1. The concept and essence of speech etiquette.

2. Features of the construction of speech etiquette and its main functions.

3. Formulas-cliches of etiquette situations.

4. Features of national speech etiquette.

5. Professional speech etiquette.

Since childhood, each person has mastered a set of moral norms, which are based on a system of various prohibitions: do not be rude to elders, do not insult younger ones, do not leave without saying goodbye, do not forget to greet guests, express wishes for a pleasant appetite, good night, health, good luck, etc. .d. From childhood, the child learns the basics of speech etiquette in preschool, in the family, at school, in everyday speech environment. With age, a person occupies a certain place in a complex social hierarchy and for successful communication (creating a family, professional definition, gaining authority and respect from acquaintances, etc.), he needs further improvement, clarification, enrichment of speech behavior. Thus, a person masters speech etiquette throughout his life.

Speech etiquette - form, technique of speech communication, which is based on general norms of morality and ethics, prescribing a respectful attitude towards other people, politeness, correctness, tact, modesty, restraint in assessments, and courtesy. Speech etiquette arose, apparently, at the initial stages of speech development, although the word “etiquette” (“etiquette”) itself appeared in France, where at the court of Louis XIV, small paper labels were given to those present, on which it was indicated with what words and movements a person should address king. In a later era, the word expanded its meaning and was borrowed into other languages. Today, etiquette is understood as the order of behavior accepted by society, which is also reflected in speech forms.

Speech etiquette – rules of speech behavior, i.e. a system of stereotypical, stable communication formulas, polite words (hello, thank you, thank you, please, etc.), historically and nationally established.

Etiquette is a national phenomenon. The main forms, the "technique" of communication have a national coloring. For example, among the Slavs it is indecent to point a finger at a person, in English language to express a respectful form of address, similar to the Russian "you", the word you ("you") is used with a certain intonation, in Japanese there is no negation of "no". English etiquette also does not recognize categorical forms, so it is difficult to find an English equivalent to the Russian expressions “I refuse flatly!”, “It is absolutely impossible”, “For the life of me, I can’t!”, “No and again no!” and so on. Unlike Western cultures in Russian, the question "How are you?" it is not customary to answer categorically “bad” or “good”, neutral “nothing”, “so-so”, “slowly” are more acceptable. “Thank you” said to a cab driver in India is an occasion to ask you more money. At different peoples there are traditional greetings. In Japan and Korea, when meeting, a verbal greeting is accompanied by a ceremonial bow, the depth of which depends on the age and position of the interlocutors. In Egypt and Yemen, they greet each other with a palm placed to the forehead, which resembles a salutation. In Iran, after shaking hands, put the right hand to the heart. In Thailand, instead of shaking hands when meeting, the hands are folded in a “house” in front of the chest and bow slightly. In New Zealand, Maori greet each other by rubbing their noses. The Eskimos, as a sign of greeting, strike a familiar fist on the head and shoulders. The French and Italians kiss each other on the cheek. Samoans sniff each other. In England and the United States, the handshake is more common for formal occasions and acquaintances.

Speech etiquette is built taking into account:

1. characteristics of interlocutors their social status, role in communication, age, gender, nationality, religion, profession, character of a person. "you" or "you".

2. situations place, time, topic and purpose of communication. Speech behavior that is unacceptable under some circumstances may be appropriate in another case.

3. Type of speech communication (negotiations, conversation, birthday, anniversary, graduation party, banquet, conference, meeting, etc.). It is not recommended, for example, at a woman's birthday party to remind her of her age, even if it is advanced. It is considered incorrect in negotiations to put forward your demands from the first words. It is impossible to vividly, colorfully describe the results of a forensic autopsy.

The role of speech etiquette:

1. Maintains a positive reputation of the organization, enterprise.

2. Allows you to define general level the culture of the interlocutors.

3. Allows you to create a comfortable climate for communication, avoid conflicts, ambiguity.

4. Allows you to attract the attention of the interlocutor, arouse his sympathy, show him your respect.

5. Helps to establish the status of communication (friendly, business, official, etc.).

6. Helps to have the right impact on the interlocutor.

Compliance with speech etiquette involves showing respect for the interlocutor, not imposing one's own judgments and assessments, observing modesty, lack of teaching, didactic tone, taking into account the threshold of attention and understanding of the listener. Speech should not be too slow or too fast. Speech with a frequency of 120-150 words per minute is best perceived in sentences of 5-9 words. Speech etiquette prescribes the choice of only topics of conversation that are understandable and close to the partner. It is impolite to start a conversation with one person from the group about something that concerns only two or is not clear to the rest. Avoid categorical statements. Phrases of the following type are considered disrespectful: “I don’t know about you, but I think ...”, “I think you won’t understand this”, “I, as a specialist ...”, “This cannot be!”, “It seems to me that this is not quite convincing”, “I'm afraid I can't agree with you”, “It's hardly true”, “No way”, “This is absolutely unacceptable”, etc. Etiquette is a historical phenomenon, which changes with time. Some forms of polite address are becoming obsolete or out of circulation altogether: kissing a woman’s hand, asking “how are you sweating?” instead of "How are you?" Today, such etiquette expressions as “God help you” (to a working person), “Fresh for you!” (to a woman drawing water), “Tea and salt!”, “Tea and sugar!” (to those who eat or drink), I strike with my forehead (to the superior in social status). Over time, some formulas of speech etiquette lose their original meaning, acquire a different meaning. For example, in the Russian language relatively recently (in the 18th century), among the educated nobles, the appeal to You, while the servants continued to be addressed on You to highlight class differences. Today requests for You And You have lost their indication of class and testify to close relations with a person, respect, speech etiquette in general. For example, the greeting "I wish you good health!" it was fixed in the military environment only from the 19th century, and before that it was commonly used. Over time, the wishes of health (for example, when sneezing) and the expression “Hello!” have lost one of their meanings.

According to etiquette information, one can recognize a person's age, his level of education, profession, etc. Speech etiquette is highly valued in diplomacy. Attaches are specially introduced to the national characteristics of another people, they are taught polite phrases, the ability to make a compliment in time, keep silent, etc. There are cases in history when non-compliance with etiquette led to military situations. So, A. Griboedov, being the Russian ambassador in Persia, refused to take off his shoes and bow before the eastern ruler, which caused the latter's objective indignation and served as a pretext for an outbreak of an uprising and the disruption of the agreements reached earlier and beneficial to Russia.

Label appeals – sustainable, resemble phraseological units (let me take my leave, welcome, with light steam, no fluff, no feather, please love and favor, etc.). They are used automatically, in a situation where there is no time to choose them. When we say "Good morning", we say it automatically, and our greeting does not mean that the morning is wonderful. It's just that we start communication in this way, we establish verbal contact. Even if in response we hear “It used to be better”, “It is not so good today”, then this is nothing more than a pun, a reciprocal establishment of contact. Therefore, the use of etiquette appeals should become a habit, the practice of various life situations: greetings, farewells, acquaintances, congratulations, thanks, invitations, requests, advice, consolation, apologies, compliments, introductions etc. Speech etiquette is especially important in a situation of communication between previously unfamiliar people, establishing contact, determining the nature of relations between members of a new team. It is no less important for already familiar people. For example, the lack of a greeting from another person may indicate an unwillingness to communicate, resentment, self-interest of a person in previous situations, the absence of an elementary speech culture.

