On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port in Kronstadt. The names Nadezhda and Neva flaunted on their sides, although until recently they had other names - Leander and Thames. It was under the new names that these ships, bought by Emperor Alexander I in England, were to go down in history as the first Russian ships to circumnavigate the globe. The idea of ​​a round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was supposed that its participants would collect as much information as possible about the countries that would be on their way - about their nature and about the life of their peoples. And besides, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the route of travelers also passed.
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the Neva sloop

Conflicts on board

Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the Nadezhda, and Yuri Lisyansky became the captain of the Neva - both at that time were already quite famous sailors who had been trained in England and participated in naval battles. However, another co-leader, Count Nikolai Rezanov, who was appointed ambassador to Japan and endowed with very great power, was “attached” to Kruzenshtern on the ship, which the captain naturally did not like. And after the sloops left Kronstadt, it turned out that Rezanov was not Krusenstern's only problem. As it turned out, among the members of the Nadezhda team was Fyodor Tolstoy, a well-known brawler, duelist and lover of eccentric antics in those years. He never served in the Navy and did not have the education necessary for this, and he got on the ship illegally, replacing his cousin, who bore the same name and surname and did not want to go on a long journey. And the brawler Tolstoy, on the contrary, was eager to sail - he was interested in seeing the world, and even more wanted to escape from the capital, where he was threatened with punishment for another drunken brawl.
Fyodor Tolstoy, the most restless member of the expedition During the trip, Fyodor Tolstoy entertained himself as best he could: quarreled with other members of the team and pitted them against each other, made fun, sometimes very cruelly, of the sailors and even of the priest who accompanied them. Kruzenshtern several times put him in the hold under arrest, but as soon as Fedor's imprisonment ended, he fell back to the old. During one of the stops on the island in pacific ocean Tolstoy bought a tame orangutan and taught him various pranks. In the end, he launched the monkey into the cabin of Krusenstern himself and gave her the ink with which she spoiled travel notes captain. This was the last straw, and in the next port, in Kamchatka, Krusenstern landed Tolstoy ashore.
Sloop "Nadezhda" By that time, he finally quarreled with Count Rezanov, who refused to recognize his captain's authority. The rivalry between them began from the very first days of the voyage, and now it is already impossible to say who initiated the conflict. In the surviving letters and diaries of these two, directly opposite versions are expressed: each of them blames the other for everything. Only one thing is known for sure - Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Kruzenshtern at first argued about which of them was in charge on the ship, then they stopped talking to each other and communicated using notes passed by the sailors, and then Rezanov completely locked himself in his cabin and stopped answering captain even on notes.
Nikolai Rezanov, who never reconciled with Krusenstern

Reinforcements for the colonists

Autumn 1804 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were divided. Kruzenshtern's ship went to Japan, and Lisyansky's ship went to Alaska. Rezanov's mission in the Japanese city of Nagasaki was unsuccessful, and this was the end of his participation in the round-the-world expedition. "Neva" at that time arrived in Russian America - the settlement of Russian colonists in Alaska - and its team took part in the battle with the Tlingit Indians. Two years earlier, the Indians had ousted the Russians from the island of Sitka, and now the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, was trying to return this island. Yuri Lisyansky and his team provided them with very important assistance in this.
Alexander Baranov, founder of Russian America in Alaska Later, Nadezhda and Neva met off the coast of Japan and moved on. "Neva" went ahead along the east coast of China, and "Nadezhda" explored the islands in the Sea of ​​Japan in more detail, and then set off to catch up with the second ship. Later, the ships met again in the port of Macau in southern China, for some time they walked together along the coasts of Asia and Africa, and then the Nadezhda fell behind again.
Sloop "Neva", drawing by Yuri Lisyansky

triumphant return

The ships returned to Russia in different time: "Neva" - July 22, 1806, and "Hope" - August 5. The expedition members collected a huge amount of information about many islands, created maps and atlases of these lands, and even discovered a new island, called Lisyansky Island. The almost unexplored Aniva Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk was described in detail and the exact coordinates of Ascension Island were established, about which it was known only that it was “somewhere between Africa and South America”.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen All the participants in this circumnavigation of the world, from captains to ordinary sailors, were generously rewarded, and most of them continued to pursue a maritime career. Among them was midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who traveled on the Nadezhda, who 13 years later led the first Russian Antarctic expedition.

After the victorious wars with Sweden and Ottoman Empire By the beginning of the 19th century, Russia had consolidated its status as one of the leading world powers. But a world power cannot exist without a strong fleet, so its development was given special attention. For example, Russian officers were sent to gain experience in the fleets of foreign countries. You will learn briefly about the round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky in the process of reading the article.

Preparation

The idea of ​​Yuri Lisyansky and Ivan Kruzenshtern belonged to the latter. He began to think about it immediately upon his return to Russia in 1799. The final version was submitted in early 1802 and fairly quickly approved by the Secretary of the Navy and the Minister of Commerce. Already on August 7, Kruzenshtern was appointed commander of the expedition. His old friend, an acquaintance from the time of study in the Naval Corps, captain-lieutenant Lisyansky, became his deputy. Most of the expenses world travel Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky were paid for by the Russian American Company. The merchants had their own interest, they hoped to open a new promising sea route, which could deliver goods to China and Russian settlements in America.

