PETER I THE GREAT
(born in 1672 - died in 1725)
The first Russian emperor known for his reforms government controlled.
On January 27, 1725, the Imperial Palace in St. Petersburg was surrounded by reinforced guards. Ended in terrible agony life path the first Russian emperor Peter I. For the last ten days, convulsions were replaced by delirium and deep fainting, and in those moments when the tsar came to himself, he screamed terribly from unbearable pain. During the last week, in brief moments of relief, Peter took communion three times. By his order, all arrested debtors were released from prisons and their debts were covered from royal sums. In all churches, including those of other faiths, prayers were served for him. Relief did not come, and on January 28, at the beginning of the sixth morning, the emperor died.
Peter was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. He was born on May 30, 1672. From his first marriage with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya, the tsar had 13 children, but only two of the sons survived - Fedor and Ivan. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, Peter's upbringing took place under the supervision of his elder brother, Tsar Fyodor, who was his godfather. For the young prince, he chose Nikita Zotov as mentors, under whose influence he became addicted to books, especially historical writings. Nikita told the pupil a lot about the past of the Fatherland, about the glorious deeds of his ancestors. Tsar Ivan the Terrible became a true idol for Peter. Subsequently, Peter spoke of his reign: “This sovereign is my predecessor and model; I have always imagined him as the model of my government in civil and military affairs, but I did not go as far as he did. Fools only those who do not know the circumstances of his time, the properties of his people and the greatness of his merit, call him a tormentor.
After the death in 1682 of the 22-year-old Tsar Fedor, the struggle for the throne of two families, the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins, sharply escalated. The candidate for the throne from the Miloslavskys was Ivan, who was in poor health, from the Naryshkins, the healthy, but younger Peter. At the instigation of the Naryshkins, the patriarch proclaimed Peter the tsar. However, the Miloslavskys did not reconcile themselves and provoked a streltsy riot, during which many people close to the Naryshkins died. This made an indelible impression on Peter, influenced his mental health and outlook. For the rest of his life, he harbored a hatred for the archers and for the entire Miloslavsky family.
The result of the rebellion was a political compromise: both Ivan and Peter were elevated to the throne, and Princess Sophia, the smart and ambitious daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage, became their regent (ruler). Peter and his mother did not play any role in the life of the state. They ended up in a kind of exile in the village of Preobrazhensky. Peter happened to take part only in embassy ceremonies in the Kremlin. Here, in Preobrazhensky, the military "fun" of the young tsar began. Under the leadership of the Scot Menesius, from Peter's peers, mostly representatives of noble families, a children's regiment was recruited, from which in the early 90s. two guards regiments grew up - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. The future Field Marshal M. M. Golitsyn, and the descendant of a noble family Buturlin, and the son of a groom, and in the future a friend and associate of Peter, A. D. Menshikov, served in them. The king himself served here, starting as a drummer. The officers in the regiments were mostly foreigners. In general, foreigners who lived near Preobrazhensky in the German Quarter (Kukui), who came to the country under Tsar Alexei, seekers of happiness and rank, craftsmen, military specialists, played a huge role in Peter's life. From them, he studied shipbuilding, military affairs, and in addition, drink strong drinks, smoke, wear foreign clothes. From them, one might say, he absorbed the disdain for everything Russian. The closest to Peter was the Swiss F. Lefort.
In the summer of 1689, the struggle with the Miloslavskys intensified. Princess Sophia, realizing that soon Peter would push back the sick Ivan and take the reins of government into his own hands, began to incite the archers, led by Shaklovity, to revolt. But this idea failed: the archers themselves handed over Shaklovity to Peter, and he, having named many of his associates under torture, was executed along with them. Sophia, Peter imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. Thus began his sole rule. Ivan ruled only nominally, and after his death in 1696, Peter became autocrat.
In 1697, the tsar, as part of the Great Embassy of 50 people, under the guise of an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment, Peter Mikhailov, went abroad. The purpose of the trip is an alliance against the Turks. In Holland and England, working as a carpenter in shipyards, the king mastered shipbuilding. On the way back, in Vienna, he was caught by the news of a new archery revolt. Peter hurried to Russia, but on the way he learned that the rebellion was suppressed, 57 instigators were executed, and 4 thousand archers were exiled. Upon his return, believing that Miloslavsky's "seed" had not been exterminated, the tsar ordered the investigation to be resumed. Already exiled archers were returned to Moscow. Peter personally participated in torture and executions. He himself chopped off the heads of archers and forced his confidants and courtiers to do it. Many archers were executed in a new way - they were wheeled. The king's revenge on the Miloslavsky family knew no bounds. He ordered to dig a coffin with the body of Miloslavsky, bring him on pigs to the place of execution and put him near the chopping block so that the blood of the executed would pour on the remains of Miloslavsky. In total, more than a thousand archers were executed. Their bodies were thrown into a pit where animal corpses were dumped. 195 archers were hanged at the gates of the Novodevichy Convent, and three - near the very windows of Sophia, and for five whole months the corpses were not removed from the place of execution. In this terrible deed, and in many others, Peter surpassed his idol Ivan the Terrible in cruelty.
At the same time, the tsar embarked on reforms with the aim of reshaping Russia along Western European lines, turning the country into an absolutist police state. He wanted everything at once. With his reforms, Peter I put Russia on its hind legs, but how many people at the same time went up on the rack, on the chopping block, on the gallows! How many were killed, tortured... It all started with cultural innovations. It became obligatory for everyone except the peasants and the clergy to wear foreign clothes, the army was dressed in uniforms according to the European model, and everyone, again except the peasants and the clergy, were obliged to shave their beards, and in Preobrazhensky Peter himself cut off the beards of the boyars. Since 1705, a tax on beards was introduced: from servicemen and clerks, merchants and townspeople, 60 rubles each. per person per year; hundreds of rich merchants from the living room - 100 rubles each; from people of lower rank, boyar people, coachmen - 30 rubles each; from the peasants - 2 money each time they entered the city or left it.
Other innovations were also introduced. Crafts were encouraged, numerous workshops were created, young men from noble families were sent to study abroad, city administration was reorganized, the calendar was reformed, the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called was established, and the Navigation School was opened. To strengthen the centralization of government, boards and a senate were created instead of orders. All these transformations were carried out by violent methods. A special place was occupied by Peter's relations with the clergy. Day after day he led the attack on the independence of the church. After the death of his mother, Peter no longer participated in religious processions. The patriarch ceased to be an adviser to the tsar and was expelled from the tsar's Duma, and after his death in 1700, the management of church affairs passed to a specially created Synod. And all these and other transformations were superimposed by the unbridled temper of the king. In the words of the historian Valishevsky: “In everything that Peter did, he brought too much swiftness, too much personal rudeness, and in particular, too much passion. He hit right and left. And therefore, by correcting, he spoiled everything. The fury of the king, reaching to rage, his mockery of the people knew no restraint. He could attack Generalissimo Shane with wild abuse, and Romodanovsky and Zotov, who were trying to appease him, people close to him, inflict severe wounds: one had severed fingers, the other had wounds on his head; he could beat his friend Menshikov for not taking off his sword at the assembly during the dances; could kill a servant with a stick for taking off his hat too slowly; he could order that the 80-year-old boyar M. Golovin be forced to sit naked, in a jester's cap, for an hour on the Neva ice because he refused, dressed as a devil, to participate in the jester's procession. After that, Golovin fell ill and soon died. So the tsar behaved not only at home: in the Copenhagen Museum, Peter mutilated the mummy, because he was refused to sell it for the Kunstkamera. Many such examples could be cited.
The Petrine era is a time of constant wars. The Azov campaigns of 1695–1696, the Northern War of 1700–1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, the campaign against the Caspian in 1722. All this required a huge amount of both people and money. A huge army and navy were created. Recruits were often brought into the cities in chains. Many lands were depopulated. In general, during the reign of Peter I, Russia lost almost a third of its population. Throughout the state, it was forbidden to cut down large trees, and the death penalty was generally relied on for felling an oak. For the maintenance of the army, new requisitions were introduced: recruiting, dragoon, ship, household and official paper. New dues were introduced: for fishing, domestic baths, mills, inns. The sale of salt and tobacco passed into the hands of the treasury. Even oak coffins were transferred to the treasury and then sold for 4 times more. But money was still not enough.
The difficult nature of Peter was reflected in his family life. Even at the age of 16, his mother, in order to ward off the German settlement, married him to Evdokia Lopukhina, whom he never loved. Evdokia bore him two sons: Alexander, who died in infancy, and Alexei. After the death of Natalya Kirillovna, relations between the spouses deteriorated sharply. Peter even wanted to execute his wife, but limited himself to forcibly tonsure her as a nun in the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal. The 26-year-old queen was not given a penny for maintenance, and she was forced to ask her relatives for money. At the same time, Peter had two mistresses in the German settlement: the daughter of the silversmith Betticher and the daughter of the wine merchant Mons - Anna, who became the first titled favorite of the king. He gave her palaces, estates, but when her love affair with the Saxon envoy Keyserling was revealed, the vengeful Peter took away almost everything he gave, and even kept her in prison for some time. A vindictive but not inconsolable lover, he quickly found a replacement for her. Among his favorites were at one time Anisya Tolstaya, and Varvara Arsenyeva, and a number of other representatives of noble families. Quite often the choice of the tsar stopped and on simple servants. In 1703, another woman appeared who played a special role in the life of the monarch - Marta Skavronskaya, who later became Peter's wife under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. After the Russian troops occupied Marienburg, she was a servant and mistress of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev, then A. Menshikov, who introduced her to the tsar. Martha converted to Orthodoxy, bore Peter three daughters and a son, Peter Petrovich, who died in 1719. But only in 1724 did Peter crown her. At the same time, a scandal broke out: the tsar became aware of the love affair between Catherine and Willem Mons, the brother of the former favorite. Monet was executed, and his head in a jar of alcohol, by order of the king, was in his wife's bedroom for several days.
