Practical experience of working with high-class athletes and the study of existing literature on this issue were the basis for creating an athlete's personality map. According to this map, the structure of the athlete's personality includes socio-psychological, psychological, professional and medical-biological substructures.
Each substructure includes several groups of qualities. The group of qualities, in turn, consists of individual qualities, skills and abilities. Thus, the structure of the athlete's personality, consisting of 4 substructures, including several groups of qualities in each, constitutes a multi-level hierarchical system.
Most highest level structures - social, which determines the worldview maturity, moral and moral qualities and incentives for activity. This level has a decisive influence on all underlying substructures.
Test for athletes (Methods of psychodiagnostics in sports. Athlete's personality map):
stimulus material.
Components of the structure of the potential value of the athlete's personality
|
substructure |
Quality group |
Separate qualities, abilities, skills |
|
I. Socio-psychological |
Attitude towards yourself |
Truthfulness, honesty |
|
Attitude towards society |
Willingness to help |
|
|
Attitude towards work |
Diligence and intensity of work |
|
|
Interests |
Interest in sports |
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|
Capabilities |
Motor |
|
|
Intelligence |
Thinking activity |
|
|
II. Psychological |
Psychophysiological qualities |
Attention (volume, distribution, concentration, switchability, stability) |
|
emotional sphere |
No increased anxiety |
|
|
Volitional qualities |
self-control |
|
|
Status of analyzers and their interaction |
Absolute Threshold |
|
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psychomotor |
Speed of simple sensorimotor reactions |
|
|
III. Professional (sportsmanship) |
Sports result |
Highest sporting achievement |
|
technical prowess |
Arsenal of techniques |
|
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Tactical skill |
Ability to build action programs |
|
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Special physical fitness |
The state of special physical qualities |
|
|
Recoverability |
Ability to recover during competition |
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IV. Biomedical (sports opportunities) |
Anatomical and morphological |
Height-weight indicator |
|
Physical Qualities |
Endurance: |
|
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The strength of excitatory processes |
||
|
Components of a health assessment |
Acute and chronic diseases |
|
|
Functional indicators of energy (cardio-respiratory system) |
Aerobic Performance (PWC-170) |
Keys. Interpretation.
Due to the fact that the socio-psychological substructure is difficult to qualify, its assessment involves a particularly attentive, deeply critical generalization of the results of a fairly long observation in real activity and, above all, in complex, extreme situations. This work also assumes the correction of the marks, which is associated with the dynamics of qualities and skills in the course of training and competitive activity, taking into account their periods.
In other substructures (psychological, professional, biomedical), the scales of the table allow you to approach the assessment of qualities in a more differentiated way. The proposed rating scales do not exclude, but, on the contrary, suggest a creative approach to the assessment of specific athletes or persons preparing to become them, and its mandatory correction in relation to a particular sport or period of sports activity, etc.
Personality Psychology Tests
The study of sports motivation
(questionnaire by R.A. Piloyan, 1984, modified by E.G. Babushkin, 2001)
Athlete Questionnaire
Instructions: Dear comrade! Going in for sports, you probably noticed how many factors affect sports results. You can say what is important in your life and what is not important to achieve the planned result. The proposed questions point to a number of factors. Determine to what extent this or that factor is important for you and put one of the following answers in the questionnaire opposite the question number: “yes, very important”, “more important than not important”, “not very important”, “rather not important than important”, “not important”.
So how important is it to you?
1. Through sports, to assert your individuality.
2. Thanks to sports, you can fully reveal your capabilities.
3. Thanks to sports, you can better understand your capabilities.
4. Through sports, increase self-respect for your personality.
5. 5. Thanks to sports victories, experience a feeling of superiority over other people.
6. Thanks to sports, increase self-respect from relatives and friends.
7. Thanks to sports, increase self-respect from friends and comrades.
8. Thanks to sports, increase self-respect on the part of those who work with you and study.
9. Thanks to sports, increase self-respect on the part of those who manage your work and study.
10. Through victories in sports, increase self-respect from teammates.
11. Gain self-respect through winning sports
12. by the sports management.
