English Grammar (English Grammar)

I talked a little about this in the very first lesson. When he said that English is generally easy, for those who want it. And he explained why it was easy. Including explained due to this. What did I tell you about English grammar? One of the best in the world. Was? And the following was said. It is really much simpler than Russian, much. Moreover, it is even much more logical, and much lighter in form, because everything is written with formulas. And what is very important. One and the same grammatical law, which we will stake out in these small lessons. On the fifth today. And in the 40th lesson, we will remember the same law on the grammar of a super fancy, high-level grammar, but there this law works the same way as it works here. It is very important.

Well, now the main thing. Why do we need grammar at all? For what? Despite the fact that she is so smart, so fluffy, it’s just a pleasure to sit and stroke her. Well, stroked, stroked ... Even this bothers me. So why are we teaching it? Remember the main thing. There was not, and I doubt that there will ever be at least one person in the world who would speak English fluently without knowing grammar. This does not apply to those born there.

Listen carefully to what I am about to say. There are two ways to come to the English language, to perfect knowledge, mastery of the English language. The first path is instinctive, but for this you need to be born there. And from the first days, or rather, scientists have proved that even in the womb, the child already hears the language and begins to form it in himself. And therefore, by the age of three or four, he speaks excellent English / American.

I'm sorry. But he will look at me like I’m a complete idiot and say: “Uncle, I don’t know what presentperfect". Although he just used this phrase. He works on instinct. Remember. This has already been proven by scientists. And I have assumed this before, although I am not a scientist in this direction. The human brain has two hemispheres, as you know. Each works for itself and each works on its own laws. So, for the first seven years (some say six, some say nine) of a person's life, basically only the left hemisphere works for him. And he perceives everything in the surrounding world through this left hemisphere. And at the same time, this hemisphere works with him on instinct, on images. Up to that on intonations, on color. The child perceives language not analytically, but intuitively. And this, of course, is much easier for him. He unconsciously takes it, this tongue. But, I repeat, at about the age of seven, this hemisphere, or rather the center in it, which works on the tongue, physiology has proved that it closes, stops working. And everything switches in the same child to the right hemisphere. And for the rest of his life, he comprehends everything new in the world around him only with this half. And it works according to a completely different law, on an analytical level. That is, he must understand why this is so, and not otherwise. Then it becomes clear to him. In the left hemisphere, he did not ask "Why is that?". He said: "Yes, yes, yes." And in the right one he says: "No, I have to understand."

Why did I say this? There is not a single seven-year-old among you sitting here. No one. This means that that first path is closed for all of us. That's why our freaks are freaks, and that's why they can't teach the language, because they mechanically try to instill that level, that way in adults, but we reject it, the body doesn't take it. It's the same as breastfeeding you all day now. You will be carried away, I'm sorry, that's all. And you say, “Here you go. Give me sausages. Understand, this is the truth. We can all get used to, or rather come to a fluency in the language, but we will go the other way. We will go through the understanding of the language, through the laws of the language, which the child does not need, he took them on instinct. He doesn't know them, but he uses them.

Well, I ask you again. Here is a centipede running. Ask a centipede how she rearranges her legs, what will happen to her? She will fall when she starts thinking. Here is a child like a centipede. He runs, but he doesn't think why. We adults can't do that. That is why, by the way, there is a very difficult problem that our freaks do not understand and extol it. This is the principle of bilinguals. I'll tell you sometime if there's a reason.

So what is grammar for? To speak freely. And speak freely, understanding the language from the inside. How to get into the clockwork and say "here everything is spinning like this and I remember it." But then, when we learn it by heart, from the teeth, you will already speak English like a child says, without hesitation. You know what a tricky thing. In three or four years, you will not say to yourself, “Oh, what time to take there? Ah, probably Indefinite, maybe continuous? You won't talk like that. You won't even tell yourself what it is. continuous. You immediately say on it, as a child would say. In short, if you memorize, in a good way with malice, you can assume that your passport has a new stamp “born in New York” or “born in Boston” or “born in London”. Therefore, you will be reborn. This is true. But, you need to take it with love, respect and with a great desire for grammar. There is no other option. Do not believe any bastard who says: “But why grammar? What kind of nonsense? Don't believe.