Against the background of these events, the tragedy of Peter's son, Alexei, stands out clearly. His fear of his father reached the point that, on the advice of friends, he even wanted to renounce the inheritance. Peter saw this as a conspiracy and ordered his son to be sent to a monastery. Alexei fled and took refuge with his mistress, first in Vienna and then in Naples. But they were found and lured to Russia. The father promised his son forgiveness if he would name the accomplices. But instead of forgiveness, Peter sent him to the casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress and ordered an investigation to begin. The prince was tortured five times in a week. The father was also present. To end the torment, Alexei slandered himself: they say, he wanted to get the throne with the help of the troops of the Austrian emperor. On June 24, 1718, a court of 127 people unanimously sentenced Alexei to death. The choice of execution was given to the discretion of the king. Little is known about how Alexei died: either from poison, or from suffocation, or he was cut off his head, or he died under torture. However, the participants in the investigation received awards, titles, and villages. The very next day, Peter celebrated the ninth anniversary of the Battle of Poltava with grandeur.
With the end of the Northern War in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and the Senate awarded Peter the titles of "Father of the Fatherland", "Emperor" and "Great".
The turbulent life of the king "gave" him a bouquet of diseases by the age of 50, but most of all he suffered from uremia. Mineral water did not help either. For the last three months, Peter spent most of his time in bed, although on the days of relief he took part in the festivities. In mid-January, the attacks of the disease became more frequent. Kidney dysfunction led to blockage of the urinary tract. The performed operation did not give anything. Blood poisoning has begun. The question of succession to the throne arose sharply, since the sons of the king by this time were not alive. On January 27, Peter wanted to write an order for the succession to the throne. They gave him paper, but he could write only two words: “Give everything ...” In addition, he lost his speech. The next day he died in terrible agony. His body remained unburied for 40 days. It was exhibited on a velvet bed embroidered with gold in the palace hall, upholstered with carpets that Peter received as a gift from Louis XV during his stay in Paris. His wife Ekaterina Alekseevna was proclaimed empress.
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Chapter I. Peter the Great and Tula blacksmiths The Petrine era. - Titan-king and poor Rus'. – Mining in Rus' before Peter. - Founding of the first ironworks. - Peter's concerns about mining. – The role of “random” people in history. - Nikita and Akinfiy Demidov. – Childhood and
“Great Peter would be alive ...” In the early sixties, in the editorial office fiction Lenizdat brought a thick notebook, on the hard cover of which was written: "Barn Book". Soon this prosaic inscription was slightly corrected. "Cupid Book"
Peter the Great Peter I the Great - last king of all Rus' and the first All-Russian Emperor, was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672, and died on January 28 (February 8), 1725. Peter ascended the throne in 1682, when he was only ten years old, and ruled independently, without the help of a regent , Peter
Lesson topic: Peter 1: a tyrant or a great reformer.
Goals:
1. to consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era, to understand different points of view on the role of Peter1 in Russian history and his reforms.
2. To develop the skills of working with additional literature, oral public speaking, to form a culture of speech.
3. Encourage students to acquire new knowledge by participating in intellectual activities; cultivate respect for the past of the country.
Lesson type: role (game) project.
Lesson Genre: court lesson.
Teaching methods: partial search, research method, method of problem presentation.
Form of study: group.
Applicable pedagogical technologies: technology of problem-based learning, technology of learning in cooperation, technology of project activity.
Lesson equipment: art gallery of Peter's portraits1.
Advance task:
Compose a speech (2 - 3 min.) on behalf of a real historical person or conditional characters opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter1.
Plan
1. Introductory speech of the teacher.
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, there have been disputes about the personality and deeds of the emperor. Some historians saw in him a strong personality who carried out progressive reforms, others believed that by breaking traditions and forcibly changing the way of life of the Russian people, he imposed an alien and destructive path of development on Russia. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations.
Moreover, it was so from the very beginning, and Peter's contemporaries were already arguing among themselves. Peter's associates praised him, considered his deeds great (it was not for nothing that even during Peter's lifetime the Senate presented him with the official title "Great"). And the opponents of the reforms called the king the Antichrist, who came to earth to destroy the Christian world.
The contradictory assessments of the personality of Peter1 and his deeds have survived to this day. The question arises: What was Peter1 like? What was he right about and what was he wrong about? In order to answer these questions, we will hold a lesson-court of modernity today on Peter 1 and try to answer the main question:
Who was Peter1 - a tyrant or a great reformer?
2. Interactive part of the lesson.
The teacher announces characters:
Judge
prosecutor
Advocate
court clerk
jurors
Witnesses for the prosecution
Witnesses for the defense
The course of the trial.
Judge: The case is being heard about Peter, the Russian Tsar from 1682 to 1725.
Prosecution is filed by the public prosecutor
The defense is carried out by a lawyer
court clerk -
The case is heard with the participation of jurors.
President of the Court -
The secretary reads out a certificate about the accused.
(options are possible, for example: Peter Alekseevich Romanov, born May 30, 1672, date of death - January 28, 1727. Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682), sovereign ruler since 1696, Russian emperor since 1721 and etc.
Judge: We are starting a trial. The word is given to the prosecutor.
Prosecutor: Before Peter I, Russia developed naturally. We accuse Pyotr Alekseevich of destroying the peculiar, independent Russian world, which has its own traditions, its own culture, and its own spiritual values. He is guilty of renewing Russia with too cruel methods, instilling Western European customs in the country, changing the face of the Russian people. All his transformations are reactionary and borrowed from the West. He is also guilty of destroying the religious traditions of Russia, which tragically affected all subsequent Russian history.
Judge:(addressing the lawyer) What is your position on the charge?
Advocate: At the entrance of the judicial investigation, we are ready to refute the position of the prosecution and prove that our client is not guilty of the charge brought against him.
Judge: We proceed to the interrogation of witnesses. I ask the secretary to call a witness for the prosecution.
Secretary call the witnesses one by one.
(various types of witnesses are possible)
First Witness on the part of the prosecution - the peasant Vanka Kosoy.
I, Vanka Kosoy, was sent from the Arkhangelsk province to build a new whim of the tsar - the city of Petersburg. Together with me, a bunch of other men from our village were sent. They ordered to put carpentry tools in a knapsack, and some food for the road and go on foot to distant lands, where, by order of the king, they began to build a city. Good people, after all, how did cities usually arise in the old days? Many people liked the place at once, so that the river, but the bank is high, dry; they gather of good will and desire and build houses, take up various crafts. And here it’s all swamps, a quagmire, a midge that eats alive - no one will voluntarily settle in such a place. They put us in barracks like cattle, 200-300 men each, food like slop, and work from dawn to dusk. After all, the king is our father, he must think about his people. And here, at the whim of the tsar, the people drove the darkness, and ruined without counting, that city grew on our bones. This is not a king, but an antichrist, a murderer. It was not in vain that the peasants explained that the tsar was not real, that they replaced him when he was abroad, and that the Antichrist returned to Russia under the name of Peter in order to destroy the Christian world.
Second Witness on the part of the prosecution - the boyar Matvey Miloslavsky.
Our ancient clan, from the Rurikovich leads its own account. We always honored the traditions of our ancestors and lived according to the Law of God. What now? Shame and disgrace. The king destroyed centuries-old traditions. He ordered to shave his beards, to wear a German dress: a short caftan, narrow ports, clownish triangular hats, to hide his natural hair under strangers, overheads. Where is it seen that a child from his father's house was sent to a foreign land? And what is the use of this study? We, the Miloslavskys, should not work. And the tsar ordered adults to appear at the Assemblies with his wife and daughters, and they were dressed in shameful dresses like girls walking around. And Peter himself laid the foundation for all the atrocities: he took down the bells from the holy churches, and poured them onto the cannons; he married a foreigner without a family, he smokes tobacco himself. Waiting for him for all this is the punishment of God and the curse of man.
third witness on the part of the prosecution - the widow of the archer Martha.
My husband, archer Vasily Naydenov, faithfully served, participated in many campaigns, was wounded during the capture of Azov, but did not receive any honors, awards, or ranks. Our family is large, seven children have not seen their father for months. That the archers went to rebellion, so you can understand them: monetary allowance was not paid, the service was difficult. So the king did not begin to understand, but planned to punish them severely. In Preobrazhensky, torture chambers were set up. My Vasily and other archers were subjected to terrible tortures. And then, with other women, we learned that our husbands would be driven to Moscow for execution. I rushed to Preobrazhenskoye to see my husband at least with an eye, to say goodbye to him in a human way. I saw a terrible thing: when they were leading the archers past the windows of the sovereign's palace, Peter jumped out into the street and ordered to chop off heads right on the road, he himself chopped off several, with difficulty he was calmed down. I followed the column with other women, Vasily wanted to see everything. So they did not say goodbye in a Christian way. He was executed in Moscow at the Execution Ground. She herself saw how the tsar personally cut off heads, and even from the crowd he offered those who wished to work hard for the executioner. He is a terrible man, I curse him.
prosecutor
Your Honor! Please join the case Additional materials, from which the scale of the execution is visible: more than 1 thousand people were executed, about 600 were sent to Siberia after torture. The tsar did not even spare his own sister, who, after being tortured, sent to the Novodevichy Convent, where she was forcibly tonsured a nun. And his own son, Tsarevich Alexei, suspecting of treason, ordered to be imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he died after painful torture.