Cliche formulas for the situation greetings: hello, hello, healthy, great, good morning (afternoon, evening), hello, hello, welcome, glad to greet, glad to see you, glad to meet you, what a meeting, well, meeting, let me greet you, my respect, I wish you good health, whom I see, what a surprise, what a joy, how many years - how many winters, fireworks, we haven’t seen each other for a long time, Christ is risen, how are you? Is that you? and etc.

In certain speech situations, verbal greetings can be replaced by non-verbally expressed signs (applause, handshake, nod, bow, raising the hat above the head, shaking, waving hands, etc.). Speech etiquette requires student audiences to greet the teacher while standing. Historically, in our society, the regulation of the sequence of greetings has also developed. Welcome first:

a) men women;

b) younger in age of the elders;

c) the youngest woman to a man who is much older than her;

d) junior in positions of superiors;

e) members of the delegation of its head;

e) the doctor of the patient.

Cliche formulas for the situation p groves: goodbye, goodbye, bye, see you, kisses, good luck, success, see you, see you soon, all the best (good, best), I have the honor, let me take my leave, chao, adios, aufwiederzein, be there, goodbye, everything, all the best , happily, happily stay, have a good trip, dosvidos, come on, be healthy, salute, etc.

Relevant in our time is the form of address to unknown people. As you know, in our society, the standard form of address inherent in the Western European way of life has not historically taken root due to certain factors (the inability to move freely during serfdom, artificially imposed speech forms in Soviet time etc.). As a result, there are difficulties in choosing the most optimal option from the set: man, woman, person, girl, guy, comrade, citizen, countryman, friend, companion, colleague, sir, dear, dear, sister, brother, respected, respected, beauty, sir, madam. It should be remembered that the words-addresses "man" and "woman" are not correct enough and it is better to start the phrase with verbal cliches like "please ...", "be kind ...", "sorry ...", "sorry ...", "let me " and so on.

Etiquette speech relations underlie such a linguistic phenomenon as euphemism- replacement of a word or expression that seems to the speaker indecent, rude or tactless: elderly - old, fantasize or deviate from the truth - lie, linger - be late, get better - get fat, death - death, interesting situation - pregnancy, do "wee-wee" - write, accept gifts - take bribes, a narrow-minded person is a fool, etc.

It is especially important to observe the etiquette of business speech in work teams. The main ethical requirement in the relationship of a leader with subordinates is respect and goodwill. An authoritative leader is a professional worker, businesslike, operational, principled, demanding, able to make decisions in a timely manner and monitor their implementation. At the same time, he is an honest, conscientious, respectful and caring person. A smart and tactful leader takes into account individual characteristics employees, the ability to “light up” with a new idea, gives instructions fairly and without prejudice. A qualified leader, in addition to professional skills and erudition, must competently draw up written documents, be able to work with people, value his own and other people's time. It is incorrect to meet a subordinate in a chair, you need to get up, say hello and invite the person who entered to sit down. It is important for a leader to be able to listen, express sympathy, be patient, and help people who, for various reasons, cannot speak out.

If the manager writes: “Please allocate places for the best employees in five”, This testifies not to his indifference to people or the desire to humiliate someone, but rather to ignorance of the elementary norms of the culture of speech. The leader is similarly characterized by the phrase at the end of the message about the meeting: “The attendance of all is strictly obligatory” (as if not a colleague is addressing a professional, respected employee, but a businesslike boor to a hooligan or a hopeless loafer). It should be remembered that it is not correct to give the task of public speaking to a person who does not have the ability, desire, or inclination to do so. The categorical, peremptory speech of the leader (“I believe”, “I am convinced”, “I demand”) is permissible only in solving fundamental problems, in other cases it is perceived as a manifestation of bad manners and requires a more democratic manner of communication (“I think”, “I seems”, “do not you think that”), which is the key to the fruitful work of the team.

An experienced leader knows how to create an optimal tone of communication in the team. His speech is calm, correct, polite, tasks are clear and concise. As sociologists testify, the productivity of an offended person, taken out of a state of mental equilibrium, is significantly reduced (up to 50%). It is important for a manager to be able to appreciate employees, to compliment them for good work. Public criticism is not allowed: they talk about the mistakes of a subordinate in private or in a circle of closest colleagues. A claim to the whole team is expressed only in an exceptional case and must be motivated especially thoroughly and convincingly.

Evidence of the lack of speech culture of the leader is the mentoring tone of communication (arrogant, mentoring speech, categorical judgments). As psychologists note, after the meaningful phrase “Come see me” common among incorrect managers, employees feel excitement and expect an unpleasant conversation. Most often, these emotions are experienced by those who work hard. People who are accustomed to hiding behind their colleagues in the performance of their official duties, as a rule, are not afraid of such challenges, because they do nothing and there is practically nothing to scold them for. Therefore, a real leader with a high level of speech culture will warn at least a few words about the topic of the upcoming conversation.

Speech etiquette is of particular importance in terms of professional quality. In fact, there is not a single profession where the requirements of speech etiquette could be ignored. Social and medical workers, teachers, workers various areas public services (librarians, public transport drivers, salespeople, policemen, etc.) it is almost impossible to count on full-fledged communication without courtesy. It is considered good form to use compliments in communication about the professionalism of the interlocutor, his inner qualities, appearance (“you, as usual, look great”, “you have a good sense of humor”, “you have a wonderful team”, “it's nice to work with a good person "). The main rule in this case is the sincerity of the statement, the absence of ostentatious flattery. A compliment should cheer you up, serve as a positive charge for work, tune in to the ease and trust of business relations and in no case be a mask for a bad mood, containment of negative emotions, internal boiling. Compliance with the rules of speech behavior of a person at work determines his professional skills, career growth, and relationships with colleagues. Hardly to be believed professional competence doctor, if it is expressed by phrases like “we will treat a little”, “you need to wait for a miracle”, “treatment in your case is meaningless”, etc.

A special place in the field of professional speech behavior is occupied by medical speech etiquette. There is a special scientific direction of medical ethics or medical deontology, which regulates the ethical norms and principles of behavior of medical workers in the performance of their professional duties. In relation to patients, it is prescribed to be restrained, friendly, not to allow familiarity, familiarity, excessive dryness and formality. In the presence of patients it is impossible to discuss the diagnosis, the treatment plan, to discuss the correctness of the treatment. Before difficult procedures or operations, their significance and necessity for relieving psycho-emotional stress should be explained. It is recommended to be polite with patients, address “You” and by name and patronymic, listen carefully, speak calmly, clearly, slowly, avoid excessive use of medical terms, require the patient to know the names of the medical staff, the names of equipment or medicines, show a personal attitude towards the patient , to argue with him.

