What is "Mind" and what is "Feelings"? Give definitions and examples. and got the best answer

Answer from? Carmen?uis on vacation[guru]
Reason (Latin ratio) is a philosophical category that expresses the highest type of mental activity, the ability to think in general, the ability to analyze, abstract and generalize.
Meaningfully corresponds Latin word"intellectus" - understanding - the quality of the psyche, consisting of the ability to adapt to new situations, the ability to learn from experience, understand and apply abstract concepts and use one's knowledge to control the environment.
Reason is one of the forms of consciousness, a self-conscious mind, directed at itself and the conceptual content of its knowledge (Kant, Hegel). Reason expresses itself in principles, ideas and ideals. Reason should be distinguished from other forms of consciousness - contemplation, reason, self-consciousness and spirit. If the mind, as a thinking consciousness, is directed at the world and takes as its main principle the consistency of knowledge, equality to itself in thinking, then the mind, as a mind that is aware of itself, correlates not only different content with each other, but also itself with this content. Because of this, the mind can hold contradictions. Hegel believed that only the mind finally reaches the true expression of truth as concrete, that is, including opposite characteristics in its unity.
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Feeling is an emotional process of a person, reflecting a subjective evaluative attitude towards real or abstract objects. Feelings are distinguished from affects, emotions and moods.
Feelings are the processes of internal regulation of human activity, reflecting the meaning (meaning for the process of his life) that real or abstract, concrete or generalized objects have for him, or, in other words, the attitude of the subject to them. Feelings necessarily have a conscious component in the form of subjective experience.
Feelings reflect not an objective, but a subjective, usually unconscious assessment of an object. The emergence and development of feelings expresses the formation of stable emotional relationships (in other words, "emotional constants") and is based on the experience of interaction with the object. Due to the fact that this experience can be contradictory (have both positive and negative episodes), feelings towards many objects are contradictory (ambivalent).
Feelings can have different levels of specificity - from direct feelings to a real object, to feelings related to social values ​​and ideals. These different levels are associated with different form generalizations of the sense object. An essential role in the formation and development of the most generalized feelings is played by social institutions, social symbols that support their stability, some rituals and social acts. As emotional processes, feelings develop and, although they have their biologically determined foundations, are the product of a person's life in society, communication and education.

Answer from Dmitry Mironenko[guru]
The mind manifests itself through thoughts and feelings, and they are modulated vibrations of different frequencies, such as radio waves - carrier frequency oscillations, on which useful audio or video signals are superimposed

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is "Mind" and what is "Feelings"? Give definitions and examples.

Essay abstracts

Mind and feelings. These words will be the main motive one of the topics at the graduation essay in 2017.

Can be distinguished two directions on which to discuss this topic.

1. The struggle in a person of reason and feelings, requiring a mandatory choice: act, obeying the surging emotions, or still not lose your head, weigh your actions, be aware of their consequences both for yourself and for others.

2. Reason and feelings can be allies , harmonize in a person, making him strong, self-confident, able to emotionally respond to everything that happens around.

Reflections on the topic: "Mind and feelings"