After witness testimony for the prosecution, the clerk calls witnesses for the defence, one by one.
First Witness on the defense side - the architect Domenico Trezzini.
I, Domenico Trezzini, was born in Switzerland in 1670 and studied architecture in Italy. To feed his family, he looked for work in different countries. He worked as a bricklayer in Denmark, and there the Russian ambassador recruited various specialists to serve the Russian Tsar Peter. I was lucky, because they needed specialists in fortifications. I signed a contract as a master for the construction of stone fortresses with a salary of 1000 rubles a year (at that time - a lot of money) I planned to work in Russia for one year, but I lived in St. Petersburg for 31 years and Russia became my native country. I consider Peter the great emperor. I was amazed at his plans and dreams about the city, which he began to build on the Neva among swamps and water. They call me the first architect of St. Petersburg, and the real first architect of the city was Peter himself. And Peter was very easy to deal with people. How could I imagine that the king would become the godfather of my son? And I also designed the Palace in the Summer Garden for Peter. So the main condition on the part of the king was simplicity. Unlike the chic Menshikov Palace summer palace Peter 1 looks like a small, two-story, modest building, because Peter never aspired to personal luxury, but thought about the state. He - great emperor and will remain forever in history.
Second Witness on the defense side - Prince Menshikov.
I, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, born in 1672, testify that Peter the Great is a great reformer, who put his life into making Russia a powerful state. Let's remember his deeds: he created a new army, built a military and merchant fleet, contributed to the rapid growth of manufactories and factories, Russia began to sell metal to Europe, St. Petersburg was built, which became the capital of a renewed Russia; by order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began; The country's first museum, the Kunstkamera, was founded; the Academy of Sciences was established, schools and colleges were opened. Under Peter, Russia became a powerful European country.
I am Alexander Danilovich Menshikov - the Russian Generalissimo, His Grace Prince, and my father was a simple groom, I myself sold pies in my childhood, lived in poverty. Peter gave way to many ignoble people, putting in the first place not "breed", but abilities. They say about people like me “from rags to riches”, and there are many like me. Having adopted the "Table of Ranks", Peter established the order of public service, when merit and length of service were placed above the pedigree, and reaching the seventh grade automatically gave the status of hereditary nobility.
And as for the cruelty of the king, so the time was cruel, Everything new always makes its way with difficulty. You have to judge by the results.
third witness on the part of the defense - the daughter of the boyar Morozov.
I, Anastasia, daughter of a boyar, can speak in public in court. And it's all thanks to Peter. Until recently, we girls were not allowed to appear unnecessarily in front of strangers, we had to live as recluses, sit in our little room, do needlework and wait for the priest to choose the right groom. It could happen that I would only see my chosen one at the wedding, and no one would ask if he was my love or not.
Now, thanks to Tsar Peter, other times have begun. The tsar ordered the boyars to bring their wives and adult daughters to the Assembly, and that everyone should be dressed in German fashion and be able to talk with gentlemen, and know how to dance foreign dances. So, in order not to be disgraced before the tsar, our father had to hire dance teachers for me and my sisters and order outfits from Europe.
The king also issued a decree, according to which it is now forbidden to forcefully marry, without the consent of the groom or bride. It is prescribed that the betrothal must first go through so that the bride and groom get to know each other better. Between the betrothal and the wedding, the period must be at least six weeks, and if she does not fall in love, then the bride has the right to terminate the betrothal. Now I can marry the person I love, and not the one whom the father chooses.
Judge announces the transition to the debate of the parties. The word is given to the accuser.
prosecutor
Peter 1 devoted his life to the transformation of the state, but he was cruel and did not put a person's life in a penny. Under him, taxes per capita increased by 3 times, and the price of reforms, expressed in human lives equal to one seventh of the population. I believe that all the charges brought against him in litigation were proven and I ask the jury to pass a guilty verdict on Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov and recognize him as a tyrant, because no goals, even the right ones, can be justified by the sacrifices made by the country and people to achieve them.
Judge
The final word is given to the lawyer.
Advocate
The transformations carried out by Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov accelerated the development of Russia and elevated it to the rank of a European power. In Russia, neither before Peter, nor after Peter, not one statesman did not carry out reforms that would cover all spheres of society and the state. His work deserves praise and good memory of descendants. As for the scale of the victims, I ask the jury to take into account what the international situation was like in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, what was the Russian reality of that time and the limited time frame allotted to Peter for transformations.
Judge
I consider the arguments of the parties to be completed. I ask the jury to reach a verdict.
Chief of Jury
Your Honor! The jurors could not reach a unanimous opinion on the case under consideration, and therefore the jury cannot pass a verdict on the guilt or innocence of Petr Alekseevich Romanov.
Judge
Due to the absence of a jury verdict, the hearing of the case is postponed with an open deadline for a new hearing.
Final word of the teacher
Summing up our lesson, we can conclude that the verdict of the court is symbolic. Eat famous expression Socrates that "The most just court is history: sooner or later it puts everything in its place." Peter I, both as a person and as a politician, was not unambiguously treated by his contemporaries. Some idolized him, others saw evil in him. But what Peter I did for Russia for his short life, and he lived for 53 years, causes only respect. Russia turned into a great European power, and in 1721 the Senate awarded Peter the titles of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland for especially outstanding services. By the way, in the USSR, the streets in many cities were called "Peter the Great". And a few years ago, for the publication of the encyclopedia “One Hundred People Who Changed the Course of History,” a survey was conducted in different countries. They called the names of Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Genghis Khan, Confucius, Copernicus, Roosevelt and thousands more names of politicians, scientists, industrialists, military leaders, but among all these names they entered the name of Peter I, the Russian Emperor. You and I live in a city that is the living embodiment of the plan of Peter I. Each of you will probably name something related to the name of Peter I. But in the 21st century, he also makes us think: “All the projects should be in perfect working order, so as not to cause damage to the Fatherland. Whoever starts projecting anyhow, I will deprive him of that rank and order him to fight with a whip. To whom can these words be addressed? And A.M. was right. Gorky, when he wrote: “The past is not perfect, but it is pointless to reproach it, but it is necessary to study it!”
3. Conclusion.
Grading.
Homework: The portraits of Peter I presented before you were written by different authors and in different time. Through their works, the artists also expressed their vision of the personality of Peter. Write a mini-essay on the topic “Peter1 through the eyes of an artist……” (one of the presented works of your choice).
