MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL Rus'. MEDICINE IN THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE (IX-XIV centuries) Kievan Rus, caliphates

Healing existed in 3 forms: 1 - folk healing (witchcraft and quackery), 2 - monastic medicine (it developed after the adoption of Christianity) and 3 - secular medicine.

Ethnoscience. Developed for a long time and was an integral part of pagan culture. Until the 19th century, it was the only available means of maintaining health. Combining real knowledge healing powers nature and belief in miraculous mysteries. The pagan priestly class (sorcerers, witches, etc.) was engaged in healing; their scope of activity included: public magical actions, quackery, divination, etc. Later, folk healers were called healers. They are mentioned in the Russkaya Pravda, the oldest code of Russian laws that has come down to us, which was compiled under Yaroslav the Wise. Russkaya Pravda legally established the remuneration of doctors: according to the laws of that time, a person who caused damage to the health of another person had to pay a fine to the state treasury and give the victim money to pay for treatment. The doctors passed their healing knowledge and secrets from generation to generation. Medicines made from plants were very popular. Among medicines of animal origin, honey, raw cod liver, mare's milk and deer antlers occupied a special place.

Mineral products were used. To facilitate childbirth, women wore jewelry made of yahonta. The healing properties of vinegar and blue vitriol, silver, mercury, antimony and other minerals were known. The Russian people have also long known about the healing properties of “sour water. Subsequently, the experience of traditional medicine was summarized in numerous herbalists and healers. A little more than 250 ancient Russian herbalists and healers have survived to this day.

Monastic medicine began to develop after the adoption of Christianity. Illness was perceived as a punishment or demons, and recovery is a spiritual forgiveness. The monastery hospital of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the first Russian monastery, was widely known. From all over Rus', the wounded and sick with various ailments went to the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, and many found healing there. For seriously ill patients at the monastery there were special rooms (hospitals), where the monks who cared for the sick were on duty. Among them, the most famous are Anthony, Alympius, who cured lepers and Agapit. Agapit treated the inhabitants of the monastery for free, he prepared medicines and looked after the sick, healed Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich (sent him a potion) ancient Rus': the healer must be a model of philanthropy up to self-sacrifice, for the sake of the patient to perform even the most menial work, to be tolerant, etc.

Some, ancient Russian monastic hospitals were also centers of education: they taught medicine, collected Greek and Byzantine manuscripts

One of the most popular books of the 11th century. was "Izbornik". Its purpose is to connect social relations in Rus' with the norms of Christian morality.

The Izbornik speaks of healers-cutters (surgeons) who were able to “cut tissues”, amputate limbs, other diseased or dead parts of the body, make therapeutic cauterizations with hot iron, and treat the damaged area with herbs and ointments. Dissecting knives and medical sharpeners are described. At the same time, the Izbornik lists incurable ailments, before which the medicine of that time was powerless.

In ancient Russian literature of the XII century. there is information about female doctors, chiropractors who skillfully performed massage, about attracting women to care for the sick.

Secular medicineSecular doctors, both Russian and foreign, served among the princes and boyars. Thus, an Armenian doctor served in the court of Vladimir Monomakh. He knew how to determine diseases by pulse and appearance sick.

Between various directions healing was a stubborn struggle.

sanitary business

According to the level of development, sanitary business was ahead of the countries of Western Europe. On the territory of ancient Novgorod, multi-tiered (up to 30 floorings) wooden pavements were discovered and studied, created in the 10th-11th centuries, more than 2100 buildings with hygienic items in them, pottery and wooden water collectors and drainage systems were discovered - one of the oldest in the North. Europe An integral part of the medical and sanitary life of ancient Russia was the Russian steam bath, which has long been considered a wonderful means of healing. The bathhouse was the cleanest room on the estate. That is why, along with its direct purpose, the bathhouse was also used as a place where childbirth was carried out, the first care of a newborn was carried out, dislocations were set and bloodletting was performed, massages were performed and pots were applied, colds and joint diseases were treated, rubbed with medicinal ointments for skin diseases.

The Russian chronicles give terrifying pictures of great epidemics of plague and other contagious diseases, which in Rus' were called "pestilence". The population resorted to measures to limit infected areas - on the roads to cities captured by diseases, outposts were set up and notches were placed in the forests. However, the dead were buried in churches, which contributed to the spread of infection. It was believed that the cause of pestilence are supernatural causes. The misunderstanding that poverty and filth were the cause of disease increased epidemics.

