Method of directed associations. Method of free associations. How can you quickly find an association to the word

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The method of free association, also known as the association experiment, is a psychoanalytic procedure for exploring the unconscious. As the experiment proceeds, the subject calmly voices everything that comes to his mind, not paying attention to the absurdity and obscenity of thoughts. This method is widely used in psychiatry, psychoanalysis, sociology and a number of other areas.

A bit about the history of the method

For the first time, the English psychologist Francis Galton tried to conduct an associative experiment in 1879. Then he picked up 75 words and wrote them on separate cards. After that, he took one card and looked at it. He wrote down the thoughts that arose while viewing each word. He refused to publish the results later, but concluded that associations reflect the essence of a person's thoughts very clearly and accurately.

Later, the method began to be actively used primarily in psychology, in particular in psychoanalysis, the author of which was the famous psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. The scientist used the method for many years, and it was thanks to him that he gained such distribution and popularity.

Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist, psychoanalyst and neurologist. The founder of psychoanalysis, which had a serious impact on psychology, anthropology, sociology, medicine, and even literature and art of the 20th century. Developer of a three-component structural model psyche. Freud's ideas were revolutionary for his time and resonated in scientific circles, and interest in them has not exhausted itself even today.

Brief description of the method

The method of free association is considered one of the key elements of psychoanalysis aimed at studying the unconscious component of the human psyche. Working with patients, a specialist (psychoanalyst) seeks to bypass their rational thinking and ideas, and get to the secrets that a person's subconscious mind hides not only from others, but also from himself.

To do this, the researcher allows the subject to freely talk about everything that occurs in his head. At the same time, he does not ask anything, does not ask any leading questions, does not try to find out something. The main goal is for the patient not to hold back his emotions and tell about everything that is going on in his thoughts, even if it is vulgar and indecent.

During the experiment, the scientist listens to the patient, writes down everything he says, and then conducts a thorough analysis of what was said. And from an unrestricted verbal stream, you can extract a huge amount of valuable information of serious practical importance.

Information interpretation

According to Freud, the psyche of every person is divided into conscious and unconscious. If you work with the conscious component, almost all you can get is logical answers to logical questions. Consciousness simply does not allow deep problems to come out, and the person himself often simply does not suspect anything about such problems of his own.

The associative experiment, on the other hand, removes all restrictions from consciousness, because. during its implementation, a person does not think, does not comprehend and does not filter out the voiced information. And thanks to this, the specialist gains access to the hidden subconscious problems of a person - something that he would never say, even if he knew.

As a result, the psychoanalyst can analyze and interpret the client's problems and find some way to solve them. But this is only one positive side of the free association method. If you are interested, we advise you to refer to the thematic literature.

Conclusion

Freudian psychoanalysis has earned incredible popularity. Separate textbooks on psychology and psychoanalysis are dedicated to him. And the idea of free association began to be applied in many areas not related to psychology. For example, modern marketers and advertisers, when exploring new ideas and products, always ask about the association that a potential buyer has. This allows you to study the possible future attitude towards them, to understand whether they cause negative feelings. In a creative freewriting technique that can also be used with a goal, writing down all your thoughts and associations on them helps to better understand some issue or get a fresh look at the situation.

Questions for self-examination

1. What was fundamentally new introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in the psychoanalytic direction of psychology and psychotherapy?

2. Where did Carl Jung disagree with Sigmund Freud?

3. What is the collective unconscious?

4. Name the main archetypes according to K. Jung and describe them.

5. The main psychotherapeutic approaches of K. Jung.

6. The main stages of psychotherapy according to K. Jung.

7. What is the essence of the method of directed associations?

8. Who are introverts and extroverts?

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY A. ADLER

Alfred Adler (1870-1937), like Jung, was one of the first and most talented students of Sigmund Freud.

Both Jung and Adler, and many other famous scientists and practitioners who emerged from the bosom of classical psychoanalysis, unconditionally recognized the genius and authority of Freud and were ready to develop his main ideas, supplementing (and sometimes reasonably replacing or correcting) their own theoretical and practical searches. .