slide 2
slide 3
Peter the Great was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. He was enthroned in 1682, when he was 10 years old. Really began to govern Russia in 1689. It was Peter who finally transformed the Muscovite kingdom into the Russian Empire. Under him, Rus' became Russia: a multinational power with access to the southern and northern seas. Peter the Great completely turned the whole life of the country upside down. There was Moscow Rus', unhurried, not like its Western neighbors, it became - Russian empire, the pace of development of which has accelerated several times! Gottfried Kneller "Peter I", 1698
slide 4
Reforms of Peter I 1. Economic reforms 2. Provincial reform 3. Reform of the state apparatus 4. Reform of finance and budget 5. Military reform 6. Transformations in the fleet 8. Reforms in other areas of public life 7. Church reform Lawmaking in the Petrine era
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Lawmaking in the Petrine era The reign of Peter I was characterized by active lawmaking, covering almost all spheres of life of the population. The new laws regulated relations between subjects and the state, the rights and obligations of representatives of certain estates. Government decrees oriented citizens towards rational management, requiring them, for example, to dress leather with lard rather than tar, build furnaces not on the floor, but on the foundation, etc. Whatever place the subjects occupied in the class hierarchy, the king severely and rigorously demanded that they comply with the decrees issued by him. All decrees of Peter I consisted of three parts. In the first part, the king explained to his subjects the reasonableness and usefulness of the introduced norm. For example, the legislator urged harvesting bread with scythes instead of sickles on the grounds that this method is "much more controversial and more profitable that the average worker for ten people will work." The second part of the decree outlined the essence of the norm itself. The third part listed the penalties for violators of the law: beating with a whip (rods), fines of various sizes, confiscation of all or part of property, imprisonment, exile to Siberia, hard labor, etc. The legislation of the time of Peter the Great persistently propagated the idea of the "common good", as well as their concern for the "good of the subjects", for the "good of the whole people". Citizens were persistently inspired by the idea of a state, in the same degree caring for the entire population of the country. Back to reforms
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“It is absolutely indisputable that the successes of Peter's army on the battlefields would have been impossible without serious changes in the economy of the then Russia: the victorious weapons of Noteburg, Poltava, Gangut were forged in the forges of the Urals, Tula, Petrovsky factories. There is no doubt that during the reign of Peter in the field of economics, a fundamental reform was carried out, which had far-reaching consequences. In the first quarter of the 18th century, a sharp economic leap took place in Russia. The industrial construction of the Petrine era took place at an unprecedented pace for that time: in 1695-1725, at least two hundred manufactories of various profiles arose, that is, ten times more than there were at the end of the 17th century, and this with an even more impressive growth in production. The most characteristic feature of the economic boom in Russia early XVIII century was the defining role of the autocratic state in the economy, its active and deep penetration into all spheres of economic life. This role was due to many factors. Both ways of developing state entrepreneurship - the activation of old industrial regions and the creation of new ones - are especially clearly seen in the example of metallurgy - the basis of military power. The treasury has invested huge funds in expanding the production of iron, guns, weapons in traditional production areas - in Karelia, the Voronezh-Tambov Territory, in the Center. Here, new factories were built in a short time, old ones were expanded, often taken from those entrepreneurs who were not able to quickly cope with huge orders from the treasury. Actively use the experience of operating enterprises, and relocate the best craftsmen under the jurisdiction of the local administration to a new place - these are the methods of creating new manufactories under Peter the Great. In addition, Peter's residents in Western Europe actively invited foreign mining specialists and metallurgists who willingly traveled to Russia from Germany, England and other countries. A powerful metallurgical base made it possible to expand metalworking production, more precisely, the arms industry. In Tula, famous for its gunsmiths, a large arms factory was founded in 1712, and in 1721 the same one appeared - Sestroretsky. Economic reforms Back to reforms
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The first attempt at cardinal administrative reforms was the provincial reform of 1708-1710. The country was divided into 8 provinces, far from being the same in size (Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev, Azov and Siberia). At the head of the province were governors-general and governors. Of course, the positions of governors were occupied by especially trusted persons from the tsar's entourage. The head of the province, who concentrated the highest military and civil functions in his hands, had an assistant (vice-governor), chief commandant (in charge of military affairs), chief commissar and chief provisions master (cash and grain fees) and the so-called landrichter ( administered justice). The provinces were originally divided into "counties" with a "commandant" (i.e., in the old voivode) at the head. However, the provincial office clearly could not cope with many counties, and therefore a new one was soon introduced, as if intermediate administrative unit- "province" headed by the chief commandant. In 1713-1714. 3 more provinces appeared (Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan and Riga). Since 1715, the provinces began to be divided into provinces (50 in number), and the provinces were no longer divided into counties, but "shares" headed by the landrat (each share had 5536 households). Landrat was an elected person from the nobility, although he was completely subordinate to the highest authority. Some time later, instead of "dols", "districts" appeared, each of which should now have 2,000 households. Note that when checking the results of the first audit by the military administration, another district appeared - the regimental one, where this or that regiment was located, for the maintenance of which the taxes of this district went. In the provinces, the main administrative units were the commandant, the chamberlain, who organized the collection of taxes, and the rent master, who headed the local treasury (rentery). In districts, zemstvo commissars were primarily responsible for collecting taxes and performing police functions. Provincial reform Back to reforms
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The famous Senate was "born" by Peter 1, as if impromptu. Departing for the Prut campaign in February 1711, Peter promulgated a decree: "The ruling Senate was determined to be for our absences, to govern ...". Its composition was small (9 senators), and it was created, as it were, temporarily. In pursuit of the first decree on March 2 came the second with a list of powers (care of justice, the organization of state revenues, general administration, trade and economy). Soon the Senate became the highest judicial and administrative body. At first, the Senate was a collegiate body of 9 senators with equal votes. Communication between the Senate and the provinces was carried out by provincial commissars. Appointments to the Senate, as well as exemptions from presence in it, were made by the king, who was guided by this not by breed, but by the abilities of the candidate for senators. As a result, the dependence of the senator on the king was immeasurably great. This manifested one of the features of the absolute, that is, unlimited monarchy, which was asserting itself in Russia. Almost simultaneously with the Senate, Peter 1 founded a new control and revision institute of the so-called fiscals. It was a whole army of officials who acted in secret and revealed all the unrighteous actions that were detrimental to the state (embezzlement, bribery, violation of the law, etc.). At the head of the fiscals was the chief fiscal at the Senate. He had 4 fiscals subordinate to him (two from the merchants and two from the nobility). Under provincial governments there were also 4 fiscals, in cities - 1-2 fiscals. Fiscals did not receive a salary, as a reward for their work they were entitled in the first years to half, and then a third of the confiscated property. Fiscals sent all their observations to the Punishment Chamber, from where cases were sent to the Senate. Since 1715, the Senate itself was supervised by a special Senate Auditor General, and since 1721, the headquarters officers of the Guard were in control on a monthly basis. became the most enduring of Peter's innovations. Reform of the state apparatus Back to reforms
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Since the end of the 90s, the restructuring of the monetary system began. By 1704, instead of a primitive monetary system, represented by only one kopek coin made of silver wire and its parts, there was a full-fledged set of silver coins worth one kopek, altyn (3 kopecks), piglet (5 kopecks), hryvnias (10 kopecks). ), half a half (25 kopecks), half a half (50 kopecks) and, finally, the ruble. Instead of silver money (0.5 kopecks) and half coins (0.25 kopecks), they began to issue copper coins of the same denomination. Since 1718, altyns and semi-half pieces began to be made from copper, and since 1723 - patches, which eventually became the smallest copper coin. Minting coins since the end of the XVII century. was accompanied by a decrease in the content of silver and copper in coins. Since 1711, silver coins began to be issued in the 70th test. With the market price of a pood of copper at 6-8 rubles, from 1704 they began to make copper coins worth as much as 20 rubles from a pood. (38th sample), ac 1718 - for 40 rubles. Finally, a gold coin of ruble denomination was put into circulation, and from 1718 it was replaced by a two-ruble note of the 75th test. For 25 years of the XVIII century. "money yards" minted silver coins for 38.4 million rubles, and copper - for 4.3 million rubles. The result of the monetary reform was the creation of a full-fledged monetary system based on the decimal principle and fully satisfying the needs of the economy. The total income of the treasury from the issue of coins amounted to 10.7 million rubles. Thus, the monetary reform decisively contributed to the success of the first, most difficult period of the Northern War. After all, Peter's government did without foreign loans. Meanwhile, military spending in the first period of the war reached 70-80% of the budget. In the early years, the monetary reform also improved the budget. By the end of the second decade of the XVIII century. the monetary regalia no longer gave the same effect, and the huge amount of taxes reached its possible maximum. It was then that the ideas of the “profit-makers” about the transition from household to capitation taxation by direct taxation came into play, which would make it possible to sharply increase the number of taxpayers. In 1718, on November 28, a decree was issued on the census of the entire taxable male population. Since 1722, the verification of the results of the census began - "audit". She gave a result that struck the minds - about 2 million male souls were identified who were not included in the census. Since then, the censuses themselves have been called "revisions". The total number of the taxable population is 5.4 million male souls. They were charged with spending on the army and navy. Finance and budget reform Back to reforms
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The military reform that began in 1698-1699 was caused primarily by the fact that the archery regiments could not cope with the task of defending the country from external and internal enemies. The beginning of the creation of a regular Russian army November 1699 can be considered, and the legal basis is the royal decrees of November 8 and 17, in which the sources for recruiting new regiments were determined. It was assumed that, first of all, the army would be formed from "eager people" - free subjects of various ranks. As a second source for the creation of a regular army, “dacha people” were listed (since 1705 they began to be called recruits). According to the decree, for various estates, the norms for the supply of recruits were determined: from monastic peasants - 1 “given person” from 25 households; from the nobles who were on public service, - 1 person from 30 yards. The place for recruiting and completing units, as well as training recruits in military affairs, was the village of Preobrazhenskoye, where a special commission was established - the General Court. Advantages new system acquisition was that it allowed to prepare a reserve for waging a long bloody war. However, it caused significant damage to the national economy: annually from various industries farms, up to 40,000 healthy men aged 15 to 32 were irretrievably "shaved" into recruits. Military reform Back to reforms Transfiguration March (Peter's Anthem of Russia) Click on the picture to watch the video (if you have internet)
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The most important point The organization of the new army were artillery units. The infantry has light mortars, cannons with a “caliber” (i.e., according to the weight of the core) of 3 pounds, grenadier companies have heavy grenades, and howitzers and mortars have the cavalry. In the field artillery by 1725 there were 2620 people. Two large weapons factories in Tula and Sestroretsk, two large gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg and Okhta, as well as a large group of iron-smelting complexes in the center of the country, in the north and in the Urals, fully satisfied the army's need for weapons and ammunition. In a relatively fast time, the state launched the production of uniforms for the army. The army under Peter for the first time had a single form "(infantry - green caftans and black hats, cavalry - blue caftans and black hats). In addition to the field army, a system of military garrisons stationed in the villages was created in the country. In 1725 there were 55 garrison regiments, consisting of soldiers and partly archers, with a total number of 74,127 people.The garrison regiments had powerful artillery units (2295 people).In the garrisons of Russia by 1725, according to I.K. Kirilov, there were 9891 guns and 788 mortars, not counting small guns and howitzers. Russia has never known such a powerful artillery fleet (and in fact, taking into account army artillery, this amounted to at least over 15 thousand guns). The Russian army has become one of the strongest in Europe. shelf