• It is human nature to choose: to act wisely, considering each step, weighing your words, planning actions, or obey your feelings. These feelings can be very different: from love to hate, from malice to kindness, from rejection to acceptance. Feelings are very strong in a person. They can easily take possession of his soul and consciousness.
• What choice to make in this or that situation: to submit to feelings, which are often selfish, or to listen to the voice of reason? How to avoid internal conflict between these two "elements"? Everyone must answer these questions for himself. And a person also makes a choice on his own, a choice on which not only the future, but life itself can sometimes depend.
• Yes, mind and feelings often oppose each other. Whether a person can bring them into harmony, make sure that the mind is supported by feelings and vice versa - it depends on the will of the person, on the degree of responsibility, on the moral guidelines that he follows.
• Nature has rewarded people with the greatest wealth - the mind, gave them the opportunity to experience feelings. Now they themselves must learn to live, being aware of all their actions, but at the same time remaining sensitive, able to feel joy, love, kindness, attention, not to succumb to anger, enmity, envy and other negative feelings.
• One more thing is important: a person who lives only by feelings is, in fact, not free. He subordinated himself to them, to these emotions and feelings, whatever they may be: love, envy, anger, greed, fear, and others. He is weak and even easily controlled by others, by those who want to take advantage of this human dependence on feelings for their own selfish and selfish purposes. Therefore, feelings and reason must exist in harmony, so that feelings help a person to see the whole gamut of shades in everything, and the mind - to respond correctly, adequately to this, not to drown in the abyss of feelings.
• Learning to live in harmony between your feelings and your mind is very important. Capable of it strong personality living according to the laws of morality and morality. And you don’t need to listen to the opinion of some people that the world of the mind is boring, monotonous, uninteresting, and the world of feelings is comprehensive, beautiful, bright. The harmony of mind and feelings will give a person immeasurably more in the knowledge of the world, in self-awareness, in the perception of life in general.

Tuesday, 21 Oct. 2014

Mind and mind are not the same. The mind always prevents the mind from engaging in self-control, because the feelings and the mind always take away this ability and the ability from the mind to control the situation. Feelings are robbers. They rob a person of his happiness, his destiny. Feelings always bind us to some negative emotions, some problems. And they, like robbers, rob the mind of the ability to control the situation. And the mind is the slave of the senses. He goes on about the feelings. The mind is the only one that has to cope with the situation. And knowledge is the main attribute of the mind, for the sake of which the mind exists and lives. That is, gaining knowledge means filling the mind. If a person fills his mind with knowledge, then he becomes intelligent. But knowledge is different...

The mind is the ability to understand and think about life, worldly conditions, while the mind is the divine power of the soul, revealing to it its relation to the world and to God.

The mind is not only not the same as the mind, but is opposite to it: the mind frees a person from those temptations (deceptions) that the mind imposes on a person.

This is the main activity of the mind: - destroying temptations, the mind frees the essence of the human soul "(1-68, p. 161)

L.N. Tolstoy.

Reason is given to man to show him what is false and what is true.

Once a person puts aside the lie, he will learn everything he needs."

What is the difference between the mind and the mind, what are their functions and how to control the senses? Having dealt with these phenomena, their functions and features, we can learn how to manage them in order to bring more harmony and happiness into our lives.

Hierarchy of mind, reason and feelings

Sense function

In this case, feelings and emotions are not the same thing, since here we are talking about five sensory perceptions - hearing, sight, smell, touch and taste. Through the five senses, we receive information about outside world - this is the function of the senses.

The sense organs are controlled by the mind, which directs them to this or that object, and transmit information to the mind.

mind function

As for the mind, in addition to analyzing and controlling the body and senses, its main function is acceptance and rejection.

The function of the mind is to find objects of sense gratification, accept what is pleasant and reject what is unpleasant.

The mind gravitates toward the pleasant and rejects the unpleasant. We want comfort, various pleasant sensations, pleasures, and we do everything to get what we want - this happens thanks to the work of the mind. The mind tries to get as many pleasures as possible through the sense organs.

The Chaitanya-charitamrta also says that the function of the mind is think, feel and desire.

Mind Function

What is the difference between the mind and the mind and what is the mind in general? The mind, according to the Vedas, is higher than the mind, it is a more subtle substance than the mind and feelings. The main function of the mind is acceptance of the useful (favorable) and rejection of the harmful (dangerous, unfavorable). He distinguishes what is good and what is bad and is able to take into account the consequences of actions.

We can see that the functions of the mind and the mind are very similar - acceptance and rejection, but the difference is that the mind is guided by the idea of ​​"getting the pleasant and rejecting the unpleasant", while the mind is more far-sighted, determining what is useful and what is harmful.

The mind says either "Want", or "Don't want" , and the mind evaluates as follows: "it will do good" or "it will bring problems and trouble".

If a person is reasonable, that is, has a strong developed mind, he does not go on about the mind and feelings, but considers his desires from the position “Will it benefit me or harm me?”