Politeness formulas can also have the opposite connotation, testify to the intemperance, rudeness, and sarcasm of the speaker. Out of place said farewell "good-bye!" rather emphasizes the desire to quickly get rid of the interlocutor than high level speech culture. Saying with a certain intonation the greeting “well, hello!” first of all, it will be perceived as a reproach for delay, being late and may cause a feeling of resentment in the addressee.

Thus, the observance of specific national signs-symbols of communication, traditions, customs, ceremonies, rituals is an indicator of a person's good manners, an external reflection of his internal culture. Speech etiquette determines the effectiveness, success of the communication process. Violation of the accepted norms of speech etiquette contributes to a negative assessment of the personality of the speaker or writer, and can lead to misunderstanding or a breakdown in communication. The culture of speech involves not just knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, but the ability to actively apply these rules in practice.

Interesting to know:

All world religions have their own codes of speech etiquette, prescriptions for verbal behavior in acts of communication. So, Christianity recommends resorting to teaching, pointing, correction, instruction only in exceptional cases, when the interlocutor has an open desire, a request to get advice. Only when there is a feeling of ardent love for the neighbor in the soul, an inner state of calmness, when we know that the neighbor is disposed towards us and our words are intelligible to the heart of the interlocutor and at that moment he wants to listen to us, only then can we lovingly, affectionately, meekly , carefully, in every possible way protecting his pride, point out to him a misconduct, mistake or give him advice. At the same time, one should speak not imperiously and with shamelessness, but in the form of a student, condemning oneself, and showing oneself lower than the interlocutor, in order to show humility to the listener and encourage him to listen to the speech.

1. Define the concept of "speech etiquette"

2. Explain how national character speech etiquette. Give specific forms of Russian and Belarusian speech etiquette.

3. Name the principles, conditions that must be taken into account when building speech etiquette.

4. What role does speech etiquette play in human life and society?

5. Why does speech etiquette involve avoiding the categorical nature of certain statements?

6. How is the historical essence of speech etiquette manifested?

7. Explain how the formulas of speech etiquette are similar to phraseological units?

8. Describe how speech etiquette regulates the order in which people are greeted in different situations.

9. List the options for verbal greetings and farewells.

10. List the rules of telephone etiquette.

11. Expand the essence of the linguistic phenomenon of euphemism.

12. Why is the ability to use the rules of speech etiquette an important professional quality?

List of results diagnostic tools learning activities:

1. Oral and written survey.

2. Testing.

3. Practical exercises.

4. Solution of game situations.

Words are not only a means of expressing thoughts. Language is a powerful tool for building relationships with others and influencing society as a whole. In Russian, speech etiquette is a complex system, formed over the centuries of reforms in the field of literature, changes in the social system. Ways and manner of communication depend on ideology, moral norms, scientific and cultural development.

Differences in Russian speech etiquette

1. In Russian etiquette, there are no personal appeals that are neutral in terms of social status. After the revolution, the universal “sir” and “madame” were lost, and with the end of the communist era, the equalizing “comrade”. Now these appeals either look pretentious and old-fashioned, or have an ideological connotation. Now when interacting with strangers on etiquette use impersonal forms of phrasing.
2. Russian speech etiquette is unique using first and last name as a sign of respect for the interlocutor. There are few analogues of this address in other languages. Diminutive forms of names are used to emphasize a close or related relationship.
3. According to the speech etiquette of Russia, it is customary to use pronoun plural in official communication. This is a way to emphasize the importance of the interlocutor or to strengthen personal boundaries. The transition to occurs when there is closeness or community between people.

Intonation

The voice can emphasize the meaning of what is said or give the words a completely different meaning. The expressiveness of speech is given by appropriate intonations. The most etiquette-correct phrases from the lips of a skeptic will sound like an insult, and a dry official text from a benevolent person can comfort or support. The voice not only expresses feelings, it will help to show the real meaning of what was said, hidden behind the words.

The main components of intonation:

• Tone. Changing the pitch creates a melody of speech, gives liveliness to the statement. The tone rises as the story progresses and falls as the thought ends. Too even a tone causes boredom in the listener, makes it difficult to perceive the meaning of what was said.
• Sound intensity. According to etiquette, an excessively loud conversation is considered indecent, disturbing the peace of others, and no one will hear a quiet remark. One of the common oratorical speech techniques is a sharp decrease in the intensity of the sound, forcing the listeners to pay attention to the words.
• Rhythm. You can induce a person to action with a phrase spoken at a fast pace. By reducing the rhythm of speech, it is also customary to emphasize the solemnity or tragedy of the moment. Oaths, oaths, expressions of condolence according to etiquette are pronounced slowly.
• pauses. They help to separate one logical part of the story from another or to intrigue the listener. Inappropriate pauses distort the meaning of the phrase, violate the speech structure.
• stress. Highlights the most important words.
• Voice timbre. Creates emotional coloring. The low timbre of the voice is considered more pleasing to the listener.

Thanks to intonation, the conversation always turns out to be more saturated with emotional nuances than correspondence or text; contributes to a better understanding and response of the interlocutor. The choice of intonation in accordance with speech etiquette depends on the situation. A monotonous narration characterizes the formal, suitable for reading official documents, negotiations with officials. A change of intonation can express doubt, feelings, consent, but the transition to an overly emotional manner of speaking is considered indecent.

Russian mat, slang phrases, curses

The courtesy rules of each country for social groups who consider themselves decent have their own taboos.

The national features of Russian speech etiquette are forbidden vocabulary, which includes rude curses, the famous Russian obscenity, jargons underworld. Some writers and journalists consider them even a part of Russian culture for their emotionality and wide application possibilities.

Swear words have a bright expressive coloring, they are used to verbally express strong negative emotions, delight or surprise. The meanings of mats have a sexual connotation, some pseudo-religious thinkers even give them a sacred meaning.

Numerous attempts to ban swearing by law and even replace some quite decent words reminiscent of such curses have not brought results. Taboo only creates numerous substitutes that look almost decent. Now it is difficult to draw a clear line between swearing and simply expressive expressions.

In the 90s. of the last century, there was a fashion for prison jargon. Russian "fenya", the language of criminals, entered the media, literary works, everyday conversations. Some researchers have appreciated the thieves' jargon for its imagery.

Speech etiquette in modern Russian has many communication formulas to demonstrate a wide range of emotions in a conversation. All expressions either have a strict official tone, or determine the degree of closeness with the interlocutor.

In his Dictionary of Russian Speech Etiquette, Professor of Philology A. G. Balakai described more than 6 thousand phrases for all possible situations. When meeting, greeting, parting, it is customary to exchange replicas that have been established over the centuries.

In Russia, according to etiquette, it is not customary to greet passers-by, neighbors in the stairwell, so there is no need to create neutral speech structures. If communication has begun, means are used to convey the features of the relationship as much as possible, to express feelings for the interlocutor. Even the universal good wishes human health.

catch phrases

Catch phrases in everyday vocabulary came from books or sayings of famous people. Their difference from other fixed expressions in close connection with historical or literary sources. Winged words and phrases spoken to the place make the speech more interesting, help to convey emotions better, show the erudition of the speaker. These expressions of the Russian language in speech etiquette perform the function of an expressive assessment of events, they are able to briefly convey to the listener the complex meaning of the statement.