Learning a foreign language means not only memorizing a lot of words. Indeed, in any language, words are combined into sentences not randomly, but according to certain rules and principles. These rules in different languages are not the same and constitute grammar given language. The study of grammar allows you to understand the internal structure of the language, and therefore, take a step towards your own speech activity, to the construction of competent sentences, the creation of oral and written texts. Which is the main purpose of the study foreign language, is not it?

Therefore, when someone wants to master "colloquial speech" without learning grammar, this is impossible. There is, of course, a variant of a phrase book: you can memorize a hundred phrases without understanding the principle on which they are built. But this path has nothing to do with learning a foreign language and will lead you to nothing but disappointment: you will not be able to speak with native speakers. Meanwhile, memorizing sentences is not an easy job. Try to better focus your efforts on learning how to build phrases on your own based on knowledge of the grammar of the language. However, memorizing ready-made sentences is a good exercise in itself. It is widely used in the so-called intensive methods learning the language, but always in combination with the parallel study of grammar.

Knowing grammar means understanding how words are combined into sentences. In Russian and Italian, these principles are not at all the same. So, if in Russian we say “I want to eat” or “I'm hungry”, then the Italians use the verb in this sentence avere ("to have") and say: Ho fame(literally: "I have hunger"). Likewise they will say: "I'm cold" ( Ho freddo, literally: "I have a cold") or "I have a headache" ( Ho mal di testa, literally: "I have headache"). Another example: in Italian, the linking verb is always preserved. essere(to be), whereas in Russian in the present tense the verb "to be" is usually omitted. So, we say "I'm a student" or "This is my friend" without using any verb. Meanwhile in Italian in such cases, the verb must be used essere(whereas the personal pronoun, on the contrary, can be omitted): sono students(literally: (I) am a student); Questo e il mio amico(This is my friend).

When studying a foreign language, you should strive to ensure that the grammatical structure of the Russian language does not affect your Italian. Getting familiar with grammar will help you with this.

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about scientific terminology from the field of grammar, which you will encounter when opening almost any foreign language textbook. The use of these terms is dictated by the desire of the authors to accurately and concisely describe the grammatical structure of the language. Sometimes the author simply cannot do without them. However, most of us forgot grammatical terminology shortly after leaving school. Sometimes this prevents the perception of the text of the textbook and the teacher's explanations.

In fact, many people find themselves in a similar situation, and not just you, so you should not be shy about asking questions at all. An attentive and experienced teacher will not abuse terminology, will try to get by with only the most necessary concepts and, in any case, will explain any term to you. Therefore, words such as “indirect object” or “transitive verb” will soon cease to confuse you.

Theme description: Why speak and write correctly.

"On the Usefulness of Grammar in Human Life".

In my essay, I want to reveal how important modern man write and speak correctly, and why how well we do it affects how we will be perceived in society.

For some reason, many people believe that the ability to speak and write correctly should be inherent only to professional writers and poets. However, it seems to me that this is not entirely true, or rather, incorrect in general.

Everyone knows the well-known proverb, which says that a person is greeted by the way he is dressed, and escorted by the way he shows himself smart. So why about it simple rule everyone keeps forgetting? Why is it considered prestigious to spend a lot of money on expensive clothes, but not to get a real, high-quality education? After all, even by the way a person wrote an application for employment, it depends on whether he will be hired or not. The presence of grammatical and punctuation errors will lead, I think, to the fact that an illiterate applicant will simply be refused.

