The middle foundation of medical psychology. Fundamentals of medical psychology: general, clinical, pathopsychology (Seredina N.V.). The emergence, development and formation of psychology

The manual discusses the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This manual provides an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information especially on the origin of diseases. This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions- psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and colleges of education, as well as anyone who is interested in issues of medical psychology.

Foreword

The textbook "Fundamentals of Medical Psychology" was compiled taking into account state educational standards such disciplines as "medical psychology" and "clinical psychology". It does not set itself the task of an exhaustive presentation of each of their sections.
The actual content of the information in the manual is out of scope curriculum, which makes it versatile and makes it possible to use it more widely.
The manual discusses the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This will clearly present the system of interconnection of psychological disciplines. The historical development of psychological knowledge and the formation of medical psychology are shown, the subject, tasks and methods of medical psychology are considered, cognitive processes normal, their disorders, pathologies. In addition, the individual psychological characteristics of a person in normal and pathological conditions, questions of the psychology of communication between a medical worker and a patient are highlighted. A certain part of the manual covers such important issues as the psychology of a somatic patient, psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis, some aspects of the psychology of individual medical disciplines.
This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases.
When preparing psychologists and medical workers, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the psyche of a sick person. Any mental experiences are accompanied by somatic changes, and somatic diseases are always reflected in the mind of a sick person, changing his worldview, his self-consciousness.
This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions - psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and pedagogical colleges, as well as everyone who is interested in medical psychology.

SECTION I. INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. The emergence, development and formation of psychology

1.1. Historical development psychological thought

Many authors believe that psychology as a doctrine of the soul arose more than two thousand years ago as an integral part of the philosophical teachings of the ancient Greek thinkers Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, and others. The materialistic teachings of Democritus (460-370 BC) were opposed by the idealistic teachings of Plato (427-347 BC). Democritus believed that there is only matter, consisting of the smallest and indivisible particles of atoms. The soul is also material, but its atoms are exceptionally mobile.
The idealist Plato, on the contrary, argued that only ideas exist forever. Things, bodies, are just a temporary residence of ideas, their shadows. According to Plato, the soul is an eternally existing idea, temporarily embodied in the body of man and animals.
According to Aristotle (384-322 BC), our sensations are copies of real things. On the other hand, he recognized the existence of the soul as a substance independent of matter.
In the Middle Ages psychological concept soul acquired a religious content. The soul was considered as a Divine, eternal, unchanging and independent of matter essence.
Eastern and Western thinkers stood on the position of Platonic, or, better, Neoplatonic and Aristotelian, psychology: from the first - Nemesius (at the beginning of the 5th century), Aeneas Gaza (487), Philopon (about the middle of the 6th century), from the second - Claudius Mamertines (about the middle of the 5th century) and Boethius (470-520). All of them adhered to the division of the soul into rational and unreasonable parts and understood the freedom of the soul as an opportunity for it to choose the paths leading to the higher or corporeal world. They all accepted the immortality of the soul. All of them were theologians.
Along with these more or less learned discussions about the soul and its parts, the knowledge of mental states. Ascetics and ascetics, deeply immersed in themselves, carefully studied the secret curves of the heart and desires. Isaac and Ephraim the Syrian, Abba Dorotheus, Mark the ascetic, Barsanuphius, John, his disciple, John of the Ladder, and other Christian ascetics have always followed the “roots and nests” of sinful inclinations and thoughts with intense attention and looked for ways to deal with them. Ascetic literature is of direct interest to psychology as a rich collection of facts of self-observation.
Of all medieval authors, Augustine the Blessed (354-430) made the most remarkable discoveries in the field of psychology. It was he who noticed that self-observation is important source psychological knowledge.
Augustine the Blessed, as a devoted son of the Church, accepted most of its dogmas and considered Divine Revelation to be the primary source of psychological knowledge. He was the first to describe subjective emotional experience vividly and in detail using methodological principles that still form the basis of psychology to this day. Psychology does not exist without self-consciousness. Emotions - anger, hope, joy, fear - can only be observed subjectively. If a person himself has never experienced anger, then no one will be able to explain to him what anger is. Moreover, he will never be able to understand the psychological changes that accompany anger.
Augustine, pessimistic about human nature, saw the way to overcome innate weaknesses in absolute devotion to the Divine and complete dependence on God as the only source of healing mercy.
His work "Confessions" is an unsurpassed example of introspection based on early childhood memories. Watching the children, he even tries to reconstruct what has undergone infantile amnesia.

Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2003. - 512 p.
ISBN 5-222-03478-ХВ manual deals with the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases. This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions - psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and pedagogical colleges, as well as everyone who is interested in medical psychology. Foreword
Introduction to General and Medical Psychology
The emergence, development and formation of psychology
Historical development of psychological thought
The emergence and development of psychological science. Foreign schools and concepts
Development of psychology in Russia
The formation of medical psychology
Subject, tasks and methods of medical psychology
Basic principles of domestic psychology
The subject and tasks of medical psychology
Methods of psychology
Mind and consciousness
Mind as a property of the brain
The reflex nature of the psyche
Consciousness as the highest stage of development of the psyche
Sleep and dreams
Unconscious
Consciousness disorders Cognitive processes and their disorders
Feeling and Perception
Feeling
Pain
Sensory disturbances
Perception and its disturbances
Imagination and representations
Imagination
Representation
Attention
The concept of attention
Attention disorders
Memory
General characteristics of memory
Memory disorders
Thinking and intelligence
Thinking as a mental process
The concept of intelligence
Thinking and intellect disorders
Speech
Speech and language as a means of communication
Speech disorders Psychological properties of personality and its anomalies
Psychological characteristics of personality
General ideas about personality
Temperament
Character and its accentuations
Deviant personality behavior
Emotions and will in norm and pathology
Sthenic and asthenic emotions
Pathology of emotions and feelings
Volitional processes and their pathology
stress and frustration
Stress: its nature and stages
The concept of frustration
Pathopsychology of personality
The concept of pathopsychology
Personality disorders
Pathopsychological conditions Personality and disease
Illness and health
Historical and religious views on the origin and systematics of diseases
Systematics of diseases
The concept of health. basic health criteria
Psychology of the somatic patient
The idea of psychosomatics
Features of the mental state of a somatic patient
Illness Consciousness
Personal reactions to illness
The patient and the environment
Psychogenic and iatrogenic
Psychogeny
iatrogenics
yatropatii
Psychological features treatment regimen
Therapeutic and protective regime
Environmental treatment and organization of work Psychology of the relationship between a medical worker and a patient
Features of communication between a medical worker and a patient
Ways to Improve Communication Efficiency
Psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis
General principles of mental hygiene
Psychoprophylaxis and its methods
Fundamentals of psychotherapy
General concept of psychotherapy
The main directions and methods of psychotherapy
Special Issues in Medical Psychology
Psychological features of the examination
Issues of medical and psychological rehabilitation and psychology of health education
Literature
Content

N. V. Seredina, D. A. Shkurenko

Basics of medical psychology:

general, clinical, pathopsychology

Ed. V. P. Stupnitsky

BBK 84.4 i73

Under the editorship of prof. cafe psychology REA them. Plekhanov, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, full member of the Academy humanities, corresponding member of the International Academy of Sciences teacher education, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences V. P. Stupnitsky.

Reviewers:

Director of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Psychotherapy and Medical Psychology of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation, doctor of psychological sciences, academician V. I. Lebedev. Associate Professor of the Department of Psychophysiology and Medical Psychology of the Russian State University Dikaya L.A.

Seredina N. V., Shkurenko D. A.

C32 Fundamentals of medical psychology: general, clinical, pathopsychology / Series "Textbooks,

tutorials". - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2003. - 512 p.

The manual discusses the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases. This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions - psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and pedagogical colleges, as well as everyone who is interested in medical psychology.

ISBN 5-222-03478-X BBC 84.4 i73

Foreword

The textbook "Fundamentals of Medical Psychology" was compiled taking into account the state educational standards of such disciplines as "medical psychology" and "clinical psychology". It does not set itself the task of an exhaustive presentation of each of their sections.

The actual content of the manual goes beyond the scope of the curriculum, which makes it universal and makes it possible to use it more widely.