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At the end of the 90s of the XVII century. an impressive Azov fleet was created. With the outbreak of the Northern War, the Baltic fleet also became necessary. In 1702-1704. the construction of ships unfolded in several places at once: on the rivers Syas, Svir, Luga, Volkhov, Izhora. The creation of the Caspian fleet took place already in the 20s of the 18th century. Until that time, Astrakhan had mainly traditional plows and beads. By the beginning of the Caspian campaign of 1722-1723. Russia had about 300 ships. In the first years of the creation of the Russian fleet, in addition to the most difficult economic and technical problems, there were huge difficulties with personnel for the fleet. After all, only at first it was possible to hire 600 foreign sailors (mostly all Slavs) and retrain the army guards and from soldiers to sailors. Since 1705, sets began especially for the fleet. The most important means of creating a strong and efficient army and a mighty fleet was the establishment of a system of professional military education. First military school there was a bombardier's school at the Preobrazhensky Regiment (1698-1699). In 1701, the first large (for 300 people) artillery school was opened in Moscow. In 1712, an artillery school began to operate in St. Petersburg. In 1721, an artillery school for professional artillerymen was opened there. The first nautical school was organized back in 1698 in Azov. In 1701, a school of "mathematical and navigational" sciences was opened in Moscow, preparing personnel for both the army and the navy. Initially, it was designed for 200, and from 1701 - already for 500 people. In 1715, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy of Officers began to operate. In 1716, the so-called midshipman company was organized. Of course, business trips to study in countries Western Europe(to Holland, France, Italy and other states). Ultimately, by the 1920s, Russia could fully provide both the army and the navy with its cadres of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers. In 1714, all foreign officers who did not pass the exam were dismissed from service. In 1720, the Military Collegium forbade the recruitment of officers from other states. True, in 1722 it was allowed to be accepted into the service only on the condition “that they should remain here after death.” Naval reforms Back to reforms
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A prominent place among the transformations of Peter is occupied by the Spiritual Reform. Peter knew perfectly well the history of his father's struggle for power with Patriarch Nikon, he also knew the attitude of the Clergy to his transformations. At that time Adrian was the patriarch in Russia. Relations between Peter and the patriarch were clearly strained. Peter perfectly understood the desire of the church to subjugate secular power to itself - this determined the activities that were carried out in this area. Patriarch Andrian died in 1700, but the tsar was in no hurry to elect a new patriarch. The leadership of the affairs of the church was transferred to the Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky, he was declared the guardian of the patriarchal throne. Although Peter did not see Yavorsky as an active supporter, at least Yavorsky did not vehemently oppose Peter's policy. On the road of Peter there was another problem - schismatics. “Peter had to start a fight against schismatics. The schismatics, owning great wealth, refused to take part in common duties: to enter the service, military or civil. Peter found a solution to this issue - he overlaid them with a double tax. The schismatics refused to pay - a struggle broke out. Raskolnikov was executed, exiled or flogged. Peter sought to protect himself from the influence of the church, in this regard, he begins to limit the rights of the church and its head: a council of bishops was created, which met periodically in Moscow, and then, in 1711, after the creation of the Synod, the head of the church lost the finishing touches of independence. Thus, the church was completely subordinate to the state. But the king was well aware that the subordination of the church to a simple governing body is impossible. And in 1721 the Holy Synod was created, which was in charge of the affairs of the church. “The Synod was put on the same rank as the Senate, above all other collegiums and administrative bodies. The structure of the Synod was no different from the structure of any collegium. The Synod consisted of 12 people. Thus, Peter eliminated the threat of an attempt by the spiritual authorities on the secular and put the church at the service of the state. From now on, the church was part of the support on which the absolute monarchy stood. Church Reform Back to Reforms
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The reforms of Peter the Great concerned various areas the life of society. In 1699, Peter issued a decree to change the calendar. Previously, the chronology was conducted according to the Byzantine calendar: New Year started September 1st. Since 1699, the New Year was supposed to begin on January 1, according to the European model. This reform caused great discontent, because. earlier chronology was conducted from the creation of the world, and in terms of new way 1700 was to come only after 8 years. In the new year 1700, a decree was issued on the establishment of the first pharmacies in Moscow; another decree forbade the carrying of knives under fear of a whip or exile. In 1701, the liberal spirit of the new reign was expressed in a series of decrees: it was forbidden to fall on one's knees when the sovereign appeared; bare your head in winter, passing by the palace. In 1702, the turn of reforming family life came: attempts were made to provide the marriage union with stronger moral guarantees. After visiting France, Peter issues a decree on hospitality. The position of women in society is changing radically. Peter tried to introduce her to modern secular life, following the example of the West, to provide the highest circles with new forms of treatment. In 1710, Peter I approved a sample of the "civil" alphabet, having revised the West Cyrillic alphabet for this. Reforms in other areas of public life. Back to reforms
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Consequences of the reforms
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Characteristics of Peter
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Sayings of Peter "Know about Peter that life is not dear to him, if only Russia would live in bliss and glory, for your well-being." “With other European peoples, it is possible to achieve the goal in philanthropic ways, but not so with the Russians: if I had not used strictness, I would not have owned the Russian state for a long time and would never have made it what it is now. I'm not dealing with people, but with animals that I want to transform into people."
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Virtual mini survey of famous personalities about the era of Peter I
The era of Peter the Great and his transformations are very contradictory and ambiguous. It is no coincidence that the points of view of many prominent figures of science and art about itself and its transformations are so polar opposite. Let's try to conduct an imaginary mini-survey famous historians, writers, politicians and find out their opinions about this difficult time for Russia. Let's ask them just two questions: "What do you think about Peter I?" and "How do you assess its transformation in Russia?"
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Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Great Russian scientist (1711 - 1765) I sing the wise Russian, Hero That the cities are new, regiments and fleets are building, From the most tender years he waged war with malice, Passing through fears, exalted his country, Humbled the villains inside and trampled on the opposite, Hand and with his mind he overthrew the impudent and deceitful, And the whole world was surprised by his deeds.
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Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, writer (1766 - 1826) “The ardent monarch with a heated imagination, having seen Europe, wanted to make Russia - Holland. We became citizens of the world, but ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia.”
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Belinsky Vissarion Grigoryevich (1811 - 1848) Revolutionary democrat, influential critic. “Peter the Great is the greatest phenomenon not only in our history, but also in the history of all mankind; he is a deity who called us to life, breathed a living soul into the colossal body of ancient Russia, but plunged into mortal slumber.
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Solovyov Sergey Mikhailovich (1820 - 1879) - historian, one of the founders of Russian historiography. "The need to move new way was realized ... the people got up and gathered on the road; waited for the leader, and the leader appeared. "Peter I is the greatest historical figure, who most fully embodied the spirit of the people."
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Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (1823 -1886) - Publicist, publisher, editor, Slavophile. "Peter I is the destroyer of Russian national foundations, and his reforms were a brilliant mistake."
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Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky - historian, student of Solovyov. (1841 -1911) “The reform carried out by Peter the Great did not have as its direct goal to rebuild either the political, social or moral order, but was limited to the desire to arm Russian state and the people with ready-made Western European means, mental and material ... . The resistance of the people forced Peter to use violent measures, which created the impression of a revolution. In fact, Peter's activity was more of a shock than a coup."
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Sociological survey of 2008 Sociologists of the Foundation " Public opinion”(FOM) offered respondents a choice of 500 names, according to historians, the great people of Russia. FOM, with the help of a nationwide study, determined which of them are known by at least half of the living Russians. Then the survey participants rated the remaining persons. Sociologists note that the period of youthful years of the participants in the study also depended on which of the historical figures he considers the most significant in the history of Russia. All respondents (6 thousand people each during the two stages of the study) were divided into 8 groups with an age interval of 7 years. Moreover, the conditional names of the generations (from “Stalinist” to “Putinist”) reflect the era in which the main stage of the formation of their personality took place (from 10 to 17 years). Stalinist generation: before 1936 Khrushchev generation: born 1936-43 Gagarin generation: 1944-51 Brezhnev generation: 1952-59 Suslov generation: born 1960-67 Gorbachev generation born in 1968-74 Yeltsin generation: 1975-82 Putin's generation: 1983-90 The first three of the most significant historical characters remain unchanged - these are Peter I, Stalin and Lenin. According to the FOM, these three historical figures lead by a wide margin among representatives of all ages. For those born under Stalin (the “Stalinist”, “Khrushchevian” and “Gagarinian” generations), Stalin will certainly come first. For the "Suslov" generation, all three figures are equivalent, although Lenin is in the lead by a small margin. But starting from the "Gorbachev" generation to leading positions in national history The first Russian emperor Peter I comes out.
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The project began with the fact that the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences determined the initial list, which included 500 names of the most worthy representatives of our past. The purpose of the first stage was to find out about which of the characters at least half of the Russians know about and therefore it is possible to ask more detailed questions about them regarding their role in history. At the first stage, 185 figures were selected, which are known to more than half of the respondents. The purpose of the second stage was to select 50 characters who, according to the Russians, left the most significant, and it does not matter - positive or negative - mark in the history of our country. During each stage, 6,000 respondents were interviewed at the place of residence in a sample representing the population of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the Rossiya TV channel, Mayak radio, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Public Opinion Foundation launched the Name of Russia joint project. As part of the “Name of Russia” project, the Foundation was tasked with finding out which of the 500 personalities named by historians Russians consider the most significant in terms of the historical fate of our country. To solve this problem, two stages of research were carried out. Project "Name of Russia"
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For two and a half centuries, historians, philosophers, and writers have been arguing about the significance of Peter's transformations. Indeed, they can be evaluated in different ways. It all depends on what is considered useful for Russia and what is harmful, what is the main and what is secondary. But everyone agrees on one thing: Peter's reforms were milestone in the history of Russia, thanks to which everything can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras. The famous historian Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov, who, perhaps, was better able to understand both the personality of Peter and his work, wrote: “The difference in views ... came from the enormity of the deed accomplished by Peter, the lasting influence of this deed; the more significant a phenomenon, the more divergent views and opinions it generates, and the more they talk about it, the more they feel its influence on themselves. Conclusion
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1. Encyclopedia for children "History of Russia" Moscow "Avanta +" 1995 2. "Heroes of Russian history" White City Moscow 2005 3. Vladimir Solovyov "History of Russia for children and adults" Moscow 2003 4. Illustrated encyclopedia "History of Russia 18-20 centuries." Moscow Olma-Press Education 2004 5. Natalya Mayorova Russian History White City Moscow 2005 6 Results of sociological surveys. (Internet, "Arguments and Facts" newspaper, July 24, 2008) 7. The following music from the era of Peter the Great was used in the presentation: - Kant in honor of the Poltava victory "Orly Russian" by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the State Republican Academic Choir) - Kant on the conclusion of the Treaty of Nishtad (1721) by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the male group of the Moscow Chamber Choir) Sources http://www.bibliotekar.ru/polk Internet: http://ru.youtube.com/watch?v=t1VMz-mXPM4 http://www.nameofrussia.ru/video .html?id=3222 http://www.xserver.ru/user/refpp/3.shtml http://www.ref.by/refs/33/7380/1.html http://ru.youtube. com/watch?v=vIIT0WTe0nw http://www.nameofrussia.ru/
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This question cannot be answered unambiguously. What was Russia like in the 17th century? Typical patriarchal state. She seemed to be frozen in her development. She needed a push for further development, or rather a powerful “kick”. It was Peter the Great who did it. He practically, like the literary hero Baron Munchausen, who pulled himself out of the swamp by the hair, also pulled Russia out of the swamp in which she was.