Here is a young man walking down the street. It's hot, it's summer, it's hot, it's hot, and he wants to cool off and drink. Vision wanders down the street and finds ice cream - cold, delicious. The mind says "remember the taste?" - yes, I remember the taste, we take it, a command from the mind - legs go forward, hands - get the money, count, buy 10 servings. Very hot, really want, take 10 servings! Because the mind is under the influence of the senses, it is so restless, immoderate. But there is also a mind that just has such a screen, it is above the mind and feelings and says “Stop!”. The mind says, “If you eat 10 servings of ice cream, you will get a cold in your throat. You may crack your teeth due to abuse, you will ruin your stomach if you eat like that all the time, no, two servings is enough. Enough!"

If the mind is strong, the mind will say - “Understood, that's it. Two portions". But if the mind is weak, the mind will say - "Get out, without you I know what to do, what are you teaching me, in general?"

Parents remember how children begin to behave when they grow up. Exactly, the feelings are strong, the mind is strong, the mind is not yet. You tell them - “I know without you, don’t interfere, I want to enjoy.” But the power of desire is very powerful.

An unintelligent person is guided only by the desires of the mind, which seeks to get the maximum of pleasant sensations, and does not really think about what such pleasures will lead to.

The mind can enjoy the feeling of being drunk, driving fast, or any other pleasure (this is individual), while the mind is looking at possible consequences such actions and pleasures, and makes adjustments, forcing a person to change his mind and stop in time.

Homo sapiens therefore it is called reasonable because it was given reason is a distinctive property of a person, but the mind is not always stronger than the mind, especially in our time: we can see many unreasonable human actions and deeds that lead to undesirable and negative consequences.

Mind alone is not enough for a normal life; a person can be smart, educated, quick-witted, a recognized specialist in some field of activity and even a genius, but this does not guarantee its reasonableness.

By evaluating situations with reason, we can avoid many mistakes and unpleasant consequences of our actions. A person with a highly developed mind can generally predict your future from your current behavior. This is one of the reasons why you need to listen to the wise old people - they know what actions lead to what consequences.

Sense control

Do I need to control my feelings, and if so, how to do it?

Yes, feelings need to be controlled, because they are insatiable, and if you give them free rein, it will not lead to anything good.

For example, getting pleasant sensations from alcohol or drugs, a person can gradually become drunk or become a drug addict; indulging your sexual desires and walking "left-right", you can pick up a venereal disease; in pursuit of big money, you can lose your mind and end up behind bars. And so on.

Our feelings are insatiable by nature: the more you give them, the more you want, so, clearly, feelings need to be controlled. When the feelings "cleared", it is much more difficult to control them, so it is important not to start the situation.

But how do you control your feelings?

Here you need to understand that the mind cannot properly control its feelings, since it, in fact, directs them to get pleasure (getting pleasant), without caring about the consequences. The mind itself needs control and proper guidance from "above".

Therefore, the correct control of feelings is possible only with the help of a strong mind, which foresees the consequences, and therefore can give a correct assessment of our desires and actions.

Do for real reasonable personthe mind is stronger than the mind, so it the mind and feelings are under the control of the mind, which eliminates a lot of trouble from his life.

Now you understand from here what is the lack of the modern world? Not because there are such problems as alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution and many others, but because at modern people an underdeveloped mind.

IN last years when writing a final essay, free topics are more popular than topics on literary works. Everything is so, because eternal problems are relevant at any age, and it is much more difficult to compare yourself with a certain character.

It is easier and more convenient for a student who does not yet have enough skills for a full-fledged literary analysis to talk about the problem in general. Arguments on problems inner world each person finds his own, and the question of what to listen to in complex life situations– mind or heart, remains insoluble for a long time.

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What is morality?

If we consider this concept as a set of laws that reflect the moral principles adopted in society, then morality is exercise of reasonable will(After all, it is thanks to willpower that we keep ourselves from some misconduct).