The manual discusses the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This will clearly present the system of interconnection of psychological disciplines. The historical development of psychological knowledge and the formation of medical psychology are shown, the subject, tasks and methods of medical psychology, cognitive processes in the norm, their disorders, and pathologies are considered. In addition, the individual psychological characteristics of a person in normal and pathological conditions, questions of the psychology of communication between a medical worker and a patient are highlighted. A certain part of the manual covers such important issues as the psychology of a somatic patient, psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis, some aspects of the psychology of individual medical disciplines.

This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases.

When preparing psychologists and medical workers, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the psyche of a sick person. Any mental experiences are accompanied by somatic changes, and somatic diseases are always reflected in the mind of a sick person, changing his worldview, his self-consciousness.

This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions - psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and pedagogical colleges, as well as everyone who is interested in medical psychology.

Materials placed in the telecommunications library and presented in the form of citations,

allowed use for educational purposes only.

Replication is prohibited information resources for the purpose of extracting commercial benefits, as well as their other use in violation of the relevant provisions of the current legislation on copyright protection.

Series "Textbooks, teaching aids"

N. V. Seredina, D. A. Shkurenko
Basics of medical psychology:

general, clinical, pathopsychology

Ed. V. P. Stupnitsky

BBK 84.4 i73

From 32
Under the editorship of prof. cafe psychology REA them. Plekhanov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Member of the Academy of Humanities, Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Sciences of Pedagogical Education, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences V. P. Stupnitsky.
Reviewers:

Director of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Psychotherapy and Medical Psychology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Psychology, Academician V. I. Lebedev. Associate Professor of the Department of Psychophysiology and Medical Psychology of the Russian State University Dikaya L.A.
Seredina N. V., Shkurenko D. A.

C32 Fundamentals of medical psychology: general, clinical, pathopsychology / Series "Textbooks,

Teaching aids. - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2003. - 512 p.
The manual discusses the relationship of medical, general, clinical psychology and pathopsychology. This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases. This textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions - psychologists and doctors, in addition, it can be recommended to teachers, social and medical workers, students of medical and pedagogical colleges, as well as everyone who is interested in medical psychology.
ISBN 5-222-03478-X BBC 84.4 i73
© Seredina N. V., Shkurenko D. A., 2003

Foreword

The actual content of the manual goes beyond the scope of the curriculum, which makes it universal and makes it possible to use it more widely.

This manual contains an introduction to psychotherapy, a range of non-traditional issues, theoretical concepts and historical information, in particular on the origin of diseases.

Section I. Introduction to General and Medical Psychology

1. The emergence, development and formation of psychology

1.1. Historical development of psychological thought

Many authors believe that psychology as a doctrine of the soul arose more than two thousand years ago as an integral part of the philosophical teachings of the ancient Greek thinkers Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, and others. Democritus(460-370 BC) opposed the idealistic doctrine Plato(427-347 BC). Democritus believed that there is only matter, consisting of the smallest and indivisible particles of atoms. The soul is also material, but its atoms are exceptionally mobile.

The idealist Plato, on the contrary, argued that only ideas exist forever. Things, bodies, are just a temporary residence of ideas, their shadows. According to Plato, the soul is an eternally existing idea, temporarily embodied in the body of man and animals.

According to Aristotle (384-322 BC), our Feel- these are copies of real things. On the other hand, he recognized the existence of the soul as a substance independent of matter.

IN middle Ages the psychological concept of the soul acquired a religious content. The soul was considered as a Divine, eternal, unchanging and independent of matter essence.

Eastern and Western thinkers stood on the position of Platonic, or, better to say, Neoplatonic and Aristotelian, psychology: from the first - Nemesius(at the beginning of the 5th century), Aeneas Gaza(487), Philopon(about the middle of the VI century), from the second - Claudius Mamertines(about the middle of the 5th century) and Boethius(470-520). All of them adhered to the division of the soul into reasonable And unreasonable parts and freedom of the soul were understood as the possibility for it to choose the paths leading to the higher or corporeal world. They all accepted the immortality of the soul. All of them were theologians.

Along with these more or less learned discussions about the soul and its parts, the knowledge of mental states was elaborated in detail. Ascetics and ascetics, deeply immersed in themselves, carefully studied the secret curves of the heart and desires. Isaac and Ephraim the Syrian, Abba Dorotheus, Mark the ascetic, Barsanuphius, John, his disciple, John of the Ladder, and other Christian ascetics have always followed the “roots and nests” of sinful inclinations and thoughts with intense attention and looked for ways to deal with them. Ascetic literature is of direct interest to psychology as a rich collection of facts of self-observation.