And why such a tough statement of the question? Tyrant? Yes, his order to shave his beard is child's play compared to the tyranny of the 20th century! He did not create the Gulag.
Revolutionary transformations, even good ones, never do without sacrifices. There is always someone who resists innovation. Opponents of change are not asleep, they incite discontented people to riots. They can only be crushed with a strong hand. His goals were progressive, but the methods of achieving them were not always civilized.
There was a lot of work. Lacking knowledge and skills, he visited Europe under the guise of an ordinary carpenter. He was interested in practical issues - the construction of ships, plants, factories. The way of life of Europeans, in particular fashion.
It was he who ordered women to wear European dresses, wigs, and men to wear camisoles, over the knee boots, and shave their beards. The great sovereign also brought tobacco to Russia. He just wanted Russia to be a civilized country.
He streamlined the structure of state government, published the "Tables of Ranks". Industry growth. New factories were built in the Urals. Rifles and cannons were cast on them. "Lapotnaya" Russia sold metal to "advanced" Europe. Trade began to develop.
The creation of a fundamentally new combat-ready army, the introduction of recruiting, the opening of specialized military schools made it possible to as soon as possible, about five years, to carry out military reform. This immediately manifested itself, for example, in the Battle of Poltava. The Swedes got good lesson and got away.
The fleet is Peter's favorite brainchild. He visited the shipyards daily, followed the construction of ships. He saw Russia as a great maritime power. Laid the foundations of the Baltic Fleet. Russia got access to the ocean. He specially opened the Navigation School, where children from poor families could study.
And as for the fact that he arranged dressings for embezzlers and loafers, it was impossible to do it any other way. Give the Russian man free rein - he will plunder everything.
The construction of St. Petersburg is a brilliant project of Peter the Great. A great power must have a great capital on the sea. Yes, the construction was associated with the mass death of the people. We can say that the city is built on bones. And the climate there is not healthy. But Peter the Great had his own point of view on this matter.
Also there was built Kronstadt, the naval base of the Russian fleet. By modern standards, as shown by the Day parade Navy, ocean cruisers and submarines could not enter the mouth of the Neva, it is too small for them there. But at the time it was progressive. By the way, the uniform for sailors - guis, a comfortable shirt - "Dutch", a pea coat was also introduced by Peter the Great. Sailors still wear them.
My opinion is this. If Peter the Great had not come to power, but Princess Sophia or his brother Ivan would have come, then it is not known what would have happened to Russia. Would they have had enough intelligence, pressure, leadership qualities to radically rebuild Russia? Hardly. After all, European neighbors were ready to "chop off" part of our territory. Their armies were much more powerful than the Russian army. Where are we with the archers against guns and cannons! Peter the Great understood this before others. And only he managed to teach the enemies a good lesson.
If, theoretically, we put on the left pan of the scales everything positive, advanced that Peter the Great did, and on the right pan Negative consequences deed, then the left bowl will outweigh the right. For me, Peter the Great is definitely a reformer.
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Lesson consolidation on the studied period of history (the era of Peter the Great) and aimed at developing practical skills.
Description
PeterI: tyrant or reformer.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
to consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era .
Educational: the formation of students' ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, highlight the main thing from the lesson material.
Educational: the formation of students' perception of a sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your homeland.
Tasks:
1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.
2. To consolidate students' knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
In the class, 2 groups are distinguished in advance, opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter. They are given the task to draw up their relationship to Peter the Great in the form of a table.
1team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).
2team - Defenders (they consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter, “Peter, who cut a window to Europe”, “Severe, but fair and democratic”. Others join these judgments, emphasizing that Peter "expressed the interests of the ruling class" and "teared three skins from the working peasantry."
Peter I
Oh, mighty lord of fate!
Are you not so above the abyss,
At the height of the iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
"The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin
A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of their decrees of the tsar were written with a whip ...
Now an academician, then a hero,
Now a navigator, now a carpenter,
He is an all-encompassing soul
On the throne was an eternal worker.(Pushkin A.S. "Stans")
Who was Peter the Great? Tyrant or reformer? What he was right about and what he was wrong about - these are the main questions of our discussion. Pay attention to the blackboard, which lists the basic rules of the discussion.
DISCUSSION RULES (Discussion rules are posted either on the board or shown using ICT. Students must be familiar with the rules at the beginning of the lesson)
1. You can't criticize people, only their ideas.
2. Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.
3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.
4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.
5. Don't forget that the best way to convince the enemy is clear reasoning and impeccable logic.
6. Speak clearly, precisely, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not according to a "piece of paper."
7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.
8. Never give "labels" and do not allow derogatory statements, skirmishes, ridicule.
Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. Before you worksheets, you must, in the course of acquaintance with the document, highlight the evidence that
or a tyrant
Peter I is a great reformer
.
Policy. As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of state administration. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by colleges, which were subordinate to the Senate. January 24
Economy. Under Peter there was a significant growth of large-scale manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in
Construction of St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, laid a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the question of religion . Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by various religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.
Education and science . Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter ordered all children of the nobility to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: a naval, engineering school, an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called "Vedomosti" and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To facilitate reading and writing in 1708, he reformed the Russian alphabet, greatly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first Kunstkamera museum. And, already at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Don't you think that the Petrine manufactories, which use the labor of forced laborers, are not progressive capitalist enterprises? 2. Don't you think that as a result of the administrative reform, a cumbersome, bureaucratic system of governing the country has developed? What changes took place in the army, economy, politics during the reign of Peter the Great?
"Peter I is not a great reformer" .
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasances, the number of officials and the cost of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as they required huge material costs. Numerous taxes, direct and indirect, were introduced. All this worsened the position of the taxable population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. The decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree forbade the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, the uprising of K. Bulavin, the uprising in Bashkiria) .Peter used mass executions, torture, exile, as a means of punishment. For example, The Streltsy rebellion of 1698 was a brutal massacre of the archers, which was committed by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Life was saved only for those who were from 14 to 20 years old, and even then they were beaten with whips. In the next six months, 1182 archers were executed, beaten with a whip, branded and 601 people were exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost ten more years, total number executed reached 2000 people.
Construction of St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. Serfs were widely used for work in the project. It is believed that about 30,000 died during construction.
Church. Peter ordered to remove the bells from the churches, because. there was not enough metal for weapons for the army, up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper was then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade choosing a successor. IN
Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they took a fine from them and for the fact that the priests performed their spiritual duties. They did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. For disobedience, they were exiled to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.
Culture. The desire of Peter I to turn Russians overnight into Europeans was carried out by violent methods. Shaving beards, introducing European-style clothing. Dissenters were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Peter's "Europeanization" marked the beginning of the deepest gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry in any person from the “educated”, since a nobleman dressed in European foreign language, seemed to the peasant a foreigner. Peter openly despised all popular customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered to forcibly shave his beard and wear a foreign dress. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and passers-by and cut off the floors of the long national cut of clothing. The beards of those who resisted were simply uprooted. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to dress in foreign dresses. Two days were given to execute the order. It was forbidden to ride on Russian-style saddles. Merchants were graciously promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor for the sale of Russian dresses.
Don't you think there's more to cultural change than shaving beards? Do you think the creation of new educational institutions, textbooks, museums, civil type are progressive phenomena in culture? What do you think, is it possible to become Russia great empire without a strong army? Who should keep it? What actions could Peter take to achieve his goal, or what actions could he refrain from? Were alternative actions possible?
- So, you got acquainted with the documents and we need two masters who will record your evidence on this issue ( proofs are written by masters on the board, or shown using ICT) . So, you, as true historians, what conclusion did you come to when studying the documents. Was Peter I evil and treacherous, immoral and greedy, or was Peter the genius of the Russian land, a great reformer.