Preparations for the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were carried out quickly, but carefully. It was decided not to build the ships ourselves, but to buy them abroad. In England, for seventeen thousand pounds sterling, two three-masted sloops were purchased, called the Nadezhda and the Neva. The first was commanded by Kruzenshtern himself, and the second by Lisyansky. The necessary navigational instruments and other equipment for a long voyage were also purchased there. The crews were recruited exclusively from Russian volunteer sailors, despite the fact that Kruzenshtern was advised to invite experienced foreign sailors. This was an unusual decision, because Russian ships and crews had no experience of long-distance ocean voyages. In addition, the expedition included several scientists, as well as Ambassador Rezanov, who was instructed to establish ties with Japan.

Europe and the Atlantic Ocean

On July 26 (August 7, according to a new style), 1803, the ships of the expedition left Kronstadt. Russian navigators, setting off on their first round-the-world voyage, were solemnly seen off by local residents and crews of ships in the roadstead. Ten days later, the expedition reached Copenhagen, where the observatory's chronometers were adjusted. On September 26, Nadezhda and Neva stopped in Falmouth, England, where they stayed until October 5 to caulk the hulls. The next stop was made in the Canary Islands, where they stocked up on provisions and fresh water. After that, we went to the shores of South America.

On November 26, Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time. This event was marked by the solemn hoisting of the St. Andrew's flag and a salute from guns. In December, the expedition approached the island of St. Catherine off the coast of Brazil and stopped there. The Neva needed to replace the mast, and the repair dragged on until the end of January. During this time, the expedition members got acquainted with the nature of the tropical country. Much was surprising, because in the southern tropical latitudes, January is the hottest month, and all the diversity of the animal and plant world appeared before the travelers. A detailed description of the island was compiled, corrections and corrections were made to the map of the coast, dozens of samples were collected various kinds tropical plants.

Pacific Ocean

Finally, the renovation was completed, so the first Russian circumnavigation Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky continued. On February 20, 1804, the ships rounded Cape Horn and continued their journey along the Pacific Ocean. It was not without incident: due to strong winds, rain and fog, the ships lost sight of each other. But the command of the expedition provided for such an opportunity, relying on the stories of English sailors about the "furious fifties" and "roaring forties" latitudes. In the event of such a development of events, it was decided to meet on Easter Island. "Neva" approached the island and, after waiting there for three days, went to where and met with "Nadezhda" near the island of Nukagiva.

It turned out that, having lost from Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern headed north to explore the local part of the ocean, but did not find new land. The island itself was described in detail, a collection of plants unknown to science was collected, and Lisyansky compiled short dictionary native language. After that, the ships left Nukagiva, crossed the equator a second time in May and headed for the Hawaiian Islands, where they separated. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka, and "Neva" - to the northwestern shores of America.

Count Fyodor Tolstoy

On the way to Kamchatka on one of the islands, the expedition parted ways with one of the crew members, Fedor Tolstoy. He was famous representative Russian nobility of those years, and received his fame for his eccentric and provocative behavior. He did not change his character during the journey. In the end, Kruzenshtern got tired of Tolstoy's antics, so he landed him on the shore. From there Tolstoy reached the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, after which he returned back to Kamchatka and through Far East, Siberia and the Urals arrived in St. Petersburg.

Kamchatka

In early July, Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. By this time, relations between Kruzenshtern and Ambassador Rezanov had heated up to the limit. The conflict between them arose at the beginning of the journey and was due to the fact that, although Kruzenshtern was the commander of the ship, Rezanov was formally considered the head of the expedition, and his status became known only after leaving Kronstadt.

Such dual power simply could not but affect the discipline of the crew during the first round-the-world trip of Krusenstern and Lisyansky. Things almost came to a riot, and the ambassador was forced to spend all the time in the cabin until his arrival in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Having gone ashore, he immediately filed a complaint with the governor against the actions of Kruzenshtern and the crew. However, everything was resolved successfully, and the Nadezhda went to sea and went to the shores of Japan.

Japan

On September 26, 1804, the ship arrived at the port of Nagasaki. But the local authorities gave the Russian sailors a rather cold, even hostile reception. First, they were required to surrender their guns and, in general, all firearms, only after that the ship was allowed to enter the bay. "Nadezhda" stood in the harbor for six months, all this time the sailors were not even allowed to go ashore. In the end, the ambassador was informed that the emperor could not receive him. Moreover, Russian ships were henceforth forbidden to appear near the Japanese coast. An attempt to establish diplomatic relations ended in failure. However, this is not surprising, because Japan at that time strictly adhered to the policy of isolation and was not going to abandon it. The ship returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, where Rezanov was released from further participation in the voyage.

However, the voyage to Japan was not in vain. That region was poorly known to Europeans, maps were full of inaccuracies and errors. Kruzenshtern compiled a description of the western coastline of the Japanese Islands and made some corrections to the maps.

In July 1805, Nadezhda made another voyage, this time to the shores of Sakhalin. Passing from the south to the north of the island and trying to go around it, the expedition encountered fog and shallow water. Kruzenshtern mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was a peninsula connected to the mainland by an isthmus, and turned back to Kamchatka. Having replenished the supply of provisions, made the necessary repairs and loaded with furs, the sloop set off for China at the end of September. Along the way, several non-existent islands were removed from the maps, and the Nadezhda itself fell into a storm several times. In late autumn, the ship finally anchored in Macau and waited for Lisyansky's arrival.