But, at the same time, each person absorbs the feeling of inner morality from birth, and then, starting from the embodiment of one's spirituality, moral feelings become a category of a loving and all-forgiving heart.

The following categories are close to the concept of morality:

• ethics;
• morality;
• good;
• conscience.

It happens that a person is faced with a choice: let go of himself, rush into feelings, as if into a pool with his head, or still pacify himself, drive into the framework, live at the behest of morality, conscience, reason. What is more important for a suffering loving heart? At such moments, I want to get a universal answer - what is more important, feelings or reason. Although, even if we consider examples from world literature, the mind and feelings of the quote will not prompt an unambiguous interpretation in a duel. Each character is only a reflection of a certain author's position, with which the reader has the right to both agree and argue.

Important! For writing for free, not literary theme it is very important to use quotes from the works of philosophers, historical figures. The ability to weave someone else's thought into the canvas and, explaining it, make it your own is a useful skill of an erudite person.

An essay on the topic of the conflict of mind and heart can be written based on many works of foreign and Russian literature. Their list may be, for example, as follows:

• A.S. Pushkin "";
• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time";
• N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba";
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace";
• A.I. Kuprin "Olesya";
• B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago".

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

Tatyana Larina in the novel is a reflection of primordially Russian wisdom, breadth of nature, sincere feelings, and also one of the few examples of a sacrificial female soul that wins over.

Loving everything in Onegin, even his shortcomings, she remains her husband, with whom she swore an oath before God. The winner here is the mind. The choice of the path of suffering through purification cannot be considered a punishment for herself.

Rather, having matured, she became proof of the importance of the human in people: those very high moral principles must prevail over animal fears, instincts. Could she be happy with a person who killed another person for the sake of boredom? .. Although initially, before the onset of all the tragic events that changed both the main characters and the course of their whole life in general, happiness was still possible.

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

The paradox put by the author in the title of the novel can not keep the reader in the dark for long. Pechorin, without a doubt, is a personality, a bright, interesting nature, but even if we discard his sharp mind and sense of his own superiority, he evokes sympathy from the reader. There were also sincere spiritual impulses in him - to return Vera, to throw himself on his knees in front of Princess Mary. But it would have been a different "hero", a completely different story. That is why he stifled in himself all these impulses of the heart: to remain himself and maintain the fortitude of the mind was more important for him.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

The main intrigue, the main conflict of the story: what choice will Andriy make, which side will prevail: love or feeling? It is impossible to label him as a traitor, since Gogol specifically describes him to us from childhood as a very subtle and impressionable nature.

The author does this deliberately in order to show depth, sincerity, as a result: the moral feelings of the hero, no doubt, evoke empathy in the reader. Before him there is not even the possibility of a choice: listen to the mind or open his heart to love: the Cossack, without hesitation, for the sake of the lady, renounces the Motherland.

Rejection of his decision by the family, cruel retribution at the hands of his father is also another unresolved problem of the mind and feelings, because he is not only a warrior, but also a father.

L.N. Tolstoy ""

Considering the image of Natasha Rostova, the question “what is more important?” Is impossible, because reason and feeling are equally alien to her. None school essay can not do without a theme dedicated to her - the ideal woman, mother, beloved heroine. But if we remove subjectivity, try to analyze the actions of the character from the point of view of psychology, we will see that all her impulsiveness is the predominance of instincts. Even Helen Kuragina, who is immoral at first glance, in fact turns out to be a more integral person, because she presents herself to society as she is, without claiming to be a moral standard. Natasha, on the other hand, lives one day, tramples on everything sacred, devalues ​​feelings, sincerity, dreams.

A.I. Kuprin "Olesya"

natural, folk, crystal a pure soul Olesya is the quintessence of sincerity, such a rare quality in women. Again, a dilemma: from the very first meeting, after divination, she already knew everything that would happen next.

Reason in this situation could make you exclude this person from your life, but feelings took over. This can be considered a continuation of Turgenev's idea that happiness does not have yesterday's time.