13. In honor of your victory, they raise the flag, play the anthem.
14. Ability to improve the ratio of meetings with a specific opponent.
15. Raise awareness of your sport.
16. Thanks to sports, win recognition in your neighborhood, on your street.
17. Get extra food.
18. Get in shape.
19. Win the best prize in a competition.
20. Get into competitions abroad.
21. Get into the national team.
22. Win a prize at major competitions.
23. Thanks to success in sports, get a decent job.
24. Thanks to success in sports, get an apartment, a car, etc.
25. The presence of a coach in the gym.
26. The presence of objective refereeing.
27. So that there is no support from the fans of your opponent.
28. The presence of family well-being.
29. Having a good relationship with the coach.
30. Safely arrange your life after playing sports.
31. The presence in the hall of a loved one.
32. Thanks to sports, to have wide connections with business people.
33. Thanks to sports, to communicate with great people.
34. Thanks to sports, get all-round recognition.
35. Through success in sports, achieve your own well-being.
36. Have novelties in the arsenal of their actions.
37. You have a tactical plan for the competition.
38. Increase the reliability of your actions.
39. Increase the effectiveness of competitive actions.
39. Increase the reliability of your techniques in competitions.
40. The ability to compete at a different pace.
41. Ability to perform successfully in various situations.
42. The ability to actively continue the performance in case of failure.
43. Successfully escape dangerous situations.
44. Increase special endurance.
45. Improve your speed.
46. Increase strength qualities.
47. Increase flexibility.
48. Increase agility.
49. Increase emotional stability.
50. The absence of colds in your body.
51. Absence of headache.
52. Absence of pain in the region of the heart.
53. Absence of pain in the liver.
54. You have no injuries.
55. Absence of other diseases.
56. Be aware of the enemy's ability to mobilize at critical moments.
57. Be aware of what tactics your opponent prefers.
58. Know about the ways in which the opponent prepares his "crown" techniques.
40. Know about what actions make it difficult for the opponent to perform.
59. Have information about the physical strength of the enemy.
60. Be aware of the shortcomings in the opponent's technique.
61. Know the purpose of the enemy in meeting with you.
62. Know about the speed capabilities of the enemy.
63. Know what actions the enemy is good at.
64. Know about the opponent's endurance level.
65. Know the enemy's favorite tactics.
66. Know the technique of the enemy.
67. Know how the opponent endures setbacks.
68. Know what techniques the enemy has.
69. Know the psychological preparation of the enemy.
70. Know the results of the last performances of the opponent.
71. Your lack of physical fatigue before the competition.
72. Lack of excessive excitement before the competition.
73. Having a sense of confidence before the competition.
74. Lack of indifference before the competition.
75. Having a sense of sports anger before a competition.
76. Know the results of the draw.
77. Know the results of the opponent's last performance.
78. To have victories over this opponent in the past.
79. Absence of pain before the competition.
State the following about yourself:
1. Sports experience ...............................
2. Sports category ..........................
3. Your best sporting achievements...............
Processing of materials for the study of sports motivation.
The structure of sports motivation includes the following grounds:
Incentive reasons that includes two factors. The first factor - K1 - reflects the fundamental orientation of the athlete to the satisfaction of spiritual needs - self-affirmation, self-expression, fulfillment of public duty. The coefficient K1 was found as follows.
The answer “yes, very important” is worth 5 points; “more important than not important” - 4 points; “not very important” - 3 points; “rather not important than important” - 2 points; "Doesn't matter" - I point. The sum of points when answering questions from I to 15 is divided by 15 and the value of the coefficient K1 is found. The second factor - K2 - reflects the orientation of the athlete to meet material needs. The sum of points when answering questions from 16 to 23 is divided by 8 and the value of the coefficient K2 is found.
Basic bases including three factors. The first factor - KZ - reflects the degree of an athlete's interest in favorable social conditions for sports activities. The KZ coefficient is found by dividing the sum of points when answering questions 24 to 34 by P. The second factor - K4 - reflects the degree of an athlete's interest in accumulating knowledge / special skills. The coefficient K4 is found by dividing the sum of points when answering questions from 35 to 49 by 15. The third factor - K5 - reflects the degree of interest of the athlete in the absence of pain. The K5 coefficient is found by dividing the sum of points when answering questions from 50 to 55 by 6.
Procedural grounds that includes two factors. The first factor - Kb - reflects the degree of an athlete's interest in accumulating knowledge about his opponents. The coefficient K7 is found by dividing the sum of points when answering questions from 56 to 71 by 16. The second factor - K7 - reflects the degree of an athlete's interest in the absence of psychogenic influences that adversely affect the results of competitive activity. The K7 coefficient is found by dividing the total score when answering questions 72 to 80 by 9.
O.V. Tiunova
(Tiunova, O.V. Psychodiagnostics in sports: planning, analysis, interpretation[Text]// Psychological-pedagogical and medical-biological problems physical training, physical culture and sports: Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Academician V.L. Marishchuk / Edited by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, prof. A.A. Obvintseva, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Prof. V.L. Pashuta, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences prof. N.V. Romanenko. - In 3 hours - Part 1. - St. Petersburg: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation VIFK, Mamatov Publishing House, 2016. - P. 263-267).
