Reading time: 2 min

Personality is a quality individual characteristic, which combines stable and constant properties of the psyche that determine the behavior and characteristics of a person's attitude. Literally, translated from Greek, character means a sign, a trait. Character in the structure of personality combines a combination of its various qualities and properties that leave an imprint on behavior, activity and individual manifestation. The totality of essential, and most importantly, stable properties and qualities determine the whole way of life of a person and his ways of responding in a given situation.

The character of the individual is formed, defined and formed throughout his life path. The relationship of character and personality is manifested in activities, communication, causing typical behaviors.

Personality traits

Any trait is some stable and unchanging stereotype of behavior.

Characteristic personality traits in a general sense can be divided into those that set the general direction for the development of character manifestations in the complex (leading), and those that are determined by the main directions (secondary). Leading traits allow you to reflect the very essence of character and show its main important manifestations. It must be understood that any character trait of a person will reflect the manifestation of his attitude to reality, but this does not mean that any of his attitude will be directly a character trait. Depending on the living environment of the individual and certain conditions, only some manifestations of relationships will become defining character traits. Those. a person can react aggressively to one or another irritant of the internal or external environment, but this will not mean that the person is malicious by nature.

In the structure of the character of each person, 4 groups are distinguished. The first group includes traits that determine the basis of personality, its core. These include: honesty and insincerity, adherence to principles and cowardice, courage and cowardice, and many others. To the second - features that show the attitude of the individual directly to other people. For example, respect and contempt, kindness and malice, and others. The third group is characterized by the attitude of the individual towards himself. It includes: pride, modesty, arrogance, vanity, self-criticism and others. The fourth group is the attitude to work, activity or work performed. And it is characterized by such features as diligence and laziness, responsibility and irresponsibility, activity and passivity, and others.

Some scientists additionally distinguish another group that characterizes a person's attitude to things, for example, neatness and slovenliness.

They also distinguish such typological properties of character traits as abnormal and normal. Normal features are inherent in people who have a healthy psyche, and abnormal features include people with a variety of mental illnesses. It should be noted that similar personality traits can be both abnormal and normal. It all depends on the degree of expression or whether it is an accentuation of character. An example of this would be healthy suspicion, but when it goes off scale, it leads to.

The determining role in the formation of personality traits is played by society and the attitude of a person towards him. It is impossible to judge a person without seeing how he interacts with the team, without taking into account his attachments, antipathies, comradely or friendly relations in society.

The attitude of the individual to any kind of activity is determined by his relationship with other persons. Interaction with other people can encourage a person to be active and rationalize or keep him in suspense, give rise to his lack of initiative. The idea of ​​the individual about himself is determined by his relationship with people and attitude to activity. The basis in the formation of the consciousness of the individual is directly related to other individuals. A correct assessment of the personality traits of another person is a fundamental circumstance in the formation of self-esteem. Also, it should be noted that when a person’s activity changes, not only the methods, methods and subject of this activity change, but also the person’s attitude towards himself in the new role of the actor changes.

Personality traits

The most important feature of character in the structure of personality is its certainty. But this does not mean the dominance of one trait. Several traits can dominate in the character, contradicting or not contradicting each other. Character can lose its certainty in the absence of its clearly defined features. The system of moral values ​​and beliefs of the individual is also the leading and determining factor in the formation of character traits. They establish the long-term orientation of the behavior of the individual.

Features of the individual's character are inextricably linked with his stable and deep interests. The lack of integrity, self-sufficiency and independence of the individual is closely related to the instability and superficiality of the interests of the individual. And, on the contrary, the integrity and purposefulness, perseverance of a person directly depends on the content and depth of his interests. However, the similarity of interests does not yet imply the similarity characteristic features personality. For example, among scientists you can meet both cheerful people and sad people, both good and evil.

To understand the personality traits, one should also pay attention to his affections, leisure. This can reveal new facets and features of character. It is also important to pay attention to the correspondence of a person's actions to his established goals, because the individual is characterized not only by the action, but also by how exactly he produces them. The orientation of the activity and the actions themselves form the dominant spiritual or material needs and interests of the individual. Therefore, character should be understood only as the unity of the image of actions and their direction. It is from the combination of the characteristics of the character of the individual and his properties that the real achievements of a person depend, and not from the presence of mental capabilities.

Temperament and personality

The relationship of character and personality is also determined by the temperament of the individual, abilities and other aspects. And the concepts of temperament and personality character form its structure. Character is a set of qualitative properties of an individual that determine his actions, manifested in relation to other people, actions, things. Whereas temperament is a set of properties of the individual's psyche that affect his behavioral reactions. The nervous system is responsible for the manifestation of temperament. Character is also inextricably linked with the psyche of the individual, but his features are formed throughout life under the influence of the external environment. And temperament is an innate parameter that cannot be changed, you can only restrain its negative manifestations.

The premise of character is temperament. Temperament and character in the structure of personality are closely interconnected with each other, but at the same time they are different from each other.

Temperament contains the mental dissimilarity between people. It differs in the depth and strength of manifestations of emotions, activity of actions, impressionability and other individual, stable, dynamic features of the psyche.

It can be concluded that temperament is an innate foundation and basis on which a person is formed as a member of society. Therefore, the most stable and constant personality traits is temperament. It is equally manifested in any activity, regardless of its direction or content. It remains unchanged in adulthood.