Caliphates

Arabic culture and medicine

The translation activities of the Arabs played an invaluable role in preserving the legacy of those who preceded them. civilizations.

In the field of the theory of disease, the Arabs adopted the ancient Greek teachings about the four elements and four bodily juices. According to the ideas of the Arabs, each of the elements and liquids is involved in the creation of four qualities: heat, cold, dryness and humidity, which determine the temperament of each person. It can be normal, in case of balance of all components, or “unbalanced. When the balance is disturbed, the doctor's task is to restore the original state.

In the treatment of internal diseases, the first attention was paid to establishing the correct regimen, and only then medicines were applied.

Having borrowed from the Syrians the idea of ​​using alchemy in the field of medicine, the Arabs played important role in the formation and development of pharmacy and the creation of a pharmacopoeia. In the cities, pharmacies began to open for preparation and sale. Alchemists of the medieval Arabic-speaking East invented a water bath and an alembic, applied filtration, received nitrogen and hydrochloric acid, bleach and alcohol. Ar-Razi was an outstanding philosopher, physician and chemist of the early Middle Ages. Ar-Razi compiled the first encyclopedic work on medicine in Arabic literature, "The Comprehensive Book on Medicine" in 25 volumes. Describing each disease, he analyzed it from the standpoint of Greek, Syrian, Indian, Persian and Arabic authors, after which he presented his observations and conclusions. Another encyclopedic work of Ar-Razi "Medical Book" in 10 volumes summarized the knowledge of that time in the field of the theory of medicine, pathology, medicinal medicine, dietetics, hygiene and cosmetics, surgery, toxicology and infectious diseases.

Among the numerous works of Ar-Razi, a small treatise "On smallpox and measles" is of particular value. In it, Ar-Razi clearly formulated the idea of ​​the contagiousness of these diseases and described their differential diagnosis, treatment, nutrition of the patient, measures to protect against infection, and skin care for the sick.

Islamic traditions do not allow the opening of the human body, but have made a significant contribution to the development of certain areas of anatomy and surgery. This is especially evident in ophthalmology. Studying the structure of the eye of animals, the famous Egyptian astronomer and physician Ibn al-Khaytham was the first to explain the refraction of rays in the media of the eye and gave names to its parts, put forward the idea of ​​vision correction using biconvex lenses.

Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili also belongs to the galaxy of remarkable Arab oculists. The cataract removal operation developed by him by suction of the lens with the help of a hollow needle invented by him was a great success and was called "Ammar's operation".

Ali ibn Isa made a great contribution to the development of the doctrine of eye diseases. Wrote the book "Memorandum for Ophthalmologists". The first part of the book is devoted to the description of the eye and its structure, the second - to diseases of the eye that are felt by the senses, the third - to diseases of the eye that are invisible to the patient.

The treatment of eye diseases was the area of ​​medicine in which the influence of the Arab school was felt in Western Europe up to the 17th century.

TO outstanding achievements Arabs in the field of anatomy include a description of the pulmonary circulation.

Surgery in the medieval Arabic-speaking world was more of a trade because Islam forbade autopsies.

Al-Zahrawi is considered the most outstanding surgeon of the medieval Arabic-speaking world. Al-Zahrawi operated brilliantly. His priorities include: the use of catgut in abdominal surgery and for subcutaneous sutures, a suture with a cast and two needles, the first use of the supine position in operations on the small pelvis; he described what is today called tuberculosis of the bones and introduced cataract surgery into Western eye surgery.

The organization of the hospital business received significant development in the caliphates. Initially, the establishment of hospitals was a secular affair. The hospitals founded by the Muslims were of three kinds.

The first type included hospitals established by caliphs or prominent Muslim figures and designed for the general population. They were funded by the state, had a staff of doctors and attendants. Libraries and medical schools were created at hospitals. The training was theoretical and practical: the students accompanied the teacher during his rounds in the hospital and visited patients at home with him.

The second type of hospitals were funded by famous doctors and religious figures and were small.

The third type of hospitals were military medical institutions. They moved along with the army and were placed in tents, castles, citadels. During military campaigns, along with male doctors, the soldiers were accompanied by female doctors who cared for the wounded.