Yes, well, you drew a picture for us. Let's now listen to the defense team.
| Peter was a reformer | Peter was a tyrant |
| 1. A clear structure of public administration 2. The "Table of Ranks" was introduced. the nobility of the family in itself, without service, does not mean anything 3. The growth of a large-scale manufacturing industry and new types of manufactories appeared. 4. Under Peter I, trade (internal and external) stepped forward noticeably 5. New factories were built. 6. Russia started selling metal to Europe. 7. Creation of a new army. 8. Construction of the military and commercial fleet. 9. Construction of St. Petersburg, which 10. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state 11. Peter I paid great attention to education and science. opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, artillery school. 12. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began On 13.1708 he carried out a reform of the Russian alphabet, greatly simplifying it. 14. . In 1719, Peter founded the country's first Kunstkamera museum. On January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia. 15. Peter himself was engaged in any work and personally took part in all undertakings. 16. Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power | 1. The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance. 2. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as they required huge material costs 3. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect 4.Reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. 5. A large number of popular performances (Astrakhan uprising, the uprising of K. Bulavin, the uprising in Bashkiria) 6. A huge number of consequences and cruel executions. 7. A huge number of people died. 7. Banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg 8.30,000 people died during the construction of the city. 9. The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing in Rus' - the church. Peter ordered to remove the bells from the churches, because. there was not enough metal for weapons for the army, up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper was then brought to Moscow 10. In 11. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them, both direct and indirect. 12. Violent methods of carrying out reforms. 13. Peter's "Europeanization" laid the foundation for the deepest gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata |
Summarize: we got two almost identical columns. What is the conclusion? Ask for your opinion (listen to students' answers)
What do you think, was there an alternative to the development of Russia, was it necessary to apply such radical measures?
Conclusion: History does not know the subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds are great. I think and hope that our descendants will support me, that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities in himself that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out the reforms were radical. Yes, Peter appears before us violent and cruel, but such was the age. The new made its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the obsolete old clung to life.
I would like to end our discussion with a statement by the historian M.P. Pogodin, who lived in Pushkin's times. In the book “Peter the Great” M.P. Pogodin wrote: “We are waking up. What day is it? January 1, 1841 - Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January. It's time to get dressed - our dress is sewn according to the style given by Peter the Great ... the essence is woven at the factory that he started, the wool is sheared from the sheep he bred. A book catches your eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out these letters himself.
At dinner, from salted herring and potatoes, which he ordered to sow, to grape wine diluted by him, all dishes will tell you about Peter the Great. A place in the system of European states, administration, legal proceedings ... Factories, factories, canals, roads ... Military schools, academies are monuments to his tireless activity and his genius.
The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when it is necessary, as Peter the Great happened to do in his time, to create and defend on the old obsolete basis new Russia, to reform the army and navy, to cultivate industriousness, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for military affairs. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.
Bibliography:
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin "History of Russia: the end of the 16th - 18th centuries". M., "Enlightenment", 2010
Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia at the end of the 17th - 19th centuries. Moscow: Thought, 1995
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time, Moscow: Enlightenment, 1989
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M., Thought, 1990
Pogodin MP Peter the Great. - In the book: Historical and critical passages, vol. 1.M., 1846
Pushkin A.S. “The Bronze Horseman” Poems. Moscow., Bustard-Plus., 2010
Pushkin A.S. "Stans" Works in three volumes. St. Petersburg: Golden Age, Diamant, 1997.
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Peter I tyrant or reformer..doc
History lesson in 7th grade.
Teacher: Lysova O.N. GOOU "Constellation", Volgograd
Peter I: tyrant or reformer.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational : to consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era.
Educational : the formation of students' ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, highlight the main thing from the lesson material.
Educational : the formation of students' perception of a sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your homeland.
Tasks:
1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.
2. To consolidate students' knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
In the class, 2 groups are distinguished in advance, opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter. They are given the task to draw up their relationship to Peter the Great in the form of a table.
team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).
team - Defenders (they consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter, “Peter, who cut a window to Europe”, “Severe, but fair and democratic”. Others join these judgments, emphasizing that Peter "expressed the interests of the ruling class" and "teared three skins from the working peasantry."
Peter I
Oh, mighty lord of fate!
Are you not so above the abyss,
At the height of the iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
“The Bronze Horseman” A.S. Pushkin
A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of their decrees of the tsar were written with a whip ...
Now an academician, then a hero, Now a navigator, now a carpenter, He is an all-encompassing soul On the throne was an eternal worker. (Pushkin A.S. "Stans")
Who was Peter the Great? Tyrant or reformer? What he was right about and what he was wrong about - these are the main questions of our discussion. Pay attention to the blackboard, which lists the basic rules of the discussion.
DISCUSSION RULES (Discussion rules are posted either on the board or shown using ICT. Students must be familiar with the rules at the beginning of the lesson)
1. You can't criticize people, only their ideas.
2. Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.
3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.
4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.
5. Do not forget that the best way to convince the enemy is clear reasoning and impeccable logic.
6. Speak clearly, precisely, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not according to a "piece of paper."
7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.
8. Never give "labels" and do not allow derogatory statements, skirmishes, ridicule.
Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. Before you worksheets, you must, in the course of acquaintance with the document, highlight the evidence that Peter I is a great reformer or a tyrant
Peter I is a great reformer.
Policy.As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of state administration. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by colleges, which were subordinate to the Senate. On January 24, 1722, the "Table of Ranks" was introduced, which introduced a new classification of employees. The nobility of the family in itself, without service, does not mean anything, does not create any position for a person, thus, the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogical book, was put in its place.
Economy.Under Peter there was a significant growth of large-scale manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21). Iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to start exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade took a noticeable step forward (internal and external. Metalworking plants were built in the Urals, in Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. Deposits of copper ore were discovered. (Ural.) New types of manufactory appeared: textile, chemical, shipbuilding.
Army. Announced by decree of 1699 on the beginning of recruitment. In the period from 1699 to 1725, an army (318 thousand people, along with Cossack units) and a fleet were formed. The army was with a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet was created from 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small ships. Russia had both a navy and a merchant fleet.
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, laid a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the question of religion .
Education and science . Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter ordered all children of the nobility to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: a naval, engineering school, an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called "Vedomosti" and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To facilitate reading and writing in 1708, he reformed the Russian alphabet, greatly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first Kunstkamera museum. And, already at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Don't you think that the Petrine manufactories, which use the labor of forced laborers, are not progressive capitalist enterprises? 2. Don't you think that as a result of the administrative reform, a cumbersome, bureaucratic system of governing the country has developed? What changes took place in the army, economy, politics during the reign of Peter the Great?
.
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasances, the number of officials and the cost of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as they required huge material costs. Numerous taxes, direct and indirect, were introduced. All this worsened the position of the taxable population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. The decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree forbade the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, the uprising of K. Bulavin, the uprising in Bashkiria).Peter used mass executions, torture, exile as a means of punishment. For example, The Streltsy rebellion of 1698 was a brutal massacre of the archers, which was committed by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Life was saved only for those who were from 14 to 20 years old, and even then they were beaten with whips.
Construction of St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg.
Church. Peter ordered to remove the bells from the churches, because. there was not enough metal for weapons for the army, up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper was then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade choosing a successor. In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the "Holy Governing Synod" was created to manage the church, which was subordinate to the Senate. The state tightened control over the income of the church from the monastic peasants, systematically withdrew a significant part of them for the construction of the fleet, the maintenance of the army, schools, etc. It was forbidden to create new monasteries, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited.
Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they took a fine from them and for the fact that the priests performed their spiritual duties. They did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. For disobedience, they were exiled to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.
Culture. The desire of Peter I to turn Russians overnight into Europeans was carried out by violent methods. Shaving beards, introducing European-style clothing. Dissenters were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Peter's "Europeanization" marked the beginning of the deepest gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any person from the "educated", since a nobleman dressed in European style, speaking a foreign language, seemed to the peasant a foreigner. Peter openly despised all popular customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered to forcefully shave his beards and wear foreign clothes. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and passers-by and cut off the floors of long national cut clothes. The beards of those who resisted were simply uprooted. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to put on wine-earth dresses. Two days were given to execute the order. It was forbidden to ride on Russian saddles. Merchants were graciously promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor for the sale of Russian dresses.
Don't you think there's more to cultural change than shaving beards? Do you think that the creation of new educational institutions, textbooks, museums, civil type are progressive phenomena in culture? Do you think it is possible for Russia to become a great empire without a strong army? Who should keep it?What actions could Peter take to achieve his goal, or what actions could he refrain from? Were alternative actions possible?
- So, you got acquainted with the documents and we need two masters who will record your evidence on this issue ( proofs are written by masters on the board, or shown using ICT) . So, you, as true historians, what conclusion did you come to when studying the documents. Was Peter I evil and treacherous, immoral and greedy, or was Peter the genius of the Russian land, a great reformer.