Augustine the Blessed, as a devoted son of the Church, accepted most of its dogmas and considered Divine Revelation to be the primary source of psychological knowledge. He was the first to describe subjective emotional experience vividly and in detail using methodological principles that still form the basis of psychology to this day. Psychology does not exist without self-consciousness. Emotions - anger, hope, joy, fear - can only be observed subjectively. If a person himself has never experienced anger, then no one will be able to explain to him what anger is. Moreover, he will never be able to understand the psychological changes that accompany anger.

Augustine, pessimistic about human nature, saw the way to overcome innate weaknesses in absolute devotion to the Divine and complete dependence on God as the only source of healing mercy.

His work "Confessions" is an unsurpassed example of introspection based on early childhood memories. Watching the children, he even tries to reconstruct what has undergone infantile amnesia.

The world of culture, according to Augustine the Blessed, has created three "organs" for comprehending a person and his soul:

1) religion (based on myth);

2) art (is built on an artistic image);

3) science (is built on experience organized and controlled by logical thought).

The psychology of St. Augustine is based on the feelings, conflicts and torments of a man of the greatest sincerity and remarkable strength. Augustine can rightly be considered the forerunner of psychoanalysis.

For about two centuries, psychology has experienced something like stagnation. In the XII century. among the mystics, psychological observations and investigations resumed.

Mystic, head of the servitor school, Hugo(c. 1096-1141) sought to develop mystical psychology. The ultimate goal - the contemplation of God - is achieved through the gradual raising of the rational side of man to the highest being. The soul has three eyes for observation. One is imagination, the simple representation of things outside of us. The second is the mind, whose activity consists in thinking about the essence and

Relationships of things. The third eye is reason, intellect. It is characterized by contemplation, which deals directly with the ideal object. Such a soul constitutes the exclusive essence of man. As a mind, he is a face; the body is something extraneous to him, and when at the moment of death the latter is destroyed, the face continues to exist. Hugo's disciple, Richard (d. 1173), considered the soul in this direction.

By Richard the center of the soul lies in contemplative activity, in the intellect; feelings and desires were completely ignored by him as accidental and not belonging to the soul. In the same form, mental activity was considered by later German mystics, especially in the 13th century.

Among them are the views Johann Eckhart(c. 1260-1327). According to Eckhart, the soul has three kinds of spiritual forces: external senses, lower and higher power. He attributed the empirical reason, heart, desire to the lower forces, memory, reason and will to the higher ones.

A significant role in the development of the psychology of the Middle Ages belongs to Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274), who follows the principles of Aristotle. The soul does not exist from eternity, but it is created by God at the moment when the body is ready to receive it.

In the doctrine of "mind" Aquinas also follows Aristotle. There is an active mind and a possible or passive mind. The will is free, it has the freedom of choice. Without knowledge there can be no desire, but the mind itself does not set the will in motion, but only indicates its goals. The world is a system consisting of several hierarchical levels.

The lowest level is inanimate nature, above it is the world of plants and animals, the highest level is the world of people, which is transitional to the spiritual sphere. The most perfect reality, peak, the first absolute cause, meaning and purpose of all things is God. The human soul is incorporeal, it is a pure form without matter, a spiritual and independent of matter substance. She is indestructible and immortal.

To the four traditionally Greek virtues - wisdom, courage, moderation and justice - Thomas Aquinas added three Christian ones: faith, hope, love. The meaning of life was reduced to the achievement of happiness, understood as the knowledge and contemplation of God. God is known not by sensation or intellect, but by revelation.

IN renaissance there is a further evolution of psychological thought. Characteristic era - the emergence of movement humanism, which replaced the religious views, according to which the essence of man is the incorporeal soul. The ideas of humanism are expressed in the recognition of man as a natural being with his own weaknesses and virtues.