In addition to the fact that the absence grammatical errors in writing, and the ability to speak correctly helps to get a job, it is also a great way to make a good impression on a person. After all, it is much more pleasant to communicate with a competent and well-read interlocutor than with a lazy person who, in his school years, considered it unnecessary to once again look into a textbook.

I believe that the observance of grammatical norms in writing and speaking will help me in future life I can get a job Good work and I will only make a favorable impression on people.

English grammar in its entirety is not subject even to most native speakers. As shown, great linguist Nowadays, the key to success in language learning is the continuous and massive study of interesting and meaningful content.

To speak English well, you need to learn how words are used and how they combine to form phrases and sentences. Only listening and reading a huge amount of material can help to understand this. While reading and listening, you should constantly try to notice how to use English words. It is necessary to naturally perceive natural phrases in English, which means: slowly, gradually, with big amount trial and error.

English grammar is quite difficult. However, there are simple things that help us notice patterns in any language. The first is to feel the main components or parts of speech.

Parts of speech

Nouns

Nouns refer to people and things, such as, for example, table, flower or house . Most English nouns are not alone. Usually preceded by a noun ( an, a, the ), or other words like: some, any, both . Only if the noun is a general term such as beauty, love, money or honor, etc., can it stand alone.

Look for nouns. pay attention to various forms plural. Note that some of the nouns are never plural.

Fortunately, English grammar (unlike some others) does not separate nouns by gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). In addition, nouns do not change form depending on their role in the sentence, that is, they do not change by case. English nouns are simple.

Pronouns

Pronouns are words like he, she, it, they, we, his, her or which And that that replace nouns. When you use a pronoun instead of a noun, you need to make sure it's obvious which noun you're referring to. If it's not clear, it's better to use a noun to avoid confusion.

adjectives

Adjectives describe nouns. They can describe the color, size, degree, or any other quality of the noun.

You will notice that many adjectives end in -ate, -able, -ive, -ing or -ed . Nouns are often turned into adjectives by adding a letter -y , For example: anger-angry, thirst-thirsty, fun-funny etc. Sometimes, on the contrary, an adjective can turn into a noun by adding -y how in difficult-difficulty .

You just need to watch the language and save the words and phrases you want to learn. Note that in English, adjectives come before nouns. There is also a natural, as in new, big, red expensive car (new, big, red expensive car). All this is learned from the large number of articles that you read and listen to.

Parts I told about expectations people on how to teach.
In this section, I will outline the principles how best to study foreign languages. knowing this
you can choose a tutorial, courses, tutor.

general idea: language is a system. in any system everything is connected to something else
and reduced to centers. knowing the key in the system - you can easily use it.

1* image: city map. it clearly shows where the center is, and other important places,
how point A compares to point B. and where you should go first.

on business: language is made up of words and grammar rules by which words
comprehensibly assembled into sentences. you must have an idea
O word map And grammar map. rather, your teacher should show you this,
what is very important, what is good and what can be done without.

2* image: when a city is built, electrical wiring, water,
heat and gas supplies. and only then - buildings, trees, painted fences.

on business: grammar is pipes, cables, roads. words - houses and shops.
First, you should learn grammar by learning about 300 of the most common words.
and only having mastered the grammar by 60-80% - not just any, but the most important rules,
without going into subtleties and exceptions, take the words.
if the brain does not know what to do with information, it will refuse to remember it:
the more grammar rules you know, the easier it is to remember the words.
what if you do it in parallel?- and if you lay the foundation in parallel,
and furniture in the house to bring? You can, of course, only a lot of time and effort wasted.