Summary.This article presents the experience of the Laboratory of Physical Culture and practical psychology VNIIFK for the organization of psychodiagnostics of athletes highly qualified and the nearest reserve within the framework of an in-depth medical, stage and current examination of athletes, as well as the possibility of using diagnostic methods in the course of individual work with the athlete. Special attention devoted to the interpretation of test results and training practical advice coaching staff and athletes.
Keywords: system of psychological support for sports training, diagnostics, psychological tests, interpretation of test results, sports psychology, counseling of athletes.
Introduction
In accordance with the order of Rossport No. 777 of November 27, 2006 No.
within the framework of the Laboratory of Physical Culture and Practical Psychology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports (Moscow), a Psychological Service was created to work with highly qualified athletes. In the course of questioning the members of the national teams of the country, the most important (from the point of view of athletes) directions (forms) of the work of a psychologist in a team were identified. Conducting psychodiagnostics to identify strengths the athlete's personality and his "psychological resource" turned out to be the most demanded direction of the psychological support of sports training.
Of particular importance in this regard are the issues of rational planning of psychological testing of athletes, complex analysis obtained data, interpretation of the results of the study in relation to sports practice.
Despite the fact that psychodiagnostic methods in our country are widely published and replicated, many of them can be found on the Internet, the book Psychodiagnostics in Sports is still the basic guide for the psychodiagnostic work of a sports psychologist. However, some new practically significant aspects of planning, analysis and interpretation of the results of an in-depth psychological examination (UPE), a staged psychological examination (EPS), a current psychological examination (TPE), as well as psychodiagnostics carried out as part of individual counseling of athletes will be considered below. This material is based on 16 years of experience of the Laboratory.
Key points
The battery of tests that we use once a year as part of the UPR includes 6-10 methods, which are distributed to athletes in the form of special forms for self-completion. This work is preceded by a special "motivating" instruction. Practice has shown that it is blank (not computer) testing that allows you to get the most accurate answers, and the appropriate preliminary briefing turns routine filling out forms into useful " psychological training". Below is a tested battery of UPR tests for national teams (bold type), supplemented in relation to the diagnosis of a club team, when a psychologist has the opportunity to conduct the same study in several stages (Table 1 , increase by clicking on the image).
Systematization, analysis and interpretation of the obtained data is a rather complicated process. However, the possibility of subsequent implementation in the team of other other forms of psychological and pedagogical support of sports training largely depends on its quality. The experience of our work shows that the most convenient form for the coaching staff to provide psychodiagnostic data is a ranked graphical representation of them with the designation of the author's "norm", as well as the average result for the team and the zone of sigmal deviations.
Table 2 presents the algorithm for preparing practical recommendations based on the results of team psychodiagnostics and the procedure for its provision to the customer.
Block of stage and current psychological testing was introduced Federal Center sports training (Moscow) in the program of scientific and methodological support for national teams in 2010. Complex scientific groups (CSG) were charged with the obligation to regularly assess the "psycho-emotional" state of athletes, and the content orientation of such an assessment was also regulated. In general, this was an important step towards the revival of the system of psychological and pedagogical support for the training of highly qualified athletes.
According to the new provision, the psychological block of a staged comprehensive examination (IVF) should include the registration of the following indicators: the level of self-regulation of mental states and self-control, volitional mobilization, the level of claims and self-esteem, and needs. The program of the current examination (TO), implemented in the conditions of the training camp, should include an assessment of the level of situational anxiety, emotional state, aggressiveness, psychophysiological performance, motivational state, assessment of well-being, activity, mood and degree of mental fatigue.
To implement this program, our Laboratory has proposed and tested a fairly simple and informative testing technology.
Any EPO begins with the athlete filling out a personal card containing basic information about the athlete - full name, sport, category, title, main sporting achievement, name and date of the last and next competition.
The beginning of testing should be preceded by an introductory instruction aimed at solving several problems. Firstly, to establish a trusting working relationship between the athlete and the psychologists conducting this examination, to guarantee the confidentiality of the information received. Secondly, to acquaint with the procedure for filling out the proposed blank methods, anticipating possible difficulties in this case. Thirdly, to motivate the athlete for conscious, independent and responsible work, to give Additional information about the possibilities of subsequent individual psychological preparation or psychological help in difficult life situations.
All completed questionnaires are assigned an appropriate code so that they become "impersonal" for everyone except the psychologist (a member of the complex scientific group), the coach and the athlete himself.
