In the traditional sense, ergonomics is a science that takes care of adapting the space and objects surrounding a person for safe and effective use based on mental and physical condition person.
The basis for ergonomics consists of many sciences ranging from anatomy to psychology. And its main task is to find the optimal shapes and sizes and the correct arrangement of objects for the safest and most efficient life.
Ergonomics is important for designing any interior, from the work area to the sleeping area.
And every self-respecting designer and architect should know all the laws of ergonomics and apply them in design projects.
Many people think that the field of study of ergonomics is only furniture, but this is not so. Ergonomics studies all components of the workplace and recreation area from the computer mouse to the temperature regime, and tries to establish the parameters of each of these components that are optimal for a person.
That is why one of the important components of the design project of your premises should be a scaled plan for arranging furniture, taking into account all the laws of ergonomics. After all, it is very important that a skillfully made design, with ideal color and texture combinations, be fully suitable for a comfortable and healthy existence.
Wherever a person is, at work or at home, he always wants to use products that are distinguished by convenience and safety. Both design and ergonomics have an impact on the pleasure of using a particular item, so it is not surprising that these two separate areas flow organically into each other. IN various industries In the industry, professional designers are currently collaborating with ergonomics specialists, who present various data on the physiological and biomechanical characteristics of a person, participate in the development and testing of products Chernyavina L.A. Fundamentals of ergonomics in environmental design: tutorial/ L.A. Chernyavina. - Vladivostok: Publishing House of VGUES, 2009. - 262 p. 167..
Based on psychological, hygienic and other standards, appropriate requirements are being developed for new items or equipment so that they ultimately turn out to be convenient and comfortable to use, for example, a toothbrush curved so that its brush reaches the back surface of the teeth, mirror a camera that is comfortable to hold, or production equipment that provides high level security. Comfort, superior functionality and attractive appearance- all these requirements for created items can only be met by a competent combination of ergonomics and design.
One of the basic concepts that ergonomics operates with is the anatomical features of a person. Anatomical factors are widely used in design. The task of the designer is to ensure that the created products are adapted to a specific person, so that the latter can use them conveniently and comfortably. In particular, when designing an ordinary chair, designers consider the question of how high the curved back should be placed from the seat so that the person's back can comfortably lean on it. To answer this not unimportant question, experts turn to ergonomics, which has long existed such a thing as the Ackerblom Line. This is an average value that determines where our spine has a corresponding inward bend in the lumbar region (approximately 23 cm). Support for the spine must be provided exactly at this distance from the seat of the chair.
It should be noted that in ergonomics, special, flat mannequins are often used, which reproduce the proportions of the human body. Based on this data, designers subsequently design new products, or design a workspace that would suit most people in terms of ergonomic parameters. Plus, of course, computer analysis and various modern software capabilities are used, as well as fairly simple tools, such as quizzes or leaflets, through which data is collected on what, in one way or another, is related to various factors daily or work activities of a person, including the level of comfort and safety.
The use of ergonomic design principles has become widespread in the development of furniture, in the design of interiors of residential, office and industrial premises. Ergonomics considers all issues related to the components of the workspace or living area, ranging from a conventional computer mouse to a suitable temperature in a room designed according to the laws of ergonomics, a person acts almost intuitively - he can easily find a switch on the wall, the color scheme of interiors and consecration creates the right mood, inspiring or, on the contrary, calming Runge VF, Manusevich Yu.P. Ergonomics in environment design / V.F. Runge, Yu.P. Manusevich.- Architecture-S, 2007.-328 p.164..
For example, when designing furniture and creating space for a seating area, designers start from the anthropometry of a person who sits in a relaxed, calm posture. Be sure to take into account the level of inclination of the seat in order to ensure the convenience of getting up from a chair or chair. Corner sofas are often installed in various recreation areas, and ergonomic rules require the designer to arrange the furniture in such a way that a person sitting on such a sofa can freely position his legs and at the same time not interfere with other people.
In residential areas associated with sleep, in particular in bedrooms, furniture is assembled and placed based on the size of a sleeping, lying person. Here, ergonomic factors prohibit the placement of the sofa with its long side along the outer wall of the room or the head of the sofa in a somewhat cramped space.
Particular attention is paid to the issue of ergonomics in the organization and design of the space for work. Interior designers have to start from the anatomical features of a person who sits at his desk. For example, when designing the area behind a working computer, ergonomics focuses primarily on the length of a person's shin, since it is precisely this that indicates the optimal height of his chair or chair. The ergonomics of the working area also provides that the height, area and slope of the desktop is determined by the type of work performed by the employee.
According to the rules of ergonomics, all the items necessary for labor activity are placed at an accessible distance from the table so that a person can use them without resorting to extra efforts Municikov V.M. Ergonomics: Textbook / V.M. Municikov. - M.: Logos, 2004.- 320 p. 240.. Ergonomics also requires increased attention of the designer to the organization of consecration. The consecration should not be intense and too bright, so as not to blind or unnecessarily strain the eyes of a person. It should contribute to comfortable work and a positive mood of a person.
So, ergonomics currently plays a significant role in industrial and object design, in the creation of household products and the design of office equipment, as well as in interior design and room layout. It is a complex discipline that, to one degree or another, affects all issues related to the field of activity of a professional designer.
Subject environment, ergonomic foundations of organization
Kolesnikova Anastasia Alexandrovna,
postgraduate student of the Department of Arts and Crafts and technical graphics Orel State University.