Proverbs and sayings

Proverbs and sayings contain the truth and wisdom of the whole people. Their use in everyday communication or solemn speeches allow you to enrich the statements, fill them with deep meaning. The use of this speech technique requires a deep sense of the meaning of the phrase. A proverb or saying used to the place will give expressiveness to the conversation, help to find common ground with the interlocutor, and remind you of history.

Phraseological units and idioms

Such a language tool captivates with expressiveness, figurativeness in the speech assessment of what is happening. Phraseologisms help to accurately express approval, condemnation, ridicule or a negative attitude towards the event.

The main mistakes in the use of phraseological units:

• Used in the wrong context. Misunderstanding the meaning of the expression.
• Too literal usage. "Head like a falcon" to describe a naked person.
• Grammar distortion. The use of incorrect endings of a stable phrase. “He worked with his sleeves down” instead of the correct “sleeveless”.
• Lexical errors. Removing individual words from a phraseological unit or inserting new ones. Illiterate combination of phraseological units.

The richness of the language

The main specificity of modern Russian speech etiquette is the elimination of hostility between interlocutors. The cultural feature of the rules of politeness of Russians is tolerance, tact, and the desire for mutual understanding. The use of stable communication formulas helps to quickly find the right conversation strategy.

Speech culture and etiquette are impossible without the true richness of speech. The abundance of stable phrases, proverbs, sayings makes the Russian language diverse, capacious, well-aimed.

However, the use of formulaic phrases turns speech into an empty formality, a dry likeness. The use of cliched expressions of officials, clericalism, impoverishes the language, creating heavy constructions.

Speech etiquette is a complex system of using language techniques for effective communication. Features of the Russian rules of polite conversation are correctness, tact, courtesy as a way to reduce aggressive reactions to words or deeds. Respectful communication helps to avoid using language formulas and techniques that are understandable to the social group.

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Abstract on the culture of speech

Topic: Speech etiquette

Introduction

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

"Etiquette" is a set of rules of conduct relating to the attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothes). Indeed, etiquette is expressed in various aspects of our behavior. For example, a variety of human movements, postures and positions that he takes can have an etiquette value. Compare a polite position facing the speaker and a completely impolite position with your back to him. For etiquette purposes, we use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers, etc.), clothing features (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothes shows well how we understand the situation, how we treat other participants in communication). most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people, our speech plays.

The purpose of this work is to study the problem of speech etiquette. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the concept and purpose of speech etiquette, to analyze the formulas of speech etiquette, to consider the appeal in Russian speech etiquette.

1. The concept and purpose of speech etiquette

Etiquette French word in origin (etiquette). Initially, it meant a product tag, a label (cf. label), and then so began to call the court ceremonial. It is in this sense, especially after the adoption of the French ceremonial at the Vienna court, that the word etiquette spread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. Along with this word, to denote a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity, the word regulation and the phrase diplomatic protocol. Many of the subtleties of communication presented by the protocol are taken into account in other areas of business relations. Increasingly widespread in business circles, especially in recent times, is business etiquette, reflecting the experience, moral ideas and tastes of certain social groups. Business etiquette provides for the observance of norms of behavior and communication. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication.

By the way a person knows etiquette, observes it, they judge him, his upbringing, general culture, business qualities.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions - officials of all ranks, doctors, lawyers, salesmen, communications workers, transport, law enforcement officers - has, in addition, educational value, involuntarily contributes to an increase in both speech and general culture of society.

But the most important thing is that strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by members of the team of one or another educational institution, enterprise, production, office leaves a favorable impression on clients, co-founders, partners, maintains a positive reputation of the entire organization.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?

Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a college anniversary, graduation party, dedication to the profession, presentation, Scientific Conference, meeting, hiring and firing, business negotiations, etc.

Speech etiquette has national specifics . Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, V. Ovchinnikov in the book "Sakura Branch" describes the originality of Japanese etiquette in this way:

In conversations, people avoid words in every possible way. "no", "I can't", "I don't know", as if these were some kind of curses, something that cannot be expressed directly, but only allegorically, in oblique terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead "no thanks" uses an expression that literally means "I feel so good already"... If a Tokyo acquaintance says: “Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife,” then you don’t need to think that you are a champion of women’s equality. It's just one way not to say a word "ket".

For example, you call a Japanese man and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at the press club. If he starts asking again: “Oh, at six? Oh, in the press club? and utter some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say; “However, if this is inconvenient for you, you canOtalk at another time and in another place.

And here the interlocutor instead "No" will say with great joy "Yes" and grab the first offer that suits him.

I. Ehrenburg testifies to some features of the speech of the French and the French language:

In speeches, orators love to flaunt turns taken from the authors of the 18th century, and the letter concerning the next exchange transaction, the broker ends, like his grandfather, with the obligatory formula: “Favour, sir, to accept the assurances of my deep To respect to you."

The French love concreteness, accuracy, clarity. Language is the best evidence of this. In French, you can’t say “she grinned in response” or “he then waved his hand”: you need to explain how she grinned - maliciously, sadly, mockingly, or maybe good-naturedly; why did he wave his hand - from vexation, from chagrin, from indifference? French for a long time it was called diplomatic, and its use probably made the work of diplomats difficult: in French it is difficult to disguise a thought, it is difficult to speak without finishing.

A feature of the Russian language is precisely the presence in it of two pronouns - You And You, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official/informal situation.

Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than their interlocutor, use the form when addressing You, deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, is perceived as a sign of disdain, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.

Form response You well shown in the work of A.N. Utkin "Round dance". A young nobleman arrives at the place of his new service. In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person, with whom friendly relations and everyday household appeal are established. You, Go to You.

However, is it necessary for all situations? Sometimes in television programs, when between a well-known TV presenter and an equally famous politician, scientist, statesman talking in public significant topic and the host, starting it, as if consulting with the audience, can he address the interlocutor in You, since they are connected by a long-standing friendship and for them such an appeal is more familiar, after which the interlocutors switch to You, Is speech etiquette violated in this case? Is this allowed?

It is believed that there are no rules without exceptions. Yes, such a transfer provides for the formality of relations between its participants. But viewers perceive it as something spectacular. Go to You reduces officiality, the conversation takes on a relaxed character, which facilitates perception, makes the program more attractive.

Knowledge of the features of national etiquette, its speech formulas, understanding the specifics of business communication of a country, people help in negotiating, establishing contacts with foreign colleagues, partners.

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation With a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

I would like to get to know you (you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

Let me get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

Let's get acquainted.

It would be nice to meet you.

When visiting the passport office, hostel, admission committee educational institution, any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Kolesnikov.

I am Pavlov.

My name is Yuri Vladimirovich.

Nikolay Kolesnikov.

Anastasia Igorevna.

If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What is your (your) last name?

What is your (your) name, patronymic?

What is your (your) name?

What is your (your) name?

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings.