So, temperament is the personal characteristics of the individual, which determine the dynamism of the course of his behavior and mental processes. Those. the concept of temperament characterizes the pace, intensity, duration of mental processes, external behavioral reaction (activity, slowness), but not conviction in views and interests. It is also not a definition of the value of the individual and does not determine its potential.

There are three important components of temperament that are related to the general mobility (activity) of a person, his emotionality and motor skills. In turn, each of the components has a rather complex structure and differs various forms psychological manifestation.

The essence of activity lies in the individual's desire for self-expression, the transformation of the external component of reality. At the same time, the direction itself, the quality of the implementation of these trends is determined precisely by the characterological features of the individual and not only. The degree of such activity can range from lethargy to supreme manifestation mobility - constant lifting.

The emotional component of the personality's temperament is a set of properties that characterize the features of the flow of various feelings and moods. This component is the most complex in its structure in comparison with the others. Its main characteristics are lability, impressionability and impulsiveness. Emotional lability is the rate at which one emotional state is replaced by another or stops. Under the impressionability understand the susceptibility of the subject to emotional influences. Impulsivity is the speed with which an emotion turns into a motivating cause and force for actions and deeds without first thinking them through and making a conscious decision to carry them out.

The character and temperament of the individual are inextricably linked. The dominance of one type of temperament can help determine the character of the subjects as a whole.

Personality character types

Today, in specific literature, there are many criteria by which personality types are determined.

The typology proposed by E. Kretschmer is now the most popular. It consists in dividing people into three groups depending on their physique.

Picnic people are people who are prone to becoming overweight or slightly overweight, small in stature, but with a large head, broad face and shortened neck. Their character type corresponds to cyclothymics. They are emotional, sociable, easily adapting to a variety of conditions.

Athletic people are tall and broad-shouldered people, with well-developed muscles, a hardy skeleton and a powerful chest. They correspond to the iksotimic type of character. These people are powerful and quite practical, calm and unimpressive. Ixotimics are restrained in gestures and facial expressions, they do not adapt well to changes.

Asthenic people are people who are prone to thinness, the muscles are poorly developed, the chest is flat, the arms and legs are long, and they have an elongated face. Corresponds to the type of character schizotimics. Such people are very serious and prone to stubbornness, it is difficult to adapt to change. They are characterized by closure.

K.G. Jung developed a different typology. It is based on the predominant functions of the psyche (thinking, intuition). His classification divides subjects into introverts and extroverts, depending on the dominance of external or inner world.

An extrovert is characterized by directness, openness. Such a person is extremely sociable, active and has many friends, comrades and just acquaintances. Extroverts love to travel and make the most of life. An extrovert often becomes the initiator of parties, in companies he becomes their soul. In ordinary life, he focuses only on circumstances, and not on the subjective opinion of others.

An introvert, on the contrary, is characterized by isolation, turning inward. Such a person fences himself off from the environment, carefully analyzes all events. It is difficult for an introvert to make contacts with people, so he has few friends and acquaintances. Introverts prefer solitude to noisy companies. These people have a high level of anxiety.

There is also a typology based on the relationship of character and temperament, which divides people into 4 psychotypes.

Choleric is a rather impetuous, fast, passionate and, along with this, unbalanced person. Such people are prone to sudden mood swings and emotional outbursts. Cholerics are out of balance nervous processes, so they are quickly depleted, thoughtlessly spending energy.

Phlegmatic people are distinguished by equanimity, unhurriedness, stability of moods and aspirations. Outwardly, they practically do not show emotions and feelings. Such people are quite persistent and persistent in their work, while always remaining balanced and calm. The phlegmatic person compensates for his slowness in work with diligence.

Melancholic is a very vulnerable person, prone to a stable experience of various events. The melancholic reacts sharply to any external factors or manifestations. Such people are very impressionable.

A sanguine person is a mobile, active person with a lively character. He is subject to frequent changes of impressions and is characterized by quick reactions to any events. Let's easily try on the failures or troubles that befell him. When a sanguine person is interested in his work, he will be quite productive.

K. Leonhard also identified 12 types that are often found in people with neurosis, accentuated characters. And E. Fromm described three social types characters.

The psychological nature of the personality

Everyone has long known that significant changes occur in the psychological character of a person in the process of its development and life. Such changes are subject to typical (regular) and atypical (individual) trends.

Typical trends include changes that occur with a psychological nature in the process of growing up a person. This happens because the older an individual becomes, the faster he gets rid of childish manifestations in character, which distinguish children's behavior from an adult. Childish personality traits include capriciousness, tearfulness, fears, irresponsibility. Adult traits that come with age include tolerance, life experience, intelligence, wisdom, prudence, etc.

As you move along life path and the acquisition of life experience in the individual, there are changes in the views on events, and their attitudes towards them change. Which together also affects the final formation of character. Therefore, there are certain differences between people of different age groups.

So, for example, people between the ages of about 30 and 40 live mainly in the future, they live in ideas and plans. All their thoughts, their activity are aimed at the realization of the future. And people who have reached the age of 50 have come to the point where their present life meets simultaneously with their past life and their future. And therefore, their character is modified in such a way as to correspond to the present. This is the age when people completely say goodbye to dreams, but are not yet ready to be nostalgic for the past years. People who have overcome the 60-year milestone practically do not think about the future, they are much more concerned about the present, they have memories of the past. Also, due to physical ailments, the previously taken pace and rhythm of life is no longer available to them. This leads to the appearance of such character traits as slowness, measuredness, and tranquility.