Questionnaire "Assessment of mental reliability" to assess the level of self-regulation and self-control,
Questionnaire "Assessment of the strength and duration of volitional effort" to assess volitional mobilization,
Questionnaire "Study of self-esteem" to assess the level of claims and self-esteem,
Questionnaire "Diagnostics of personal and group basic needs".
If desired, this battery can be supplemented with an eight-color test by M. Luscher and a questionnaire "The degree of chronic fatigue."
The interpretation of the obtained results can be built according to the algorithm of Table 2.
To assess the "psycho-emotional" state of athletes in training camp conditions (TPO) we propose to use a set of indicators that can conditionally be attributed to three conditional blocks - functional, behavioral and psychological (Table 3):
In the future, set by the daily regulations psychological testing carried out through self-assessment of various conditions on a 10-point scale (except for heart rate):
The level of situational anxiety - the value on the scale "Anxiety",
Assessment of well-being, activity, mood - values on the scales "Health", "Activity", "Mood",
The level of emotional state - the total value on the scales "Health", "Activity", "Mood",
Aggressiveness - the value on the scale "Desire to compete",
Psychophysiological performance - the value on the scale "General performance", as well as an indicator of heart rate,
Motivational state - the value on the scale "Desire to train",
The degree of mental fatigue - the value on the scale "Mental fatigue", as well as the indicator of heart rate.
The introductory instruction is as follows: “The plan for conducting training camps involves taking into account the individual psychological state of the participants. To do this, you are invited to carry out a self-assessment of your own condition daily in the morning according to the specified criteria (provided that minimum score- 1, and the maximum - 10). Table 4 presents working part monitoring form.
Having received such a form, the athlete independently monitors his condition. The means of mobile communication makes it possible to daily transfer to the psychologist the indicators of the current state of the athlete, its assessment and correction due to the prompt communication of the psychologist with the athlete and / or with the coaching staff.
The psychologist can work with the results obtained after the return of the team. since the forms handed over by the athletes allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the collection and prepare additional recommendations. However, in order to obtain more reliable information, we included the following final and neutral wording in the form: “How systematically did you manage to fill out this form in the conditions of the training camp? (Rate in points from 1 to 10).” The results of this approach allow the psychologist to weed out low-quality forms and interpret the results more accurately.
It is also possible to monitor the condition of athletes in the conditions of training camps or multi-day competitions using simpler methods: using self-assessment on the scales “Health, Activity, Mood”, performing one of the tapping test options, etc.
Both group and individual work with an athlete, carried out as part of a consultation, will be more effective when used as an "objective base" for starting work on the results of testing according to the following methods: "Attitude towards the upcoming competition", "Luscher's eight-color test", "Color relationship test", "Character accentuations", "Degree of satisfaction of basic needs ".
Experience shows that in individual counseling, the “necessary and sufficient” tool for understanding the personal characteristics of an athlete and the characteristics of his current state is the Luscher Eight-Color Test. We have developed special shape ordering the received digital data and verbal formulations of this test:
Conclusion
So, having revealed a rather high interest of athletes in psychodiagnostics as part of the systemic psychological and pedagogical support of sports training, in the period from 2003 to 2016. we tested whole line psychodiagnostic methods that can be used in the framework of UPR, EPO and TPE, as well as in the course of individual consultative work with athletes.
Of particular importance is the practically oriented interpretation of the obtained figures and verbal formulations, i.e. algorithms and forms for providing test results to the customer. In this direction, various approaches can be implemented, since to a large extent their choice depends on the internal logic of a sports psychologist conducting testing. However, I would like to hope that our experience presented in this article will also be useful.
Literature
1) Psychological service for work with highly qualified athletes [ Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www..html (date of access: 06/23/2016)
2) Psychodiagnostics [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www..html (date of access: 06/23/2016)
3) Psychodiagnostics in sports: tutorial for universities / V.L.Marishchuk, Yu.M.Bludov, L.K.Serova. – M.: Enlightenment, 2005. – 349 p.
4) Tiunova O.V. Psychological support of sports training of Russian national teams (opportunities and prospects) // Sport-35. - 2015.- No. 7 (1). – P.24-25
5) Tiunova O.V. Motivation of achievements in sports activities. Guidelines- M., FGOU GShVSM, M., TransLit, 2007 - 32 p.
Tiunova O.V., Samokhina A.Yu., Gortinskaya A.V. Diagnosis of personal properties and mental states of an athlete Federal State Educational Institution "State School of Higher Sportsmanship - Training Center for National Youth, Junior and Youth Teams of Russia", M., RConsult, 2006 - 32 p.