The high level of organization of medical affairs in the medieval East is closely connected with the development of hygiene and disease prevention. The ban on autopsies, on the one hand, limited the study of the structure of the body and its functions, and on the other hand, directed the efforts of doctors to find other ways: to maintain health and led to the development of rational hygienic measures. Many of them are enshrined in the Koran.

Medical education was carried out:

1 - self-education, 2 - studying with their parents who are doctors, 3 - studying with famous doctors, 4 - studying in medical schools.

© Photo by Evgeny Evdokimov

The scandal with the list of "inefficient universities" may end with the liquidation of one of the flagships of the domestic liberal education- RGGU. According to Rosbalt, a replacement has already been found for the disgraced rector of this university, and the university itself is threatened with a merger with the Higher School of Economics or the RSSU.

As it became known to Rosbalt, the resignation of the current rector of the RSUH Efim Pivovar may occur as early as March. The formal reason for this will be a meeting in the government, at which officials will sum up the interim results of the optimization and reorganization of the so-called "inefficient universities".

Recall that earlier in the "black" list prepared by the Ministry of Education and Science, in addition to the Russian State Humanitarian University, also included the Moscow Architectural Institute, the Literary Institute and other eminent universities. As it turned out, the university does not meet the criteria for teachers' salaries, study area per student, etc.

As a result, the Russian State University for the Humanities was included in the group of universities that are subject to optimization, which, among other things, involves a possible change in leadership and adjustment of curricula.

An agency source close to the university leadership said that the rector no longer puts his signature on any important internal documents, although he still regularly goes to work and holds various meetings.

Pivovar's impending resignation is also supported by the fact that the most valuable and respected employees in university circles have begun to leave the university. So, the other day it became known about the appointment of the Vice-Rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University for scientific work Dmitry Bak as the new director of the Literary Museum. This personnel reshuffle occurred at the suggestion of the head of the Ministry of Culture, Vladimir Medinsky, who, as you know, is on friendly terms with the Minister of Education Dmitry Livanov.

According to some reports, Pivovar, who has headed the Russian State Humanitarian University since 2006, had to leave his post before January 15. “As part of optimizing the work of the university, one of the conditions was put forward for him to retain his position - to remove the first vice-rector of the RSUH Valery Minaev from work, but he never completed this task,” the agency’s interlocutor said.

Minaev is known not only as one of the founders and, perhaps, the most venerable old-timers of the Russian State Humanitarian University, created in the early 1990s on the basis of the Moscow Institute of History and Archives. It is believed that it was he who brought the infamous YUKOS to the Russian State Humanitarian University, which for some time successfully sponsored this university. At one time, the university was even called a "forge of personnel for Yukos", and one of the ex-heads of this company, the former rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Leonid Nevzlin, was approved for this post, as they say, at the direct suggestion of Minaev.

After Nevzlin fled from Russia to Israel, hiding from the persecution of the special services, Minaev was twice elected rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University, but both times the Ministry of Education and Science refused to approve his candidacy.

Instead, Efim Pivovar was put in charge of the university, who, although he worked until 1997 at the Russian State Humanitarian University, is clearly associated with another well-known university - Moscow State University, where for a long time he headed the center for theoretical problems historical research at the Faculty of History.

With the departure of Yukos and the arrival of Pivovar, the university, as they say, its teachers and graduates began to "slowly bend." “The last time a real renovation of the classrooms in the main building on Novoslobodskaya was done in the early 2000s, and there’s nothing to say about the state of the buildings on Nikolskaya - everything has long since fallen into disrepair and is a sad sight,” one of the teachers complained in an interview with a Rosbalt correspondent RGGU.

At the same time, according to him, repairs are regularly carried out in the premises of the administrative and economic block - the reception room of the rector himself, as well as educational and economic departments.

The average salary of an associate professor at the RSUH, with a workload of 750 hours, does not exceed 25-27 thousand rubles a month, professors are paid a little more - 30 thousand rubles. “Moreover, teachers were warned that the workload would only grow, about what scientific activity can I talk here? ”, - the interlocutor of the agency was indignant.

So the claims of the Ministry of Education and Science regarding the state of the material and technical base of the university, as well as the low remuneration of the teaching staff, cannot be considered completely unfounded.

Another thing is that even an outside observer could easily notice that recently an undisguised information war has unfolded against the university, in which, by the way, the competition for admission sometimes exceeds 30 people per place.

