it is located.

Control questions and tasks.

● What is a communicative space and what role do primary and secondary communications play in it?

● What laws exist in the communicative space?

●Tell us about borrowing methods from different discourses.

●Comment on the phenomenon of mythologization of different areas of modern life

● How are the means of different semiotic systems used in communication?

● Tell us about the role of visual communication in the professional communication of architects. Illustrate your story with scenes from your professional life.