In Russian, the main greeting is - Hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means "to be healthy", that is, healthy. Verb hello in ancient times, it also had the meaning of “greet” (cf .: say hello), as evidenced by the text of the Onega epic: “How does Ilya Muromets come here, and helloatno he is a prince with a princess. Therefore, at the heart of this greeting is a wish for health. First time greeting Hello found in Letters and Papers of Peter the Great 1688-1701.

Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common:

Good morning!

Good afternoon

Good evening!

In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication:

-- (Very) glad to see you (greet)!

Let me (let me) greet you.

Welcome!

My regards.

Among the military, it is customary to greet with the words:

Hello!

This greeting recognizes the retired military.

The greeting is often accompanied by a handshake, which may even replace the verbal greeting.

However, you should know: if a man and a woman meet, then the man must wait until the woman extends her hand to shake, otherwise he only makes a slight bow,

The non-verbal equivalent of a greeting when those who meet are distant from each other is a bow with the head; swaying with hands clenched in the palms, slightly raised and stretched forward in front of the chest; for men - a hat slightly raised above the head.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:

A man is a woman;

The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);

The youngest woman - a man who is much older than her;

Junior in position - senior;

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They express:

Wish: All the best (good) to you! Goodbye;

-- hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon;

-- doubt about the possibility of meeting again; understanding that the separation will be for a long time: Farewell! It is unlikely that we will meet again. Do not remember dashingly.

After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation.

Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening of a sports hall; presentation, etc.

For any solemn occasion, significant event follow invitations and congratulations. IN depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad (to meet you).

I invite you (you)...

If it is necessary to express uncertainty about the appropriateness of the invitation or uncertainty about the acceptance of the invitation by the addressee, then it is expressed interrogative sentence:

Can I (can I, can I, can I, can I) invite you... Congratulation:

Let me congratulate you on...

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations...

On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...

With all my heart (with all my heart) congratulations ...

Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

Sorrowful situation associated with death, death, murder, natural disaster, terrorist attacks, ruin, robbery and other events that bring misfortune, grief.

In this case, it is expressed condolence. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:

Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences.

I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences.

I sincerely (deeply, cordially, from the bottom of my heart) sympathize with you.

I grieve with you.

I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The most emotionally expressive expressions:

What (big, irreparable, terrible) grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

What a great (irreplaceable, terrible) loss has befallen you!

What grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

In a tragic, mournful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy, consolation. Label formulas sympathy, consolation designed for different occasions and have different purposes.

Consolation expresses empathy:

- (How) I sympathize with you!

-- (How) I understand you!

Consolation is accompanied by an assurance of a successful outcome:

I (so) sympathize with you, but believe me (but I'm so sure) that everything will end well!

Don't despair (don't be discouraged). Everything (still) will change (for the better).

Everything will be OK!

All this will change (cost, pass)! Consolation is accompanied by advice:

No need (need) (so) to worry (worry, upset, upset, worry, suffer).

You must not lose your composure (head, restraint).

You need (need) to calm down (to control yourself, to pull yourself together).

You should hope for the best (get it out of your head).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, consolation, expression of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In everyday business environment (business, working situation) speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summarizing school year, when determining the results of participation in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Let's bring speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment:

Allow me (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition.

The firm (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for ...

I must express to the students of grade 10a (my) gratitude for ...

Let me (permit) express my great (huge) gratitude ...

For the provision of any service, for help, an important message, a gift, it is customary to thank with the words:

I thank you for…

- (Big, huge) thank you (you) for ...

-- (I) am very (so) grateful to you! Emotionality, expressiveness of the expression of gratitude is enhanced if you say:

There are no words to express my gratitude to you!

I am so grateful to you that it is difficult for me to find words!

You can't imagine how grateful I am to you!

My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!

Advice suggestion:

Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form:

Everyone (you) must (should)…

You should definitely do this...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or instruction and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. An incentive to act with advice, a proposal can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form:

Allow (let) give you advice (advise you) ...

Allow me to offer you…

- (I) want (I would like, I want) to advise (offer) you ...

I would advise (suggest) you...

I advise (suggest) you...

Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor, do (my) request...

If it's not hard for you (it won't make it hard for you)...

Do not take it for work, please take ...

-- (Not) can I ask you...

- (Please), (I beg you very much) allow me .... The request can be expressed with some categoricalness:

I strongly (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

-- (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

Please (permission, no objection).

Agree to let you go.

I agree, do (do) as you see fit.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

-- (I) cannot (not able, unable) to help (permit, assist) ...

-- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.

At present, this (do) is not possible.

See, now is not the time to ask (make such a request)

Sorry, we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

Compliment refers to appearance, testifies to the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) partner (companion).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire duration of communication, is its integral part, serves as a bridge from one remark to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the very form of address have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

The author of the letter in an emotional form, quite sharply, using the data of the language, raises the question of the position of a person in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - appeal - becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to comprehend what is the peculiarity of the address in the Russian language, what is its history.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This -- vocative function.

Since they are used as proper names as addresses (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) invocation beyond the vocative function points to withOrelevant sign.

Finally, appeals can be expressively and emotionally colored, contain an assessment?Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Rus' was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as servility.

Isn't that why the root in Russian rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life to the words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, veneration of rank, clerk, clerkship, disorderly, outrageous, chip-destroyer, chinogubipgel, clerk, thief, decorum, chivalry, obey, submission;

-- phrases: not according to order, distribute according to order, order after order, big order, without disassembling the ranks, without ordering, order after order;

-- proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: datcancer and fool; And he would have been in the ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.

First, there was the document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, to the 3rd class belonged lieutenant general, lieutenant general, vice admiral, Privy Councilor, marshal, master of ceremonies, master of the chasseur, chamberlain, chief ceremonial master; to the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, colleandsky adviser, camera-fourier; to the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, governornsky secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your her. personality, kindnessAndthe most gracious (merciful) sovereign, sovereign and etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, sir - for the middle class or barin, lady for both and lack of a single appeal to predlower class rulers.

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society, and to an ordinary citizen: mr, mrs, miss(England, USA); senor, senora, senorita(Spain); signor, signora, signorina(Italy); sir, sir(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After October revolution all the old ranks and titles are abolished by a special decree, universal equality is proclaimed. Appeals mister-- madam, sir-- mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: your majesty, your excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called lord - madam Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. receive circulation citizen And comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,

Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city ​​dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

Why is it so public meaningful word, How citizen, disappeared in the 20th century. commonly used way of addressing people to each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, tried to employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa not to speak comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.

As a result, the word citizen for many it has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; so ingrained in people's minds that it became impossible to use the word citizenAnin as a general term.

The fate of the word was somewhat different comrade. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. IN Slavic languages this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant "property, livestock, goods." Probably originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word is expanded: comrade -- not only a "companion", but also a "friend". Proverbs testify to this: On the road, a son is a friend to his father; A smart comrade is half way; To lag behind a comrade - to become without a comrade; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; Servant to the master is not tovArish.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia in early XIX V. word comrade, as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."

WITH late XIX V. and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main appeal in new Russia. Naturally, the nobles, the clergy, officials, especially of high rank, do not all immediately accept the appeal comrade.