So, a couple of weeks ago, the Accounts Chamber announced the misuse of additional budget funds by the Russian State Humanitarian University in the amount of 156.2 million rubles. It turned out that the money intended for the development of the material and technical base was spent by the university management on raising the salaries of teachers.

On the same day, the creators of a certain site "corruptionrggu.net" called on Runet users to a heartbreaking excerpt from Vladimir Vysotsky's song "Save Our Souls!" to sign an anonymous letter to Vladimir Putin, which cited facts of nepotism and bribery at the RSUH.

However, as it turned out later, the letter turned out to be a fake, and the site itself is no longer available to Internet visitors.

Nevertheless, a nervous atmosphere reigns in the university. “There were rumors that a certain rating would be held among teachers, as a result of which many would be reduced. They are also allegedly going to artificially transfer allowances for degrees into the salaries of teachers and, due to this, to achieve their fictitious increase, ”the university said.

Meanwhile, according to Rosbalt, the candidacy of the rector of the Moscow high school Social and Economic Sciences (MVSES) Sergei Zuev. Concurrently, he also holds several other positions in other Moscow universities, works closely with state authorities and is even an expert at the Council of Europe.

It is difficult to imagine how, with such employment, the new rector, in the event of his transfer to work at the RSUH, will cope with the task of optimizing the university.

According to the agency, the appointment of Zuev as Rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University is being lobbied by the Deputy Head of the Government of the Russian Federation Arkady Dvorkovich. In this regard, the more frequent rumors about the upcoming merger of the Russian State University for the Humanities with the Higher School of Economics or the RSSU may not be groundless.

As the interlocutors of the agency note, it is likely that it will soon become clear that a very specific commercial interest is hidden behind the inclusion of this university in the list of “inefficient” ones, as well as personnel changes.

So, according to realtors, the cost square meter real estate in the Novoslobodskaya area, where the main building of the Russian State Humanitarian University is located, is at least 200 thousand rubles. It is also known that the ROC has long claimed the university buildings on Nikolskaya Street.

Daria Pavlova

Declaring the university ineffective, an anonymous letter about corruption, endless articles and various rumors on the Internet… Gaude figured out what is still going on around RSUH and how teachers and students feel about it.

"Urgent Gathering of Courageous Students"

“Of course, everyone noticed this plot,” Ivan Drobyshev, a student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law (FIPP) of the Russian State Humanitarian University, tells me. “He himself seemed very obviously rude.”

Ivan talks about the plot shown in Arkady Mamontov's program "Special Correspondent: Elimination of Illiteracy" on December 18th. It showed not only the actual purchase of diplomas in the Kaluga and Mytishchi branches of the Russian State Humanitarian University, but also personnel with repairs at the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law with a hint of devastation at the head university. These shots aroused indignation among students and teachers of the faculty. The fact is that this year the FIPP moved to the building on Miusskaya, because a rather large part of the space in the historic building of the Russian State Humanitarian University on Nikolskaya Street had to be given to Russkaya Orthodox Church. Now only students of the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities study in that building. And on Miusskaya, part of the tenants were driven away and the premises vacated by them are being repaired.

A few days later, the corruptionrggu.net website appeared on the network, on which anonymous signers talked about terribly bad things at the RSUH.

Excited students began to communicate with each other and with teachers

“We have advanced departments where specialists study mass communications, there are professional journalists, and I myself study and work in the field of public relations - we are taught to identify information attacks,” Ivan continues. “We - well, at least , this part of the faculty - immediately saw a targeted information order. Others simply wondered why they denigrated the university, showed footage of our building being repaired, against the background of which they talk about devastation, total corruption and other nonsense, then this site ... "

Excited students began to communicate with each other and with teachers, and soon gathered a meeting of the Student Council of the faculty. The meeting on social networks was called the "Urgent Meeting of Courageous Students." According to Ivan, about fifty or sixty people came, they didn’t fit in anymore: people came, saw the crowd, asked to be kept informed and left. Among those who came there were several graduates and teachers, mostly students of FIPP.

All this happened exactly at the height of the scandal with the reorganization of the Russian State Technical University. Ivan says that many students were afraid that the same thing would happen to their "native" university.

“Are you completely crazy?!”