In creativity Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) embodied the basic ideas of humanism, in which sensual contemplation and practical action merge into one. For example, the word "painting" for Leonardo meant not only the work and creation of the artist, but also everything contemplated by man through the union of the hand and hand. Philosophy has been playing a leading role since ancient times. Leonardo transfers this role to the "divine science of painting". Painting should not be a simple copying of what is seen, but an exploration of the world with a recreation of its picture.

The intermediary between consciousness and reality is not words, as it was in the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, but works of art, built on the basis of imitation of nature, capable of reproducing all the inexhaustible richness of reality. They also serve as a tool for the knowledge of the person himself, not only the external, sensually perceived, but also his inner essence. Trying to penetrate into the mechanisms of human behavior, Leonardo studies the structure of the four "universal human states" - joy, crying, strife and physical effort.

Is given Special attention and phenomena visual perception person. The developments of Leonardo da Vinci in this area were of some importance for the development of psychophysiology, he was at the origins of the reflex concept. Leonardo strove for the most detailed description of the phenomena of human visual perception in all their completeness and authenticity. His "Treatise on Painting" contains many provisions adopted by modern psychophysiology. So, for example, it characterizes the dependence of the perception of the size of an object on distance, illumination, and density of the medium.

Interesting search for Leonardo da Vinci in the area practical psychology. He developed the rules for training the imagination, arguing that even stains on old walls show the artist the contours of the future work. Due to their uncertainty, these spots give impetus to independent creative work soul, without tying it to specific things.

Since the time of Aristotle, the concept of "fantasy" carried a negative connotation, was considered a "bad" manifestation. It was believed that the images appearing in fantasy acquire value only through thinking, the source of which was considered the "divine mind". Now the highest value was recognized for those creations of man, which he himself built on the basis of imitation of nature. Here we are talking not only about imagination as one of the psychic abilities, but oh new concept subject as a whole.

However subject psychological study a person in this era remains the soul, although its understanding in comparison with previous eras still changes somewhat. Under the influence of humanism, the soul is already thought of as a substance not exclusively internal, closed in itself, but directed towards external world and actively interact with it.

The further development of psychological views falls on the so-called new time. This is a period of discoveries and inventions in science and technology, anatomy and physiology.

Francis Bacon(1561-1626) created the prerequisites for a new science of consciousness, laid the foundations for an empirical study of the phenomena of consciousness, called for a transition to a simple description of its processes and abilities, but refused to study the soul as a special subject. Thus, if the ancients understood the soul very broadly, practically identified it with life, then F. Bacon for the first time separates “vitality” and “soulfulness” from each other, although he does not give criteria for their difference.

Francis Bacon was the founder of conscious empiricism in psychology. According to Bacon, the only reliable source of knowledge is experience (observation and experiment), and the only correct method of knowledge is induction, which leads to the knowledge of laws.

Bacon divided the science of man into the philosophy of man and the philosophy of society. The first considers a person as an individual, regardless of society. It is subdivided into the science of the soul and body of man, and they must be preceded by the science of the nature of man in general. Investigating the latter, science studies either the individual, that is, man as personality, or connection of the soul with the body. The main faculties of the soul are mind, imagination, memory, desires, will; it is necessary to answer the question whether they are congenital or not. Bacon only posed a scientific question, proposed a plan for psychic research.

The answer to it was already given by other philosophers, first of all Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679), who tried to justify A New Look per person regardless of classical or scholastic assumptions.

Hobbes' view of the soul and its activity was the beginning materialistic doctrine the latest time. He explained mental activity as a continuation of movements initiated by external impressions in the sense organs. Hobbes can be recognized as one of the founders associational psychology. He believed that sensual perception are the only source of mental life that Feel enter into an associative relationship with the chronological sequence of perceptions. In his opinion, all psychological phenomena are regulated by the instinct to preserve life and the need for the body to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

made a great contribution to psychology Rene Descartes(1596-1650). Descartes first gave the criterion of difference mental processes from "vital" or physiological. It consists in everything mental processes we are aware, while the physiological ones are not. Descartes narrowed psychic reality to consciousness, not recognizing the presence of unconscious physical processes, which, being not physiological, but mental, are nevertheless not recognized. He opened the way for the study of conscious mental processes - the way for direct self-observation of one's experiences. Descartes for the first time explains physiological processes by purely bodily causes. He considered the body to be a machine, the work of which obeys completely material laws and does not need to involve the soul. In his opinion, all muscle movements and all sensations depend on nerves, which are like thin threads or narrow tubes coming from the brain and containing some air or a very gentle wind, called animal spirits. But the soul acts on the body through animal spirits; it "rocks the iron" and causes the animal spirits to follow the appropriate paths. Descartes spoke about the constant interaction of soul and body, he solved the psychophysical problem in the spirit of psychophysical interaction. The essence of the soul is thinking. Thinking is made up of sensations, ideas, will. The soul acts as a thinking activity. Therefore, the essence of the soul in consciousness.