Almost none of the well-known psychoanalysts (except F. Perls, who was not a direct student of Freud, although he considered himself one at the beginning) left Freud by “slamming the door”, that is, loudly declaring his disappointment in him and the fallacy of many of the basic provisions of the classical psychoanalysis. Everyone was ready to continue creative cooperation, but Freud, despite all his undeniable genius, suffered from incredibly vulnerable pride and vanity, the desire (which he succeeded in many ways) to turn psychoanalysis into a modern religion and extend it to everything and everything. At the same time, he considered any slightest deviation from its canons an encroachment on its foundations and his own greatness, and those who doubted were immediately and finally expelled.

But there is no evil without good.

Alfred Adler (just like Carl Gustav Jung), having parted ways with his teacher, completely stepped out of the shadow of his fame and pressure and created his own original, extremely interesting psychoanalytic direction, giving rise to many ideas and schools.

If you want to remember something new, you just need to correlate it (find an associative link) with some already known fact using your imagination to help.

Tony Buzan "Super Memory"

Memory feature

A person remembers best those facts that are related to each other and to the information already available to a person. To remember something, you just need to connect different facts into one whole. Connections can be very different, the main thing is that they mean something to a person. Meaning - in the broadest sense of the word. Some kind of memory, a funny story, an anecdote, a newly invented turn of events that will never happen. The main thing is that they stand out against the general background, be unique for a person who memorizes the material.

Associative method

One of the methods of memorization is the associative method. It and its variants are also found under other names: the method of chain of associations, the method of associative links, the chain method of memorization. The method can be used to memorize a sequence of words, numbers, phone numbers, dates. Knowing how to use this method will be useful for working with other methods, such as the method of places discussed later.

The essence of the method is that a connection is established between two words or objects, which creates a single whole from objects that have nothing in common with each other.

What are associations?

An association is understood as such a connection between objects or phenomena in the human psyche, which, when one of the objects included in the association appears in the mind, entails the appearance of another object. Two or more objects can participate in an association.

How to create associations?

If there is no connection between objects, then it must be invented. Communication can be anything: fabulous, fantastic, absurd, funny. The more unusual connection you can come up with, the better you will be able to remember these objects. Let's look at some examples.

Attic - Cavalry- imagine horsemen waiting in the attic for the signal to attack in the attic. A trumpet signal is heard and riders on horseback can hardly climb through the attic window. Then the horses cat-like look for a place to descend and jump from the roof. With shouts of cheers, the cavalry rushes to the attack.

Glass - Goats- two goats rush towards each other. When the distance between them turns out to be quite small, someone's kind soul manages to insert glass between them - so that the goats do not inadvertently damage each other. They slam their horns against the glass with a roar, which withstands their impact, shrug their shoulders in bewilderment and disperse, leaving behind the ringing glass.
In this way, you can connect anything with each other. And the more incredible the association between them, the better.

There are various ways to create associations, which you can read about.

To train memory by the method of associations, tasks for memorizing words are used. It may seem that this exercise has no practical value. In fact, who would need to memorize a random set of words? This is wrong. This method, immediately after mastering, can be used to remember the shopping list, the list of actions that need to be performed during the day, etc. You can memorize almost any information from which you can isolate a set of keywords: anecdotes, quotes, recipes, etc.

For training in creating associations, you can use the exercise "

Keywords

ASSOCIATION / FREE ASSOCIATION METHOD / ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT/ SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL STEREOTYPE / PUBLIC OPINION / EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH / MAGADAN REGION MIGRATION / ASSOCIATIONS / FREE ASSOCIATION METHOD / ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL STEREOTYPE

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Nina Anatolyevna

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the application free association method as one of empirical methods for sociological research. It has a number of advantages over other methods: ease of use, obtaining a significant amount of data, the possibility of quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the results, applicability to the study of new and little-studied issues. Use free association method in sociology has a number of differences from its application in psychology, linguistics, interdisciplinary research and various fields practical activities. Russian sociologists, using the associative approach, study, for example, the image of a territory, public opinion , electoral preferences, efficiency of implementation social programs in the perception of the population, factors of migration processes. Practice of application free association method for a sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire is considered on specific example- study of migration moods of residents of the Magadan region. The association question made it possible to establish the main types of associations, which include: geographical position; climate; nature; People; Natural resources; past; social and economic problems; everyday life. Correlations have been established between the type of respondents' associations, emotional connotation and age. Practical recommendations are given for the use free association method V empirical sociological research.