Ergonomics is the basis in design, the foundation that lays the foundation for everything created. In his book, VF Runge says this about design: “One of the main goals of which is the formation of a harmonious subject environment that meets the material and spiritual needs of a person. It is compositional unity that allows us to consider ergonomics as the natural science basis of design. In industrial design, ergonomics is involved in the creation of household items, tools and mechanisms, and in graphic design in the development of packaging. In environmental design, the achievements of ergonomic research are taken into account in the design of the interior and exterior, the organization of landscape design.
Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that studies human activity in domestic and labor processes, creating the most favorable conditions for life and the mental state of a person. The design of the room should be focused from the very beginning on the creation of a system of ergonomic properties, since this is the most important goal. The goal of ergonomics is to improve the relationship of a person with his environment, maintain his health and create conditions for the development of personality. The relationship between what surrounds a person, what he encounters in Everyday life, in ergonomics is abbreviated as "man - machine - environment". This system harmonizes the components, the causes united by a specific goal. The requirements for the system "man-machine-environment" are inseparably linked with the achievement of the set goals.
These examples indicate that ergonomic fundamentals are involved in shaping the entire design environment and their importance cannot be overestimated. "As a scientific discipline, ergonomics is based on the synthesis of the achievements of socio-economic, technical and natural sciences". As a result, it is aimed at creating favorable conditions for the interaction of a person with his environment to ensure the interests of the whole society and each user individually.
The shapes of the objects around us, their relationship to each other in terms of size, the material from which the object is made and its volumetric-spatial structure can act as an objective environment. “The unity of the subject environment is achieved using artistic means and is addressed spiritual world person".
Throughout life, a person is in a residential area or indoors industrial purpose or in public. Premises such as kindergartens, general education schools, secondary specialized institutions, universities and schools additional education belong to the public. public buildings by social importance belong to the service industry. The service activities themselves can be divided into several groups - education, food, trade, exposition, spectacle and expectation. Each of these groups determines its role in the formation of the spatial environment. The education system is divided into preschool, general education and professional stages. The choice of equipment and the organization of the spatial structure is influenced by the chosen room (group kindergarten, class, audience, workshops). Anthropometric data and psychophysiological characteristics of students of all ages become the basis for designing an interior or exterior, since the forms of education can be both individual and collective or group. Each of these forms reveals its own characteristics.
The collective form of education, for example, involves the work of a teacher with a class, a group. The attention of students should be riveted towards the teacher or to the chalk board. This requires students to sit in rows behind study desks throughout the classroom, so that their visual orientation is directed to the front wall. It is important to note that the distribution of furniture and equipment is determined by the condition of normal visibility of the teacher or manuals.
In the group form of education, students are divided into several groups, this is necessary for practical exercises, laboratory and creative work. Such activities can be carried out in kindergarten groups, in school classrooms, additional education rooms or sports halls. Important for group classes is the availability of free space and proper placement of equipment in zones.
Mini hotels in Yekaterinburg. Mini hotel Ekaterinburg.
With an individual form of education, the emphasis is on the contact of the teacher with the student, where the latter can be at the blackboard, at the device or at the teaching aid.
Looking at preschool institutions, we can observe that large quantity premises includes group rooms, such as playrooms and groups for finding children, assembly and sports halls. In turn, the groups for finding children are intended both for games and for eating, and sometimes for sleeping. To do this, as noted earlier, the premises require an appropriate competent distribution of equipment by zone. But music or sports halls can be used during inclement weather for holidays or as additional recreation.
Great importance in preschool institutions is given to functional and mobile furniture. “The “constructor” method allows you to create furniture modules, on the basis of which various layout and equipment options are selected, for example, classes depending on the composition of students, the size and configuration of rooms, etc. Schools receive containers with " building material", from which they mount the necessary items and systems for their specific conditions." Often, children's furniture looks like an adult, only in a reduced size. As for the tables, they are usually double or quadruple. Containers for storing toys and auxiliary materials are also needed, these storages can be made of different materials, but taking into account the anthropometric data of the child and ergonomic studies. In addition to the usual daily routine, groups can view visual graphic materials, educational films, TV shows, filmstrips.
The basis of ergonomics is also the influence of color and light, on which a favorable stay in the room depends, as a result, an increase or decrease in the labor process. “The best natural lighting conditions are created in the following situations: with overhead lighting, with side left, combined with overhead lighting; with corner lighting (left and rear); when illuminated from two sides (left and right) ".
Color in an artificial habitat is of great importance for the soul of a person, for his behavior and mood. The choice of the color of the training room should be conscious and balanced. These rooms are designed for both rest and mental work. In the last rooms, toning colors should be used: yellow, orange are also suitable, but the scope of this color is much less wide for aesthetic reasons. In recreation rooms, green-blue, blue and blue colors are suitable, they are also calming.
Thus, the significance of the fundamentals of ergonomics is the basis that lays the foundation for everything created, because the scope of its application is quite wide and it is impossible to underestimate it. Modern conditions environment, the needs and capabilities of a person make it difficult or impossible to perform vital functions. Each item that a person creates should take into account human factors as much as possible. Only in accordance with this system "man - machine - environment" will be harmonious.
Literature
1. Bartashevich A.A. Fundamentals of composition and furniture design. - Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 2004. - 192 p.
2. Bezdomin L.N. in the world of design. - Uzbek SSR.: Fan, 1990. - 295 p.
3. Minervin G.B. Fundamentals of equipment design for residential and public buildings: Proc. Allowance for universities. - M.: Architecture-S, 2005 - 112 p.