Journey of the Neva

After separation in the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva went to the coast of North America. There, the expedition was primarily engaged in the hydrographic description of the coast. In addition, in the autumn of 1804, Lisyansky was forced to interrupt Scientific research on the island of Kodiak and to help Russian settlers in America who were attacked by the natives. Having resolved the problems of the settlers and made the necessary astronomical observations in those places, the ship returned to Kodiak. In addition to hydrographic and astronomical observations, the weather was monitored, and a map of the Kodiak archipelago was also compiled.

After wintering in 1805, exploration of the coast continued. In the summer, the Neva dropped anchor in the settlement of Novo-Arkhangelsk. Here the expedition spent about two months exploring the area. Coastal reconnaissance and sorties deep into the islands were carried out, their detailed description was compiled. In particular, Lisyansky climbed Mount Echkom, which was an extinct volcano. Observations were made about vegetation, changes in temperature with altitude, and samples of volcanic rocks were collected. Lisyansky discovered hot springs on Baranov Island, the water of which had medicinal properties. He also collected a lot of information about the life of the Indians and a collection of their household items.

After completing all the necessary research, the Neva accepted a cargo of furs belonging to the Russian-American Company, and on September 1 set off for the shores of China. Before sailing, several dozen buckets of wild sorrel were prepared, which was a proven remedy for scurvy. Indeed, there were no further cases of the disease.

Lisyansky hoped to discover unexplored land and laid a route through those parts of the ocean that ships had not traveled before. But these searches almost turned into trouble: on the night of October 3, the Neva ran aground. As it turned out in the morning, this saved the ship from colliding with a small island located in the center of the shoal. The island was named after Lisyansky. It was uninhabited and very low, in the darkness of a tropical night it was very easy to miss it, and a collision with a rocky shore would end in the death of the ship. The Neva successfully refloated and continued on her way.

Nevertheless, the voyage of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky was delayed, the ship did not make it on time, and Lisyansky decided to move south so that the sails were filled with a fair wind. Near the Philippines, the Neva was badly battered by a typhoon, and even part of the cargo had to be thrown overboard. Finally, in mid-November, the sailors met the first Chinese ship. On November 21, 1805, the Neva arrived in Macau, where the Hope was already waiting for her.

China

Upon arrival in Macau, Krusenstern informed the governor of the purpose of the visit and convinced him to allow the Nadezhda to remain in the port until the Neva arrived, even though warships were forbidden to stay there. But he did not immediately succeed in persuading the local authorities to call both ships. Therefore, when the Neva approached Macau, he switched to her and, together with Lisyansky, went to the port.

Certain difficulties arose with the sale of furs, as Chinese merchants were waiting for government permission to enter into trade relations with the Russians. Finally, with the help of the local English trade mission, the cargo was sold. Having bought Chinese goods (tea, silk, porcelain) and completed their trading business, the expedition was preparing to depart, but then Chinese officials intervened again, forbidding the ships to leave the port until permission was received. A month later, permission was finally received, and on January 28, 1806, Russian sailors set off.

Return

During the voyage through Polynesia, the Indian and Atlantic Ocean, no geographical discoveries were made, since this route was widely known and explored for a long time. However, several interesting events nevertheless happened. The ships went together to the coast of Africa, but, passing by, they got into the fog and on April 3 lost sight of each other. According to the agreements, in such a case it was supposed to meet again on the island of St. Helena. Upon arrival there, Kruzenshtern received the news that Russia and France were at war. This forced him to change the further route of the round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Nadezhda went far from the European shores, rounding the British Isles.

Lisyansky decided to return on his own, without going to St. Helena. Having dropped anchor in Portsmouth and learned about the war, he nevertheless continued sailing across the English Channel. One way or another, both ships successfully completed the first round-the-world trip of Krusenstern and Lisyansky. The Neva returned to Kronstadt on July 22, and the Nadezhda arrived on August 7, 1806.

Meaning

The first Russian round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky opened a new page geographical research. The expedition discovered new islands and erased non-existent ones from the maps, clarified coastline North America and Japan, set the latitude and longitude of many points on the map. Updated maps of little-studied places on the globe have simplified further expeditions. After the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, a lot of information was obtained about the population of distant lands, about their customs, culture and way of life. The collected ethnographic material was handed over to the Academy of Sciences and served as a valuable source of information. During the trip, Chukchi and Ainu dictionaries were also compiled.

The study of water temperature in the oceans, its salinity, currents, tides and tides did not stop during the entire journey, in the future the information obtained will become one of the foundations of oceanography. Observations of the weather in different parts of the globe will later be important for the development of such a science as climatology. The value of the research and observations of the Russian expedition is that they were carried out systematically, using the most modern instruments, such an approach at that time was innovative.

The information obtained during the round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky (the description was presented to your attention in the article) was published in the books of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. Atlases were included with the essays. latest maps and illustrations of nature and cities of distant countries. These works, which contained a lot of information about little-explored lands, aroused strong interest in Europe, were soon translated into Western European languages ​​and published abroad.

The expedition became the first Russian round-the-world voyage, sailors and officers gained experience on long-distance voyages for the first time, thus forming the basis for further geographical discoveries under the Russian flag. In particular, the crew of the Nadezhda included Fadey Bellingshausen, the future, and Otto Kotzebue, who later made another trip around the world, but already as an expedition commander.

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern

In the history of the first half of XIX century, a number of brilliant geographical studies are known. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian round-the-world travel.

Russia in early XIX For centuries, it has been a leader in organizing and conducting round-the-world voyages and ocean research.