Free association method in empirical sociological research

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the free association method. It has a number of advantages over other methods: it is easy to use, intended to obtain a significant amount of data, quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the results, applicability to the study of new and insufficiently investigating issues.Application of free association method in sociology has some differences compared with its application in psychology, linguistics, interdisciplinary studies, and its practical application. By using an associative approach, Russian sociologists examine, for example, an image of a territory, public opinion , electoral preferences, migration factors, and effectiveness of social program implementation from the point of view of people.The article focuses on revealing migration attitudes of people in Magadan region as an example of the practical application of free association method in a sociological survey. The associative question allowed to establish the main types of associations which include: geographical location, climate, nature, people, natural resources, history, social and economic problems, everyday life.The survey revealed correlation between the type of respondents' associations , emotional connotation and their age. Practical recommendations on application of free association method in empirical sociological research are proposed.

The artist Nikolai Ge reproduced in detail the baroque interior of the room of the Monplaisir Palace, having visited it only once. The secret of the master's photographic memory, he said, was to "depict every day from memory what you met on the way, be it light, be it form, be it expression, be it a scene - everything that stopped your attention." T&P publishes an excerpt from Denis Bukin and Alpina Publisher's bestseller "Memory development according to the methods of special services" on how to use associations to remember more and better.

Not only recognized geniuses have an outstanding memory. In one experiment, subjects ordinary people, showed 10,000 slides, and then checked how many of them were remembered. It turned out that the accuracy of image recognition was about 80% - a very high result. If unusual, bright and colorful pictures were chosen for the experiment, the recognition accuracy increased to almost 100%.

1) The main problem of human memory is not to remember information, but to remember and reproduce it when necessary. Thus, every person has the makings of an excellent memory. To develop them, you need to master a number of techniques.

2) The human brain remembers images very well. Therefore, most of the methods of memorizing information - mnemonics - are based on imagination, which serves as a tool for translating abstract verbal and digital information into visual information.

Three principles of mnemonics

There are many different mnemonics, but they all follow three principles.

Using associations

The fundamental property of the psyche is associativity. The brain is a perfect machine for building connections between different images and concepts. The contents of memory are long, complexly organized chains of associations. It is worth remembering Christmas and New Year, and a decorated Christmas tree, champagne and Olivier salad, the smell of tangerines and congratulations pop up in my memory. If a person is tuned in to childhood memories, the tree will remind you of a matinee in kindergarten with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden, gifts and a festive costume. The pragmatist will sink into the sadness of counting expenses. The believer will remember the gospel story about the birth of Jesus Christ.

You already know that the secret of a good memory is not so much in remembering, but in extracting information. What is remembered is more likely to be preserved if it is tied to what is already known. By the chain of associations, it will be easy to remember at the right time. From this follows the first principle of mnemonics: in order to remember something, associate it with something that is familiar to you, that you can easily remember.

Encoding information with images

You already know the importance of imagination for a good memory. Pictures are easier to remember than words and numbers. Hence the second principle of mnemonics: convert into pictures what you need to remember. The first and second principles of mnemonics are used together. Suppose you need to remember exactly and for a long time the code of the automatic cell of the locker intended for secret communication: 855411. Perhaps you will need this code in a few years.

Present the numbers in the form of pictures (the principle of coding through visual images) and link the pictures together (the principle of associations). The number 8 looks like a large woman, 5 looks like a circus bicycle with one wheel and a steering wheel-seat, 4 looks like a chair, 1 looks like a broom. A woman (8) rides two circus bicycles (55). One is not enough for her, because she is heavy. To keep these bicycles together, she tied them to a chair (4) on which she sits. But bicycles are still unicycles, and she keeps her balance like a tightrope walker, with the help of two brooms (11). She goes, of course, to the station, in the building of which there is a left-luggage office. Imagine this picture vividly, and the code will not be erased from your memory.

A little advice: it is better if the images can be seen not only. They will be more memorable if they sound, have texture, smell, taste. Remember Shereshevsky with his synesthetic perception. If you imagine a tree, imagine it in detail: it is spreading, with young tender foliage, smells of fresh greenery, with rough warm bark, on which droplets of sticky bitter resin glisten.

Emotional attitude

A person saves his strength and does not like to do extra work. The brain prioritizes tasks to complete based on the strength of the emotions associated with them. A predator that poses a direct threat causes fear - you need to fight with it or you need to run away from it. Strong thirst causes anxiety and makes you look for water. The smell of rotten food causes disgust, which protects against possible poisoning. Events associated with strong emotions make you learn: avoid the paths of predators, remember the way to a water source, beware of spoiled food.