4. Rannev V.R. Interior. – M.: graduate School, 1987. - 132 p.
5. Revyakin P.P. Color science. - Minsk.: Higher School, 1984. - 285 p.: ill.
6. Runge V.F. Ergonomics in environmental design. - M.: Architecture-S, 2005. - 328 p.: ill.
7. Runge V.F. Ergonomics and interior equipment. - M.: Architecture-S, 2006. - 160 p.: ill.
8. Solovyov N.K. Interior history. Ancient world. Middle world. – M.: Shevchuk, 2007 – 384 p.
9. Michael Foster. The principles of architecture, styles, structure and design. - Oxford.: Phaidon Press Limited, 1983. - 224pp.: il.
6.3. Ergonomics in construction, architecture and equipment design of buildings and premises
The complex of production processes, technical means and equipment, including construction, installation, auxiliary, transport work, as well as work related to the restoration, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures, their disassembly and movement, needs ergonomic research and development. However, they have not yet received proper development. It is no coincidence that the construction industry in the vast majority of countries has the highest rate of injuries and occupational diseases compared to all other industries.
There are still few institutes or centers in the world that specialize in ergonomic research and development in construction. Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, and the USA are among the countries where work in this area is quite intensive. Most of the research is related Withthe study of harmful and dangerous factors in construction, where the physical load of workers is still extremely high in comparison with other branches of production. Lifting and carrying loads in many cases are carried out manually. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of dust in the air, high noise levels, vibrations, poor lighting, especially in the winter season, work in adverse climatic conditions are the main harmful and dangerous factors in construction.
Laboratory for Ergonomic Problems in Construction Sweden performedthree large projects.
Target first- "Ergonomics and rationalization of work in trenches for laying pipelines" - to determine the necessary working space for laying pipes in open trenches, as well as to develop ergonomically perfect tools for this type of work. The project was carried out mainly in the laboratory. A life-size model of a trench with movable walls was placed in a box of gravel. The experiment involved skilled workers.
Second project- "Installation of corrugated iron structure during roofing works". The laboratory staff suggested several simple and practical installation methods, as well as safety measures. In addition, mounting hardware has been designed with ergonomics in mind.
Third project- "Transportation and laying of concrete pipes" - was developed jointly with a building contractor and two machine-building enterprises. The project covered the stages from the delivery of pipes from the plant to their final laying. As a result, not only ergonomic and technical proposals for the pipe-laying system were developed, but also new types of cooperation between research and industrial organizations were mastered.
Ergonomic problems in construction are associated with the mechanization of work (rice. 6-8). Canadian experts analyzed the convenience access for drivers to the cabins of road construction machines and identified whole line disadvantages: lack of handrails, steps too high, narrow doorways, etc., which cause occupational injuries and create inconvenience at work. Guide prepared and published "Ergonomic fundamentals of designing tower crane cabins", in the creation of which the employees of the Institute of Health and the Office of Occupational Safety in Construction of the Netherlands took part.
Architectural and interior design face ergonomic challenges in the following areas:
1) determining the relationship between architectural structures and models of space organization;
2) dimensions, shape and other general properties of space;
3) organization of travel routes that meet the requirements for the performance of activities and their efficiency, labor protection and safety;
4) compatibility of human activities and the environment;
5) the main types of furniture, accessories, equipment and their design characteristics that affect the performance of the activity, its results and the satisfaction derived from it;
6) location of furniture, fixtures and equipment;
7) groups of people and activities that require special furniture, supplies and their placement, as well as those aspects of health and safety that, although unlikely, should be considered as essential to the project;
8) surface finishing, if it can influence the perception and activity of a person;
9) the influence of temperature, air movement, humidity, sound, noise, lighting and climatic conditions on human performance and the creation of comfortable working conditions;
10) the impact of new products and evolving technology on the characteristics of a traditional building type.
A typical ergonomic program that provides for the solution of the above tasks includes 26 points. Ergonomic programs distinguish-
Although they have much in common, depending on the type of buildings and the characteristics of people's behavior and activities in them.
Ergonomic design programs differ in content residential complex and airport, theater and post office, industrial building and hospital. Analysis and study of specific types of labor activity are decisive in the design of workshops for industrial buildings. The design of industrial interiors by methods and means of architecture, design and ergonomics is aimed at creating the best working conditions and short-term rest, contributing to the formation of a sense of job satisfaction and, on this basis, increasing the efficiency and quality of work.
Ergonomic research in theater design is a rarity. The Swedish Theater Federation has taken an initiative to study working conditions in theaters. This research resulted in an ergonomic research project, the main purpose of which is the study of theatrical production, especially the impact of the results of creative activity on the production process and the technical staff of the theater and vice versa.
Theater by nature is a creative organization, but many of them today work in a highly industrial environment.
strialized production system, which includes almost all aspects of production. Theatrical production can be viewed as an interconnection of three parallel processes: creative, technical, and administrative. The specialists involved in them use different production methods, different technologies, have different levels of education, etc. But all those involved in these three production processes create one and only one joint product - the performance. On the one hand, the creative process that develops the scenic interpretation of the text, on the other hand, the process of creating scenery, furniture, costumes, makeup, lighting, sound, etc. On the one hand, uncertainty, belated decisions and even a certain degree of chaos, on the other hand, the need for order (a schedule that allows you to rationally plan production and organize the activities of craftsmen who know their business and use their experience).