Attitude towards appeal comrade Representatives of different social groups were talentedly shown by the playwright K. Trenev in the play "Love Yarovaya". The action takes place in years civil war. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and the raznochintsy intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; your excellency your excellencybstvo, your honor, gentlemen officers, mister lieutenant, gentlemen.

Soviet poets in subsequent years tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the appeal comrade, making combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest(V. Mayakovsky); comradeedenunciatory class(N. Aseev); comrade rye(A. Zharov).

There is a clear distinction: comrades -- these are the Bolsheviks, these are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, means enemies.

In the following years of Soviet power, the word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale "Comrade" writes that it has become "a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future." In the novel by N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word“ comrade ”, for which yesterday they paid with their lives, sounded now at every step. Inexpressibly exciting word TOfriend. One of the songs popular in Soviet times also glorified him: “Our word is proud comrade we are more precious than all beautiful words.

So even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning, became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:

After the Great Patriotic War word comrade gradually begins to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? The issue is being discussed on the pages of the press, in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, public figures express their opinion. Offer to revive appeals sir, sir.

On the street, in the store, in public transport, appeals are increasingly heard man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt, uncle. Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as a lack of respect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, an expression of resentment, a quarrel are possible. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to be revived sir, madam, lord, madam.

Recently appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, political figures with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use appeals Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots, Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university professors, the appeal is becoming the norm sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to apply in this case: misterOdean professor or madam professor! Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal respected - respected found in the speech of the older generation. Words female Male, which have recently become widespread in the role of appeals, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kindhus.,., please..., excuse me..., excuse me....

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes personality, when it will not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen Russian Federation. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, goWithplease.

Conclusion

culture speech etiquette

Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication. The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by extralinguistic factors: the age of the participants in the speech act (purposeful speech action), their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, informal, friendly, intimate), time and place of speech interaction, etc.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation in "raised tones". Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allow a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those with poor command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger in You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2000.

2. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech. M., 2005.

3. Zaretskaya E. N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of speech communication. M. 2002.

4. Kolesnikov N.P. A culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person. M., 1999.

6. Mandritsa V.M., Semenov M.V. Office work. Documentation of management activities. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

7. Pleshchenko T.P. Stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. Benefit. M., 2001.

8. Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. Makismova V.I. M., 2001.

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Word etiquette French in origin (etiquette); originally it denoted a commodity tag, a label, and then the court ceremonial began to be called that. It is in this sense, especially after the adoption of the French ceremonial at the Vienna court, that the word etiquette spread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. Along with this word, to denote a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity, the word regulation and the phrase diplomatic protocol.

Increasingly widespread in business circles, especially in recent times, is receiving Business Etiquette , reflecting the experience, moral ideas and tastes of certain social groups. Business etiquette provides for compliance with the norms of communication behavior. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account.

Under speech etiquette the developed rules of speech behavior, the system of speech formulas of communication are understood. The degree of proficiency in speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. This primarily applies to civil servants, politicians, engineers, teachers, lawyers, doctors, managers, entrepreneurs, journalists, service workers, i.e. to those who, in their work, constantly communicate with people. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of etiquette, generates trust and respect.

Speech etiquette has national specificity . Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, V. Ovchinnikov in his book “Sakura Branch” describes the originality of Japanese etiquette in this way: “In conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these are some kind of curses, something that cannot be can not be said directly, but only allegorically, in a blunt way. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses an expression that literally means "I already feel so good." If a Tokyo acquaintance says: "Before answering your offer, I should consult with my wife", then you do not need to think that you are facing a champion of women's equality. This is just one way not to say the word "no". For example, you call a Japanese man and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at If he starts asking again: "Oh, at six? Oh, in the press club?" and utter some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say: “However, if this is inconvenient for you, you can talk at another time and in another place.” And here the interlocutor instead of “no” will say “yes” with great joy and grab the first offer that suits him."

I. Ehrenburg testifies to some features of the speech of the French and the French language: “In speeches, speakers like to flaunt turns taken from the authors of the 18th century, and the letter concerning the next stock exchange transaction, the broker ends, like his grandfather, with the obligatory formula: “Favour, dear sir , accept the assurances of my deep respect for you. "... The French love concreteness, accuracy, clarity. The language testifies this best of all ... In French, you can’t say “she grinned in response” or “he then waved his hand”: you need to explain how she grinned - angrily, sadly, mockingly or, perhaps, good-naturedly; why did he wave his hand - from annoyance, from chagrin, from indifference? The French language has long been called diplomatic, and its use probably made the work of diplomats difficult: - it is difficult to disguise a thought in French, it is difficult to speak without finishing. (I. Ehrenburg. India. Japan. Greece).

The difference between the speech etiquettes of various peoples is considered in particular detail in reference books under common name"Speech etiquette". For example, in the reference book "Russian-English Correspondences" compiled by N. I. Formanovskaya and S. V. Shvedova (M., 1990), this is how the originality of the English language in the use of forms of address is explained - You And You: "In English, unlike Russian, there is no formal distinction between the forms You And You. The whole range of meanings of these forms is contained in the pronoun you. Pronoun thou, which in theory would correspond to the Russian You, fell into disuse in the 17th century, surviving only in poetry and the Bible. All registers of contacts, from emphatically official to rough-familiar, are conveyed by other means of language - intonation, the choice of appropriate words and constructions. A feature of the Russian language is precisely the presence in it of two pronouns You And You, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official-informal situation.

Communication starts with acquaintance . In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas: - Allow (those) to get to know you (with you). - I would like to meet you (you). - Let (those) get to know you (with you). - Let me introduce you. - Let's get acquainted. - Let's get to know each other. - It would be nice to meet you.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when there is a conversation with an official and it is necessary for him to introduce himself, the following formulas are used: - Allow me to introduce myself. – My surname is Kolesnikov. - I'm Pavlov. – My name is Yuri Vladimirovich. - Nikolai Kolesnikov. - Anastasia Igorevna. If the visitor does not name himself, then the official himself asks: - What is your (your) last name? - What is your (your) name, patronymic? - What is your (your) name? - What is your (your) name?

Business cards are often used when meeting people. Business card served during the performance. The one to whom they introduce themselves should take it and read it aloud, and then during the conversation, if it takes place in the office, keep the business card on the table in front of them in order to correctly call the interlocutor.

Etiquette defines the norm of behavior. It is customary to introduce a man to a woman, the younger one to the older one, and the employee to the boss.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings . In Russian, the main greeting is Hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. Verb hello in ancient times, it also had the meaning of "greet" (cf .: hello). Therefore, at the heart of this greeting is a wish for health. First time greeting Hello found in Letters and Papers of Peter the Great 1688–1701. Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common: - Good morning! - Good afternoon! - Good evening! In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication: - (Very) glad to see you (greet)! - Allow me to welcome you. - Welcome! - My regards.