At about the same time, on December 22, the Internet “blew up” a tweet by deputy Khinshtein: “Minister @DmitryLivanov continues to bend his line. Next week, RSUH Rector E. Pivovar will be fired. The next step is the merger of the Russian State University for the Humanities with the Russian State Social University or the Higher School of Economics. Students were outraged in social networks: “Bastards!”, “Are you completely crazy ?!”, “I hoped that this would remain at the level of rumors. I will strike." “Will they let you finish your studies?” - Worried about friends others.

deputies have not written such things yet

Why the deputy decided to write this is still a mystery. He retracted his words the next day. According to students and teachers, rumors about the merger of RSUH with some university have been circulating for many years, but never come true. Although the deputies have not yet written such things.

In many Russian universities restless even now. Against the backdrop of a campaign to combat inefficient universities, the Ministry is eyeing every little thing. What was it like for students to see in mid-December the already mentioned site, the authors of which painted how bad and terrible things were at the RSUH. Here is the rating of corrupt officials within the university with a vote, and a letter to Vladimir Putin. “The last straw was the inclusion of the RSUH in the list of inefficient universities,” the anonymous people were indignant. because salary at the RSUH is hardly enough for rent and travel? “Of course, we have low salaries, but this is the case everywhere. Do you think MSU pays more? Nothing of the kind, I specifically asked colleagues from Moscow State University, ”retorted Tatyana Volkova, a teacher at the Russian State University for the Humanities, in a commentary for Gaude. More than five professors of the Russian State University for the Humanities took to the blogs to expose the letter, some directly calling it fake and propaganda. Unknown authors of the site sent an appeal to the media with the only contact - this is Mayoradze Mikhail Valentinovich. No one could find such a person, not a single journalist ever got through to the indicated number.

This is, of course, an organized campaign.

“Recently, there has been a sharp stream of all sorts of incomprehensible materials regarding the Russian State Humanitarian University and, in particular, the faculty where I have been teaching for 12 years,” Viktor Mikaelson, teacher of the Russian State Humanitarian University, head of the Communicator PR agency, told the students of the FIPP. campaign - in in social networks and we have been working on the Internet as a consulting company for seven years and we know perfectly well how such campaigns are organized. Websites with voting results, leaks - all these technologies are known.

In the video: the RSUH initiative group is studying an anonymous website with accusations against the university

Expectation?

In mid-January, the site disappeared. “I believe it stopped working as it was a one-time project. His main task was to inject compromising evidence and slander the people mentioned there," says Dmitry Belyaev, lecturer at the Russian State University for the Humanities and Deputy Dean of the FIPP. changes in administration. According to my impressions, the situation with the university is aggravated both by external pressure, since the new leadership of the Ministry of Education and Science is clearly dissatisfied with the administration of the university, and the struggle for power within the RSUH itself, which has intensified under these conditions.”

“Various reasons were expressed at the student meeting. No one really knows the truth: who is it, what is it. We do not yet see the obvious reasons and the customer,” Ivan Drobyshev reflects. “It is not clear how long it is worth looking into. Right now there is a decree that creates a joint scientific and educational center with the FSO, there is a decree on cooperation with Rosmolodezh. Maybe it's all for this. You just can't say for sure yet. People are ready to participate, we are ready to resist information attacks. The first wave somehow managed, we follow the news and keep active.”

On December 11, the Russian State University for the Humanities hosted a presentation of an art album of photographs by Galina Viktorovna Volkova, Vice-President of the Metropolis League, head of the Art Design Educational and Scientific Center of the Russian State Humanitarian University, a member of the Union of Artists of Russia, “Sensations”. This book is the result of long and hard work of Galina Viktorovna together with the Moscow League of Cultural and Art Workers "Metropolis".

The presentation was opened by the Rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Corresponding Member. RAS Efim Pivovar, who congratulated Galina Viktorovna on this significant event, noting that the Art Design Center always pleases with its works. He told how long the project was being prepared and how much effort was invested in its implementation: “I watched from the side and saw how difficult it was to choose the best from a huge amount of materials.” The rector also noted that the work was produced and published entirely in Russia, which, of course, is a reason for pride.

Speaking at the presentation, Director of the Educational and Scientific Center for Visual Anthropology and Egohistory, Honored Professor of the Russian State Humanitarian University N.I. Basovskaya spoke about her long-term friendship with Galina Viktorovna and how the project developed: “What was originally just a hobby of a person doing many other things turned into a passion before my eyes, and then into a profession. And this transformation is an encouraging example for many people.” She also noted that now it is necessary to rely on eternal values, such as the beauty presented in this work.