Emotions activate memory. If you ask ordinary person to name the events that happened to him a few years ago, most likely, he will remember the most important milestones of his life: the birth of children, meeting or parting with a life partner, moving, changing jobs, bright travels. All these events at one time caused strong emotions and therefore were remembered. Everything else, as a rule, is erased from memory as something ordinary, of no interest. In other words, you only remember what you need to remember and what you really care about.

The third principle of mnemonics: form an emotional attitude to the memorized information. Do you remember the locker code from the previous paragraph? Why do you think? Partly because you were surprised or confused by the absurdity of the described comic picture of a woman riding unicycles tied to a chair and trying to balance with two brooms. You will study mnemonic tricks. Do not be confused by their absurdity, it is good because it evokes emotions in you, which means that it allows you to reliably remember and quickly reproduce what you remember.

Associations

The associations we use to remember can be very different.

1) Similarity by appearance, function, spelling or sound. Reasons for similarity can be:

The number 8 looks like a large woman, glasses or an infinity sign;

The plane flies, and in this it is like a bird, a parachute and a kite;

The term "catalyst" refers to a substance that accelerates the flow chemical reaction, can be remembered with the help of the words "rolled" and "congestion": after the addition of the catalyst, the reaction "rolled without congestion."

2) Opposition on some basis: light and dark, salty and sweet, male and female.

3) The relationship of cause and effect. Clouds bring rain. The fire gets warmer. You can slip on a banana peel.

4) Adjacency in space and time. Kremlin in Moscow. The Bronze Horseman in St. Petersburg. Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance.

The long coat and hat are strongly associated with espionage in space. modern culture(although true spies prefer to be discreet and rarely wear extravagant cloaks). History confirms how important associations are for remembering. Many ancient texts: epics, legends, scientific treatises and collections of medical prescriptions - were created in poetic form. Meter, rhyme, consonances and repetitions - these associations between words helped our ancestors to memorize huge texts.

There is one pattern in the development of memory: the more a person knows, the easier it is for him to remember. It is easier for the owner of an extensive system of knowledge to weave new data into it - to connect them with what he already knows. Psychologists sometimes use a beautiful metaphor to describe how a person learns something new. At first, when he first gets acquainted with the subject, he seems to be planting a young tree. After some time, the seedling takes root, its roots become stronger and deeper - the amount of knowledge increases, they are systematized. A rooted seedling can feed better and grow faster. A person who has laid a systematic foundation in the study of a new subject will more easily add new information to it and remember them better. The main conclusion to draw from this is: do not be afraid to take on something new. At first it will be difficult, but then, when you get used to it, it will become easier, and you will be able to achieve the desired result. No two missions are the same for a scout.

Exercise

The ability to quickly select associations, connect a variety of things with their help, is an integral part of any mnemonics. You can develop it with constant practice. Often associate pairs of objects that catch your eye. How to tie a doorknob and a paper clip? Maybe they are similar in their curved shape? Or maybe you could melt down a box of paper clips to make a pen? Or just attach a paper clip to the doorknob?

Word lists

The ability to memorize lists of words is a significant stage in the development of memory. First, it's effective. You can impress your friends by repeating the 40 words dictated to you from the first to the last. Secondly, it will allow you to memorize the to-do list for the day, the agenda of the meeting, and the plan for your speech. A scout who can memorize word lists remembers passwords, legends, scenarios of operations, contacts the right people. Facts are strung on words, comparing which you can find connections between seemingly independent events. There are two main techniques for memorizing a list of words: the story method and the place method. You will master and be able to use both of them. However, perhaps you will like one of them more, and you will just get acquainted with the other. Decide for yourself.

story method

For example, you are given a list of words:

oil;
table;
taxi driver;
coffee;
cipher;
tree;
balcony.

History could be like this. You are in a dark port tavern. Outside, the sea roars, the horns of ships and the screams of porters are heard. By the window there is a barrel of oil - a rusty piece of iron exudes a sharp, unpleasant smell of fuel oil. The barrel is covered with a round wooden shield. Behind her, as at a table, sits a sad taxi driver in a corduroy jacket and drinks black coffee. He is driving, and therefore rum, the usual drink of the tavern, is not available to him. The smell of coffee mixes with the smell of fuel oil. The taxi driver must pick up the passenger from the port, but he cannot, because the passenger's last name is encrypted and he does not know the cipher. The taxi driver looks sullenly at the yellowish sheet with the abracadabra printed on it. But then you receive an SMS message that the key to the cipher is on a tree at the entrance to the tavern. Surprised, you show the message to the taxi driver and run outside with him. The taxi driver tries to climb the tree, but to no avail - the trunk is smooth and slippery. Therefore, he goes up to the second floor of the tavern, goes out to the balcony, from there he climbs a tree and takes the envelope with the key.