The greeting is often accompanied by a handshake, which may even replace the verbal greeting. However, you should know: if a man and a woman meet, then the man must wait until the woman extends her hand to shake, otherwise he only makes a slight bow. The non-verbal equivalent of a greeting when those who meet are distant from each other is a bow with the head; for men - a hat slightly raised above the head.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, i.e. greeting order. The first to greet - a man - a woman; - younger (youngest) in age - older (older); - the youngest woman - a man who is much older than her; - junior in position - senior; - a member of the delegation - its leader (regardless - their own delegation or foreign).

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are the formulas breakups, breakups . They express a wish: All the best (good) to you! Goodbye! - hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon; - doubt about the possibility of meeting again; parting will be for a long time: Farewell! It is unlikely that we will meet again. Do not remember dashingly.

After the greeting is usually tied business conversation. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation.

Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business. The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, shop; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc. On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation: - Allow (allow) to invite you ... - Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad (to meet you). - I invite you (you) ... If it is necessary to express uncertainty about the appropriateness of the invitation or uncertainty about the acceptance of the invitation by the addressee, then it is expressed by an interrogative sentence: - Can I (can I, can I, can I, can I not) invite you ...

Congratulation: - Allow (let me) congratulate you on ... - Accept my (most) cordial (warm, warm, sincere) congratulations ... - On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ... - From (all) soul ( with all my heart) congratulations ... - Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, natural disaster and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Formulas condolences , as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: - Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. - I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. - I sincerely (deeply, cordially, from the bottom of my heart) sympathize with you. - I mourn with you. - I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune). The most emotional expressions: - What a (big, irreparable, terrible) grief (misfortune) has fallen on you! - What a great (irreplaceable, terrible) loss has befallen you! - What grief (misfortune) has befallen you.

In a tragic, mournful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy, consolation. Etiquette formulas of sympathy, consolation are designed for different occasions and have different purposes. Comfort expresses empathy: - (How) I sympathize with you! - (How) I understand you! Consolation is accompanied by an assurance of a successful outcome: - I (so) sympathize with you, but, believe me (but I am so sure), that everything will end well! - Do not fall into despair (do not lose heart). Everything (still) will change (for the better). - Everything will be OK! - All this will change (it will cost, it will pass)! Consolation is accompanied by advice: - No need (need) (so) to worry (worry, upset, upset, worry, suffer). - You must not lose your composure (head, endurance). - You need (need) to calm down (to control yourself, pull yourself together). – You should hope for the best (get it out of your head).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, consolation, expression of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used.

Gratitude: – Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition. - The company (directorate, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for ... - I must express (my) gratitude to the head of the supply department for ... - Let me (allow me) express great (huge) gratitude ... For providing what - either services, for help, an important message, a gift, it is customary to thank with the words: - I am grateful to you that ... - (Big, huge) thank you (you) for ... - (I) am very (so) grateful to you! Emotionality, expressiveness of the expression of gratitude is enhanced if you say: There are no words to express my (my) gratitude to you! “I am so grateful to you that it is hard for me to find words!” You can't imagine how grateful I am to you! – My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!

Remark, warning: - The company (management, board, editorial office) is forced to make a (serious) warning (remark) ... - To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand) ...

Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form: - All (you) are obliged (should) ... - You should certainly do this ... - I strongly (persistently) advise (suggest) to do ... Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or order and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank.

An incentive to act with advice, a proposal can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form: - Allow (let me) give you advice (advise you) ... - Let me suggest you ... - (I) want (I would like, I want) to advise (offer) you ... - I would advise (I would offer ) you ... - I advise (offer) you ...

Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning: - Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request ... - If it’s not difficult for you (it won’t make it difficult for you) ... - Don’t take it for work, please take it ... - (Not) can I ask you ... - (Please), (I beg you) let me ... The request can be expressed with some categoricalness: - I strongly (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...

consent, permission is formulated as follows: - (Now, immediately) will be done (done). - Please (I allow, I do not mind). - I agree to let you go. - I agree, do (do) as you think.

At failure expressions are used: - (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist). - (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request. - It is not possible at present. - Understand, now is not the time to ask (make such a request). - I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request. - I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

Among business people of any rank, it is customary to resolve issues that are especially important to them in a semi-official setting. To do this, hunting, fishing, going out into nature are arranged, followed by an invitation to the dacha, to a restaurant, to a sauna. In accordance with the situation, speech etiquette also changes, it becomes less official, acquires a relaxed emotionally expressive character. But even in such an environment, subordination is observed, a familiar tone of expressions, speech "licentiousness" is not allowed.

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment . Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment. The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment: - You look good (excellent, excellent, excellent, excellent, young). - You do not change (have not changed, do not age). - Time spares you (does not take). - You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical). – You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, companion). - You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction). - You know how to manage (manage) people well (perfectly), organize them. - It is pleasant (good, excellent) to deal with you (work, cooperate).

Similar information.

In the life of every person, etiquette communication plays a key role. We are forced to observe rituals and put into practice etiquette rules. Speech, gestures, facial expressions - all this forms our behavior, which varies depending on who the dialogue is with, what goal is pursued, what kind of relationship we have with the interlocutor, etc. It is unacceptable to make mistakes in the process of communication. Behavior rules and good manners are instilled in childhood, at the moment of active comprehension of the world. In youth, their observance seems to be an unnecessary formality, and only with age comes the realization of how important it is for modern man communication etiquette.

Every person moving in society must be able to use their native language. But you need to do it correctly, observing behavior rules and culture of speech etiquette. We do not always have to communicate with people who adhere to these rules. Depending on the conditions of communication and the goals pursued by opponents, the type of speech may change. Usually such a "switch" occurs unconsciously and is dictated by the peculiarities of human relationships. For example, the liberties that we can take in the presence of loved ones are unacceptable in the company of strangers. And the manner of communicating with children is markedly different from how we build a conversation with people of our own age. Below are examples of how you can break through the use of certain words and modulation.

Examples of violation of speech etiquette

Anyone can encounter problems related to the culture of speech. People are not used to thinking about what they say and how it looks from the outside, so quite often they make mistakes in speech. The most common violations of speech etiquette are:

• non-compliance with the rules of the ritual of speech etiquette in a particular situation (did not greet, did not apologize, forgot to thank);
• choosing expressions that are inappropriate under the circumstances and in relation to the partner.

• phrases with “thieves” words and jargon inserted into them (“finally”, “in kind”, “people”, “freaky”, “I can’t get it”);
• foul language.

Sometimes a shade of sarcasm can be carried by phrases in which the addressee's name and patronymic are used too often: “Hello, Ivan Ivanovich. I heard you went to England, Ivan Ivanovich. When else are you going there, Ivan Ivanovich?

Thanks to the use by a person in his speech of certain formulas of speech etiquette, you can learn a lot about his character, level of education, position in society, place of residence (whether he is a city dweller or a villager), professional position, attitude towards the interlocutor, etc. Moreover, it is possible to obtain valuable information without even knowing the person personally. It is enough to turn to several works of art to understand who literary heroes are in life. The characters of stories, short stories, novels also often make mistakes in communicating with others and do not observe behavior rules : an arrogant commanding tone, rudeness, a demonstration of power form a human image not from the best side.