The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of lieutenant commanders I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky lasted three years, like most of the round-the-world voyages of that time. With this journey in 1803, a whole era of remarkable Russian round-the-world expeditions began.
Yuri Fyodorovich Lisyansky

Yu.F. Lisyansky received an order to go to England to buy two ships intended for circumnavigation. These ships, Nadezhda and Neva, Lisyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the exchange rate of that time. The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for the corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already counted three years from the date of its launch, and the "Neva" is only fifteen months old. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.

sloop "Hope"

Sloop “Neva”

In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettiwgton, and more. Chronometers were tested by Academician Schubert. All other instruments were Troughton's work. Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and orient the ship. Lisyansky took care to purchase a whole pharmacy of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased from England, including comfortable, durable clothing suitable for various climatic conditions for the team. There was a spare set of underwear and dresses. Mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered for each of the sailors. The ship's provisions were the best. The crackers prepared in St. Petersburg did not spoil for two whole years, just like saltonia, whose ambassador with domestic salt was produced by the merchant Oblomkov. The Nadezhda team consisted of 58 people, and the Neva of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, who turned out to be so many that everyone who wanted to participate in a round-the-world trip could be enough to complete several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the crew members participated in long-distance voyages, since in those days Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task that confronted the officers and the expedition team was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, and rise to 60 ° N. sh., to visit a number of little-studied coasts, where sailors could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the strength of its "officers and ratings" that it rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions of long-distance voyages. Of the foreigners in the expedition were naturalists Tilesius von Tilenau, Langsdorf and astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, the head of which recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts. The artist and scientists were with the Russian envoy to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board big ship— "Hope." "Hope" was commanded by Kruzenshtern. Lisyansky was entrusted with the command of the Neva. Although Kruzenshtern was listed as the commander of the Nadezhda and the head of the expedition for the Naval Ministry, in the instructions handed over by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, he was called the chief head of the expedition.

N.P. Rezanov

This dual position was the cause of the conflict between Rezanov and Krusenstern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly sent reports to the Directorate of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon by the highest order to command the expedition and that "it was entrusted to Rezanov" without his knowledge, to which he would never have agreed that his position "does not consist only in watching the sails", etc.

Great Ancestor Crusius

The Kruzenshtern family gave Russia several generations of travelers and sailors.
Ancestor of the Krusensterns, German diplomat Philip Crusius (1597-1676) in 1633-1635. headed two embassies of the Schleswig-Holstein Duke Frederick III to the Moscow Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the Persian Shah Sefi. The travel notes collected by Philip Crusius and the embassy secretary Adam Olearius (1599-1671) formed the basis of the most famous encyclopedic work on Russia XVII V. - "Descriptions of a journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and back" by Adam Olearius.
Returning from Muscovy, Philip Crusius went to the service of the Swedish Queen Christina and in 1648 received the surname Kruzenshtern and a new coat of arms, crowned with a Persian turban in memory of his journey. In 1659, he became governor of all of Estonia (it then belonged to the Swedes). His grandson, Swedish Lieutenant Colonel Evert Philipp von Krusenstern (1676-1748), a participant in the Northern War, was captured near Narva in 1704 and lived in exile in Tobolsk for 20 years, and upon his return he bought out the mortgaged patrimonial estates Haggud and Ahagfer. The landowner of the Haggud, Vahast and Perisaar estates was Judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern (1724-1791), the admiral's father.

Ivan Fedorovich, the first "Russian" Krusenstern

In Haggud November 8, 1770 was born the most eminent representative family Kruzenshtern - Ivan Fedorovich. Biographers usually write that the maritime career for Ivan Fedorovich was chosen by chance and that there were no sailors in the family before him. However, Ivan Fedorovich's father could not help but know about his own cousin Moritz-Adolf (1707-1794), an outstanding admiral of the Swedish fleet.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846), having finished the Naval Cadet Corps ahead of schedule due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish War (1788-1790), successfully fought the Swedes on the Mstislav ship. In 1793, together with Yu.F. Lisyansky and other young officers were sent "for an internship" to England, where he served on the ships of the English fleet off the coast of North and Central America, sailed to Africa and India. In Philadelphia, both Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky met with American President George Washington. Returning to his homeland, in 1800 Kruzenshtern submitted a project for circumnavigating the world for trade and scientific purposes. The project was initially rejected - the unknown author did not have patronage, Russia, which was constantly at war with France, did not have enough funds, and the ministers believed that the country was strong in the land army and it was not appropriate for her to compete at sea with the British.
However, in July 1802, Emperor Alexander I approved the project, leaving Kruzenshtern to carry it out himself. The purchase of the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", provisions and all necessary goods was undertaken by the Russian-American company, created to develop Russian possessions in North America - in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak, Sitka and Unalashka. The company's industrialists hunted sea otters, fur seals, arctic foxes, foxes, bears and harvested valuable furs and walrus tusks.

Japanese question

In 1802, the emperor and the minister of commerce had the idea to send an embassy to Japan on the Nadezhda. In Japan, lying close to Kamchatka and Russian America, it was planned to buy rice for Russian settlements in the North. The Japanese embassy was offered to be headed by Chamberlain Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the organizers and shareholders of the Russian-American Company, its "authorized correspondent", Chief Prosecutor of the 1st Department of the Senate, Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Emperor Alexander clearly did not attach much importance to Rezanov's diplomatic mission. The ambassador, who himself was not a diplomat, received a completely unrepresentative retinue. When sailing from St. Petersburg, the ambassador was not given a soldier - a guard of honor. Later, he managed to "rent" from the Governor-General of Kamchatka P.I. Koshelev two non-commissioned officers, a drummer and five soldiers.