As happened earlier in the industry, the theaters are now in the process of mastering new technologies. However, there is no transfer of knowledge from production. Theaters follow the same path of trial and error that the industry has already taken. For example, too many functions are now transferred from man to machine. A typical result of this process is the computerized creation of scenery without the knowledge of experienced stagehands, sometimes resulting in accidents, repetitive work and other negative consequences.
The fact that the modern theater operates in a highly industrialized production system that includes many aspects of production has not yet been adequately reflected in architectural and design design. Therefore, ergonomists, with rare exceptions, are not involved in the design of theaters. The theater buildings create beautifully equipped stages, magnificent foyers and auditoriums. But they have practically no space for rehearsals, workshops, storerooms and transport. It's no longer about creating normal conditions for the effective and creative work of the numerous production personnel of the theater, which negatively affects the most fragile, most ephemeral and most receptive of all the arts of the era - the theater, according to the expert on this art, the Frenchman P. Pavy.
The complexity of the technical equipment of modern hospitals and the design of premises depending on their purpose - for patients, visitors, medical and service personnel - makes these objects of architectural and design design ergonomic in nature. No less significant is the fact that the doctor is the main consumer of medical technology- when evaluating it, as a rule, uses the same criteria as the ergonomist. And, finally, ergonomics is of particular importance for hospitals, since they are not only medical, but also social institutions in which a person must be provided with conditions for a normal life.
The Swedish firm "Ergonomic Design" together with the Institute of Psychotechnics (Gothenburg) conducted ergonomic analysis of working conditions and equipment in the operating rooms of five hospitals in Stockholm. The research methodology included an analysis of the psychophysiological aspects of the activities of medical personnel (including through a survey), obtaining information about situations in which mistakes can be made, studying the impact of workplace organization on the comfort of working positions during surgery, determining the route of movement of personnel during surgery, the impact of improper placement of equipment in operating rooms on the work of doctors. The purpose of the research was to develop ergonomic requirements for equipment and for the organization of the object-spatial environment in operating rooms and their subsequent design.
In Germany in the 80s designers and ergonomists of the company "Martin" designed a universal operating table, allowing to give the patient any desired position and perform operations of any specialization. The hospital bed has been the subject of ergonomic research and development for a relatively long time. Specialists from the Finnish company Merivaaro have created a bed for transporting patients in hospitals that meets the requirements of ergonomics. It is easy to adapt to various patients and situations, it is convenient for medical personnel to handle regulatory mechanisms, and is equipped with many additional devices that facilitate the work of a doctor or nurse. The necessary amenities are provided for the patient when moving to the bed, various positions are provided on it and the return return to the inpatient bed, as well as during transportation around the hospital (rice. 6-9).
Developed in the late 80s and early 90s by German scientists and specialists, the Ka Vo Systematika 1060 TK dental units provide comfort and safety for dentists. When the Ka Vo engineers, together with designers, practitioners and scientists, were thinking about a new treatment facility for the 90s, everyone was thinking about the dentist and his activities: hard work, health risks, all kinds of medical procedures, every single manipulation. As a result, created comfortable, safe and beautiful dental unit "Ka Vo Sistematika1060 TK", thoroughly supporting the dentist in his work: all treatment procedures are thought out in detail in accordance with ergonomic requirements; all important functions are taken over by the reliable and intelligent Ka Vo control system. The installation is so comfortable that the patient tolerates the treatment more easily. Thus, the created dental unit frees all participants in the treatment process from unnecessary work, unnecessary stress, unnecessary fear (Fig. 34 on the color tab).
Increasingly, ergonomists are being recruited to design and improve existing supermarkets.
goods and shops. Studiedactivity Andworking conditions of 88 female cashiers at one of the supermarkets in France. The results revealed the factors causing the occurrence of stress among cashiers. These include: working postures, working conditions (cold, drafts, poor lighting) and the forced speed of work. Measures were proposed to improve working conditions: better organization of shifts and breaks for rest, standardization of workplaces, their layout and equipment (general recommendations, seats, footrests, cash register keyboard).
Since the second half of the 1960s, a lot of ergonomic research on the activities and workload of cashiers and other supermarket workers has been carried out in Japan. Recommendations are being developed to improve the organization of their jobs and working conditions.
The close relationship between architecture, design and lighting technology led to the connection to this triumvirate also ergonomics . The cardinal ergonomic solution for lighting stores and showcases, offices andapartments, museums and exhibition stands and other objects were offered by the German company "ERKO" . Until 1968, the main task of the company was the production of lamps. However, after self-critical analysis and thorough research, the company came to the conclusion that it was necessary to sell not "beautiful" lamps that give a purely random illumination without any visible purpose, but light of a specific quality emitted by appropriate devices. In other words, visual comfort is more important than the sparkling effect of the lamp. The company has moved into the production of products that can be described by the somewhat unusual term "light machines", i.e. products designed for a specific, well-defined purpose..
When creating modern schools, much attention is paid to the formation object-spatial environment educational process. Today hardly who doubts the close relationship between the learning process and the age-related characteristics of children's behavior, the space-planning decision of the school building, the formation of the physical environment (microclimate, lighting, color, noise, sounds, etc.) and the design of school furniture, equipment and technical facilities. Workplace student (the design of the table and chair or, less often, desks, their dimensions and layout of elements) is a traditional object of ergonomic research and development, the purpose of which is to create the best conditions for seated learning. This refers to the creation of prerequisites for the correct posture of schoolchildren, less bending of the spine, prevention of increased sweating of the abdominal part of the body and pressure on the lower abdomen, better blood circulation in the lower extremities, as well as ensuring a normal eye distance from the working surface of the table.