One of the clearest examples of impolite behavior is Chekhov's story "The triumph of the winner." One of the heroes, Aleksey Ivanych Kazulin, likes to use orders (“! Eat this very piece of bread with pepper!”), which is humiliating for the opponent and emphasizes the difference in social roles.

Rudeness, ignorance, inability to empathize is demonstrated by another Chekhov hero, Khirin, a character in the play "Jubilee". The remarks of this gentleman (“Do you have a head on your shoulders or what?”, “Well, damn me at all, I have no time to talk to you! I’m busy”) emphasize his indifference to others and speak of low speech culture.

Rules of speech etiquette - examples

Any communication is built through the use of various rules that help the persons participating in the conversation to conduct a cultural, intelligent, competent dialogue. Depending on the situation, it is customary to be guided by certain formulas. But this is not so simple, because the main difficulty of speech etiquette lies in the ability of a person to apply the necessary formulas. That is why it is so important during a conversation not only to be as polite as possible, but also to skillfully apply : examples, most clearly reflecting the diversity of human contacts, can be taken from Everyday life because the culture of communication begins at home. For example, before going to bed, it is customary to wish everyone Good night and after waking up, good morning. For a delicious dinner, you should thank the hostess, even if it is a mother or spouse. Coming to work, we greet colleagues and superiors, leaving workplace- we say goodbye. Thank you for the service you provided, and we apologize for the inconvenience. Everyone follows the rules of speech etiquette, even without knowing it. Today it is even difficult to imagine what speech would be like without these rules. It is unlikely that the participants in the conversation would be pleasant to each other if such restrictions did not exist.

In various etiquette situations, it is customary to use predetermined phrases, expressions and words that form : examples this kind of "blanks" are known to everyone, and they are used in 3 cases: at the beginning of the conversation, in the main part of the conversation and in the final part (at the moment of farewell).

So, an acquaintance or greeting begins with the use of greeting formulas that allow you to continue the conversation in a given direction. The choice of formulas depends on the interlocutors (their age, gender, status). You can focus on the emotional component (“Hello! How glad I am to see you!”), Use a democratic form of greeting (“Hello!”) Or phrases-wish (“Good day!”).

During the main conversation, it is important to achieve the location of the interlocutor and earn a reputation good man. For this, it is worth observing Golden Rule- Express your ideas clearly and concisely.

In the final part of the conversation, it is customary to use the generally accepted form "Goodbye!" (if it is necessary to end the conversation with an official note) or “Bye!” (if the interlocutors are connected by friendly or family relations). It’s also a good idea to use health wish formulas (“Be healthy!”, “Don’t get sick!”) Or use the general phrase “All the best!”.

Speech etiquette - examples

From how well a person owns oratory how skillfully he uses words as tools of thought and persuasion, success in society depends. IN modern world it is important not only to be able to build one's own speech, but also to defend one's position, observing the rules of etiquette, and adequately respond to the statements of opponents. In order to perfectly master the art of practical verbal influence, it is important to study from childhood speech etiquette: examples , which are given in works of art or are given from life, will help in mastering and consolidating the rules of speech communication.

Speech etiquette - examples from the literature

The most vivid reflection of speech etiquette found in Russian literature. Today, the old system of speech etiquette is practically destroyed. The words sir, gentleman, father, dove, Your Excellency, dear sir, mother, came out of the speech circulation. Rarely do our contemporaries utter such literary sayings as “Peace to your home”, “I have the honor to bow”, “Your most humble servant”, “You bothered me”, “My darling”, “Be healthy!” (in the meaning of "bye"), "If you please ask."

Meanwhile, the heroes of Russian works of art are most often endowed with rich inner moral qualities, as well as great attention give compliments as a form of speech etiquette. This emphasizes the spirituality of Russian culture. Literary works are dominated by general evaluation compliments that can be used in almost any situation: “How good she was!” (P. Aleshkin "Russian tragedy"), "... I love like you, pretty" (A. Kuprin "Pit"), "Tanyukha is a woman, a real woman ..." (A. Komarov "Zebra").

Acquaintance with the works of Russian classics is a great opportunity to enrich and diversify your speech. But the main task is not so much in replenishing the vocabulary with new words, but in acquiring the ability to competently build one's speech and select words that can be used in various situations, as literary heroes do. , which are given in books, will help to master verbal speech.

Speech etiquette - examples from life

Every day we are faced with different life situations requiring us to comply with etiquette rules. So, meeting someone (even an unfamiliar person) on the street or in public places, it is customary to say hello. At the same time, it is appropriate to greet even strangers with whom you had to ride in an elevator or climb stairs. When leaving public transport, you should ask those in front if they are going to get off. In the case of a negative answer, you should correctly ask people to let you through to the exit. When overtaking someone on the stairs or making your way to the exit through the line at the cash register, you should tactfully apologize. When talking on the phone, it is important to monitor your intonation, to be extremely polite. During a speech of a person in front of an audience (a lecturer, a colleague who presents a project), it is tactless to interrupt or correct him. It is better to wait until the end of the speech or pause and speak out, trying not to offend or hurt his self-esteem. During a conversation with others, it is forbidden to focus on social differences. Position in society and the degree of material security play an important role, but it is not at all necessary to emphasize this. There are a lot of etiquette situations that require us to observe the rules of decency and a polite attitude towards people, each case is individual and requires a special approach.

Speech etiquette - examples of communication

The manner of communication of a person reflects not only the degree of his culture and level of education. Speech can tell a lot about each of us - about ideology, class, political views. The speech etiquette of each country has its own national specifics. owns it and : examples reflecting its features are as follows:

• application of the "you" form to a single person;
• the use of the name and patronymic when referring to the interlocutor;
• the absence of social status-neutral personal appeals and the use of impersonal forms of constructing phrases (sorry, do not tell me, I'm sorry);
• construction of phrases according to the principle of inflection - by agreeing words by changing the endings (while the construction of sentences in European languages occurs due to the addition of articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions);
• the assumption of almost any order of words in a sentence (unlike many other languages, where the structure of sentences is rigidly fixed);
• the possibility of using words in figurative meaning, allegories, metaphors (the meaning of the phrases "wolfish appetite", "golden hands", etc. is difficult to explain to foreigners).

Words of speech etiquette - examples

The leading role in the composition of speech etiquette is played by individual words (phrases), which are usually used during a conversation. Such appeals are a reflection of the relationship that is established between the interlocutors in the process of communication. In addition, they are able to classify the participants in the conversation. We are talking about the use of stable, stereotypical formulas. Below are , examples, often used in Russian speech, are given in brackets:

• words of appeal (you / you, master, girl, young man);
• words of request (please, allow);
• words of apology (I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry);
• words of wishes (have a good day / mood, good luck, good luck);
• words of invitation (I invite, let me invite);
• words of gratitude (thank you, thank you, express gratitude);
• words of congratulations (congratulations, congratulations);
• words of greeting (hello, hello, good to see you);
• words of condolence (I offer sincere condolences, I share your grief);
• words of consolation / sympathy (sincerely understand / sympathize, do not worry, everything will be fine);
• words of consent / refusal (will be done / unable to help, do not mind / have to refuse).