Director of the Institute of Mass Media N.K. Svanidze drew attention to the fact that the collection of photographs turned out to be “internally free”. In his opinion, the author of the pictures has this inner freedom, and she likes everything that she sees.

Galina Viktorovna was also congratulated by the Director of the Institute world history RGGU, member of the Supervisory Board of the RGGU, Academician A.O. Chubaryan. He described the release of the collection as an extraordinary event for both the university and humanities generally. Alexander Oganovich noted that design is now a whole scientific direction, and such projects contribute to instilling in young people a taste for art, life, and beauty.

Director of the Museum Center of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Deputy Director of the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkina I.V. Bakanova drew Special attention that “a person lives and feeds on impressions”, and admitted that the exhibition and collection caused her a lot of positive feelings. She emphasized that a photographer and a teacher is a rare combination in one person, and noted the special "photo-narrative" in the collection. Irina Viktorovna also pointed out the importance of the release of this album as cultural heritage and a source of inspiration for RSUH students.

Vice-Rector for academic work, director of IAI A.B. Bezborodov called the collection "a work of art, a very versatile source of positive feelings." He congratulated Galina Viktorovna, as well as the staff of the Faculty of Art History. Alexander Borisovich also said that this event is the result of a creative synthesis that underlies the university with an extraordinary educational process. According to him, thanks to the efforts of Galina Viktorovna and her team, the university preserves traditions and uses new technologies to train students in creative specialties.

Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs, Director of IEPM N.I. Arkhipova noted how the name of the collection of photographs corresponds to its content: “Each photograph here is really a feeling, a personal attitude to the image of the artist himself, this is empathy.” She noted that each frame of the album is able to evoke a lot of emotions in a person, touch the soul, and once again congratulated everyone on the release of the collection.

Vice-Rector for International Innovation Projects V.I. Zabotkina emphasized that each photo in the collection carries a whole picture of the emotions conveyed by the author, and also noted that the album is a reflection of the author: "Each meeting with Galina Viktorovna is always a pleasant surprise, it is always a mass of emotions."

Many more warm words were addressed to the photographer. Galina Viktorovna herself thanked all those present for the congratulations and support she received throughout the preparation of the collection, and also invited everyone to the presentation of the collection "Sensations" at Mosfilm on December 18. Everyone was also presented with copies of the album signed by the author.

Efim Iosifovich Pivovar - Professor of History, Doctor historical sciences, specialist in the field recent history, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He also combined the excellent qualities of a leader and simply good man. Numerous friends and colleagues speak of Efim Iosifovich as a kind and cheerful person.

Childhood

In 1956, like many others of his peers, he went to the first grade of school number 1150, which was located in the suburbs in the city of Perovo. Now it is already the territory of Moscow.

Despite the fact that there were no representatives of science in the family of Efim Iosifovich Pivovar, the future professor dreamed of becoming a historian since his school days. It all started with a passion for archeology. In the fourth grade, he read the book "Entertaining Archeology" by Mongait, which shocked him. Further acquaintance with science continued by reading books about the Qumran manuscripts, which made a great impression on the student.

Favorite teachers

Yefim Iosifovich was very lucky with his history teachers, he remembers them even now. Madelena Alexandrovna, who was a thunderstorm for all students, taught in the fifth grade "Ancient World".

The second teacher, Nadezhda Pavlovna, seeing the child's craving for knowledge, appointed him the archivist of the school circle. The boy first got into the archives of the Museum of the city of Moscow, he got acquainted with the archives hometown Perovo. The student learned the history of the formation of the city, the origins of its name. He became interested in the legends associated with his small homeland.

And today, when Efim Iosifovich has to be in the archive, he experiences some kind of trepidation from the very presence in these walls, regardless of what data he is studying at that moment.

The last teacher of history was Zinaida Ivanovna Chernyakova, with whom the historian had the good fortune to meet at the present time and, in gratitude for the knowledge gained, hand over the author's textbook.

Passion for archeology

During his school years, continuing to be fond of archeology, E.I. Pivovar took part in archaeological excavations more than once.

Immediately after leaving school, he entered the Faculty of History at Moscow State University, where he studied with such respected teachers in historical circles as V. Z. Drobizheva and I. D. Kovalchenko.