The 18th century was marked by attempts to give a precise definition instinct animals and understand the importance of the sense organs in phenomena of psychology.

Etienne Bonnat de Condillac(1715-80) tries not only to define instinct, but also to elucidate its inner psychic nature. Recognizing the beginning of knowledge behind instinct, he outlines the connection between instinctive abilities and rational abilities. Instinct, according to Condillac, is an elementary mind that turns into reason, into a habit devoid of reflection.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) recognized the dependence of the psyche on nervous system and classified the degree of complexity of mental acts: irritability, sensitivity, consciousness. The first, in his opinion, possess the simplest animals. The second is more perfectly organized animals. The third - only vertebrates. According to the scientist, a person differs from other animals that have the ability for conscious activity only in the degree of consciousness, rationality.

It should be noted that since the XVII century. in connection with the general socio-economic development of the Western European states, noticeable shifts in the development of psychological views are observed.

From the 17th to the 19th centuries including widespread use empirical psychology, - which is considered to be the ancestor English philosopher John Locke(1632-1704). Empirical psychology contrasted abstract reasoning about the soul with the study of the inner experience of a person, by which she understood individual mental processes (“the phenomenon of consciousness”) - sensation, perception, thinking, feelings, etc. This was a certain step forward, especially since for a detailed the study of mental phenomena has been widely used experimental method borrowed from natural science.

Empirical psychology recognized as the main method of studying the psyche method of self-observation, that is, a person observes his own experiences, thoughts and describes them.

The question of the relationship of consciousness, the psyche to the brain was solved by empirical psychology from the standpoint of psychophysical parallelism. Representatives of psychophysical parallelism (Wundt and Ebbinghaus- in Germany, Spencer and Ben- in England, Binet- in France, Titchner- in America, etc.) believed that a person embodies two principles: bodily and spiritual. Therefore, physiological and mental phenomena in him proceed in parallel and only coincide in time, but do not influence each other and do not

They can cause each other. According to this theory, it turns out that if, for example, a person sees an object, calls it (mentally or aloud), then this is a mental phenomenon. Accordingly, the work of the visual and speech apparatus is a physiological phenomenon. The question, what is the reason for such a correspondence, did not find a scientific explanation. Representatives of psychophysical parallelism were forced to resort to the recognition of some mysterious force, which allegedly established such a coincidence from the very beginning.

F. Bacon and J. Locke (1632-1704) drew attention to experience. An important place is occupied by Locke's work on human understanding, which proves: 1) the absence of innate ideas; 2) the source of the development of the soul is experience and reflection; 3) the exceptional importance of language in human development.

John Locke the father of empirical psychology. He believed that ideas are the basis of consciousness. They are the result of our experience, that is, they do not exist in the mind from birth, but are acquired during life. Locke believes that our ideas have a natural relationship and connection with each other. The purpose and advantage of our mind is to trace and maintain them together, in that combination and correlation, which is based in their natural being. The unnatural connection of ideas is called Locke. association. Associations play a huge role in human life.

As a result of the work of Locke, three schools of empirical psychology are outlined: in England, in France and in Germany.

In English empirical psychology there is a trend associationism, which puts the association at the forefront and considers it not just the main, but the only mechanism for the work of consciousness. 18th century marked by the emergence of empirical psychology in France. This process took place under the decisive influence of Locke's theory of the experiential origin of knowledge.

From Antiquity to Modern times, attempts to understand the essence of man and his relationship with the environment, both physical and social, belonged only to philosophers.

Foreword

Series "Textbooks, teaching aids"

Ed. V. P. Stupnitsky

Foreword

Section I. Introduction to General and Medical Psychology

1. The emergence, development and formation of psychology

1.1. Historical development of psychological thought

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