Atypical, specific tendencies are directly related to the events experienced by a person, i.e. caused by past life.

As a rule, character traits that are similar to existing ones are fixed much faster and appear faster.

It should always be remembered that character is not a fixed value, it is formed throughout life cycle person.

The social nature of personality

Individuals of any society, despite their individual personal characteristics and differences, have common features in their psychological manifestations and properties, therefore they act as ordinary representatives of this society.

The social character of the individual is general way adaptability of the individual to the influence of society. It is created by religion, culture, education system and upbringing in the family. It should also be borne in mind that even in the family, the child receives the upbringing that is approved in this society and corresponds to the culture, is considered normal, ordinary and natural.

According to E. Fromm, social character means the result of a person's adaptation to one or another image of the organization of society, to the culture in which he is brought up. He believes that none of the well-known developed societies in the world will allow the individual to fully realize himself. From this it follows that the individual is in conflict with society from birth. Therefore, we can conclude that the social nature of the individual is a kind of mechanism that allows the individual to exist freely and with impunity in any society.

The process of adaptation of an individual in society occurs with a distortion of the character of the individual and his personality, to the detriment of it. According to Fromm, social character is a kind of defense, the response of an individual to a situation that causes frustration on social environment, which does not allow the individual to express himself freely and fully develop, putting him obviously within the framework and limitations. In society, a person will not be able to fully develop the inclinations and opportunities inherent in him by nature. As Fromm believed, the social character is instilled in the individual and has a stabilizing character. From the moment an individual begins to have a social character, he becomes completely safe for the society in which he lives. Fromm identified several variants of this nature.

Personal character accentuation

Accentuation of the character of a person is a pronounced feature of character traits, which is within the recognized norm. Depending on the magnitude of the severity of character traits, accentuation is divided into hidden and explicit.

Under the influence of specific environmental factors or circumstances, some weakly expressed or not at all manifested features can be clearly expressed - this is called hidden accentuation.

By explicit accentuation is understood the extreme manifestation of the norm. This type is characterized by the constancy of features for a certain character. Accentuations are dangerous in that they can contribute to the development of mental disorders, situationally-defined pathological behavioral disorders, neuroses, etc. However, one should not confuse and identify the accentuation of a person's character with the concept of pathology of the psyche.

K. Leongrad identified the main types and combinations of accentuations.

A feature of the hysteroid type is egocentrism, excessive thirst for attention, recognition of individual abilities, the need for approval and reverence.

High degree sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence tend to people with hyperthymic type.

Asthenoneurotic - characterized by high fatigue, irritability, anxiety.

Psychosthenic - manifested by indecision, love of demagoguery, self-digging and analysis, suspiciousness.

A distinctive feature of the schizoid type is isolation, detachment, lack of sociability.

The sensitive type is manifested by increased resentment, sensitivity, shyness.

Excitable - characterized by a tendency to regularly recurring periods of dreary mood, the accumulation of irritation.

Emotionally labile - characterized by a very changeable mood.

Infantile-dependent - observed in people who play in children who avoid taking responsibility for their actions.

Unstable type - manifests itself in a constant craving for various kinds of entertainment, pleasure, idleness, idleness.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"

Each person has certain characteristics, which are expressed in emotional manifestations, the selection of specific actions and reactions. All this happens automatically and is defined by people as character traits. There are many personality types for quickly determining what kind of person is happening.

We all know what character is. This is a set of qualities that are inherent in a particular person. Character is developed throughout life. In childhood, he is flexible and quickly changing. Over the years, it acquires greater stability and at the end is fixed .. What is it and what features does this phenomenon have, the article will tell.

What is the nature of a person?

Each person faces the character of another personality. What it is? This is a characteristic of the psyche, which combines permanent and stable qualities that determine the behavior and attitude of the individual. Translated from Greek, character means "feature", "sign". This is a stable characteristic that affects behavior, responses, activities and individual manifestations of a person.

We can say that the character of a person determines the whole life of a person, his fate. They say that fate is predetermined. In fact, a person who does not obey specific rules and strategies creates his own destiny, which he then lives.

By changing the character, you can change the fate, because the character determines the reaction, behavior, decisions of a person that he takes in a particular situation. If you look closely, you can see that people who are similar in character live the same life. Only the details differ, but their ways and behavior are the same.

Character is formed throughout a person's life. At any moment it can be changed, which in adulthood is possible only under the influence of one's own desire and willpower. If a person cannot change his character, then his life does not change and its development is predictable.

Personality traits

The character changes depending on the type of activity, society, social circle, attitude towards oneself and the world as a whole. If any of these aspects change, then this can affect the change in the quality of character. If everything in a person's life remains unchanged, then the character traits remain unchanged.

Personality traits

The character of a person is also formed under the influence of the values ​​and moral beliefs that a person uses. The more stable they are, the more a person is fixed in his behavior and manifestations. Main Feature personal character is its certainty, where you can note the leading features, of which there are always several. The certainty of character disappears if there are no stable qualities.

Character is also based on the interests that a person has. The more stable and constant they are, the more a person becomes purposeful, persistent and whole in his manifestations.