Embassy gifts could hardly interest the Japanese. It was unreasonable to bring porcelain dishes and fabrics to Japan, let's remember the elegant Japanese, Chinese and Korean porcelain and magnificent silk kimonos. Among the gifts intended for the Emperor of Japan were beautiful silver fox furs - in Japan, the fox was considered an unclean animal.
Rezanov was stationed on the main ship "Nadezhda" (under the command of Krusenstern); "Neva" was led by Yu.F. Lisyansky. A whole “scientific faculty” was sailing on the Nadezhda: the Swiss astronomer I.-K. Horner, Germans - doctor, botanist, zoologist and artist V.T. Tilesius; traveler, ethnographer, physician and naturalist G.G. von Langsdorf, MD K.F. Espenberg. There were also talented young people on the ship - 16-year-old cadet Otto Kotzebue, future leader of two round-the-world voyages - on the "Rurik" and on the "Enterprise" - and midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, the future discoverer of Antarctica.

The hardships of swimming

The Nadezhda was 117 feet (35 m) long and 28 feet 4 inches (8.5 m) wide, the Neva was even smaller. On board the "Nadezhda" were constantly 84 officers, crew and passengers (scientists and N.P. Rezanov's retinue). The ship was also overloaded with goods that were being transported to Okhotsk, provisions for two years; one gift for the Japanese occupied 50 boxes and bales. Due to crowding and overcrowding, the two highest ranks of the expedition - Kruzenshtern and Rezanov - did not have separate cabins and huddled in one captain's cabin, not exceeding 6 m2 with a minimum ceiling height.

On the ship, on dark tropical nights, they worked by candlelight; only an additional jersey was saved from the cold in high latitudes; there were only 3 latrines for 84 people; it was impossible to wash properly because of the constant lack of fresh water. And all this is either in the cold, or in the heat, or in a storm (“Nadezhda” suffered nine severe storms, when the ship almost died), then in the dead calm of the tropics. Exhausting pitching and swell constantly caused seasickness. The "Nadezhda" kept livestock to replenish the diet: pigs, or a pair of bulls, or a cow with a calf, a goat, chickens, ducks, geese. They all roared, mooed and grunted in the cages on the deck, they had to be constantly cleaned up, and the pigs were even washed once, thrown overboard and thoroughly rinsed in the Atlantic Ocean.
In October 1803, the expedition entered Tenerife (Canary Islands), on November 14 (26) Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time and celebrated Christmas on the island of Santa Catarina off the coast of Brazil, which amazed sailors with rich animals and flora. In Brazil, the Russians spent a whole month while the damaged mast was being changed on the Neva.

I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

After passing Cape Horn, the ships parted during a storm - Lisyansky explored Easter Island, and Kruzenshtern headed straight for Nuku Khiva (Marquesas Islands), where they met in early May 1804. During the transition from Brazil to the Marquesas Islands drinking water strictly standardized. Each received a cup of water a day to drink. There was not enough fresh food, the sailors and officers ate corned beef, the food was too monotonous.
In the harsh conditions of navigation, it was necessary not only to survive, but also to work. Officers had to keep watch in any weather, take trigonometric surveys, and sometimes do things themselves that the sailors did not know how or did not want to do. On their shoulders lay the management of loading and unloading, repairing sails and rigging, cranking and searching for leaks. They kept travel journals, studied themselves and taught young people. Naturalists continuously made stuffed fish and birds, preserved and dried marine animals in alcohol, made herbariums, drew and also kept diaries and described scientific observations.
The lieutenants stood on 3 watches: during the day twice for 3 hours and once at night for 4 hours. The sailors had 3 watches for 4 hours and one for 2 hours - from 12 noon to 16.00. Three hours a day were spent on astronomical calculations, an hour on writing a journal.
In Nuku Hiva, Russians, to their surprise, met two Europeans - the Englishman E. Robarts and the Frenchman J. Kabri (who had lived there for 5 years and married local women), who helped load the ships with firewood, fresh water, food and served as translators at communication with local residents. And perhaps they had the most exotic impressions from their acquaintance with Oceania - the Marquesas, Easter and Hawaiian Islands.