In the name of her love and a brief moment of happiness, she even dared to come to church, again knowing that this would bring disaster upon herself. The mind has no power over the impetuous female heart.

B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

Considering the image of Yuri Zhivago, it is impossible to say unequivocally what is decisive in understanding the hero (feelings or reason), because his character combines at first glance the incompatible - the profession of a doctor and the soul of a poet. Love for women (for each - his own) elevates and educates him. No matter how strong his passion for Lara, his sense of duty and love for his family place him in the very vice of morality that disposes the reader to empathize, not condemn. The complex ups and downs of fate, commitment to different directions are rather simply a consequence of the influence of difficult times on the life of the hero. After all, it was not by chance that everything experienced made him a forty-year-old man. But spiritually, even after going through everything, he remained pure.

Genre features of an essay on a free topic

The essay genre for the final essay is good in that it gives the student the opportunity not to drive himself into frames, patterns, leaves opportunity for self-expression and creativity. Unlike the usual literary work, there can be no wrong opinion here, there is the right to own interpretation of any hero.

When choosing the topic of the final essay, build on your life experience. Do not forget, in addition to literary examples, to take examples from real life. This will be the best proof that classic literature is really relevant through the ages, and as long as there is an eternal problem of morality and morality, the choice between feeling and reason, a person remains a person.

Composition on the topic "Mind and Feeling"

We analyze the essay "Mind and Sensibility"

the sphere of consciousness focused on the construction of the world of ideal objects (the world of due) for any spheres of human activity. One of the bases of the activity of the mind are the results of the rational sphere of consciousness. Philosophy is one of the immanent forms of the activity of the mind in the field of worldview. (See consciousness, reason, knowledge, creativity).

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Intelligence

(Reason). This is the name given to the ability of the human intellect to perform ordered mental activity, for example. connect ideas, make inferences by induction and deduction, or make value judgments. The Bible acknowledges the existence of a powerful human mind. For example, in Isaiah 1:18 God directly appeals to the human mind, and this call is heard throughout Holy Scripture. However, the nature of the mind is not clearly described. Therefore, in systematic theology, there were many points of view on the abilities of the mind, in particular in relation to the ability of faith.

Story. In the history of the Church, few theologians have supported pure rationalism, i. the idea that reason alone, without the help of faith, can comprehend all Christian truth. This approach (eg, Socinianism, Deism, Hegelianism) invariably led to the emergence of corresponding heresies.

The struggle against possible abuses of reason has led many Christian thinkers to belittle reason (especially its use in one or another philosophical system). For example, Tertullian asked the famous question: "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" and proclaimed a belief in the absurd. Martin Luther called reason a "harlot" and insisted that the gospel is contrary to reason. B. Pascal was convinced that faith cannot be based solely on rational principles. And finally, S. Kierkegaard opposed the Hegelian system and called for a decision not based on logical conclusions. To understand these apparently anti-rationalists, it is necessary to realize that there was nothing irrational in their approach; their works are coherent and analytical. But they all drew a distinct line between reason and religious faith.

Many famous writers used Platonic terminology in Christian theology and argued that faith preceded reason. "I believe in order to understand" these words are attributed to Augustine. Later they were repeated by Anselm of Canterbury. According to this theory, reason is effective only to the extent that it is subordinated to the Christian faith that preceded it. Here we are faced with a paradox: when a person has decided to follow the path of faith, the power of the mind is almost unlimited. For example, Anselm offered an ontological proof of the existence of God, and although it is presented in the form of a prayer, it is largely derived only from the concepts of the mind. In the treatise "Why did God become man?" Anselm deduces the need for incarnation and redemption. In this sense, apologists such as K. Van Til and G. Clarke can be considered modern followers of Platonic rationalism.