You can determine the characteristics of the character of another person by his actions and their orientation. Both the actions and the results that he achieves at the end of their commission are important. They are what characterize a person.

Temperament and personality

The interrelation and character of the personality is looked through. Although these characteristics are determined by the human psyche, they are different values. Temperament is determined by the structure nervous system, which makes it an innate quality, the manifestations of which cannot be changed, but you can just do something.

Character is a flexible aspect that develops throughout life. A person can change it, which is determined by his life activity.

Character is formed on the basis of the temperament with which a person was born. Temperament can be called the basis on which the entire branch of his character traits is built. At the same time, the temperament does not change from external circumstances and the type of activity.

Temperament is characterized by three directions, each of which has its own complex structure:

1. Mobility (activity). It manifests itself in vigorous activity, self-expression, manifestation of oneself, which can be both sluggish and overly active.
2. Emotionality. There is a variety of moods and flow of feelings. Defined:

• Lability is the rate of change from one mood to another.
• Impressibility - the depth of perception of external emotional stimuli.
• Impulsivity - the speed at which an emotion transforms into a motivating force for taking actions without thinking about it and making a decision to carry it out.

1. Motility.

Personality character types

Psychologists of different times tried to identify types of personality characters to identify specific groups of people. E. Kretschmer identified 3 groups of people according to their body type:

1. Picnic people, prone to gaining excess weight, short in stature, with a large face, neck, plump. They are easily adaptable to the conditions of the world, sociable and emotional.
2. Athletic people, characterized by well-developed muscles, are tall and broad-shouldered, hardy and with a large chest. They are not impressionable, domineering, calm and practical, restrained in gestures and facial expressions, and do not adapt well.
3. Asthenic people, characterized by thinness and underdeveloped muscles, a narrow face, long arms and legs, a flat chest. They are stubborn and serious, withdrawn and poorly adapted to change.

K. Jung proposed another typology that divides people according to the type of thinking:

• Extroverts. Very sociable and active people who tend to make many acquaintances. They are straight and open. They love to travel, have parties, be the soul of the company. They are guided by objective circumstances, and not by the subjective opinions of people.
• Introverts. Very closed and fenced off from the world people. They have few friends as it is difficult for them to make contacts. Constantly analyze everything that is happening. They are very anxious and prefer solitude.

Another classification divides people into 4 psychotypes depending on their combination of character and temperament:

1. Cholerics are unbalanced, fast, impulsive, passionate people. They are quickly depleted due to the senseless expenditure of strength. Prone to emotional outbursts and mood swings.
2. Phlegmatic people are stable in their manifestations, emotions and views, unhurried, unflappable people. They are inclined to calmness and poise, perseverance in work. Outwardly they do not show emotions.
3. Melancholic people are vulnerable people who are prone to constantly experiencing emotions. Very impressionable, sharply react to external manifestations.
4. Sanguine people are lively, mobile and active people. They react quickly to external circumstances and tend to receive many impressions. Productive at work. Easily tolerate failures and troubles.

The psychological nature of the personality

The changes that occur in the psychological character of a person are divided into regular (typical) and individual (atypical).

Regular changes occur as a person grows up and goes through certain changes in his body. Children's features disappear, being replaced by adults. Childish traits include capriciousness, irresponsibility, fears, tearfulness. For adults - wisdom, life experience, tolerance, reasonableness, prudence, etc.

Much here is determined by the situations that a person often encounters. Communication with people, various circumstances, successes and failures, tragedies determine the change of views and values ​​in a person. This is why people in the same age group differ from each other, because everyone had their own life experience. Here individual traits are formed, which depend on the life circumstances through which each person passes.

Traits change faster if they are similar to or include previous traits.

The social nature of personality

The social character of a person is understood as those qualities that should be characteristic of absolutely all people of this or that society. Going into society, a person must show not only individual traits, but also those qualities that are considered acceptable, approved, normal. Such a set is formed by society, the media, culture, upbringing, educational institutions, religion, etc. It should be noted that parents raise their children also depending on the framework and norms that are accepted in society.

According to E. Fromm, the social character of a person is a way of adapting a person to the society in which he is located. This is an unpunished and free way of existence in a particular society. He believed that no society allows a person to realize himself in full force, since he always dictates his own rules and norms, which should be above individual characteristics and desires. That is why a person is always in conflict with society when he must obey in order to be accepted, or tries to protest, which can be punished.

Society will never allow a person to express himself in full force, which prevents him from realizing his inclinations and harms the individual himself. There must be a distortion of character, when everyone adjusts himself to certain limits and norms accepted in society. Only by developing a social character in a person does society make him safe for himself. It is not the personality that is important here, but its safe manifestations, which will be acceptable in society. Otherwise, there will be punishment for any individual self-expression that does not fit into the framework.

Personal character accentuation

Under the accentuation of the character of the personality is understood a set of qualities that are clearly manifested by the individual within the normal range. It is divided into:

• Hidden - traits that appear infrequently or never at all. However, under certain conditions, they can appear.
• Explicit - features that appear to the extreme degree of the norm and are characterized by constancy.