Imagine a story? Now repeat the list of words. Try doing it in reverse. Happened? Note that all three principles of mnemonics are used here. The story itself is a series of associations. The words are encoded in vivid images: a rusty smelly barrel, soft velveteen, bitter black coffee, a yellowed sheet of paper, etc. The participants in the story experience emotions: the taxi driver is sad, you are surprised by an unexpected message, and everything ends with a happy ending.

Exercises

1) Remember the geography of the place where you live. If your city has a subway, memorize its map. Each branch is a list of stations. Make sure you can repeat the station names in any order. Remember all the branches in sequence. Over time, you will be able to navigate the subway solely from memory. Similarly, you can remember the sequence of streets, bus stops, etc. This can be useful when you need to break away from outdoor surveillance or use a legend.

2) Open the book on any page and memorize the first word on each line. If you come across a preposition, a particle or part of a word left after the transfer, take the second word. Memorize the words, close the book using the bookmark. Play the list and check yourself.

Images of abstract concepts

Usually it is not a problem to imagine images of things and objects. By saying "cup", you see your favorite cup, which has a shape, color and weight. "Road" will conjure up a familiar stretch of road. But what to do with abstract concepts that do not have a substantive embodiment, such as "consent", "obligation" or "suggestion"? There are two methods of recoding such concepts into images. The first is based on consonance. You choose a word or words that sound similar to the one you want to remember. Then you encode exactly this consonant word into an image.

The second technique uses symbolic imagination: you pick up a specific image-symbol intuitively, so that it expresses an abstract concept. This symbol may be generally accepted, or it may be clear only to you. “Consent” is reminiscent of voices sounding in unison. The image of the choir is easy to imagine visually. "Obligation" is consonant with the convoy, which must be dragged along like a load of obligations. "Suggestion" can be imagined as a high snowdrift - the first three first letters are often enough to build an association.

If you want to use symbols, "agreement" can be thought of as a firm handshake. Or like an Egyptian obelisk in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. A "commitment" can be presented in the form of an official document with a seal. "Suggestion" can be symbolized by a variety hypnotist in a turban and a raincoat with a red lining. Associations and symbols are very individual. For a connoisseur of the Middle Ages, the word "suggestion" is associated with the name of Abbot Suger, who lived in the 11th-12th centuries and is known as the customer of the Gothic church of Saint-Denis in the suburbs of Paris. The wider the horizons of a person, the easier it is for him to select associations and memorize new things.

Exercise

Take a glossary of terms for a field of knowledge unfamiliar to you: technology, philosophy or psychology. Open it at random and choose images for the words you encounter using phonetic and symbolic associations.

Phrase memorization

The ability to quickly memorize lists of words and come up with visual stories opens up the possibility of remembering larger amounts of information, in particular phrases and fragments of text. For example, you are instructed before a new task and you need to remember the password: "Zakhar Borisovich ordered to convey that the cranes will be next week." One of the options for the history of such a password would be like this. Leopold Sacher-Masoch (he wrote The Woman in Furs, so he is wearing a fur coat) stands embracing the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin. Of course, both have an imperious look, because they both enjoyed power (though each in their own way). Sacher-Masoch hands you a bunch of construction cranes. The cranes are wrapped in a schedule for their delivery - a large sheet of a calendar on which the second line is painted over - next week. Now try to forget this phrase.

Exercise

Come up with visual stories for proverbs, sayings and catchphrases you know.

Memorization of foreign words

Training in intelligence schools foreign languages put on stream. For experienced teachers, there are no incompetent students. A scout is selected according to his mental abilities, and teaching him to speak fluently and without an accent in any language is a matter of technique. At the initial stage of learning a language, a student needs to memorize pairs of words, and one of the words is known (on mother tongue), another - no (in a foreign language). Use the following algorithm.

1) A well-known word in the native language is encoded using an image. You are familiar with this technique from the method of stories.

2) Second, unknown word it is easier to encode through phonetic similarity: to pick up one or more words in the native language so that together they are consonant with the foreign one.