3* image: large and beautiful buildings seem to be the most important in the city.
but in fact such buildings are gray-concrete in color and not always in the very center.

on business: when I say "grammar" people often associate it with
verb times. in cool foreign books, tenses of the verb are given
about 10% of the total volume of grammar. so you understand how little it matters
time English verb, here are 2 examples of expressing the same thought.
Americans Beale and Neil have been learning Russian for a long time. Bill says:

"I called friend is my sister and asked to him help my mother next door
yesterday the day after today» Bill got the tenses right and
made grammatical errors other things.
says Neil: “Yesterday I call my sister's friend and ask his to help
my neighbor's mom tomorrow." Beal got the other things right
and made mistakes with verb tenses. other things, among other things, are:

word order in a sentence, cases: Mother friend - mother's friend, sister, sister,
sister, sister, sisters. These are prepositions and emphatic constructions:
I gave books to my sister. I gave my sister a book. sister I gave the book. incentives to action
friendly and persistent advice, exclamations: what a wonderful day!
these are requests: call me back? And regrets:If only I knew then...

4 * image: "and in the villages people live without the tedious digging of ditches
for all those pipes and cables. because it often happens that you need to build quickly.

on the case: grammar is not high matter, if someone has not yet understood. This:
"you call me" instead of "you call mine". these are the rules for putting words together.
. we speak in phrases, not in words.
maybe without these rules you will master something fast but it will stand not for long,
And see through will be from all the cracks. Grammar can be learned in 2 ways:

1) so-called. progressive western way and 2) humanly.
1) this is when the teacher does not delve into native language students.
method: if normal person give 50 examples for the future,
then he will notice that they all have the word "will". and still he will make mistakes,
because in Russian there are 3 ways to show the future.

2) this is when the teacher shows the students these three ways and says,
that in all these cases in English it will be "will".
when the teacher and students are native speakers of a common language,
the teacher knows which way the student's mind wants to slip
and in this place immediately taxis. example: I want you to me tomorrow called.
called in such cases ours strive to write in past tense - called.
and an American teacher will think "what the fuck! how can you make such a mistake?"
if ours are transferred I want to... How I want that... then there will be a double fuck.

1) so you can teach any Papuans, but only simple expressions.
if i then knew so I would you helped:
If I had known then, I would have helped you. - you can't explain it that way.
and it takes a lot of time and effort. but then you can brag about nothing fumbling
friends: "and my teacher is an American!"

2) so you can teach people from 12-13 to 80 years old, quickly and efficiently.
but it does not look very impressive: the teacher said a couple of phrases - the topic is clear.
a couple more phrases - one more topic is clear. so you understand that english is primitive
simple and that you have been fooled for years at school. this is very disappointing.
so some people touching learning humanly, choose
so-called progressive western method.

5 * image: the city has a couple of large avenues and many small streets.
to be able walk many times without slipping along these streets, you need at least once
walk on them with your feet. if you rely on the map, then you can confuse.

on business: need to do homework. and make them in writing.
otherwise, it went in one ear and out the other.

6 * image: when music sounds on the streets of the city, it immediately cheers you up,
and the city seems nice and sunny. although in fact you won’t find a job there,
and on the shelves of stores can be either empty or expensive.

on business: pronunciation. with this most of all misunderstandings and fictions.
but in fact: you have it or offset, or non-set-off. if not, work hard.
example: if you word apple pronounce like apple, then this is an offset. If apple- not offset.
in fact, the first letter is the average between A And uh but more uh.
that is, you need to know the general rules of reading and not bother with beauty.
when you reach an intermediate level of language proficiency, then you can work out
pronunciation. I found a way to "make" an average pronunciation in 3 days
in any foreign language, spending 40 minutes a day. all those pictures with the sky and lips -
bullshit. I'll tell you separately.

7 * summary: when I take on the next language - the last was Chinese, then:
1) I master the basics of reading-pronunciation and about the most important 300 words.

2) quickly learn 60-80% of the most important grammar rules.
quickly - so as not to have time to forget what was learned. because everything is interconnected.

3) I begin to study words and speech patterns by going to such sites,
and read these books, where the concentration the most important words is the maximum.
for the intermediate level, you need to know 40-120 speech patterns, 1000 words
and a developed ability to "jump" to other words when you forget the ones you need.
or 2-3000 words without such skill. type, smell -> what is felt through the nose.