K. Leongrad identified types of accentuation:

1. Hysterical - a thirst for attention, egocentrism, a need for reverence and approval, recognition of individual characteristics.
2. Hyperthymic - sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence.
3. Asthenoneurotic - anxiety, high fatigue.
4. Psychosthenic - indecision, a tendency to demagogy, analysis and introspection, suspiciousness.
5. Schizoid - detachment, isolation, lack of sociability.
6. Excitable - periodic melancholy moods, accumulation of irritation.
7. Sensitive - increased touchiness, sensitivity, shyness.
8. Infantile-dependent - a delay in childhood when a person does not take responsibility.
9. Emotionally labile - mood variability.
10. Unstable - a tendency to idleness, pleasure, entertainment, idleness.

Outcome

The nature of a person often helps in understanding the person himself, since everything revolves around his inner world, which has manifestations in the form of reactions, emotions, behavior, actions, and even achievements that are currently available. Considering different types of character can lead to the following result - a quick and easy understanding of people.

Character is a flexible characteristic that can be changed at any time. It can change both unconsciously and under the influence of the willpower of a person who controls the manifestation of a particular quality. The longer a person manifests a particular quality, the more it is fixed and becomes one of his characteristics that influence the future development of life.

A. Attitude to the team, to peers. The predominance of the collectivistic or egoistic orientation of the individual. Participation in community service and her motivation. Manifestations of organizational skills (initiative or passive; organizer or performer). Attitude towards people. Communicative character traits: positive traits (humanity, kindness, tolerance, justice, manifestations of friendship and camaraderie, honesty and sincerity in relation to people and to their duties, etc.); negative traits (cruelty, envy, intolerance, indifference, callousness, rudeness, etc.).

Relations with older children, adolescents and young men in the microdistrict and in other areas of extracurricular communication. Relationships with boys and girls.

B.Attitude towards work. Participation in various types labor (socially useful, productive, domestic work in the family). Motives for participation in work. Diligence, conscientiousness, accuracy (or their opposite qualities). Labor skills and abilities.

Special abilities for various types of professional activities (technics, construction, art, etc.).

IN.Attitude towards learning activities. Does he love to study? What are the motives for teaching? The level of development of cognitive interests. Attitude towards success and failure academic work. Persistence in overcoming difficulties.

G.Attitude to oneself, to close people, to teachers. Self-assessment and the level of claims of the student. Confidence or self-doubt. On what does he build his self-esteem: on intellect, on organizational skills, on special abilities for science, sports, art, technology, etc .; at increased adulthood; on physical strength, etc.? Self-criticism and self-criticism. Relations with parents: respect and love, recognition of their influence or indifference, alienation? Attitude towards teachers and educators, their authority for the student.

V. The position of the student in the system interpersonal relationships in the class team.

sociometric status of the student. Does it belong to groups? His position in the group: leader - follower. On what interests and what activities is the group community built? The attitude of the group, which includes the student, to the class team.

VI. Emotional and volitional personality traits.

The temperament of the student (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic). Which of them is close to his temperament? What emotions predominate: joy, anger, fear, sadness? Features of emotional states (moods, affects, etc.). The ability to control your emotions. Development of higher feelings (moral, intellectual, aesthetic).

Volitional traits: purposefulness and independence. Activity and initiative. Stability of behavior or suggestibility, the tendency to succumb to the influence of others. Discipline and the degree of its consciousness. Endurance and self-control. Strength of will. Shortcomings of the will (stubbornness, indecision, negativism, deceit, inability to bring things to the end, etc.).

VII. Learning activities and mental development of the student.

Academic achievement. Ability to various academic subjects.

Features of attention: stability and distractibility; ease of switching from one activity to another; the ability to distribute one's attention. Observation. memory features. Memory type. The amount of RAM. Possession of meaningful memorization and reproduction techniques.

features of the imagination. Poverty or richness of images, their originality, emotionality. The realism or fantasy of the work of the imagination. State of the art spatial imagination. Its manifestations in the lessons of geometry, drawing, etc. The work of the imagination in the perception of art, reading fiction.

The level of development of visual-figurative and abstract, verbal-logical thinking. What type of knowledge and personality does he gravitate towards: mental, artistic, average? The development of educational, intellectual skills: analyze, highlight the main thing, plan, generalize. Development of reproductive thinking and "wit" (creative thinking). The development of the qualities of the mind.

Ability to express thoughts orally and in writing.

VIII. Conclusions.

Immediate and promising educational tasks. Proposed ways to solve them.

Introspection Plan extracurricular activities

Class _____________________ Topic _____

Date _____________________

1. Give a pedagogical justification for the topic of the lesson.

2. What were the goals and objectives of the event?

3. How was the preparation of students for this event organized? What is the extent of their participation?

4. Expand the content and methodology of extracurricular activities.

5. What is the educational and cognitive value of the selected material?

6. On the formation of what personal qualities students directed this activity?

8. Analyze the techniques and methods used in the lesson, their compliance with the age characteristics of students and the level of development of children in this class.

9. Have you taken into account individual characteristics students during the preparation and conduct of the lesson?

10. Analyze the characteristics of the teacher's personality: conviction, emotionality, contact with children, knowledge of children, pedagogical tact.

11. What is the pedagogical value of this event?

Were you able to fully achieve your goals? If not, what tasks and why?