Thomas Aquinas and his students tried to maintain a delicate balance between faith and reason. They considered reason as the path of Christian knowledge, but they did not at all consider it omnipotent. Uncovered truths are discovered by reason, for example, the existence of God and His goodness. But at the same time, much is inaccessible to the mind; it cannot comprehend the Trinity, the incarnation, or the need for redemption. These things are known only by faith. Further, the mind does not have exclusive power over its domains. All that is subject to him can be known by faith. Most people learn by faith alone that God exists and that He is good. Moreover, Thomas Aquinas argued with Siger of Brabant, another Aristotelian who developed the theory of double truth, arguing that reason, if properly used, should not come to conclusions that are contrary to faith.

Conclusion. So we see that in Christian thought there are many opinions about the nature of the mind. Despite this diversity, certain conclusions can be drawn, which are valid for all conservative Christian theology.

(1) The human mind corresponds to certain tasks and solves them. This applies to believers and non-believers. In all spheres of life, regardless of whether the processes of reasoning are formalized in them or not, a person acquires knowledge through his ability to reason. The simplest example balancing a checkbook or studying a road map. Science and technology are more complex manifestations of the mind.

(2) The human mind is finite. There are several tasks that the mind cannot cope with because of its limitations. Our mind is not like God's omniscient mind. Limitations apply not only to the mind of an individual, but to human understanding as a whole. Therefore, reason cannot contain Christian truth in its entirety. The most striking example of this is the inability of the human mind to know the nature of the Trinity.

(3) The human mind is darkened by sin. Holy Scripture reveals how sin has corrupted human minds (Rom. 1:2023). As a result, people fell into idolatry and immorality.

(4) The process of salvation presupposes the participation of the mind, but does not end with it. Recognition that a person is doomed to eternal death and needs the only source of salvation i.e. in Christ, belongs to the realm of the mind. But salvation can be achieved only when a person applies his will to it and believes in Christ. Thus, contrary to the idea of ​​the Gnostics, redemption is accomplished not only by mental activity.

(5) One of the goals of the Christian life is renewal of the mind (Rom. 12:2). Therefore, as faith in Christ grows, the mind becomes more and more subject to the Spirit of God. As a result, the influence of sin on the mind is eliminated and the thought processes become more and more closely connected with Jesus Christ in the knowledge of God's truth and moral perception.