Conducted in many countries by ergonomists, doctors and anthropologists, together with teachers, studies of the posture of schoolchildren in a sitting position make it possible to identify and eliminate design flaws in modern school furniture. A city in Denmark introduced a program of 90 shortened five-year lessons, during which schoolchildren were taught to sit correctly at school tables and desks. In order to evaluate the results of such targeted teaching of correct posture to schoolchildren, they were photographed during a four-hour exam with an interval of 24 minutes by an automatic camera. It turned out that, despite the careful practice of the posture, all the students sat for the entire exam, bending as much as possible.
hovering over the tables, the height of which was clearly insufficient for them, especially for high school students. At the end of the 70s in Western Europe it was found that over the previous 20-30 years the average height of schoolchildren increased by 4-5 cm, but for unknown reasons, the height of school furniture even decreased over the same period.
The teacher's workplace, which in a modern school is increasingly turning into a kind of control panel for technical teaching aids, allows its design to use ergonomic approaches similar to the development of the operator's workplace. However, the traditional workplaces of teachers today require serious ergonomic and design study. As a result of the unification of parts in a number of countries, tables for teachers are assembled from the same elements as student tables, but with the use of additional drawers, cabinets, and end shields.
The traditional principle of teaching on the same schedule with the passage of the same material by the same type of groups of students is currently combined with other forms of education, including those with different sizes of groups and flexible schedules. The "constructor" method allows designers and ergonomists to create simple and inexpensive furniture modules, on the basis of which various options for planning and equipping classes are selected depending on the composition of the students, the size and configuration of the premises, curricula and so on. Schools do not receive furniture, but containers with "building material", from which they assemble the necessary items that meet the requirements of ergonomics and design. A new set of psychological, pedagogical, ergonomic, hygienic and design problems arose with the computerization of higher and secondary schools, as well as preschool institutions.
The complex of production processes, technical means and equipment, including construction, installation, auxiliary, transport work, as well as work related to the restoration, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures, their disassembly and movement, needs ergonomic research and development. However, they have not yet received proper development. It is no coincidence that the construction industry in the vast majority of countries has the highest rate of injuries and occupational diseases compared to all other industries.
There are still few institutes or centers in the world that specialize in ergonomic research and development in construction. Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, and the USA are among the countries where work in this area is quite intensive. Most of the research is related to the study of harmful and dangerous factors in construction, where the physical load of workers is still extremely high compared to other industries. Lifting and carrying loads in many cases are carried out manually. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of dust in the air, high noise levels, vibrations, poor lighting, especially in winter, work in adverse climatic conditions are the main harmful and dangerous factors in construction.
The Ergonomics Laboratory for Construction in Sweden has completed three major projects.
The purpose of the first one - "Ergonomics and rationalization of work in trenches for laying pipelines" - is to determine the necessary working space for laying pipes in open trenches, as well as to develop ergonomically perfect tools for this type of work. The project was carried out mainly in the laboratory. A life-size model of a trench with movable walls was placed in a box of gravel. The experiment involved skilled workers.
The second project is "Installation of a corrugated iron structure during roofing". The laboratory staff suggested several simple and practical installation methods, as well as safety measures. In addition, mounting hardware has been designed with ergonomics in mind.
The third project - "Transportation and laying of concrete pipes" - was developed jointly with a construction contractor and two machine-building enterprises. The project covered the stages from the delivery of pipes from the plant to their final laying. As a result, not only ergonomic and technical proposals for the pipe-laying system have been developed, but new types of cooperation between research and industrial organizations have been mastered.
Ergonomic problems in construction are associated with the mechanization of work (Fig. 6-8). Canadian experts analyzed the ease of access for drivers to the cabs of road construction machines and identified a number of shortcomings: the absence of handrails, too high steps, narrow doorways, etc., which cause occupational injuries and create inconvenience at work. The manual “Ergonomic fundamentals for the design of tower crane cabins” was prepared and published, in the creation of which employees of the Institute of Health and the Office of Occupational Safety in Construction of the Netherlands took part.
Architectural design and interior design are faced with ergonomic problems in solving the following tasks: 1) determining the relationship between architectural structures and models of space organization;?
2) dimensions, shape and others general properties space;
3) organization of travel routes that meet the requirements for the performance of activities and their efficiency, labor protection and safety;
4) compatibility of human activities and the environment;
5) the main types of furniture, accessories, equipment and their design characteristics that affect the performance of the activity, its results and the satisfaction derived from it;
6) location of furniture, fixtures and equipment;
7) groups of people and activities that require special furniture, supplies and their placement, as well as those aspects of health and safety that, although unlikely, should be considered as essential to the project;
8) surface finishing, if it can influence the perception and activity of a person;
9) the influence of temperature, air movement, humidity, sound, noise, lighting and climatic conditions on human performance and the creation of comfortable working conditions;
10) the impact of new products and developing technology on the characteristics of the traditional building type.
Rice. 6-8. Crawler excavator with comfortable cab (Sennebogen Straubing, Germany)
A typical ergonomic program that provides for the solution of the above tasks includes 26 items. Ergonomic programs differ, although they have much in common, depending on the type of buildings and the characteristics of people's behavior and activities in them.
The ergonomic programs for designing a residential complex and an airport, a theater and a post office, an industrial building and a hospital differ in content. Analysis and study of specific types of labor activity are decisive in the design of workshops for industrial buildings. The design of industrial interiors by methods and means of architecture, design and ergonomics is aimed at creating the best working conditions and short-term rest, contributing to the formation of a sense of job satisfaction and, on this basis, increasing the efficiency and quality of work.