3) Connect in one story the image of the word in the native language with the images of words consonant with the foreign language.

For example, you need to remember the English word "habit" - a habit. It is consonant with the name of one of the peoples in the works of Tolkien, the hobbits. To remember the pair “habit - habit”, you can imagine a hobbit from a fairy tale, leading a measured lifestyle, not deviating from his habits. More compound word- remuneration, reward. To memorize the correct transcription, it is quite acceptable to replace the Russian "remuneration". How can it be remembered? "Young people go to Rome with a salary." This phrase helps me remember half English word and its Russian translation. With practice, you will learn how to quickly create such stories, which means memorizing at least 50–70 foreign words in one lesson.

Exercise

Buy a small dictionary of 500-1000 of the most common words in a language you have long dreamed of learning. Using the described technique, you will memorize them pretty quickly, and this will be a good start to fulfilling your dreams.

Motivation to remember

A person's motives and needs have a great influence on memory. It will be difficult for you to remember the regulations for laying railroad tracks railways because you don't need this information. But a railroad engineer who uses regulations every day remembers them all without much effort. A person remembers better what he needs in Everyday life. The brain saves effort by highlighting the really important information from the total mass of information received. Therefore practical recommendation: before memorizing something, formulate for yourself why you need to remember it and what you will get by knowing it.

Similarly, if you want someone to remember your request, set them up to remember. Get him interested. Indicate when, under what conditions, the request should be recalled. For example, if you want a neighbor to put your letter in the mailbox, tell him: “Vasya, you will pass by the post office - remember my request, throw this letter into the mailbox. I will be very grateful to you." The words “when you will” will help a person remember the request at the right time. The promise of gratitude will serve as an additional emotional stimulus to Vasya.

Needs and motives sometimes play tricks on memory. Its mechanism was described by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. A person's desire for emotional comfort often makes him forget information that may be unpleasant. Freud called this phenomenon repression. If you keep forgetting to meet a particular person, although this rarely happens with other people, take a closer look at the situation. Perhaps communicating with this person causes emotional discomfort. It is hard to imagine that someone would forget to call a generous friend and ask him for money. But the debtor often forgets to call the creditor to ask for a deferred payment.

forgetting curve

IN late XIX century, the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus built a forgetting curve showing how long once remembered information is stored in memory. Ebbinghaus asked subjects to memorize meaningless three-letter syllables. With mechanical memorization, that is, when a person does not understand the meaning of the material and does not use mnemonics, after an hour only 44% of the information remains in memory, and after a week - less than 25%. Fortunately, with conscious memorization, information is forgotten much more slowly.

Most of the information is forgotten in the first hours after memorization. What to do with it? Further experiments showed that when the learned material is repeated, the rate of forgetting decreases. The more repetitions, the stronger the information is remembered. Practical conclusions can be drawn from experiments to determine the rate of forgetting. One of them is that the practice of memorizing something at a time is inefficient. It is better to memorize voluminous information in several approaches, allocating time for repetition. If one day is allotted for memorization, the following will be the optimal repetition mode:

the first - 15–20 minutes after memorization;
the second - after 6–8 hours;
the third - after 24 hours.

It is better to repeat information actively: not to read or listen a second time, but to try to extract from memory and peep at the source. If you happen to take more time to memorize the information, repeat it like this:

the first time - on the day of memorization;
the second - on the fourth day;
the third - on the seventh day.

If the amount of information is large, it is better to repeat it with varying degrees details. The first time - in full, the second - the key points, the third - the entire amount of information in a different grouping or in a different order. The more thoroughly you process it, the more firmly you remember it. Three repetitions is the bare minimum. When an illegal scout memorizes a legend, he repeats it hundreds of times and subsequently returns to it regularly, refreshing his memory. After all, his life depends on it.

A bit about the history of the method

Brief description of the method

Information interpretation

Conclusion

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY A. ADLER

Memory feature

Associative method

What are associations?

How to create associations?

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Nina Anatolyevna

Related Topics scientific papers in sociological sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Nina Anatolyevna

Free association method in empirical sociological research

Three principles of mnemonics

Using associations

Encoding information with images

Emotional attitude

Associations

Exercise

Word lists

story method

Exercises

Images of abstract concepts

Exercise

Phrase memorization

Exercise

Memorization of foreign words

Exercise

Motivation to remember

forgetting curve

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