Appendix 6

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Mariysky State University»

Department of General and Applied Psychology

on teaching practice 4th year students

specialties "___________________"

Multifaceted, deep and unique. For centuries, being the subject of comprehensive research for various scientific fields, still remains unexplored. Thanks to the accumulated and systematized knowledge, the main personality traits are highlighted. Getting to know them helps a person to better understand himself, which, in turn, allows you to make adjustments to your beliefs, self-motivation system, change your usual ways of acting to improve the quality of your life and increase your level of happiness.

Personality structure

There are a large number of different theories of human personality traits. IN domestic psychology The personality structures of such authors as Platonov K.K., Leontiev A.N., Kovalev A.G. are widely known.

In the table below, the personality structure according to Kovalev A.G.

In the works of the well-known domestic psychologist A. G. Kovalev, personality is defined as an integrative formation of mental processes, states and formed personality traits of a person.

Psychological processes

Psychological processes determine the foundation of a person's mental life, since they provide him with interaction with environment and are responsible for shaping his life experience. There are a lot of such processes both in consciousness and in the subconscious. They are the most dynamic and short-lived. Among them are emotional, volitional and cognitive mental processes. The last group includes perception, sensation, representation, thinking, memory, attention, imagination.

Psychological conditions

Psychological states are already more stable formations that are formed from psychological processes. They are relatively unchanging in time internal integral characteristics of the individual psyche. Each such state can be characterized by one or more parameters that distinguish it from many others. Depending on what kind of activity or what kind of behavioral act this state provides, the dominance of certain cognitive, emotional or volitional mental processes is manifested.

Psychological properties

Mental properties or personality traits of a person are individual psychological characteristics that underlie the permanent ways of his interaction with the world. They characterize a person as a system of certain subjective attitudes towards himself, towards people around him, various groups and the world as a whole, which manifests itself in communication and interaction with them.

While the formation of common stable personality traits is just beginning, the child is characterized as a whole by his prevailing psychological conditions. For example, they talk about him as calm, balanced, shy, capricious, affective, excitable, depressive. With the change, the appearance of the child's personality also changes. Under certain conditions, one of these states can become fixed and in the future manifest itself in some features of its character.

The formation of personality traits is carried out from mental processes that occur against the background of mental states. They are the most stable and stable, little subject to change and at the same time slowly accumulating mental formations. As such, A. G. Kovalev identified four main categories. The list of personality traits of a person is as follows:

• temperament;
• orientation;
• character;
• capabilities.

At the same time, he drew attention to a certain degree of conditionality in the allocation of these structures, since the same properties can characterize both direction and character, and influence the manifestation of abilities. However, considering these structures as relatively autonomous is very important. Indeed, in the presence of the same properties, for example, temperament, people can differ greatly from each other in direction, character and abilities.

Temperament

The temperament of a person refers to the biologically determined properties of the personality and is the foundation on which its formation takes place. It reflects the differences between people in terms of such criteria as emotional sensitivity, intensity and stability of emotions, pace and vigor of actions, and other dynamic characteristics. The properties of the personality, caused by it, are the most stable and long-term character.

According to the definition of Teplov B. M., one can speak of temperament as a set of mental characteristics characteristic of this particular person, which are associated with the speed of the onset of feelings and their intensity.

Thus, to determine the type of temperament, two main dynamic characteristics are examined - activity and emotionality. The indicator of activity of behavior characterizes the degree of speed, swiftness, vigor or inertia and slowness. The indicator of emotionality characterizes emotional processes, reflecting their sign, positive or negative, and modality - fear, anger, joy, and others. The most common today is the classification proposed by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. e., distinguishing four types of temperament:

• sanguine;
• phlegmatic;
• melancholic;
• choleric.

Representatives of the sanguine type have rapidly arising but weak feelings, phlegmatic - slowly arising and weak feelings, melancholic - slowly arising, but strong feelings, choleric - quickly arising and strong feelings. It can also be noted that representatives of the sanguine and choleric types of temperament are characterized by fast movements, general mobility and a predisposition to a vivid external expression of feelings through facial expressions, movements and speech. For representatives of the phlegmatic and melancholic, on the contrary, slow movements and a tendency to a weak expression of feelings are characteristic. In practice, it is very rare to meet people with a pronounced pure type of temperament; mixed types are more common when the features of two types of temperament are combined.

Temperament in no way affects the availability of abilities and talents of a person. outstanding talent in various fields activities can occur with the same frequency in any type of temperament. For example, such famous Russian writers as Goncharov I. A. and Krylov I. A. showed features of a phlegmatic type of temperament, Gogol I. V. and Zhukovsky V. A. - melancholic, Herzen A. I. - sanguine , Pushkin A.S. had pronounced features of choleric. And the two great Russian commanders had opposite types of temperaments: Suvorov A.V. - choleric, Kutuzov M.I. - phlegmatic.

The question of what type of temperament is better is incorrect. Each of them has both its positive and its negative sides. Valuable properties of a sanguine personality are liveliness, mobility, responsiveness, phlegmatic - calmness, lack of fussiness and haste, melancholic - depth and stability of feelings, choleric - energy, passion, activity.

There is a tendency to develop unwanted personality traits:

• in a sanguine person, such as frivolity and infantilism, a tendency to spray, superficiality of feelings;
• phlegmatic - inertia, lethargy, indifference;
• in a melancholic - excessive isolation, excessive shyness, a tendency to plunge headlong into their own experiences;
• in choleric - sharpness, intemperance, a tendency to emotional "explosions".