Ergonomic research in theater design is a rarity. The Swedish Theater Federation has taken an initiative to study working conditions in theaters. This research resulted in an ergonomics research project, the main purpose of which is the study of theater production, especially the impact of creative activity on the production process and theater technicians and vice versa.
Theater by nature is a creative organization, but many of them today work in a highly industrial environment.
strialized production system, which includes almost all aspects of production. Theatrical production can be viewed as an interconnection of three parallel processes: creative, technical, and administrative. The specialists involved in them use different production methods, different technologies, have different level education, etc. But all those involved in these three production processes create one and only one joint product - the performance. On the one hand, the creative process that develops the scenic interpretation of the text, on the other hand, the process of creating scenery, furniture, costumes, makeup, lighting, sound, etc. On the one hand, uncertainty, belated decisions and even a certain degree of chaos, on the other hand, the need for order (a schedule that allows you to rationally plan production and organize the activities of craftsmen who know their business and use their experience).
As happened earlier in the industry, the theaters are now in the process of mastering new technologies. However, there is no transfer of knowledge from production. Theaters follow the same path of trial and error that the industry has already taken. For example, too many functions are now transferred from man to machine. A typical result of this process is the computerized creation of scenery without the knowledge of experienced stagehands, sometimes resulting in accidents, repetitive work and other negative consequences.
The fact that the modern theater operates in a highly industrialized production system that includes many aspects of production has not yet been adequately reflected in architectural and design design. Therefore, ergonomists, with rare exceptions, are not involved in the design of theaters. The theater buildings create beautifully equipped stages, magnificent foyers and auditoriums. But they have practically no space for rehearsals, workshops, storerooms and transport. It is no longer a question of creating normal conditions for effective and creative work numerous production staff of the theater, which negatively affects the most fragile, most ephemeral and most receptive of all the arts of the era - the theater, according to the expert on this art, the Frenchman P. Pavy.
The complexity of the technical equipment of modern hospitals and the design of premises depending on their purpose - for patients, visitors, medical and service personnel - makes these objects of architectural and design design ergonomic in nature.
No less significant is the fact that the doctor is the main consumer medical technology- when evaluating it, as a rule, uses the same criteria as the ergonomist. And, finally, ergonomics is of particular importance for hospitals, since they are not only medical, but also social institutions in which a person must be provided with conditions for a normal life.
The Swedish firm "Ergonomic Design" together with the Institute of Psychotechnics (Gothenburg) carried out an ergonomic analysis of working conditions and equipment in the operating rooms of five hospitals in Stockholm. The research methodology included an analysis of the psychophysiological aspects of the activities of medical personnel (including through a survey), obtaining information about situations in which mistakes can be made, studying the impact of workplace organization on the comfort of working postures during surgery, determining the route of movement of personnel during surgeries, the impact of improper placement of equipment in operating rooms on the work of doctors. The purpose of the research was to develop ergonomic requirements for equipment and for the organization of the object-spatial environment in operating rooms and their subsequent design.
In Germany, in the 80s, designers and ergonomists of the Martin company designed a universal operating table, which allows you to give the patient any desired position and perform operations of any specialization. The hospital bed has been the subject of ergonomic research and development for a relatively long time. Specialists from the Finnish company Merivaaro have created a bed for transporting patients in hospitals that meets the requirements of ergonomics. It is easy to adapt to various patients and situations, it is convenient for medical personnel to handle regulatory mechanisms, and is equipped with many additional devices that facilitate the work of a doctor or nurse. The necessary amenities are provided for the patient when moving to the bed, various positions are provided on it and the return return to the inpatient bed, as well as during transportation around the hospital (Fig. 6-9).
Developed in the late 80s and early 90s by German scientists and specialists, the Ka Vo Systematika 1060 TK dental units provide comfort and safety for dentists. When the engineers of the Ka Vo company, together with designers, practitioners and scientists, were thinking about a new treatment facility for the 90s, everyone was thinking about the dentist and his activities: hard work, health at risk, all kinds of medical procedures, every single manipulation. As a result, a convenient, safe and beautiful dental unit "Ka Vo Systematica 1060 TK" was created, which thoroughly supports the dentist in his work: all treatment procedures are thought out in detail in accordance with ergonomic requirements; all important functions are taken over by the reliable and intelligent Ka Vo control system. The installation is so comfortable that the patient tolerates the treatment more easily. Thus, the created dental unit frees all participants in the treatment process from unnecessary work, unnecessary stress, unnecessary fear (Fig. 34 on the color tab).
Increasingly, ergonomists are involved in the design and improvement of existing supermarkets.
goods and shops. We studied the activities and working conditions of 88 female cashiers in one of the supermarkets in France. The results revealed the factors causing the occurrence of stress among cashiers. These include: working postures, working conditions (cold, drafts, poor lighting) and the forced speed of work. Measures were proposed to improve working conditions: better organization of shifts and breaks for rest, standardization of workplaces, their layout and equipment ( general recommendations, seats, footrests, cash register keyboard).
Since the second half of the 60s, many ergonomic
research on the activities and workload of cashiers and other supermarket workers is being conducted in Japan. Recommendations are being developed to improve the organization of their jobs and working conditions.