Conflict in the Marquesas

The navigation was further complicated by the fact that Rezanov, as the head of the embassy, ​​received, along with Kruzenshtern, the powers of the expedition leader, but announced this only when the ships were approaching Brazil, although he did not show any instructions. The officers simply did not believe him, the appointment of a land man as commander of a circumnavigation was so ridiculous. In the maritime charter, to this day, there is a rule that the captain of the ship in all cases and always is the captain of the ship, at least when crossing by sea.
On the Marquesas Islands, 9 months after sailing from Kronstadt, the confrontation between the officers and Rezanov turned into a quarrel. Kruzenshtern, seeing that pigs could be exchanged with the Marquesans only for iron axes, forbade them to be exchanged for native jewelry and clubs until the ship was supplied with fresh meat: after a difficult transition from Brazil, the crew members were already beginning to have scurvy. Rezanov sent his clerk Shemelin to trade marquis "rarities" for axes. Eventually the price of axes dropped and the Russians were only able to buy a few pigs.
In addition, Nuku Hiva at the beginning of the XIX century. was not a tourist paradise, but an island inhabited by cannibals. The prudent Kruzenshtern did not let the members of his team ashore alone, but only in an organized team under the leadership of officers. Under such conditions, it was necessary to observe the most severe military discipline, possible only with one-man command.
Mutual displeasure turned into a quarrel, and the officers of both ships demanded an explanation from Rezanov and the public announcement of his instructions. Rezanov read the imperial rescript he had and his own instructions. The officers decided that Rezanov compiled them himself, and the emperor approved them without reviewing them in advance. Rezanov, on the other hand, claimed that Kruzenshtern, even before leaving Kronstadt, saw his instructions and knew for sure that it was Rezanov - chief boss expeditions. However, if Kruzenshtern had not been firmly convinced that it was he who was leading the expedition, the project of which he himself proposed, he simply would not have set sail on such terms.
Navy historian N.L. Klado put forward the version that Rezanov presented Kruzenshtern in Kronstadt not instructions, but only the highest rescript, in which nothing was said about the order of subordination. To demand from the chamberlain to present instructions regarding his Japanese mission, Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern, junior both in rank and in age, clearly could not.
After the conflict in the Marquesas Islands, Rezanov locked himself in his half of the cabin and did not go out on deck, which saved him from the need for explanations.
From the Marquesas Islands, both ships reached Hawaii, from where Lisyansky went to Russian America, where he helped the main ruler of the Russian colonies in America, A.A. Baranov to recapture the Sitka fortress captured by the Indians

"Neva" off the coast of Alaska

Landing from the "Neva" (battle with the Indians)

"Hope" arrived in Kamchatka (July 3/15, 1804) and N.P. Rezanov immediately wrote to the Governor-General of Kamchatka P.I. Koshelev, who was then in Nizhne-Kamchatsk. The accusations brought by Rezanov were so severe that the governor-general began an investigation. Realizing the insulting hopelessness of the situation. I.F. Kruzenshtern, with the determination of a man who is confident in his rightness, aggravates the situation to the limit, putting Rezanov in front of the need to publicly declare his position, and therefore, to bear responsibility for it.

The sustained position of Koshelev contributed to the conclusion of a formal reconciliation, which took place on August 8, 1804.
The further voyage to Japan was already proceeding calmly, there were no discussions about the authorities. The emperor did not give a move, agreeing that reconciliation in Kamchatka ended the conflict, and in July 1805, after the ship returned from Japan, the Order of St. Anna of the II degree was delivered to Kamchatka from him, and Rezanov - a snuffbox, showered with diamonds, and a gracious rescript dated April 28, 1805, as evidence of his goodwill towards both. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Kruzenshtern received the Order of St. Vladimir with a rescript putting everything in its place: “To our fleet, Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern. Having completed a journey around the world with the desired success, you justified the fair opinion about you, in which, by the will of OUR, you were entrusted with the main leadership of this expedition.

Japan, America, the legend of the "last love"
Kruzenshtern, having unloaded company goods in Kamchatka in the summer of 1804, went to Japan, then closed from the whole world, where the Nadezhda, while negotiations were underway with Japanese officials, was anchored near Nagasaki for more than six months (from September 1804 to April 1805

"Hope" off the coast of Japan

The Japanese treated the sailors quite friendly: the ambassador and his retinue were provided with a house and a warehouse for gifts to the Japanese emperor on the shore, the embassy and the crew of the ship were transported daily with fresh products. However, the Japanese government, forcing Rezanov to wait 6 months for an answer, finally refused to accept the embassy and trade with Russia. The reason for the refusal is still not entirely clear: either the orientation of the shogun and his entourage towards isolationist politics played a role, or the unprofessional diplomat Rezanov frightened the Japanese with statements about how great and powerful Russia is (especially compared to small Japan).
In the summer of 1805, Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk, and then went to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to explore Sakhalin. From Kamchatka, chamberlain Rezanov and naturalist Langsdorf went to Russian America on the galliot "Maria", and then on the "Juno" and "Avos" to California, where the chamberlain met his last love - Conchita (Concept Argüello). This story, for centuries, surrounded the name of Rezanov with a romantic halo, inspiring many writers. Returning to St. Petersburg through Siberia, Rezanov caught a cold and died in Krasnoyarsk in 1807.

Home...

"Nadezhda" and "Neva" met at the end of 1805 in Macao (southern China), where, having sold a load of furs, they bought tea, fabrics and other Chinese goods. Nadezhda, having entered St. Helena, Helsingor and Copenhagen, returned to Kronstadt on August 7 (19), 1806. The Neva returned two weeks earlier without entering St. Helena.
For most of the journey, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky walked away from the routes already explored and everywhere they tried not only to determine the position of the ship in the most accurate way, but also to correct the maps they had. Kruzenshtern was the first to draw up detailed maps Sakhalin, Japan, the southern coast of Nuku Khiva (Marquesas Islands), discovered several straits between the Kuril Islands, the Kamennye Traps Islands.
The merits of Kruzenshtern were highly appreciated by the world scientific community. Only one fact: in 1820, that is, during the life of Kruzenshtern, a book was published in London containing an overview of the main circumnavigations of all times and peoples, called "From Magellan to Kruzenshtern."
The first Russian round-the-world expedition strengthened Russia's positions in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and drew attention not only to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, but also to the polar regions north of the Bering Strait.