Personal orientation

The orientation of the personality acts as the leading characteristic of a person. It is understood as a set of stable motives that guide the activity of the individual and have relative independence from the actual situation. In other words, it is the main motivational core of a person. The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and is formed in the process of education. Orientation - these are attitudes that have become personality traits and have found their manifestation in certain forms, each of which is based on the motives of human activity. These forms include:

• attraction;
• wish;
• interest;
• inclination;
• ideal;
• worldview;
• belief.

Characteristics of directional shapes

In this context, attraction is understood as such a mental state that expresses an indistinguishable, unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. As a rule, attraction is a temporary phenomenon, since the human need manifested in it either fades away or is realized and thus transformed into desire.

Desire is a need already realized by a person and an attraction to something specific. Desire, through sufficient awareness, has a motivating power. It contributes to the vision of the purpose of future actions and the construction of a detailed plan. This form of manifestation of orientation is characterized by awareness, firstly, of one's needs and, secondly, of potential ways to satisfy them.

Striving is usually seen as a felt urge to act. It appears when desire is combined with a volitional component.

The most striking and voluminous characteristic of the orientation of the personality is its interests, being the most important motivating force to the knowledge of the surrounding reality. At the subjective level, interest reveals itself in a special emotional background that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to certain objects. An amazing feature of interest is that when it is satisfied, instead of fading, it, on the contrary, causes a number of new ones, corresponding to more high levels cognitive activity.

Propensity reflects the focus of a person on a certain type of activity. At its core, it is a stable interest in the dynamics of its development developing into a deep and stable human need to perform this or that activity. This happens when the volitional component is connected to the interest.

An ideal is a certain specific image or representation of an objective goal, which a person is guided by, which he strives for through the realization of his inclinations.

Worldview is understood as a system of subjective views of a person on the world, to one's place in it, to one's attitude to oneself and to other people. Here the ideals, value orientations, principles and beliefs of the individual are reflected.

Persuasion is considered the highest form of orientation and is considered as a system of motives of a person's personality, prompting him to act according to his views, principles, worldview. The concepts of motive and motivation are different from each other. The latter is broader and more capacious. A motive is a stable personal property that prompts a person from the inside to take certain actions. In shaping the orientation of the personality, the main role belongs to conscious motives, since they provide activation and direction of behavior. Their formation originates from human needs.

Character

In psychology, character is usually understood as a set of individual mental properties that manifest themselves in forms of behavior and modes of action typical of a given individual. The process of formation of common stable personality traits is carried out in the course of life.

Character traits do not include all of its features, but only the most significant and stable. For example, even very cheerful and optimistic people can experience feelings such as sadness or sadness, but this does not make them pessimists or whiners.

There are a lot of classifications of the main psychological personality traits. Most often in the domestic psychological literature there are two approaches. According to the first, all character traits are tied to mental processes and therefore are divided into three groups. The list of personality traits in this case is as follows:

• Volitional - independence, organization, activity, perseverance, determination and others.
• Emotional - impressionability, impulsiveness, ardor, responsiveness, indifference, inertia and others.
• Intellectual - curiosity, thoughtfulness, resourcefulness, quick wit and others.

According to the second approach, personality traits are described based on the orientation of the personality. In the formed character, the system of beliefs acts as the leading component, which sets the long-term, strategic direction of actions and behavior of a person, provides confidence in the importance and fairness of the work performed by him, and determines perseverance in achieving his goals.

Character traits that determine the attitude to activity are expressed in the sustainable interests of a person. A spineless person has no goals at all or very scattered. The superficiality and instability of their interests are often associated with a large share of imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person's personality. And, on the contrary, the richness and depth of a person's interests testify to his purposefulness and perseverance.

The specific nature of the personality is manifested in situations of choice of methods of action or types of behavior. In this context, we can talk about such a character trait as the degree of motivation to achieve success. It will determine the choice of a person either in favor of actions leading to success - initiative, competitive activity, willingness to take risks, or in favor of the desire to simply avoid failure - avoidance of risks, evasion of responsibility, inactivity, lack of initiative.

All personality traits can conditionally be attributed to two types - motivational and instrumental. The former, respectively, encourage and direct activity, while the latter give it a certain style. For example, when choosing the goal of an action, a motivational personality trait is manifested. However, after the goal is defined, more instrumental character traits are manifested, which determine the choice of certain ways to achieve this goal.

Character is formed gradually and can undergo transformations throughout a person's life. And this process can be made conscious. As the famous English writer William Makepeace Thackeray said, sow an act - you reap a habit, sow a habit - you reap a character, sow a character - and you reap a destiny.

human abilities

According to the approach of the domestic scientist Teplov B.M., abilities are understood as such individual psychological characteristics that, on the one hand, distinguish one person from another, on the other hand, are related to the success of performing any one activity or numerous activities, on the third - do not come down to the knowledge, skills and abilities already available to a person.

A person's abilities determine the degree of ease and speed of acquiring and mastering knowledge, skills and abilities. In turn, the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities provide significant assistance further development abilities, and their absence, on the contrary, serves as a brake on the development of abilities. In psychology, they are most often classified as follows:

• ability;
• giftedness;
• talent;
• genius.