The close interrelationships between architecture, design and lighting technology led to the addition of ergonomics to this triumvirate. A cardinal ergonomic solution for lighting shops and showcases, offices and apartments, museums and exhibition stands and other objects was proposed by the German company ERKO. Until 1968, the main task of the company was the production of lighting fixtures. However, after self-critical analysis and careful research, the company came to the conclusion that it was necessary to sell not "beautiful" lamps that give a purely accidental illumination without any visible purpose, but light of a specific quality emitted by appropriate devices. In other words, visual comfort is more important than the sparkling effect of the lamp. The firm switched to the production of products that can be described by the somewhat unusual term "light machines", that is, products designed for a specific, well-defined purpose.
When creating modern schools great attention is given to the formation of the subject-spatial environment of the educational process. Today, hardly anyone doubts the close relationship between the learning process and age features behavior of children, space-planning solution of the school building, formation of the physical environment (microclimate, lighting, color, noise, sounds, etc.) and design of school furniture, equipment and technical facilities. The student's workplace (the design of a table and chair or, less often, desks, their dimensions and arrangement of elements) is a traditional object of ergonomic research and development, the purpose of which is to create the best conditions for academic work sitting. This refers to the creation of prerequisites for the correct posture of schoolchildren, less bending of the spine, prevention of increased sweating of the abdominal part of the body and pressure on the lower abdomen, better blood circulation in the lower extremities, as well as ensuring a normal eye distance from the working surface of the table.
Rice. 6-9. Bed for transporting patients in hospitals. Convenient for medical personnel and patients (Merivaaro, Finland)
Conducted in many countries by ergonomists, doctors and anthropologists, together with teachers, studies of the posture of schoolchildren in a sitting position make it possible to identify and eliminate design flaws in modern school furniture. A city in Denmark introduced a program of 90 shortened five-year lessons, during which schoolchildren were taught to sit correctly at school tables and desks. In order to evaluate the results of such targeted teaching of correct posture to schoolchildren, they were photographed during a four-hour exam with an interval of 24 minutes by an automatic camera. It turned out that, despite the careful practice of the pose, all the students sat for the entire exam, bending as much as possible.
hovering over the tables, the height of which was clearly insufficient for them, especially for high school students. At the end of the 70s in Western Europe, it was found that over the previous 20-30 years, the average height of schoolchildren increased by 4-5 cm, but for unknown reasons, the height of school furniture even decreased over the same period.
The workplace of the teacher, which modern school more and more turns into a kind of control panel for technical teaching aids, allows for its design to use ergonomic approaches similar to the development of the operator's workplace. However, the traditional workplaces of teachers today require serious ergonomic and design study. As a result of the unification of parts in a number of countries, tables for teachers are assembled from the same elements as student tables, but with the use of additional drawers, cabinets, and end shields.
The traditional principle of teaching on the same schedule with the passage of the same material by the same type of groups of students is currently combined with other forms of education, including those with different sizes of groups and flexible schedules. The “constructor” method allows designers and ergonomists to create simple and inexpensive furniture modules, on the basis of which various options for planning and equipping classes are selected depending on the composition of students, the size and configuration of rooms, curricula, etc. Schools do not receive furniture, but containers with “building material”, from which they assemble the necessary items that meet the requirements of ergonomics and design. A new set of psychological, pedagogical, ergonomic, hygienic and design problems arose with the computerization of higher and high school as well as preschool institutions.
- 1. Lecture 2. Ergonomics of design Ergonomics - (from the Greek ergon - work, nomos - law), a scientific discipline that comprehensively studies the functional capabilities of a person in labor processes, revealing the patterns of creating optimal conditions for highly efficient activity. The goal of ergonomics is to increase the efficiency and quality of human activity, while maintaining human health and creating prerequisites for the development of his personality. A machine in ergonomics is any technical device designed to purposefully change matter, energy, information, etc. The task of ergonomics is to design and improve the processes of performing activities, as well as to characterize the means and conditions that directly affect the efficiency and quality of activities and the psychophysiological state of a person. Components of ergonomics. 1. Anthropometry. Anthropometry - (from the Greek antrbpos - man and .... meter) - an integral part of anthropology (the science of the origin and evolution of man), is a measurement system human body and its parts, morphological and functional features of the body. There are: 1. Classical anthropometric signs (used in the study of body proportions, age morphology, to compare the morphological characteristics of different population groups). 2. Ergonomic anthropometric features (used in product design and labor organization).
- 2. 1) static signs - they are determined with a person's position unchanged, (they include the dimensions of individual parts of the body and overall, that is, the largest dimensions in different positions and postures of a person). These dimensions are used when designing products, determining the minimum space required by a person (for example, hiking), etc. 2) dynamic anthropometric signs - these are the dimensions measured when the body moves in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (angles of rotation in the joints, angle of rotation of the head, linear measurements of the length of the arm when it moves up, to the side, etc.). These signs are used to determine the angle of rotation of handles, pedals, to determine the visibility zone, etc. Anthropometric signs are determined taking into account age, gender, ethnic, territorial factors, because significantly depend on them (for example, the anthropometric features of the average European differ from the anthropometric features of the average Japanese). The numerical values of anthropometric data are most often presented in the form of tables in anthropometric atlases. Values are given in percentiles (from 5 to 95). In general, there are 100 percentiles, the lowest person is equated to 1 percentile, the highest to 100. In anthropometric atlases of information, the lowest and tall people not given due to their exclusivity, deviation from the norm. To determine the size of elements and products for children, they use anthropometric data grouped by height groups. Anthropometric points
- 3. 1) apical; 2) chin; 3) upper sternal; 4) mid-chest; 5) shoulder; 6) umbilical; 7) pubic; 8) radiation; 9) trochanteric; 10) subulate; 11) phalanx; 12) finger; 13) upper tibial internal; 14) lower tibia; 15) heel; 16) final. Fig.1. anthropometric points. 2. Engineering psychology. Engineering psychology is a branch of labor psychology that studies the relationship between man and technology. The main task is to study the processes of receiving, processing and storing information, which are carried out in the design of technical devices and their management. In addition, engineering psychology solves the following tasks: - distribution of functions between a person and a machine; − design of information systems, channel selection; − design of controls; − design of the workplace; − ensuring the convenience of technical use of the machine; − selection of personnel and their professional training.