Legacy of the first circumnavigation

Although the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation in the first quarter of the 19th century. published a number of works and descriptions of their journey, many of them have long become a bibliographic rarity, and some have not yet been published and are stored in archives. The most famous published work of Kruzenshtern is "Journey around the world."
But not in any edition of the XIX century. there are no such picturesque details of the circumnavigation as in the diaries of the lieutenants of the Nadezhda E.E. Levenshtern and M.I. Ratmanova, In 2003, the translation of Levenstern's diary was finally published. Ermolai Ermolaevich Levenshtern recorded every day all the funny, funny and even indecent incidents on board the Nadezhda, all the impressions of landing on the shore, especially in exotic countries - in Brazil, Polynesia, Japan, China. The diary of Makar Ivanovich Ratmanov, senior lieutenant of Nadezhda, has not yet been published.
The illustrations are even worse. Along with the out-of-print atlases, there is a whole collection of drawings and sketches that has never been published and seen by few. This gap was partially filled by the album “Around the World with Kruzenshtern”, dedicated to the historical and ethnographic heritage of the participants in the circumnavigation. Comparison of the same objects, places in the drawings of different authors helped to identify geographical objects that were not named in the Kruzenshtern atlas.
Kruzenshtern's voyage introduced not only Russia, but also world science to mysterious Japan. Travelers carried out mapping of the Japanese coast, collected ethnographic materials and drawings. The Russians, while staying in Nagasaki, sketched a huge amount of Japanese utensils, boats, flags and coats of arms (Japanese heraldry is still almost unknown in our country).
The sailors first introduced scientists to two ancient "exotic" peoples - the Ainu (Hokkaido and Sakhalin) and the Nivkhs (Sakhalin). The Russians also called the Ainu "shaggy" smokers: unlike the Japanese, the Ainu had wild shocks of hair on their heads and "shaggy" beards sticking out in different directions. And perhaps the main historical and ethnographic significance of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world is that it captured (in reports and drawings) the life of the Ainu, Nivkhs, Hawaiians, Marquesas before those radical changes that were soon brought about by contacts with Europeans. The engravings of the participants in the voyage of Kruzenshtern are a real treasure for scientists and artists involved in Polynesia, and above all the Marquesas Islands.
Already since the 1830s. Russian engravings began to be replicated, they illustrated books on the islands of Polynesia, art, and most importantly, aboriginal tattoos. It is interesting that the Marquesas still use these engravings: they draw them on tapa (matter from the bark) and sell them to tourists. Particularly popular with marquis artists are Langsdorff's engravings "The Warrior" and "The Young Warrior", although they are very coarse compared to the originals. The "Young Warrior", a symbol of the Marquess' past, is very popular among both locals and tourists. It even became the emblem of the Keikahanui Hotel in Nuku Hiva, one of the many luxury hotels in French Polynesia.
From the expedition of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, the era of Russian ocean voyages began. Following Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, V.M. rushed to the ocean. Golovnin, O.E. Kotzebue. L.A. Gagemeister, M.N. Vasiliev, G.S. Shishmarev, F.P. Litke, F.P. Wrangel and many others. And just 12 years after the return of Kruzenshtern, Russian sailors F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev led their ships to the South Pole. This is how Russia ended the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.

I.F. Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, created the Higher Officer Classes, later transformed into the Naval Academy. He abolished corporal punishment in the corps, introduced new disciplines, founded the corps museum with ship models and an observatory. In memory of the activities of Kruzenshtern in the Marine cadet corps his office has been preserved, and graduates, maintaining the tradition, put on a vest on the bronze admiral the night before graduation.

monument to I.F. Kruzenshtern in Leningrad

grave of I.F. Kruzenshtern

Modern barque "Kruzenshtern" (training ship for cadets)

Respectively. Navigation has become an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it has made a significant contribution to the study of the oceans, many branches of the natural sciences and the humanities.

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From Kronstadt to Japan

The first half of the voyage was marked by the eccentric behavior of Fedor Tolstoy the American, who had to be landed in Kamchatka, and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Alexander I to Japan with diplomatic gifts as the first Russian envoy in order to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Having barely escaped trouble here, on May 20, Kruzenshtern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Peter and Paul port. On June 23 he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores; July 3 arrived at Cape Patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, according to which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth, go decided not to move forward.

The next day he anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, he went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, weathered several storms, and on November 15 came to Macau. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also moved. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.

Kruzenshtern's voyage was an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural Sciences many information about countries little known. Since that time, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels begins; changed a lot to better management Kamchatka. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and the cadet Otto Kotzebue himself later became the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world trip. Thaddeus Bellingshausen will lead a round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny and will approach the coast of Antarctica for the first time.

Memory

• In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins.
• 2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish the descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in translation into Russian the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary of 1795-1816 by Lieutenant Ermolai Levenshtern, unreleased or forgotten diaries and letters of Nikolay Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants of the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.
• In December 2013, a 4-episode documentary series “Neva” and “Hope” was released on the screens of the Rossiya-1 TV channel. The first Russian voyage around the world, project author Mikhail Kozhukhov

"Nadezhda" and "Neva" - two small sloops, for the first time in the history of Russian navigation rounded Earth in 1803-1806.