Here, remaining true to his interests, the young man joined the scientific student society of archaeologists. But his uncle, who was an engineer, convinced the guy to digress from the history of antiquity and pay attention to the history of the twentieth century. Yes, and the school teacher Zinaida Ivanovna, too, with a little grin, said: "What is this - archeology?" Having listened to their words, the future scientist reoriented himself to the study of the history of the twentieth century and has been doing this to this day.

After graduating from the university, the young historian decided to continue developing in this direction and entered the graduate school of the Institute of History, and then defended his Ph.D. thesis.

Rapid career

In the period from 1973 to 1986, E. I. Pivovar was in charge of several departments in the journal History of the USSR.

In 1986, he was hired by the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives, where in ten years he was able to make a rapid career: from senior lecturer to head of department, dean and, finally, vice-rector for scientific work.

In his further professional biography, Pivovar Efim Iosifovich delivered several courses of lectures on history abroad during the period from 1990 to 1993. He has taught at the universities of Chicago, Illinois, Michigan State and others.

In 1997, Pivovar Efim Iosifovich was accepted as a professor at the Faculty of History at the Moscow State University. And two years later he is the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University.

Since 2004, E. F. Pivovar has been the head of the Department of History of the Near Abroad Countries of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University.

In 2005, Professor Pivovar holds the position of head of the department of post-Soviet countries abroad.

Russian State University for the Humanities

In 2006, Efim Iosifovich Pivovar was appointed Rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University. He received this position by secret ballot of the university conference, which came as a complete surprise to the professor. The Ministry of Education and Science reacted very favorably to this election.

Russian State Humanities University was organized in 1991.

By the time Pivovar was elected rector, the university had gained notoriety, and the main task of the professor was to save the university.

Rector's merits

During the leadership of Pivovar, the Russian State University for the Humanities successfully developed international relationships. Every year, a thousand students and teachers participated in the international exchange. Cooperation with universities in Germany was especially active. At the end of their studies under this project, students received a double diploma. It was the first experience for Russia to receive diplomas from two universities simultaneously in the humanities.

In the photo, Pivovar Efim Iosifovich presents a diploma to a graduate of the Russian State Humanitarian University.

In 2010 President Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed the Decree on awarding the Rector of the Russian State Humanitarian University E. I. Pivovar with the Order of Friendship.

Teachers who had previously left the RSUH for various reasons began to return to the university. The staff of foreign professors has expanded at the university. The number of lectures given in foreign languages ​​has increased.

In 2011, the professor was re-elected rector for a second term. He was voted for by the overwhelming majority of the delegates to the elected conference.

In 2016, the tenure of E. I. Pivovar as rector came to an end, and he could no longer be re-elected.

On May 3, 2018, Efim Iosifovich Pivovar was awarded the Order of Honor for his merits in scientific and pedagogical activities and the training of qualified specialists.

Personal life

Galina Viktorovna Volkova, wife of Efim Iosifovich Pivovar, also a historian by training. They studied on the same course at Moscow State University, where they met. Even in her student years, Galina became interested in photography and began to develop this talent in herself.

Galina Volkova traveled abroad a lot, and expressed her impressions in her works.

Many of Volkova's photographs are in private collections. different countries peace.

Since 2006, she has been working at the Russian State University for the Humanities as the head of the photo center. Head of the Art Design Department. He is a member of the Creative Union of Artists and a member of the creative association "Metropolis".

Contribution to science

E. I. Pivovar made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Fatherland of the XX-XXI centuries. He took part in the formation of the Russian school of quantitative research methods in the field of history. He supervised research that was of significant importance for studying the biographies of Russian emigrants and Russian emigrants in the 20th century, as well as studying the history of the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Participated in International congresses of historical sciences, conferences, colloquia.

Read courses of lectures in foreign countries.

Sixteen Ph.D. theses were defended under the guidance of the professor. He has been a consultant for three doctoral dissertations.

In conclusion, I would like to note that Pivovar Efim Iosifovich is certainly a specialist of the highest category in his field. But, besides this, he also combined the excellent qualities of a leader and just a good person. Numerous friends and colleagues speak of Efim Iosifovich as a kind and cheerful person. And such qualities as intelligence, business acumen and responsiveness are rarely combined in one person.