- 4. 3. Psychology of perception. The psychology of perception is a science that studies the features and patterns of visual, auditory and tactile perception of the surrounding objective world. Ergonomic requirements Ergonomic requirements are the requirements that are imposed on the "man - machine - environment" system in order to optimize human activity. Ergonomic requirements are the basis for the formation of the design of an object, the design development of spatial and compositional solutions for the system as a whole and its individual elements. Factors determining ergonomic requirements. The ergonomic approach to solving the problem of optimizing human life is determined by a complex of factors, the main of which are due to individual features person. 1) socio-psychological factors. It is assumed that the design of the object and the organization of the workplace correspond to the nature and degree of group interaction, and also establish interpersonal relationships in joint activities and management of the facility. 2) anthropometric factors. They determine the conformity of the structure, shape, size of the object, equipment with the size and shape of the human body. Correspondence of the nature of the forms of products with the anatomical plasticity of the human body. 3) psychological factors. It is assumed that the object, technological processes and environment correspond to the capabilities and characteristics of human perception, memory, thinking, psychomotor skills, fixed and newly formed human skills.
- 5. 4) psychophysiological factors. They determine the correspondence of the object to the visual, auditory and other human capabilities. Conditions for visual comfort and orientation in the object environment. 5) physiological factors. They are designed to ensure the compliance of the object physiological characteristics man, his speed, biomechanical and energy capabilities. 6) hygiene factors. They predetermine the requirements for illumination, gas composition, air environment, humidity, etc. Including the composition of the material from which the object is made. Rice. 2. Zones determining hygienic factors.
- 6. Methods of ergonomic research For the correct design of any object, an ergonomic analysis of the activity (manipulation) of this object is of particular importance. This is done mainly in two ways. 1. A professiogram is drawn up containing the requirements that the activity imposes on technical means and psychophysiological properties of a person. In ergonomics, as a result of practice, two methods have been developed for obtaining the initial information necessary for compiling a professiogram: descriptive and instrumental professiography. Descriptive professiography includes: 1) analysis of technical and operational documentation; 2) ergonomic and engineering-psychological examination of the equipment; 3) monitoring the progress of the work process and human behavior; 4) a conversation with a person; 5) self-report of a person in the process of activity; 6) questioning and expert review; Instrumental professiography includes: 1) measurement of indicators of environmental factors; 2) registration and subsequent analysis of errors; 3) objective registration of energy costs and the functional state of the body of a working person (pulse rate, pressure, respiration, etc.); 4) objective registration and measurement of hard-to-distinguish (under normal conditions) components of the workflow, such as directing and switching attention, operating controls, etc. (For example, using video recording).
- 7. 5) Objective registration and measurement of indicators of physiological and functional systems that provide processes for detecting signals, highlighting informative features, as well as executive actions. The listed methods of professiographic research are used depending on the degree of complexity of the activity being studied and the required completeness of its description. In many cases, it is sufficient to use the method of descriptive professiography. 2. Somatographic and experimental (dummy) methods. These methods for solving ergonomic problems are used to select the optimal ratios between the proportions of the human figure and the shape, dimensions of the machine (object), its elements. 1) Somatography (from the Greek somatos - body and ... graphics) - a method of schematic representation of the human body in technical or other documentation in connection with the problems of choosing the ratios between the proportions of the human figure, the shape and size of the workplace. All norms and techniques are used in engineering graphics technical drawing and descriptive geometry. The high complexity makes it difficult to use classical self-imaging. The method of flat mannequins (model templates), bodies with articulated joints is less time consuming and more effective. Using a schematic representation (template), you can check: 1) the ratio of the proportions of the human figure, the size and shape of the workplace; 2) the reach and convenience of their placement of accommodation agencies; 3) optimal and maximum boundaries of the zone of reach of the extremities;
- 8. 4) overview of the workplace and conditions visual perception, for example, tracking the object of observation (indicators), etc.; 5) the convenience of the form of the workplace, space for manipulation, seating, console, etc.; 6) the convenience of approaching the workplace or leaving it, the optimal dimensions of approaches, communications. 2) Experimental (model) methods. Based on the use of prototyping of the designed equipment on a different scale and with varying degrees detailing. In this case, volumetric antopomanequins are used; one of the types of such mannequins was called "cartoons". Methods with the use of dummies allow us to solve a number of problems: 1) to link complex structural designs of equipment with each other; 2) achieve the overall and detailed proportionality of equipment to a person; 3) test the equipment being designed for ease of operation; 4) work out the spatial parameters of the workplace and a number of other tasks related to taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of the users of the designed equipment. In parallel with the use of dummies, a number of calculation procedures and geometric constructions are usually carried out on diagrams and drawings related to the accounting patterns of anthropometric data. The described methods are directly intertwined with design-projecting. The designer first imagines the situation mentally, then depicts it more and more concretely in a series of graphic sketches, then in three-dimensional models, dummies and mannequins, and finally in an effective natural reproduction.