These sailboats are always talked about together and always in the context of the famous circumnavigation of the world. "Hope" and "Neva" were bought specifically for the purposes of a round-the-world expedition in England, because at the beginning of the 19th century Russia did not have ships capable of overcoming such a trip. "Hope" was a displacement of 450 tons and was called "Leander", "Neva"- with a displacement of 370 tons and was previously called "Thames". Both sailboats cost Russia £17,000. The captain "Hope" Was assigned Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern, A "Nevas" - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.

Both of these people were not only outstanding navigators and explorers, but also good friends. Once together they graduated from the Naval gentry corps and received their baptism of fire in the battle near the island of Gogland in the Baltic Sea.

Although there were many reasons for the first Russian circumnavigation of the world: the study of the Far Eastern possessions Russian Empire, the development of trade relations with China and Japan, the supply of residents of Russian America.

And in 1802 the project Kruzenshtern falls into the hands Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov- Russian admiral and famous statesman. Mordvinov was very interested in ideas Kruzenshtern and introduced them to the then head of the Russian-American Company Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov. And Rezanov, in turn, managed to convince Tsar Alexander I of the need for a round-the-world trip. The official goal of the expedition was the delivery to Japan of the Russian embassy, ​​headed by N.P. Rezanov.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky approached the preparation of the trip with the utmost care. The team on the ships was recruited only from well-trained volunteers. The idea of ​​​​completing the crew with foreign sailors was rejected by Kruzenshtern. Among officers "Hope" and "Neva" there were such famous personalities as F.F. Bellingshausen, M.I. Ratmanov, Otto Kotzebue. The ships bought for sailing were overhauled.

And in July 1803 "Hope" and "Neva" set off from the coast of Kronstadt on the first Russian circumnavigation of the world.

The first stop of the Russian navigators was Copenhagen. From there "Neva" and "Hope" headed for Brazil. During the voyage, various studies were carried out on board the ships. The latitudes that the sailboats hit were unknown to Russian sailors, and for officers and sailors a lot was new.

On November 14, 1803, for the first time in history, Russian ships crossed the equator. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, dressed in dress uniform, climbed on the bridges of their ships and greeted each other. On "Hope" and "Neva" there was an organized festive action with the participation of the god of the seas Neptune.

The first long stay in foreign lands was the island of St. Catherine off the coast of Brazil. Here at "Not you" the fore and main masts, which had fallen into disrepair, were replaced. Russian sailors spent five weeks on Santa Catarina. And most of all, they were struck by the flourishing slave trade in these lands and the treatment of slaves, worse than animals.

At the end of January 1804, the sloops again put to sea. At the famous Cape Horn "Hope" and "Neva" caught in a violent storm. Severe trials fell to the lot of Russian sailors, only on February 20, 1804 Cape Horn was conquered, and "Neva" and "Hope" continued their journey in the Pacific Ocean. True, for some time, due to a storm and a strip of fog, the ships lost sight of each other.

April 3, 1804 Lisyansky arrived on Easter Island. He explored and described the nature of the island, the way of life and customs of the locals. Description Lisyansky became the first complete description of these places.

April 29, 1804 "Hope" and "Neva" met again near the island of Nuka Hiva (Marquesas Islands). After that, the paths of the famous sailing ships diverged for a long time. Kruzenshtern had to hurry: he should visit Kamchatka, and from there go to Nagasaki with the Russian embassy to Japan. The main goal Lisyansky- was the island of Kodiak (Russian Alaska). Since the route "Not you" was much shorter "Hope" - "Neva" lingered off the Hawaiian Islands.

Off the coast of Japan sloop "Hope" fell into a violent storm and only miraculously escaped death. On September 27, 1804, the sailboat entered the port of Nagasaki. Negotiation Rezanova with the Japanese lasted several months and did not bring results, and on April 5, 1805, the Russian ship left Japan. The official purpose of the trip was not fulfilled. Representatives of the Russian-American Company were disembarked Kruzenshtern in Kamchatka. But the journey "Hope" was still far from complete.

Over the next months Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern detailed studies were carried out on the western coast of Japan, the Kuril Islands, part of the coast of Korea, the island of Iesso, the southeastern and northwestern coasts of Sakhalin. In August 1805 "Hope" returned to Kamchatka, where she got up for repairs.

"Neva" all this time followed its route. Arriving on Kodiak Island, Lisyansky learned that Russian settlers on the island of Sitka were being attacked by Indians. With the help of the crew of the Neva, the conflict was settled, and the Novo-Arkhangelsk fortress was founded on Sitka. The Neva spent almost a whole year off the coast of America, fulfilling orders from the Russian-American Company. And in August 1805 "Neva" with a load of furs on board, headed for tropical latitudes.

November 22, 1805 "Hope" and "Neva" met again in the port of Macao (China), where they successfully sold furs from Kamchatka and Alaska. And in February 1806, sailboats set off across the Indian Ocean past the Cape of Good Hope back to Europe. In April 1806 "Hope" landed on the island of Saint Helena, the captain "Nevas" Yuri Lisyansky decided to go to Europe without stopping. This passage was the world's first non-stop passage from China to England and lasted 142 days - a record for those times.

And in July 1806, with a difference of two weeks "Neva" and "Hope" returned to the Kronstadt raid. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific importance on a world scale. Research carried out Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, had no analogues.

As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.

And here further fate sailboats "Hope" and "Neva" did not turn out very well. ABOUT "Neva" it is only known that the ship visited Australia in 1807. "Hope" she died in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. In honor of sloop "Hope" named Russian training sailing ship -. And the name of her truly great captain is legendary.