Successful performance of any activity depends not on any one, but on a combination of several abilities at once. However, the combination leading to the same result can be provided in different ways. In the absence of the necessary deposits to successful development some abilities, their deficiency can be made up for by deeper development and elaboration of others. According to Teplov B.M., abilities cannot exist in the absence of a constant development process. A skill that is not practiced is lost over time. Only through diligence, constant exercise, systematic engagement in such complex activities as mathematics, music, artistic or technical creativity, sports, it is possible to maintain and develop the corresponding abilities.

How a great artist was not accepted into the academy

Identification in everyday practice of abilities and skills often leads to erroneous judgments and conclusions, especially in pedagogical practice. The story of how the famous artist V. I. Surikov was not admitted to the Academy of Arts at the initial stage of his development was honored to be included in the psychological literature as an example for a better understanding of the category of "ability".

Surikov V.I.'s passion for drawing was evident from early childhood. For some time he took lessons at the Krasnoyarsk district school. After the death of his father, due to constrained financial circumstances a good education was unaffordable for his family. The young man got into the service as a scribe in the governor's office. Somehow, his drawings caught Zamyatin P.N. - the Yenisei governor, and he saw in them the author's enormous artistic potential. He found Surikov V. I. a patron who was ready to pay for education at the Academy of Arts. But despite this, the first attempt to enter an educational institution was not successful.

Educators made the mistake of failing to distinguish between lack of skill and lack of ability. Despite the fact that the outstanding abilities of the young artist manifested themselves quite early, at that time he still did not have enough skills and drawing skills.

Within three months Surikov V. I. mastered the necessary skills and abilities and as a result was enrolled in the Academy of Arts. During his studies, he received four silver medals for his work and was awarded several cash prizes.

His example shows that you need to believe in yourself, in your dream and persistently achieve your goal.

test

Distinctive personality traits

So, what is a person, if we keep in mind these limitations? A personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are of significant importance for himself and those around him. Along with the concepts of “man”, “personality”, the terms “individual”, “individuality” are often used in science. Their difference from the concept of "personality" is as follows.

If the concept of “man” includes the totality of all human qualities inherent in people, regardless of whether they are present or absent in this particular person, then the concept of “individual” characterizes it and additionally includes such psychological and biological properties that, along with personal also belongs to him. In addition, the concept of “individual” includes both qualities that distinguish this person from other people, and properties that are common to him and many other people.

Individuality is the narrowest concept in content of all discussed. It contains only those individual and personal properties of a person, such a combination of them that distinguishes this person from other people.

Consider the structure of personality. It usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Abilities are understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities.

Temperament includes the qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend.

Character contains qualities that determine a person's actions in relation to other people.

Volitional qualities cover several special personal properties that affect a person's desire to achieve their goals.

Emotions and motivation are, respectively, feelings and motivations for activity.

Social attitudes are people's beliefs and attitudes.

Addictive forms of personality behavior and their prevention

The behavior of addicts in interpersonal relationships characterizes a number of basic common features: Reduced tolerance for difficulties is caused by the presence of a hedonistic attitude (the desire for immediate pleasure ...

The relationship of the tendency to additive behavior with characterological features and neurotic personality traits

Neurosis - in the clinic: the collective name for a group of functional psychogenic reversible disorders that tend to be protracted. The clinical picture of such disorders is characterized by asthenic ...

Delinquent behavior

The antisocial personality has the following character traits: 1. He or she speaks only in very broad generalizations. "They say ...", "Everyone thinks ...", "Everyone knows ..." and similar expressions are used constantly, especially when transmitting rumors ...

Study of interpersonal relationships in a group

A team can be defined as a group of people who are highly qualified in a certain field and who are most devoted to the common goal of the activity, to achieve which they act together, mutually coordinating the work ...

Neurotic personality development

2.1 Description of the method The questionnaire "Neurotic Personality Traits" (NPT) contains 119 items - statements. These statements form 9 scales (7 main - personality scales and 2 control scales) ...

The main personality traits of a leader

Psychological structure personalities

"Structure is a set of stable links between many components of an object that ensure its integrity and self-identity. The idea of ​​a structure involves considering an object as a system..."...

creative personality student self-expression The most important feature of the creator is a strong and stable need for creativity. A creative person cannot live without creativity and sees in it the main goal and the main meaning of his life ...

Psychological features of a creative personality

In the psychological literature, there are two main points of view on creative personality. According to one, creativity or creative ability to one degree or another is characteristic of every normal person ...

Psychology of investigative activity

Under psychological features personality or personal characteristics, we understand a relatively stable set of individual qualities, defining typical forms of response and adaptive mechanisms of behavior...

Creative thinking

Ability to creative thinking, to some extent possesses, each person. But, nevertheless, not every person can be called a creative person. A creative person is usually called a person who has made a scientific discovery ...

Temperament and character

Character is manifested not only by the attitude towards other people, but also towards oneself. Each of us, intentionally or without realizing it, often compares himself with others and, as a result, develops a fairly stable opinion about his intellect ...

Character

What individual-peculiar mental properties of a person are called properties or character traits? As an example, let's take some manifestations of the character of the twelve-year-old student Tosya M...

Personality character

The human personality, character - phenomena are not only very complex, but also extremely mobile, dynamic. Not all human features should be considered characteristic, but only essential and stable ones. Sometimes...

Ethnopsychological personality traits

In psychology, the study of personality is most often reduced to the analysis of relationships between individual, isolated personality constructs and cultural variables ...