Yes, well, you painted a picture for us. Let's now listen to the defense team.
|
Peter was a reformer |
Peter was a tyrant |
|
1. A clear structure of public administration 2. The "Table of Ranks" was introduced. the nobility of the family in itself, without service, does not mean anything 3. The growth of a large-scale manufacturing industry and new types of manufactories appeared. 4. Under Peter I, trade (internal and external) stepped forward noticeably 5. New factories were built. 6. Russia started selling metal to Europe. 7. Creation of a new army. 8. Construction of the military and merchant fleet. 9. Construction of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the capital of Russia. 10. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state 11. Peter I paid great attention to education and science. opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, artillery school. 12. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began On 13.1708 he carried out a reform of the Russian alphabet, greatly simplifying it. 14. . In 1719, Peter founded the country's first Kunstkamera museum. On January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia. 15. Peter himself was engaged in any work and personally took part in all undertakings. 16. Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power |
1. The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance. 2. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as they required huge material costs 3. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect 4.Reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. 5. A large number of popular performances (Astrakhan uprising, the uprising of K. Bulavin, the uprising in Bashkiria) 6. A huge number of consequences and cruel executions. 7. A huge number of people died. 7. Banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg 8.30,000 people died during the construction of the city. 9. The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing in Rus' - the church. Peter ordered to remove the bells from the churches, because. there was not enough metal for weapons for the army, up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper was then brought to Moscow 10. In 1721, the patriarchate was liquidated, the creation of new monasteries was prohibited, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited. 11. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them, both direct and indirect. 12. Violent methods of carrying out reforms. 13. Peter's "Europeanization" laid the foundation for the deepest gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata |
Summarize: we got two almost identical columns. What is the conclusion? Ask for your opinion (listen to students' answers)
What do you think, was there an alternative to the development of Russia, was it necessary to apply such radical measures?
Conclusion: History does not know the subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds are great. I think and hope that our descendants will support me, that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities in himself that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out the reforms were radical. Yes, Peter appears before us violent and cruel, but such was the age. The new made its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the obsolete old clung to life.
I would like to end our discussion with a statement by the historian M.P. Pogodin, who lived in Pushkin's times. In the book “Peter the Great” M.P. Pogodin wrote: “We are waking up. What day is it? January 1, 1841 - Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January. It's time to get dressed - our dress is sewn according to the style given by Peter the Great ... the essence is woven at the factory that he started, the wool is sheared from the sheep he bred. A book catches your eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out these letters himself.
At dinner, from salted herring and potatoes, which he ordered to sow, to grape wine diluted by him, all dishes will tell you about Peter the Great. A place in the system of European states, administration, legal proceedings ... Factories, factories, canals, roads ... Military schools, academies are monuments to his tireless activity and his genius.
The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when, as Peter the Great happened to do in his time, we have to create and defend a new Russia on the old obsolete basis, reform the army and navy, cultivate industriousness, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for the military. case. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.
Bibliography:
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin "History of Russia: the end of the 16th - 18th centuries". M., "Enlightenment", 2010
Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia at the end of the 17th - 19th centuries. Moscow: Thought, 1995
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time, Moscow: Enlightenment, 1989
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M., Thought, 1990
Pogodin MP Peter the Great. - In the book: Historical and critical passages, vol. 1.M., 1846
Pushkin A.S. “The Bronze Horseman” Poems. Moscow., Bustard-Plus., 2010
Pushkin A.S. "Stans" Works in three volumes. St. Petersburg: Golden Age, Diamant, 1997.
documents on the topic Peter the tyrant or the reformer.doc
Peter I is a great reformer. Student card(s) ______________________
Policy.As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of state administration. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by colleges, which were subordinate to the Senate. Instead of the Boyar Duma, which did not play a significant role by the beginning of the 18th century, the Governing Senate was created, which has legislative, administrative and judicial power. The Boyar Duma was numerous, practically never convened, and is considered by historians to be an ineffective institution. The "Table of Ranks" was introduced. The list of ranks on January 24, 1722, the Table of Ranks, introduced a new classification of employees. This founding act of the reformed Russian bureaucracy put the bureaucratic hierarchy, merit and service, in place of the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogical book. In one of the articles attached to the table, it is explained with emphasis that the nobility of the family in itself, without service, does not mean anything, does not create any position for a person: no position is given to people of a noble breed until they do not serve the sovereign and the fatherland. they will show "and for these character ("honor and rank", according to the then wording) they will not receive"
Economy.The most remarkable phenomenon in the economy of the late 17th and early 18th centuries was the significant growth of large-scale manufacturing industry. By 1725, there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21), that is, in 30 years the country's industry grew 11 times. Iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to start exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade (internal and external) made a noticeable step forward. Peter I based economic activity on a policy of mercantilism (stimulating exports and restricting imports). In 1726, exports amounted to 4.3 million rubles, and imports - 2.1 million rubles. In 1724, the Customs tariff came out (low export duties were introduced and high import duties - 75% of the cost). Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, in Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the XVIII century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. Deposits of copper ore were discovered. (Ural.) There were manufactories associated with the production of linen, ropes, cloth. Moreover, the textile industry was actually created anew. A new branch of industry was shipbuilding (Voronezh, St. Petersburg.)
Army. The construction of a standing army was announced by decree of 1699. In the period from 1699 to 1725, 53 recruiting was carried out, which gave the army and navy 280 thousand people. The system of recruitment took shape over the course of five years, and by the end of the reign of Peter I, the total number of the army was 318 thousand people (together with the Cossack units). This is how a regular army was formed with a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. Until 1702, 28 ships, 23 galleys and many small vessels were built in Voronezh. Since 1702, ships have already been built in the Baltic, on the Syas River. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet was created from 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small ships.
Construction of St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703 by laying a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. The city was named after St. Peter the Apostle. In 1712 the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
On the question of religion . Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by various religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.
Education and science . Peter I paid great attention to education and science. He not only obliged all children of the nobility to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: a naval, engineering school, and an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called "Vedomosti" and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To facilitate reading and writing in 1708, he reformed the Russian alphabet, greatly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first Kunstkamera museum. And, already at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Personality of Peter. Peter himself always took a direct part in all events. The launching of a new ship was a celebration for the king. Peter the worker, Peter with callused hands - this is the personification of the entire Russian people in the so-called era of transformation. Memoirs of the Danish envoy Julius Yust: “I went to the Admiralty shipyard to be present at the lifting of the stems (the main beams in the hull of the ship). The king, as the chief ship master, disposed of everything, he chopped with an ax, which he wielded more skillfully than carpenters. Having made an order, the tsar took off his hat in front of the admiral-general who was standing there, asked him: “Should I wear it?”, and upon receiving an affirmative answer, put it on. The king expresses such respect to all senior persons in the service. Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power.
"Peter I is not a great reformer". Student card(s) ______________________
Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, in connection with which in 1722 special authorities (fiscals, prosecutors) were created and the position of prosecutor general was introduced, which led to another increase in the number of officials and the cost of their maintenance. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as they required huge material costs. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect (changes in the tax system, the state introduced a monopoly on the sale of certain goods). All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. The decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree forbade the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The tax reform enslaved "walking" people and serfs. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, the uprising of K. Bulavin, the uprising in Bashkiria)
Streltsy uprising 1698 - uprising of Moscowarchery regiments , caused not the hardships of service in the border cities, exhausting campaigns, harassment by the colonels. The Streltsy rebellion of 1698 was a brutal massacre of the archers, which was committed by the sovereign. Pyotr Alekseevich said: “And they deserve death for their innocence, that they rebelled.” After all, the investigation had not yet been completed, but the execution had already begun. Peter the First himself participated in them and even expressed dissatisfaction when the boyars, without due skill, chopped off the heads of the rebels. Alexander Menshikov boasted: "I personally cut off the head of 20 archers." 799 archers were executed. Life was saved only for those who were between 14 and 20 years old, and then they were beaten with whips.In the next six months, 1182 archers were executed, beaten with a whip, branded and 601 people were exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost ten more years, the total number of executed reached 2,000 people.
Construction of St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. Stonemasons were forced to go to work in St. Petersburg. In addition, a “stone tax” was taken from each cart that entered the city: you had to bring a certain amount of stone with you or pay a special fee. Peasants from all the surrounding regions came to the new lands to work on construction.Serfs were widely used for work in the project. It is believed that about 30,000 died during construction.
Church. All reforms were made for the people and in the name of the people... But what is the price of this? What did people pay for it? The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing that is in Rus' - on the Church of God! The Church has always helped the people, gave hope and faith. Peter ordered to remove the bells from the churches, because. there was not enough metal for weapons for the army, up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper was then brought to Moscow. Every fifth temple was left without a language.
Church synod reform: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade him to choose a successor. The management of the church was entrusted to one of the metropolitans, who served as the "locum tenens of the patriarchal throne." In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the Holy Governing Synod, or the Spiritual College, was created to manage the church, which was also subordinate to the Senate. In parallel with this, the state increased control over the income of the church from the monastery peasants, systematically withdrew a significant part of them for the construction of the fleet, the maintenance of the army, schools, etc. It was forbidden to create new monasteries, the number of monks in existing ones was limited
Old Believers. The Old Believers did not have freedom in their native land. In the reign of Peter they were no longer burned in masses, but individual cases of burning and other executions were not rare. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they took a fine from them and for the fact that the priests performed their spiritual duties. In a word, the Old Believers were a source of income for both the government and the clergy. However, they did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. The Old Believers were divided into the so-called "recorded" and "non-recorded". Noteworthy were those who were on a special account and paid a double tax; the unrecorded lived in secret, they were caught and exiled to hard labor as enemies of the church and state, despite the fact that they were the most faithful sons of their fatherland.
Culture. The desire of Peter I to turn Russians overnight into Europeans was carried out by violent methods. Shaving beards, introducing European-style clothing. Dissenters were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Peter's "Europeanization" marked the beginning of the deepest gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any person from the "educated", since a nobleman dressed in European style, speaking a foreign language, seemed to the peasant a foreigner. Peter openly despised all popular customs. He threw off his brocade royal clothes and dressed up in foreign camisoles. He imprisoned the legitimate queen in a monastery .... According to the Russian concept, barbering was a sin. Christ Himself wore a beard, the apostles wore beards, and all Orthodox must wear a beard.