INTELLIGENCE- a philosophical category expressing the highest type of mental activity, opposed to reason. The distinction between R. and reason as two “faculties of the soul” is already outlined in ancient philosophy: if reason, as the lowest form of thinking, cognizes the relative, earthly, and finite, then R. directs to the comprehension of the absolute, divine, and infinite. The allocation of R. as a higher level of cognition compared to the mind was clearly carried out in the philosophy of the Renaissance by Nicholas of Cusa and J. Bruno, being associated with the ability of R. to comprehend the unity of opposites that the mind separates. The most detailed development of the idea of ​​two levels of mental activity in terms of R. and reason is received in German classical philosophy - first of all, in Kant and Hegel. According to Kant, all our knowledge begins with the senses, then passes to reason and ends in R. In contrast to the “final” reason, limited in its cognitive capabilities by sensually given material, on which a priori forms of reason are superimposed, thinking at its highest stage R. characteristic is the desire to go beyond the limits of the “final” experience, given by the possibilities of sensual contemplation, to search for the unconditional foundations of knowledge, to comprehend the absolute. The striving for this goal is, according to Kant, inherent in the very essence of thinking; however, its real achievement is impossible, and, trying to still achieve it, R. falls into insoluble contradictions - antinomies. R., according to Kant, can, therefore, perform only the regulatory function of searching for the unattainable ultimate foundations of cognition, attempts to implement which demonstrate the fundamental limitation of cognition to the sphere of “phenomena” and inaccessibility for it. "things in themselves". The "constitutive", according to Kant's terminology, the function of real cognition within the limits of "final" experience remains with the mind. Kant, therefore, does not simply state the presence of R. as a certain cognitive attitude - he carries out critical reflection in relation to this attitude. The “thing-in-itself” can be conceived, but it cannot be known in the sense that Kant puts into this concept, for which the ideal theoretical knowledge the conceptual constructions of mathematics and exact natural sciences come forward. The meaning of this teaching of Kant about the impracticability of claims to comprehend "things in themselves" often boiled down to agnosticism, regarded as an unjustified belittling of human cognitive abilities. Meanwhile, Kant by no means denied the possibility of unlimited assimilation of ever new layers of reality in the practical and theoretical activity of man. However, he proceeds from the fact that such progressive development always takes place within the framework of experience, those. human interaction with the surrounding world, which always has a "final" character and, by definition, cannot exhaust the reality of this world. Therefore, the theoretical consciousness of a person is not able to take a certain absolute position of “outsideness” in relation to the reality of the world embracing a person, which, in principle, exceeds the possibilities of any attempt at its rational, objectifying modeling, as happens in the conceptual constructions of mathematics and exact natural science that are articulated and thereby controlled by consciousness. . Kant's agnosticism in relation to R. carries a very powerful anti-dogmatic orientation against any attempts to construct a “closed” theoretical picture of the reality of the world as a whole, complete in its initial premises and foundations, no matter how specific this picture may be filled with. Continuing the tradition of distinguishing R. and reason, Hegel essentially reconsiders the assessment of R. If Kant, according to Hegel, is predominantly a “philosopher of reason”, then for Hegel the concept of R. becomes the most important component of his system. Hegel proceeds from the fact that it is necessary to overcome the Kantian idea of ​​limiting the positive functions of cognition to the framework of reason as "finite" thinking. Unlike Kant, Hegel believes that it is precisely by reaching the stage of R. that thinking fully realizes its constructive abilities, acting as a free, spontaneous activity of the spirit not bound by any external restrictions. The limits of thinking, according to Hegel, are not outside of thinking, i.e. in experience, contemplation, in the pre-foundness of the object, and within thinking - in its insufficient activity. Approach to thinking as soon as the formal activity of systematizing the material given from the outside, which is characteristic of reason, is overcome, from the point of view of Hegel, at the stage of R., when thinking makes its own forms its object and, overcoming their narrowness, abstractness, one-sidedness, develops its own ideal content immanent to thinking - idealized subject. Thus, it forms that “reasonable” or “concrete concept”, which, according to Hegel, should be clearly distinguished from the rational definitions of thought, expressing only an abstract universality (cf. Ascent from the abstract to the concrete). The internal stimulus of R.'s work for Hegel is the dialectic of knowledge, which consists in the discovery of the abstractness and finiteness of the pre-found definitions of thought, which is manifested in their inconsistency. The rationality of thinking is expressed in its ability to remove this inconsistency to a more high level content, which, in turn, also reveals internal contradictions, which are the source of further development. So, if Kant limits the constitutive function of thinking to reason as an activity within a certain given system coordinates of cognition, i.e. "closed" rationality then Hegel made his subject of consideration "open" rationality, capable of creatively constructive development of its initial premises in the process of intense self-critical reflections. However, the interpretation of such "open rationality" within the framework of the Hegelian concept of R. had a number of significant flaws. Hegel, in contrast to Kant, believes that R. is able to achieve absolute knowledge, while the actual development of the initial premises "paradigms", "research programs", "pictures of the world" etc. does not lead to their transformation into a kind of comprehensive "monologue"; they do not cease to be relative cognitive models of reality, in principle allowing other ways of its comprehension, with which one should enter into relations dialogue. The improvement and development of the initial theoretical premises is not carried out in the closed space of speculative thinking, but involves an appeal to experience, interaction with empirical knowledge; it is not a kind of quasi-natural process of self-development of the concept, but is the result of the real activity of the subjects of cognition and involves the multivariance of actions, a critical analysis of various problem situations, etc. On the whole, the typology of R. and reason cannot in any way be assessed as a kind of anachronism that is important only for the history of philosophy. The real constructive meaning of this distinction can be revealed from the standpoint of modern epistemology And science methodology, in particular, in connection with the development of the concepts of "open" and "closed" rationality within the framework of the concept of modern non-classical meta-rationality. B.C. Shvyrev

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